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Degache A, Poulletier de Gannes F, Garenne A, Renom R, Percherancier Y, Lagroye I, Bernus O, Lewis N. In vitrodifferentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts: characterization using electrical impedance. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34243179 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac12e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias represent about 50% of the cardiovascular diseases which are the first cause of mortality in the world. Implantable medical devices play a major role for treating these arrhythmias. Nevertheless the leads induce an unwanted biological phenomenon called fibrosis. This phenomenon begins at a cellular level and is effective at a macroscopic scale causing tissue remodelling with a local modification of the active cardiac tissue. Fibrosis mechanism is complex but at the cellular level, it mainly consists in cardiac fibroblasts activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts. We developed a simplifiedin vitromodel of cardiac fibrosis, with human cardiac fibroblasts whom differentiation into myofibroblasts was promoted with TGF-β1. Our study addresses an unreported impedance-based method for real-time monitoring ofin vitrocardiac fibrosis. The objective was to study whether the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts in myofibroblasts had a specific signature on the cell index, an impedance-based feature measured by the xCELLigence system. Primary human cardiac fibroblasts were cultured along 6 days, with or without laminin coating, to study the role of this adhesion protein in cultures long-term maintenance. The cultures were characterized in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 and we obtained a significant cell index signature specific to the human cardiac fibroblasts differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Degache
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - Florence Poulletier de Gannes
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - André Garenne
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - Rémy Renom
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - Yann Percherancier
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
| | - Olivier Bernus
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modelling Institute, U1045, University of Bordeaux, Avenue du haut leveque, Pessac, Aquitaine, 33600, FRANCE
| | - Noëlle Lewis
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux College of Science and Technology, 351 cours de la liberation, Talence, Aquitaine, 33400, FRANCE
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2
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Inflammation Alters the Secretome and Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Skin-Derived Precursor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040914. [PMID: 32276503 PMCID: PMC7226778 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin-derived precursors (SKP) represent a group of somatic stem/precursor cells that reside in dermal skin throughout life that harbor clinical potential. SKP have a high self-renewal capacity, the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types and low immunogenicity, rendering them key candidates for allogeneic cell-based, off-the-shelf therapy. However, potential clinical application of allogeneic SKP requires that these cells retain their therapeutic properties under all circumstances and, in particular, in the presence of an inflammation state. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of pro-inflammatory stimulation on the secretome and immunosuppressive properties of SKP. We demonstrated that pro-inflammatory stimulation of SKP significantly