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Li J, Xu J, Zhang W, Li P, Zhang W, Wang H, Tang B. Detection and Imaging of Active Substances in Early Atherosclerotic Lesions Using Fluorescent Probes. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300105. [PMID: 36898970 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a vascular disease caused by chronic inflammation and lipids that is the main cause of myocardial infarction, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is often difficult to detect in its early stages due to the absence of clinically significant vascular stenosis. This is not conducive to early intervention or treatment of the disease. Over the past decade, researchers have developed various imaging methods for the detection and imaging of atherosclerosis. At the same time, more and more biomarkers are being found that can be used as targets for detecting atherosclerosis. Therefore, the development of a variety of imaging methods and a variety of targeted imaging probes is an important project to achieve early assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the optical probes used to detect and target atherosclerosis imaging in recent years, and describes the current challenges and future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jiheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
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Li C, Liu Z, Yuan G, Liu Y, Wang W. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and PET/CT: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Molecular Imaging Targets. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:132. [PMID: 39076752 PMCID: PMC11273052 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2405132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the most common and critical aortic disease. Bleeding is the most serious complication from a ruptured AAA, which often results in death. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are the only effective means to reduce AAA associated mortality. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) combines functional and anatomical imaging. The expanded application of PET/CT in the medical field could have benefits for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AAA. This review explores the efficiency of PET/CT in the diagnosis of AAA based on our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of AAA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Li
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine of Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, 999078 Taipa, Macau
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases) Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases) Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Muñoz-Ortiz T, Hu J, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Ortgies DH, Jaque D, Méndez-González D, Aguilar R, Alfonso F, Rivero F, Martín Rodríguez E, García Solé J. Optical detection of atherosclerosis at molecular level by optical coherence tomography: An in vitro study. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 43:102556. [PMID: 35390527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for contrast agents to detect the first inflammation stage of atherosclerosis by cardiovascular optical coherence tomography (CV-OCT), the imaging technique with the highest spatial resolution and sensitivity of those used during coronary interventions. Gold nanoshells (GNSs) provide the strongest signal by CV-OCT. GNSs are functionalized with the cLABL peptide that binds specifically to the ICAM-1 molecule upregulated in the first stage of atherosclerosis. Dark field microscopy and CV-OCT are used to evaluate the specific adhesion of these functionalized GNSs to activated endothelial cells. This adhesion is investigated under static and dynamic conditions, for shear stresses comparable to those of physiological conditions. An increase in the scattering signal given by the functionalized GNSs attached to activated cells is observed compared to non-activated cells. Thus, cLABL-functionalized GNSs behave as excellent contrast agents for CV-OCT and promise a novel strategy for clinical molecular imaging of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Ortiz
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jie Hu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare-earth Materials, Haixi Institutes Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk H Ortgies
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación, Sanitaria Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación, Sanitaria Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Méndez-González
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación, Sanitaria Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Río Aguilar
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), CIBER-CV, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alfonso
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), CIBER-CV, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivero
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), CIBER-CV, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación, Sanitaria Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José García Solé
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Gupta S, Prakash A, Medhi B. Imaging techniques in drug development. Indian J Pharmacol 2022; 54:309-313. [PMID: 36537398 PMCID: PMC9846912 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_533_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India,Address for correspondence: Prof. Bikash Medhi, Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh - 160 012, India. E-mail:
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Emerging Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Theranostics for Nononcological Disorders. PET Clin 2021; 16:429-440. [PMID: 34053586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies in nuclear medicine have shed light on molecular imaging and therapeutic approaches for oncological and nononcological conditions. Using the same radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapeutics of malignancies, the theranostics approach, has improved clinical management of patients. Theranostic approaches for nononcological conditions are recognized as emerging topics of research. This review focuses on preclinical and clinical studies of nononcological disorders that include theranostic strategies. Theranostic approaches are demonstrated as possible in the clinical management of infections and inflammations. There is an emerging need for randomized trials to specify the factors affecting validity and efficacy of theranostic approaches in nononcological diseases.
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Alanazi SA, Alanazi F, Haq N, Shakeel F, Badran MM, Harisa GI. Lipoproteins-Nanocarriers as a Promising Approach for Targeting Liver Cancer: Present Status and Application Prospects. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:826-844. [PMID: 32026776 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200206104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of liver cancer is increasing over the years and it is the fifth leading cause of mortality worldwide. The intrusive features and burden of low survival rate make it a global health issue in both developing and developed countries. The recommended chemotherapy drugs for patients in the intermediate and advanced stages of various liver cancers yield a low response rate due to the nonspecific nature of drug delivery, thus warranting the search for new therapeutic strategies and potential drug delivery carriers. There are several new drug delivery methods available to ferry the targeted molecules to the specific biological environment. In recent years, the nano assembly of lipoprotein moieties (lipidic nanoparticles) has emerged as a promising and efficiently tailored drug delivery system in liver cancer treatment. This increased precision of nano lipoproteins conjugates in chemotherapeutic targeting offers new avenues for the treatment of liver cancer with high specificity and efficiency. This present review is focused on concisely outlining the knowledge of liver cancer diagnosis, existing treatment strategies, lipoproteins, their preparation, mechanism and their potential application in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Liu S, Chen R, Zhang J, Li Y, He M, Fan X, Zhang H, Lu X, Kwok RTK, Lin H, Lam JWY, Qian J, Tang BZ. Incorporation of Planar Blocks into Twisted Skeletons: Boosting Brightness of Fluorophores for Bioimaging beyond 1500 Nanometer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14228-14239. [PMID: 33001627 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The brightness of organic fluorescence materials determines their resolution and sensitivity in fluorescence display and detection. However, strategies to effectively enhance the brightness are still scarce. Conventional planar π-conjugated molecules display excellent photophysical properties as isolated species but suffer from aggregation-caused quenching effect when aggregated owing to the cofacial π-π interactions. In contrast, twisted molecules show high photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL) in aggregate while at the cost of absorption due to the breakage in conjugation. Therefore, it is challenging to integrate the strong absorption and high solid-state ΦPL, which are two main indicators of brightness, into one molecule. Herein, we propose a molecular design strategy to boost the brightness through the incorporation of planar blocks into twisted skeletons. As a proof-of-concept, twisted small-molecule TT3-oCB with larger π-conjugated dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene unit displays superb brightness at the NIR-IIb (1500-1700 nm) than that of TT1-oCB and TT2-oCB with smaller thiophene and thienothiophene unit, respectively. Whole-body angiography using TT3-oCB nanoparticles presents an apparent vessel width of 0.29 mm. Improved NIR-IIb image resolution is achieved for femoral vessels with an apparent width of only 0.04 mm. High-magnification through-skull microscopic NIR-IIb imaging of cerebral vasculature gives an apparent width of ∼3.3 μm. Moreover, the deeply located internal organ such as bladder is identified with high clarity. The present molecular design philosophy embodies a platform for further development of in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Runze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Mubin He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing first RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Melton EM, Li H, Benson J, Sohn P, Huang LH, Song BL, Li BL, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid Acat1/ Soat1 KO attenuates pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and protects against atherosclerosis in a model of advanced lesions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15836-15849. [PMID: 31495784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esters are a key ingredient of foamy cells in atherosclerotic lesions; their formation is catalyzed by two enzymes: acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs; also called sterol O-acyltransferases, or SOATs) ACAT1 and ACAT2. ACAT1 is present in all body cells and is the major isoenzyme in macrophages. Whether blocking ACAT1 benefits atherosclerosis has been under debate for more than a decade. Previously, our laboratory developed a myeloid-specific Acat1 knockout (KO) mouse (Acat1 -M/-M), devoid of ACAT1 only in macrophages, microglia, and neutrophils. In previous work using the ApoE KO (ApoE -/-) mouse model for early lesions, Acat1 -M/-M significantly reduced lesion macrophage content and suppressed atherosclerosis progression. In advanced lesions, cholesterol crystals become a prominent feature. Here we evaluated the effects of Acat1 -M/-M in the ApoE KO mouse model for more advanced lesions and found that mice lacking myeloid Acat1 had significantly reduced lesion cholesterol crystal contents. Acat1 -M/-M also significantly reduced lesion size and macrophage content without increasing apoptotic cell death. Cell culture studies showed that inhibiting ACAT1 in macrophages caused cells to produce less proinflammatory responses upon cholesterol loading by acetyl low-density lipoprotein. In advanced lesions, Acat1 -M/-M reduced but did not eliminate foamy cells. In advanced plaques isolated from ApoE -/- mice, immunostainings showed that both ACAT1 and ACAT2 are present. In cell culture, both enzymes are present in macrophages and smooth muscle cells and contribute to cholesterol ester biosynthesis. Overall, our results support the notion that targeting ACAT1 or targeting both ACAT1 and ACAT2 in macrophages is a novel strategy to treat advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina M Melton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Paul Sohn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Tfaili S, Al Assaad A, Fournier N, Allaoui F, Paul JL, Chaminade P, Tfayli A. Investigation of lipid modifications in J774 macrophages by vibrational spectroscopies after eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation in unloaded and cholesterol-loaded cells. Talanta 2019; 199:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Noninvasive imaging has played an increasing role in the process of cardiovascular drug development. This review focuses specifically on the use of molecular imaging, which has been increasingly applied to improve and accelerate certain preclinical steps in drug development, including the identification of appropriate therapeutic targets, evaluation of on-target and off-target effects of candidate therapies, assessment of dose response, and the evaluation of drug or biological biodistribution and pharmacodynamics. Unlike the case in cancer medicine, in cardiovascular medicine, molecular imaging has not been used as a primary surrogate clinical end point for drug approval. However, molecular imaging has been applied in early clinical trials, particularly in phase 0 studies, to demonstrate proof-of-concept or to explain variation in treatment effect. Many of these applications where molecular imaging has been used in drug development have involved the retasking of technologies that were originally intended as clinical diagnostics. With greater experience and recognition of the rich information provided by in vivo molecular imaging, it is anticipated that it will increasingly be used to address the enormous time and costs associated with bringing a new drug to clinical launch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Lindner
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.R.L.), Oregon National Primate Research Center (J.R.L.), and Center for Radiologic Research (J.L.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
| | - Jeanne Link
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.R.L.), Oregon National Primate Research Center (J.R.L.), and Center for Radiologic Research (J.L.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Geskovski N, Sazdovska SD, Goracinova K. Macroalgal Polysaccharides in Biomimetic Nanodelivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1265-1289. [PMID: 31020934 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190423155116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imitating nature in the design of bio-inspired drug delivery systems resulted in several success stories. However, the practical application of biomimicry is still largely unrealized owing to the fact that we tend to copy the shape more often than the whole biology. Interesting chemistry of polysaccharides provides endless possibilities for drug complex formation and creation of delivery systems with diverse morphological and surface properties. However, the type of biological response, which may be induced by these systems, remains largely unexploited. METHODS Considering the most current research for the given topic, in this review, we will try to present the integrative approaches for the design of biomimetic DDS's with improved therapeutic or theranostic effects based on different algal polysaccharides that exert multiple biological functions. RESULTS Algal polysaccharides may provide building blocks for bioinspired drug delivery systems capable of supporting the mechanical properties of nanomedicines and mimicking various biological processes by molecular interactions at the nanoscale. Numerous research studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of multifunctional nanoparticles integrating several functions in one delivery system, composed of alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, fucoidan and their derivatives, intended to be used as bioartificial microenvironment or for diagnosis and therapy of different diseases. CONCLUSION Nanodimensional structure of polysaccharide DDS's shows substantial influence on the bioactive motifs potential availability for interaction with a variety of biomolecules and cells. Evaluation of the nano dimensional structure-activity relationship is crucial for unlocking the full potential of the future application of polysaccharide bio-mimicking DDS in modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Molecular Imaging of a New Multimodal Microbubble for Adhesion Molecule Targeting. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 12:15-32. [PMID: 31719897 PMCID: PMC6816780 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-00562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation is an important risk-associated component of many diseases and can be diagnosed by molecular imaging of specific molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of targeting adhesion molecules on inflammation-activated endothelial cells and macrophages using an innovative multimodal polyvinyl alcohol-based microbubble (MB) contrast agent developed for diagnostic use in ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and nuclear imaging. Methods We assessed the binding efficiency of antibody-conjugated multimodal contrast to inflamed murine or human endothelial cells (ECs), and to peritoneal macrophages isolated from rats with peritonitis, utilizing the fluorescence characteristics of the MBs. Single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) was used to illustrate 99mTc-labeled MB targeting and distribution in an experimental in vivo model of inflammation. Results Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that binding of antibody-targeted MBs to the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, or E-selectin, expressed on cytokine-stimulated ECs, was up to sixfold higher for human and 12-fold higher for mouse ECs, compared with that of non-targeted MBs. Under flow conditions, both VCAM-1- and E-selectin-targeted MBs adhered more firmly to stimulated human ECs than to untreated cells, while VCAM-1-targeted MBs adhered best to stimulated murine ECs. SPECT imaging showed an approximate doubling of signal intensity from the abdomen of rats with peritonitis, compared with healthy controls, after injection of anti-ICAM-1-MBs. Conclusions This novel multilayer contrast agent can specifically target adhesion molecules expressed as a result of inflammatory stimuli in vitro, and has potential for use in disease-specific multimodal diagnostics in vivo using antibodies against targets of interest.
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Chan JMS, Monaco C, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Tremoleda JL, Cole JE, Goddard M, Cheung MSH, Bhakoo KK, Gibbs RGJ. Imaging vulnerable plaques by targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis using fluorescent-labeled dual-ligand microparticles of iron oxide and magnetic resonance imaging. J Vasc Surg 2018; 67:1571-1583.e3. [PMID: 28648478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of patients with high-risk asymptomatic carotid plaques remains an elusive but essential step in stroke prevention. Inflammation is a key process in plaque destabilization and a prelude to clinical sequelae. There are currently no clinical imaging tools to assess the inflammatory activity within plaques. This study characterized inflammation in atherosclerosis using dual-targeted microparticles of iron oxide (DT-MPIO) as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe. METHODS DT-MPIO were used to detect and characterize inflammatory markers, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). and P-selectin on (1) tumor necrosis factor-α-treated cells by immunocytochemistry and (2) aortic root plaques of apolipoprotein-E deficient mice by in vivo MRI. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with focal carotid plaques of different phenotypes were developed by means of periarterial cuff placement to allow in vivo molecular MRI using these probes. The association between biomarkers and the magnetic resonance signal in different contrast groups was assessed longitudinally in these models. RESULTS Immunocytochemistry confirmed specificity and efficacy of DT-MPIO to VCAM-1 and P-selectin. Using this in vivo molecular MRI strategy, we demonstrated (1) the DT-MPIO-induced magnetic resonance signal tracked with VCAM-1 (r = 0.69; P = .014), P-selectin (r = 0.65; P = .022), and macrophage content (r = 0.59; P = .045) within aortic root plaques and (2) high-risk inflamed plaques were distinguished from noninflamed plaques in the murine carotid artery within a practical clinical imaging time frame. CONCLUSIONS These molecular MRI probes constitute a novel imaging tool for in vivo characterization of plaque vulnerability and inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis. Further development and translation into the clinical arena will facilitate more accurate risk stratification in carotid atherosclerotic disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M S Chan
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, United Kingdom; Regional Vascular Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore.
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marzena Wylezinska-Arridge
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, University of College London Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- Medical Research Council-Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, and Centre for Trauma Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E Cole
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goddard
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maggie S H Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, United Kingdom
| | - Kishore K Bhakoo
- The Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Richard G J Gibbs
- Regional Vascular Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Derivatives of 2,5-Diaryl-1,3-Oxazole and 2,5-Diaryl-1,3,4-Oxadiazole as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes for Studies of Biological Membranes. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2017 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01569-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The development of new methods to image the onset and progression of thrombosis is an unmet need. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques targeting specific key structures involved in the formation of thrombosis have demonstrated the ability to detect thrombus in different disease state models and in patients. Due to its high concentration in the thrombus and its essential role in thrombus formation, the detection of fibrin is an attractive strategy for identification of thrombosis. Herein we provide an overview of recent and selected fibrin-targeted probes for molecular imaging of thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical techniques. Emphasis is placed on work that our lab has explored over the last 15 years that has resulted in the progression of the fibrin-binding PET probe [64Cu]FBP8 from preclinical studies into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Li B, Jiao Y, Fu C, Xie B, Ma G, Teng G, Yao Y. Contralateral artery enlargement predicts carotid plaque progression based on machine learning algorithm models in apoE -/- mice. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:146. [PMID: 28155719 PMCID: PMC5259854 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study specifically focused on anatomical MRI characterization of the low shear stress-induced atherosclerotic plaque in mice. We used machine learning algorithms to analyze multiple correlation factors of plaque to generate predictive models and to find the predictive factor for vulnerable plaque. METHODS Branches of the left carotid artery in apoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice were ligated to produce the partial left carotid artery model. Before surgery, and 7, 14, and 28 days after surgery, in vivo serial MRI measurements of carotid artery diameter were obtained. Meanwhile, proximal blood flow was evaluated. After image acquisition and animal sacrifice, carotid arteries were harvested for histological analysis. Support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) were used to select features and generate predictive models of vulnerable plaque progression. RESULT Seven days after surgery, neointima formation was visualized on micro-MRI in both apoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice. Ultrasonography showed that blood flow had significantly decreased compared to that in the contralateral artery. Partial ligation of the carotid artery for 4 weeks in apoE-/- mice induced vulnerable plaque; however, in C57BL/6J mice this same technique performed for 4 weeks induced arterial stenosis. Contralateral carotid artery diameter at 7 days after surgery was the most reliable predictive factor in plaque progression. We achieved over 87.5% accuracy, 80% sensitivity, and 95% specificity with SVM. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the DT classifier were 90, 90, and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that SVM and DT methods could be suitable models for identifying vulnerable plaque progression in mice. And contralateral artery enlargement can predict the vulnerable plaque in carotid artery at the very early stage. It may be a valuable tool which helps to optimize the clinical work flow process by providing more decision in selecting patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular and Function Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular and Function Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular and Function Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Madsen JB, Pedersen L, Kidholm CL, Rasmussen LM. Arterial Iron Content Is Increased in Patients with High Plasma Ferritin Levels. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:301-307. [PMID: 27941325 DOI: 10.1159/000452799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between increased amounts of stored iron and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized for many years. However, basic information on iron content in human arteries is limited. We envision that associations between body iron content and CVD are based on the accumulation of iron in the arteries, possibly leading to the dysfunction of cellular biochemical pathways. This study addresses the very fundamental question of whether there is a relation between body iron content and the level of iron accumulated in arterial tissue. The iron content in human nonatherosclerotic artery samples from patients with high and low body-iron contents estimated from the plasma ferritin concentration were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy in tissue extracts and by histological staining, using a modified Perls reaction to display iron deposits. We found that the arteries contained small but measurable levels of iron. The iron content was significantly higher in tissue from patients with high plasma ferritin (p = 0.026). Histological staining showed the presence of iron deposits. Our results suggest that iron does accumulate in arterial tissue in accordance to the level of stored body iron. Further studies are needed on the distribution of iron in excess to explain the relationship between stored iron and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bukh Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Posokhov Y. Fluorescent probes sensitive to changes in the cholesterol-to-phospholipids molar ratio in human platelet membranes during atherosclerosis. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:034013. [PMID: 28355159 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/3/034013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environment-sensitive fluorescent probes were used for the spectroscopic visualization of pathological changes in human platelet membranes during cerebral atherosclerosis. It has been estimated that the ratiometric probes 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-phenyl-phenanthr[9,10]oxazole can detect changes in the cholesterol-to-phospholipids molar ratio in human platelet membranes during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Posokhov
- Institute of Chemistry, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
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19
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Almer G, Mangge H, Zimmer A, Prassl R. Lipoprotein-Related and Apolipoprotein-Mediated Delivery Systems for Drug Targeting and Imaging. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:3631-51. [PMID: 26180001 PMCID: PMC5403973 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150716114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of lipoprotein-related or apolipoprotein-targeted nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers opens new therapeutic and diagnostic avenues in nanomedicine. The concept is to exploit the intrinsic characteristics of lipoprotein particles as being the natural transporter of apolar lipids and fat in human circulation. Discrete lipoprotein assemblies and lipoprotein-based biomimetics offer a versatile nanoparticle platform that can be manipulated and tuned for specific medical applications. This article reviews the possibilities for constructing drug loaded, reconstituted or artificial lipoprotein particles. The advantages and limitations of lipoproteinbased delivery systems are critically evaluated and potential future challenges, especially concerning targeting specificity, concepts for lipoprotein rerouting and design of innovative lipoprotein mimetic particles using apolipoprotein sequences as targeting moieties are discussed. Finally, the review highlights potential medical applications for lipoprotein-based nanoparticle systems in the fields of cardiovascular research, cancer therapy, gene delivery and brain targeting focusing on representative examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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20
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Abstract
Molecular imaging offers great potential for noninvasive visualization and quantitation of the cellular and molecular components involved in atherosclerotic plaque stability. In this chapter, we review emerging molecular imaging modalities and approaches for quantitative, noninvasive detection of early biological processes in atherogenesis, including vascular endothelial permeability, endothelial adhesion molecule up-regulation, and macrophage accumulation, with special emphasis on mouse models. We also highlight a number of targeted imaging nanomaterials for assessment of advanced atherosclerotic plaques, including extracellular matrix degradation, proteolytic enzyme activity, and activated platelets using mouse models of atherosclerosis. The potential for clinical translation of molecular imaging nanomaterials for assessment of atherosclerotic plaque biology, together with multimodal approaches is also discussed.
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21
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Liu XY, Yan F, Niu LL, Chen QN, Zheng HR, Li JY. Strong correlation between early stage atherosclerosis and electromechanical coupling of aorta. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6975-6980. [PMID: 26972797 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07398g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases that are responsible for many deaths in the world, and the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis is highly desirable. The existing imaging methods, however, are not capable of detecting the early stage of atherosclerosis development due to their limited spatial resolution. Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show that the piezoelectric response of an aortic wall increases as atherosclerosis advances, while the stiffness of the aorta shows a less evident correlation with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we show that there is strong correlation between the coercive electric field necessary to switch the polarity of the artery and the development of atherosclerosis. Thus by measuring the electromechanical coupling of the aortic wall, it is possible to probe atherosclerosis at the early stage of its development, not only improving the spatial resolution by orders of magnitude, but also providing comprehensive quantitative information on the biomechanical properties of the artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Liu
- College of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composites and Devices, Chongqing University of Science & Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - F Yan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - L L Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Q N Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H R Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - J Y Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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22
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Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cellular Inflammation in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 51:518-26. [PMID: 26919936 PMCID: PMC4829709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. Combined 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are non-invasive methods of assessing tissue inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare these techniques in patients with AAA. Materials and methods Fifteen patients with asymptomatic AAA with diameter 46 ± 7 mm underwent PET-CT with 18F-FDG, and T2*-weighted MRI before and 24 hours after administration of USPIO. The PET-CT and MRI data were then co-registered. Standardised uptake values (SUVs) were calculated to measure 18F-FDG activity, and USPIO uptake was determined using the change in R2*. Comparisons between the techniques were made using a quadrant analysis and a voxel-by-voxel evaluation. Results When all areas of the aneurysm were evaluated, there was a modest correlation between the SUV on PET-CT and the change in R2* on USPIO-enhanced MRI (n = 70,345 voxels; r = .30; p < .0001). Although regions of increased 18F-FDG and USPIO uptake co-localised on occasion, this was infrequent (kappa statistic 0.074; 95% CI 0.026–0.122). 18F-FDG activity was commonly focused in the shoulder region whereas USPIO uptake was more apparent in the main body of the aneurysm. Maximum SUV was lower in patients with mural USPIO uptake. Conclusions Both 18F-FDG PET-CT and USPIO-MRI uptake identify vascular inflammation associated with AAA. Although they demonstrate a modest correlation, there are distinct differences in the pattern and distribution of uptake, suggesting a differential detection of macrophage glycolytic and phagocytic activity respectively.
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23
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Shen ZT, Zheng S, Gounis MJ, Sigalov AB. Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model Using Macrophage-Targeted Gadolinium-Containing Synthetic Lipopeptide Nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143453. [PMID: 26569115 PMCID: PMC4646679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Western cultures. The vast majority of cardiovascular events, including stroke and myocardial infarction, result from the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which are characterized by high and active macrophage content. Current imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aim to characterize anatomic and structural features of plaques rather than their content. Previously, we reported that macrophage-targeted delivery of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent (GBCA-HDL) using high density lipoproteins (HDL)-like particles significantly enhances the detection of plaques in an apolipoprotein (apo) E knockout (KO) mouse model, with an atherosclerotic wall/muscle normalized enhancement ratio (NER) of 120% achieved. These particles are comprised of lipids and synthetic peptide fragments of the major protein of HDL, apo A-I, that contain a naturally occurring modification which targets the particles to macrophages. Targeted delivery minimizes the Gd dose and thus reduces the adverse effects of Gd. The aims of the current study were to test whether varying the GBCA-HDL particle shape and composition can further enhance atherosclerotic plaque MRI and control organ clearance of these agents. We show that the optimized GBCA-HDL particles are efficiently delivered intracellularly to and uptaken by both J774 macrophages in vitro and more importantly, by intraplaque macrophages in vivo, as evidenced by NER up to 160% and higher. This suggests high diagnostic power of our GBCA-HDL particles in the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Further, in contrast to discoidal, spherical GBCA-HDL exhibit hepatic clearance, which could further diminish adverse renal effects of Gd. Finally, activated macrophages are reliable indicators of any inflamed tissues and are implicated in other areas of unmet clinical need such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis and cancer, suggesting the expanded diagnostic and prognostic use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu T. Shen
- SignaBlok, Inc, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shaokuan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Gounis
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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McBride OMB, Berry C, Burns P, Chalmers RTA, Doyle B, Forsythe R, Garden OJ, Goodman K, Graham C, Hoskins P, Holdsworth R, MacGillivray TJ, McKillop G, Murray G, Oatey K, Robson JMJ, Roditi G, Semple S, Stuart W, van Beek EJR, Vesey A, Newby DE. MRI using ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in patients under surveillance for abdominal aortic aneurysms to predict rupture or surgical repair: MRI for abdominal aortic aneurysms to predict rupture or surgery-the MA(3)RS study. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000190. [PMID: 25932334 PMCID: PMC4410138 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Population screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) halves the associated mortality and has led to the establishment of national screening programmes. Prediction of aneurysm growth and rupture is challenging and currently relies on serial diameter measurements with ultrasound. Recently, a novel MRI-based technique using ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) has demonstrated considerable promise as a method of identifying aneurysm inflammation and expansion. Methods and analysis The MA3RS study is a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of 350 patients with AAA in three centres across Scotland. All participants will undergo MRI with USPIO and aneurysm expansion will be measured over 2 years with CT in addition to standard clinical ultrasound surveillance. The relationship between mural USPIO uptake and subsequent clinical outcomes, including expansion, rupture and repair, will be evaluated and used to determine whether the technique augments standard risk prediction markers. To ensure adequate sensitivity to answer the primary question, we need to observe 130 events (composite of rupture or repair) with an estimated event rate of 41% over 2 years of follow-up. The MA3RS study is currently recruiting and expects to report in 2017. Discussion This is the first study to evaluate the use of USPIO-enhanced MRI to provide additional information to aid risk prediction models in patients with AAA. If successful, this study will lay the foundation for a large randomised controlled trial targeted at applying this technique to determine clinical management. Trial registration number Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN76413758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M B McBride
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Colin Berry
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Paul Burns
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Roderick T A Chalmers
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Barry Doyle
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rachael Forsythe
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - O James Garden
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Kirsteen Goodman
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Catriona Graham
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Peter Hoskins
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Thomas J MacGillivray
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Graham McKillop
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Gordon Murray
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Katherine Oatey
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jennifer M J Robson
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Giles Roditi
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Scott Semple
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Wesley Stuart
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Alex Vesey
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David E Newby
- British Heart Foundation/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science , Edinburgh , UK
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PARK SJ, KIM JY, TEOH CL, KANG NY, CHANG YT. New Targets of Molecular Imaging in Atherosclerosis: Prehension of Current Status. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:245-55. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin PARK
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Jun-Young KIM
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Chai Lean TEOH
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Nam-Young KANG
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Young-Tae CHANG
- Department of Chemistry & NUS MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
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Gustafsson B, Hedin U, Caidahl K. Glycolaldehyde and maleyl conjugated human serum albumin as potential macrophage-targeting carriers for molecular imaging purposes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:37-42. [PMID: 24753457 PMCID: PMC4374708 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maleylated bovine serum albumin is a known ligand for targeting macrophages and has potential as a carrier for molecular imaging purposes. We present a novel synthesis of glycolaldehyde-conjugated human serum albumin (GA-HSA) and maleylated human serum albumin (Mal-HSA). Seventeen modifications of fluorescently tagged GA-HSA and Mal-HSA molecules with different degrees of conjugation were prepared. The comparative uptake studies, using 12 of these modifications, were done in vitro on mouse monocytes/macrophages (RAW264.7), and evaluated qualitatively by confocal microscopy and quantitatively by flow cytometry. The GA modifications are taken up by the macrophages approximately 40% better than the maleyl modifications at low concentrations (≤ 3 μM), while at higher concentrations it appears that the maleyl modifications are taken up around 25-44% better than the GA-modified HSA. However, high uptake at low concentrations will be beneficial for in vivo localizing inflammation in areas with low penetration of the probe as in an atherosclerotic plaque. Further, another advantage of GA-HSA is that GA competes less than the maleyl group for the free reactive amine sites that are to be used for conjugation of metal chelating ligands (e.g. tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid and triazacyclononanetriacetic acid). Metal ions such as Gd(3+) and Mn(2+) can be chelated for positive Magnetic Resonance (MR) contrast and positron emitting ions such as (64) Cu(2+) and (68) Ga(3+) for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. These are important properties, especially, when considering the MR contrast possibilities owing to the low sensitivity of the technique, and would motivate the use of GA-HSA before Mal-HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Gustafsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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Almer G, Summers KL, Scheicher B, Kellner J, Stelzer I, Leitinger G, Gries A, Prassl R, Zimmer A, Mangge H. Interleukin 10-coated nanoparticle systems compared for molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4211-22. [PMID: 25214785 PMCID: PMC4159402 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s66830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the leading causes of mortality in high-income countries. Early diagnosis of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions is one of the biggest challenges currently facing cardiovascular medicine. The present study focuses on developing targeted nanoparticles (NPs) in order to improve the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic-plaques. Various biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic-plaques have been identified and one of these promising candidates for diagnostic targeting is interleukin 10 (IL10). IL10 has been shown to be a key anti-inflammatory responding cytokine in the early stages of atherogenesis, and has already been used for therapeutic interventions in humans and mice. IL10, the targeting sequence, was coupled to two different types of NPs: protamine-oligonucleotide NPs (proticles) and sterically stabilized liposomes in order to address the question of whether the recognition and detection of atherosclerotic-lesions is primarily determined by the targeting sequence itself, or whether it depends on the NP carrier system to which the biomarker is coupled. Each IL10-targeted NP was assessed based on its sensitivity and selectivity toward characterizing atherosclerotic-plaque lesions using an apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse as the model of atherosclerosis. Aortas from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet, were stained with either fluorescence-labeled IL10 or IL10-coupled NPs. Ex vivo imaging was performed using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We found that IL10-targeted proticles generated a stronger signal by accumulating at the surface of atherosclerotic-plaques, while IL10-targeted, sterically stabilized liposomes showed a staining pattern deeper in the plaque compared to the fluorescence-labeled IL10 alone. Our results point to a promising route for enhanced in vivo imaging using IL10-targeted NPs. NPs allow a higher payload of signal emitting molecules to be delivered to the atherosclerotic-plaques, thus improving signal detection. Importantly, this allows for the opportunity to visualize different areas within the plaque scenario, depending on the nature of the applied nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kelli L Summers
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Kellner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gries
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Bonnard T, Serfaty JM, Journé C, Ho Tin Noe B, Arnaud D, Louedec L, Derkaoui SM, Letourneur D, Chauvierre C, Le Visage C. Leukocyte mimetic polysaccharide microparticles tracked in vivo on activated endothelium and in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3535-45. [PMID: 24769117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed injectable microparticles functionalized with fucoidan, in which sulfated groups mimic the anchor sites of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), one of the principal receptors supporting leukocyte adhesion. These targeted microparticles were combined with a fluorescent dye and a T2(∗) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, and then tracked in vivo with small animal imaging methods. Microparticles of 2.5μm were obtained by a water-in-oil emulsification combined with a cross-linking process of polysaccharide dextran, fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, pullulan and fucoidan mixed with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. Fluorescent intravital microscopy observation revealed dynamic adsorption and a leukocyte-like behaviour of fucoidan-functionalized microparticles on a calcium ionophore induced an activated endothelial layer of a mouse mesentery vessel. We observed 20times more adherent microparticles on the activated endothelium area after the injection of functionalized microparticles compared to non-functionalized microparticles (197±11 vs. 10±2). This imaging tool was then applied to rats presenting an elastase perfusion model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and 7.4T in vivo MRI was performed. Visual analysis of T2(∗)-weighted MR images showed a significant contrast enhancement on the inner wall of the aneurysm from 30min to 2h after the injection. Histological analysis of AAA cryosections revealed microparticles localized inside the aneurysm wall, in the same areas in which immunostaining shows P-selectin expression. The developed leukocyte mimetic imaging tool could therefore be relevant for molecular imaging of vascular diseases and for monitoring biologically active areas prone to rupture in AAA.
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Obermeyer AC, Capehart SL, Jarman JB, Francis MB. Multivalent viral capsids with internal cargo for fibrin imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100678. [PMID: 24960118 PMCID: PMC4069081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is the cause of many cardiovascular syndromes and is a significant contributor to life-threatening diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombus targeted imaging agents have the capability to provide molecular information about pathological clots, potentially improving detection, risk stratification, and therapy of thrombosis-related diseases. Nanocarriers are a promising platform for the development of molecular imaging agents as they can be modified to have external targeting ligands and internal functional cargo. In this work, we report the synthesis and use of chemically functionalized bacteriophage MS2 capsids as biomolecule-based nanoparticles for fibrin imaging. The capsids were modified using an oxidative coupling reaction, conjugating ∼90 copies of a fibrin targeting peptide to the exterior of each protein shell. The ability of the multivalent, targeted capsids to bind fibrin was first demonstrated by determining the impact on thrombin-mediated clot formation. The modified capsids out-performed the free peptides and were shown to inhibit clot formation at effective concentrations over ten-fold lower than the monomeric peptide alone. The installation of near-infrared fluorophores on the interior surface of the capsids enabled optical detection of binding to fibrin clots. The targeted capsids bound to fibrin, exhibiting higher signal-to-background than control, non-targeted MS2-based nanoagents. The in vitro assessment of the capsids suggests that fibrin-targeted MS2 capsids could be used as delivery agents to thrombi for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie C. Obermeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stacy L. Capehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John B. Jarman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Sigalov AB. Nature-inspired nanoformulations for contrast-enhanced in vivo MR imaging of macrophages. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:372-82. [PMID: 24729189 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of macrophages in atherosclerosis requires the use of contrast-enhancing agents. Reconstituted lipoprotein particles that mimic native high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a versatile delivery platform for Gd-based contrast agents (GBCA) but require targeting moieties to direct the particles to macrophages. In this study, a naturally occurring methionine oxidation in the major HDL protein, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, was exploited as a novel way to target HDL to macrophages. We also tested if fully functional GBCA-HDL can be generated using synthetic apo A-I peptides. The fluorescence and MRI studies reveal that specific oxidation of apo A-I or its peptides increases the in vitro macrophage uptake of GBCA-HDL by 2-3 times. The in vivo imaging studies using an apo E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis and a 3.0 T MRI system demonstrate that this modification significantly improves atherosclerotic plaque detection using GBCA-HDL. At 24 h post-injection of 0.05 mmol Gd kg(-1) GBCA-HDL containing oxidized apo A-I or its peptides, the atherosclerotic wall/muscle normalized enhancement ratios were 90 and 120%, respectively, while those of GBCA-HDL containing their unmodified counterparts were 35 and 45%, respectively. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirms the accumulation of GBCA-HDL containing oxidized apo A-I or its peptides in intraplaque macrophages. Together, the results of this study confirm the hypothesis that specific oxidation of apo A-I targets GBCA-HDL to macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our observation that synthetic peptides can functionally replace the native apo A-I protein in HDL further encourages the development of these contrast agents for macrophage imaging.
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Luehmann HP, Pressly ED, Detering L, Wang C, Pierce R, Woodard PK, Gropler RJ, Hawker CJ, Liu Y. PET/CT imaging of chemokine receptor CCR5 in vascular injury model using targeted nanoparticle. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:629-34. [PMID: 24591489 PMCID: PMC4255944 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.132001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammation plays important roles at all stages of atherosclerosis. Chemokine systems have major effects on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by controlling the trafficking of inflammatory cells in vivo through interaction with their receptors. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has been reported to be an active participant in the late stage of atherosclerosis and has the potential as a prognostic biomarker for plaque stability. However, its diagnostic potential has not yet been explored. The purpose of this study was to develop a targeted nanoparticle for sensitive and specific PET/CT imaging of the CCR5 receptor in an apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE(-/-)) mouse vascular injury model. METHODS The D-Ala1-peptide T-amide (DAPTA) peptide was selected as a targeting ligand for the CCR5 receptor. Through controlled conjugation and polymerization, a biocompatible poly(methyl methacrylate)-core/polyethylene glycol-shell amphiphilic comblike nanoparticle was prepared and labeled with (64)Cu for CCR5 imaging in the ApoE(-/-) wire-injury model. Immunohistochemistry, histology, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to assess the disease progression and upregulation of CCR5 receptor. RESULTS The (64)Cu-DOTA-DAPTA tracer showed specific PET imaging of CCR5 in the ApoE(-/-) mice. The targeted (64)Cu-DOTA-DAPTA-comb nanoparticles showed extended blood signal and optimized biodistribution. The tracer uptake analysis showed significantly higher accumulations at the injury lesions than those acquired from the sham-operated sites. The competitive PET receptor blocking studies confirmed the CCR5 receptor-specific uptake. The assessment of (64)Cu-DOTA-DAPTA-comb in C57BL/6 mice and (64)Cu-DOTA-comb in ApoE(-/-) mice verified low nonspecific nanoparticle uptake. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR analyses verified the upregulation of CCR5 in the progressive atherosclerosis model. CONCLUSION This work provides a nanoplatform for sensitive and specific detection of CCR5's physiologic functions in an animal atherosclerosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric D. Pressly
- Department of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California
| | - Lisa Detering
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia Wang
- Department of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California
| | - Richard Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bonnard T, Yang G, Petiet A, Ollivier V, Haddad O, Arnaud D, Louedec L, Bachelet-Violette L, Derkaoui SM, Letourneur D, Chauvierre C, Visage CL. Abdominal aortic aneurysms targeted by functionalized polysaccharide microparticles: a new tool for SPECT imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:592-603. [PMID: 24723981 PMCID: PMC3982130 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysm diagnostic is nowadays limited by the lack of technology that enables early detection and rupture risk prediction. New non invasive tools for molecular imaging are still required. In the present study, we present an innovative SPECT diagnostic tool for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) produced from injectable polysaccharide microparticles radiolabeled with technetium 99m (99mTc) and functionalized with fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide with the ability to target P-Selectin. P-Selectin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets which can be found in the thrombus of aneurysms, as well as in other vascular pathologies. Microparticles with a maximum hydrodynamic diameter of 4 µm were obtained by crosslinking the polysaccharides dextran and pullulan. They were functionalized with fucoidan. In vitro interactions with human activated platelets were assessed by flow cytometry that demonstrated a specific affinity of fucoidan functionalized microparticles for P-Selectin expressed by activated platelets. For in vivo AAA imaging, microparticles were radiolabeled with 99mTc and intravenously injected into healthy and AAA rats obtained by elastase perfusion through the aorta wall. Animals were scanned by SPECT imaging. A strong contrast enhancement located in the abdominal aorta of AAA rats was obtained, while no signal was obtained in healthy rats or in AAA rats after injection of non-functionalized control microparticles. Histological studies revealed that functionalized radiolabeled polysaccharide microparticles were localized in the AAA wall, in the same location where P-Selectin was expressed. These microparticles therefore constitute a promising SPECT imaging tool for AAA and potentially for other vascular diseases characterized by P-Selectin expression. Future work will focus on validating the efficiency of the microparticles to diagnose these other pathologies and the different stages of AAA. Incorporation of a therapeutic molecule is also considered.
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Chan JMS, Monaco C, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Tremoleda JL, Gibbs RGJ. Imaging of the vulnerable carotid plaque: biological targeting of inflammation in atherosclerosis using iron oxide particles and MRI. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 47:462-9. [PMID: 24594295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of those patients with high-risk asymptomatic carotid plaques remains an elusive but essential step in stroke prevention. Inflammation is a key process in plaque destabilization and the propensity of atherosclerotic lesions to cause clinical sequelae. There is currently no clinical imaging technique available to assess the degree of inflammation associated with plaques. This study aims at visualizing and characterizing atherosclerosis using antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles as an MRI probe to assess inflammation in human atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques were collected from 20 consecutive patients (n=10 from symptomatic patients, n=10 from asymptomatic patients) undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for extracranial high-grade internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (>70% luminal narrowing). Inflammatory markers on human atherosclerotic plaques were detected and characterized by ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using anti-VCAM-1 antibody and anti-E-selectin antibody-conjugated SPIO with confirmatory immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Inflammation associated with human ex vivo atherosclerotic plaques could be imaged using dual antibody-conjugated SPIO by MRI. Symptomatic plaques could be distinguished from asymptomatic ones by the degree of inflammation, and the MR contrast effect was significantly correlated with the degree of plaque inflammation (r=.64, p<.001). The asymptomatic plaque population exhibited heterogeneity in terms of inflammation. The dual-targeted SPIO-induced MR signal not only tracked closely with endothelial activation (i.e. endothelial expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin), but also reflected the macrophage burden within plaque lesions, offering a potential imaging tool for quantitative MRI of inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS These functional molecular MRI probes constitute a novel imaging tool for ex vivo characterization of atherosclerosis at a molecular level. Further development and translation into the clinical arena will facilitate more accurate risk stratification in carotid artery disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M S Chan
- Regional Vascular Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C Monaco
- Cytokine Biology of Atherosclerosis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - M Wylezinska-Arridge
- Biological Imaging Centre, Clinical Sciences Centre, Medical Research Council, Imperial College London, UK
| | - J L Tremoleda
- Biological Imaging Centre, Clinical Sciences Centre, Medical Research Council, Imperial College London, UK
| | - R G J Gibbs
- Regional Vascular Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, UK.
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Abstract
Current advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the early detection, prevention and treatment of various diseases such as vascular disorders and cancer. These advances have provided novel approaches or modalities of incorporating or adsorbing therapeutic, biosensor and targeting agents into/on nanoparticles. With significant progress, nanomedicine for vascular therapy has shown significant advantages over traditional medicine because of its ability to selectively target the disease site and reduce adverse side effects. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles to vascular endothelial cells or the vascular wall provides an effective and more efficient way for early detection and/or treatment of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis and Cerebrovascular Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA). Clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers in areas such as vascular graft, implantable drug delivery, stent devices and tissue engineering scaffolds have advanced the candidature of polymers as potential nano-carriers for vascular-targeted delivery of diagnostic agents and drugs. This review focuses on the basic aspects of the vasculature and its associated diseases and relates them to polymeric nanoparticle-based strategies for targeting therapeutic agents to diseased vascular site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL ; Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karunyna Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ardipradja K, Yeoh SD, Alt K, O'Keefe G, Rigopoulos A, Howells DW, Scott AM, Peter K, Ackerman U, Hagemeyer CE. Detection of activated platelets in a mouse model of carotid artery thrombosis with 18 F-labeled single-chain antibodies. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:229-37. [PMID: 24440583 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activated platelets are key players in thrombosis and inflammation. We previously generated single-chain antibodies (scFv) against ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) on the highly abundant platelet glycoprotein integrin receptor IIb/IIIa. The aim of this study was the construction and characterisation of a novel (18)F PET radiotracer based on this antibody. METHODS ScFv(anti-LIBS) and control antibody mut-scFv were reacted with N-succinimidyl-4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate (S[(18)F]FB). Radiolabeled scFv was incubated with in vitro formed platelet clots and injected into mice with FeCl(3) induced thrombus in the left carotid artery. Clots were imaged in the PET scanner and amount of radioactivity measured using an ionization chamber and image analysis. Assessment of vessel injury as well as the biodistribution of the radiolabeled scFv was studied. RESULTS After incubation with increasing concentrations of (18)F-scFv(anti-LIBS) clots had retained significantly higher amounts of radioactivity compared to clots incubated with radiolabeled (18)F-mut-scFv (13.3 ± 3.8 vs. 3.6 ± 1 KBq, p < 0.05, n = 9, decay corrected). In the in vivo experiments we found an high uptake of the tracer in the injured vessel compared with the non-injured vessel, with 12.6 ± 4.7% injected dose per gram (ID/g) uptake in the injured vessel and 3.7 ± 0.9% ID/g in the non-injured vessel 5 minutes after injection (p < 0.05, n = 6). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the novel antibody radiotracer (18)F-scFv(anti-LIBS) is useful for the sensitive detection of activated platelets and thrombosis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE We describe the first (18)F variant of a scFv(anti-LIBS) against activated platelets. This diagnostic agent could provide a powerful tool for the assessment of acute thrombosis and inflammation in patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ardipradja
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shinn Dee Yeoh
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme O'Keefe
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Howells
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackerman
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
Techniques for in vivo assessment of disease-related molecular changes are being developed for all forms of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging. The ability to evaluate tissue molecular or cellular phenotype in patients has the potential to not only improve diagnostic capabilities but to enhance clinical care either by detecting disease at an earlier stage when it is more amenable to therapy, or by guiding most appropriate therapies. These new techniques also can be used in research programs in order to characterize pathophysiology and as a surrogate endpoint for therapeutic efficacy. The most common approach for molecular imaging involves the creation of novel-targeted contrast agents that are designed so that their kinetic properties are different in disease tissues. The main focus of this review is not to describe all the different molecular imaging approaches that have been developed, but rather to describe the status of the field and highlight some of the clinical and research applications that molecular imaging will likely provide meaningful benefit. Specific target areas include assessment of atherosclerotic disease, tissue ischemia, and ventricular and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, UHN-62, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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Multimodality PET/MRI agents targeted to activated macrophages. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 19:247-58. [PMID: 24166283 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of multimodality imaging, particularly the combination of PET and MRI, has led to excitement over the prospect of improving detection of disease. Iron oxide nanoparticles have become a popular platform for the fabrication of PET/MRI probes owing to their advantages of high MRI detection sensitivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this article, we report the synthesis of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (DIO) labeled with the positron emitter (64)Cu to generate a PET/MRI probe, and modified with maleic anhydride to increase the negative surface charge. The modified nanoparticulate PET/MRI probe (MDIO-(64)Cu-DOTA) bears repetitive anionic charges on the surface that facilitate recognition by scavenger receptor type A (SR-A), a ligand receptor found on activated macrophages but not on normal vessel walls. MDIO-(64)Cu-DOTA has an average iron oxide core size of 7-8 nm, an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62.7 nm, an r1 relaxivity of 16.8 mM(-1) s(-1), and an r 2 relaxivity of 83.9 mM(-1) s(-1) (37 °C, 1.4 T). Cell studies confirmed that the probe was nontoxic and was specifically taken up by macrophages via SR-A. In comparison with the nonmodified analog, the accumulation of MDIO in macrophages was substantially improved. These characteristics demonstrate the promise of MDIO-(64)Cu-DOTA for identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques via the targeting of macrophages.
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Wu AH, Christenson RH. Analytical and assay issues for use of cardiac troponin testing for risk stratification in primary care. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:969-978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Segers FM, den Adel B, Bot I, van der Graaf LM, van der Veer EP, Gonzalez W, Raynal I, de Winther M, Wodzig WK, Poelmann RE, van Berkel TJ, van der Weerd L, Biessen EA. Scavenger Receptor-AI–Targeted Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In Vivo MRI Detection of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1812-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip M.E. Segers
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Brigit den Adel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Ilze Bot
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Linda M. van der Graaf
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Eric P. van der Veer
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Walter Gonzalez
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Isabelle Raynal
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Menno de Winther
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Will K. Wodzig
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Theo J.C. van Berkel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
| | - Erik A.L. Biessen
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (F.M.E.S., I.B., E.P.v.d.V., T.J.C.v.B., E.A.L.B.); Department of Anatomy and Embryology (B.d.A., L.M.v.d.G., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.), Department of Radiology (L.v.d.W.), and Department of Human Genetics (L.v.d.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Research, Guerbet Group, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (W.G., I.R.); Department of Medical
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Detection of early stage atherosclerotic plaques using PET and CT fusion imaging targeting P-selectin in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:47-51. [PMID: 23485468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive detection and qualitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaques are in high demand in cardiovascular clinical settings. The leukocyte-endothelial interaction mediated by an adhesion molecule P-selectin participates in arterial wall inflammation and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS A (64)Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid conjugated anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody ((64)Cu-DOTA-anti-P-selectin mAb) probe was prepared by conjugating an anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody with DOTA followed by (64)Cu labeling. Thirty-six hours prior to PET and CT fusion imaging, 3MBq of (64)Cu-DOTA-anti-P-selectin mAb was intravenously injected into low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient Ldlr-/- mice. After a 180min PET scan, autoradiography and biodistribution of (64)Cu-DOTA-anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody was examined using excised aortas. In Ldlr-/- mice fed with a high cholesterol diet for promotion of atherosclerotic plaque development, PET and CT fusion imaging revealed selective and prominent accumulation of the probe in the aortic root. Autoradiography of aortas that demonstrated probe uptake into atherosclerotic plaques was confirmed by Oil red O staining for lipid droplets. In Ldlr-/- mice fed with a chow diet to develop mild atherosclerotic plaques, probe accumulation was barely detectable in the aortic root on PET and CT fusion imaging. Probe biodistribution in aortas was 6.6-fold higher in Ldlr-/- mice fed with a high cholesterol diet than in those fed with a normal chow diet. (64)Cu-DOTA-anti-P-selectin mAb accumulated selectively in aortic atherosclerotic plaques and was detectable by PET and CT fusion imaging in Ldlr-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS P-selectin is a candidate target molecule for early-phase detection by PET and CT fusion imaging of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Wait JMS, Tomita H, Burk LM, Lu J, Zhou OZ, Maeda N, Lee YZ. Detection of aortic arch calcification in apolipoprotein E-null mice using carbon nanotube-based micro-CT system. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e003358. [PMID: 23525427 PMCID: PMC3603263 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We performed in vivo micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) imaging using a novel carbon nanotube (CNT)–based x‐ray source to detect calcification in the aortic arch of apolipoprotein E (apoE)–null mice. Methods and Results We measured calcification volume of aortic arch plaques using CNT‐based micro‐CT in 16‐ to 18‐month‐old males on 129S6/SvEvTac and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds (129‐apoE KO and B6‐apoE KO). Cardiac and respiratory gated images were acquired in each mouse under anesthesia. Images obtained using a CNT micro‐CT had less motion blur and better spatial resolution for aortic calcification than those using conventional micro‐CT, evaluated by edge sharpness (slope of the normalized attenuation units, 1.6±0.3 versus 0.8±0.2) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio of the calcifications (118±34 versus 10±2); both P<0.05, n=6. Calcification volume in the arch inner curvature was 4 times bigger in the 129‐apoE KO than in the B6‐apoE KO mice (0.90±0.18 versus 0.22±0.10 mm3, P<0.01, n=7 and 5, respectively), whereas plaque areas in the inner curvature measured in dissected aorta were only twice as great in the 129‐apoE KO than in the B6‐apoE KO mice (6.1±0.6 versus 3.7±0.4 mm2, P<0.05). Consistent with this, histological calcification area in the plaques was significantly higher in the 129‐apoE KO than in the B6‐apoE KO mice (16.9±2.0 versus 9.6±0.8%, P<0.05, 3 animals for each). Conclusions A novel CNT‐based micro‐CT is a useful tool to evaluate vascular calcifications in living mice. Quantification from acquired images suggests higher susceptibility to calcification of the aortic arch plaques in 129‐apoE KO than in B6‐apoE KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M S Wait
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, USA
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Rao VSH, Kumar MN. Novel Approaches for Predicting Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/titb.2012.2227271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Almer G, Frascione D, Pali-Schöll I, Vonach C, Lukschal A, Stremnitzer C, Diesner SC, Jensen-Jarolim E, Prassl R, Mangge H. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory marker to target atherosclerotic lesions via PEGylated liposomes. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:175-86. [PMID: 23176185 PMCID: PMC3558023 DOI: 10.1021/mp300316n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) causes cardiovascular disease, which leads to fatal clinical end points like myocardial infarction or stroke, the most prevalent causes of death in developed countries. An early, noninvasive method of detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions is necessary to prevent and treat these clinical end points. Working toward this goal, we examined recombinant interleukin-10 (IL-10), stealth liposomes with nanocargo potency for NMRI relevant contrast agents, and IL-10 coupled to stealth liposomes in an ApoE-deficient mouse model using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Through ex vivo incubation and imaging with CLSM, we showed that fluorescently labeled IL-10 is internalized by AS plaques, and a low signal is detected in both the less injured aortic surfaces and the arteries of wild-type mice. In vivo experiments included intravenous injections of (i) fluorescent IL-10, (ii) IL-10 targeted carboxyfluorescin (CF-) labeled stealth liposomes, and (iii) untargeted CF-labeled stealth liposomes. Twenty-four hours after injection the arteries were dissected and imaged ex vivo. Compared to free IL-10, we observed a markedly stronger fluorescence intensity with IL-10 targeted liposomes at AS plaque regions. Moreover, untargeted CF-labeled liposomes showed only weak, unspecific binding. Neither free IL-10 nor IL-10 targeted liposomes showed significant immune reaction when injected into wild-type mice. Thus, the combined use of specific anti-inflammatory proteins, high payloads of contrast agents, and liposome particles should enable current imaging techniques to better recognize and visualize AS plaques for research and prospective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Science, Graz, Austria
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Grieve SM, Lønborg J, Mazhar J, Tan TC, Ho E, Liu CC, Lay W, Gill AJ, Kuchel P, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of rapid VCAM-1 up-regulation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 42:61-70. [PMID: 23052973 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response plays an important role in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM) contributes to this. We examined the feasibility of using intravenously administered VCAM-MPIO (microparticle iron oxide) to characterize VCAM expression patterns in myocardial IR injury. Myocardial ischemia was simulated by 30 min of transient ligation of the left coronary vessel in rats. Purified, monoclonal, rat-specific, mouse VCAM antibody coupled to MPIO was administered through the tail vein at 3 h post reperfusion and the rats were sacrificed 1 h later. High resolution 3D ex vivo MRI images were acquired at 9.4 Tesla. Extensive foci of signal voids were observed on T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequences, which corresponded to focal deposits of MPIOs observed in histological sections. The spatial density of the signal voids (expressed as a percentage of pixels below a threshold value) was increased in the peri-infarct zone compared with non-infarct zone (32.5 ± 4% vs. 13.9 ± 5%; n = 6; p < 0.05) and was substantially greater than the signal loss due to non-specific binding seen in rats administered IgG control MPIO (2.0 ± 1%; n = 6; p < 0.05). The VCAM-specific MPIO signal was also seen in myocardium and pericardium in segments remote from the IR injury, but not in rats undergoing a sham operation. In conclusion, molecular imaging in a model of myocardial IR injury is possible using high field MRI and VCAM-MPIOs and may provide novel insights beyond those achieved by standard histological and molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Grieve
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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von Elverfeldt D, von zur Muhlen C, Wiens K, Neudorfer I, Zirlik A, Meissner M, Tilly P, Charles AL, Bode C, Peter K, Fabre JE. In vivo detection of activated platelets allows characterizing rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with molecular magnetic resonance imaging in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45008. [PMID: 23028736 PMCID: PMC3441740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and non-invasive detection of platelets on micro atherothrombosis provides a means to identify unstable plaque and thereby allowing prophylactic treatment towards prevention of stroke or myocardial infarction. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) of activated platelets as early markers of plaque rupture using targeted contrast agents is a promising strategy. In this study, we aim to specifically image activated platelets in murine atherothrombosis by in vivo mMRI, using a dedicated animal model of plaque rupture. METHODS An antibody targeting ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS) on the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-receptor of activated platelets was conjugated to microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO) to form the LIBS-MPIO contrast agent causing a signal-extinction in T2*-weighted MRI. ApoE(-/-) mice (60 weeks-old) were fed a high fat diet for 5 weeks. Using a small needle, the surface of their carotid plaques was scratched under blood flow to induce atherothrombosis. In vivo 9.4 Tesla MRI was performed before and repetitively after intravenous injection of either LIBS-MPIO versus non-targeted-MPIO. RESULTS LIBS-MPIO injected animals showed a significant signal extinction (p<0.05) in MRI, corresponding to the site of plaque rupture and atherothrombosis in histology. The signal attenuation was effective for atherothrombosis occupying ≥ 2% of the vascular lumen. Histology further confirmed significant binding of LIBS-MPIO compared to control-MPIO on the thrombus developing on the surface of ruptured plaques (p<0.01). CONCLUSION in vivo mMRI detected activated platelets on mechanically ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE(-/-) mice with a high sensititvity. This imaging technology represents a unique opportunity for noninvasive detection of atherothrombosis and the identification of unstable atherosclerotic plaques with the ultimate promise to prevent strokes and myocardial infarctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Wiens
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irene Neudorfer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Meissner
- Department of Radiology/Medical Physics, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peg Tilly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Etienne Fabre
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Liang S, Saidi A, Jing J, Liu G, Li J, Zhang J, Sun C, Narula J, Chen Z. Intravascular atherosclerotic imaging with combined fluorescence and optical coherence tomography probe based on a double-clad fiber combiner. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:070501. [PMID: 22894457 PMCID: PMC3384984 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multimodality fluorescence and optical coherence tomography probe based on a double-clad fiber (DCF) combiner. The probe is composed of a DCF combiner, grin lens, and micromotor in the distal end. An integrated swept-source optical coherence tomography and fluorescence intensity imaging system was developed based on the combined probe for the early diagnoses of atherosclerosis. This system is capable of real-time data acquisition and processing as well as image display. For fluorescence imaging, the inflammation of atherosclerosis and necrotic core formed with the annexin V-conjugated Cy5.5 were imaged. Ex vivo imaging of New Zealand white rabbit arteries demonstrated the capability of the combined system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Dalian University of Technology, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Arya Saidi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Joe Jing
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Gangjun Liu
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Jiawen Li
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Jun Zhang
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
| | - Changsen Sun
- Dalian University of Technology, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jagat Narula
- University of California, Division of Cardiology, Medical Center, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Zhongping Chen
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California
- Address all correspondence to: Zhongping Chen, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92612. Tel: 949 824 1247; Fax: 949 824 8413; E-mail:
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Abstract
The close, bidirectional relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease is well established. Major depression is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and acute cardiovascular sequelae, such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and isolated systolic hypertension. Morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease and depression are significantly higher than in patients with cardiovascular disease who are not depressed. Various pathophysiological mechanisms might underlie the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with depression: increased inflammation; increased susceptibility to blood clotting (owing to alterations in multiple steps of the clotting cascade, including platelet activation and aggregation); oxidative stress; subclinical hypothyroidism; hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; reductions in numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and associated arterial repair processes; decreased heart rate variability; and the presence of genetic factors. Early identification of patients with depression who are at risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as prevention and appropriate treatment of cardiovascular disease in these patients, is an important and attainable goal. However, adequately powered studies are required to determine the optimal treatment regimen for patients with both depression and cardiovascular disorders.
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Aravindhan V, Mohan V, Surendar J, Rao MM, Anuradha R, Deepa M, Babu S. Effect of filarial infection on serum inflammatory and atherogenic biomarkers in coronary artery disease (CURES-121). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:828-33. [PMID: 22556082 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections can potentially confer protection against metabolic disorders, possibly through immunomodulation. In this study, the baseline prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) among subjects without (N = 236) and with (N = 217) coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined as part of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). The prevalence of LF was not significantly different between CAD(-) and CAD(+) subjects. The LF antigen load and antibody levels indicated comparable levels of infection and exposure between the groups. Within the CAD group, LF(+) and LF(-) subjects had no significant difference in the intimal medial thickness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein values. However, LF infection was associated with augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 among CAD(+) subjects. The LF infection had no effect on serum adipocytokine profile. In conclusion, unlike type-2 diabetes, there is no association between the prevalence of LF and CAD and also no evidence of protective immunomodulation of LF infection on CAD in the Asian Indian population.
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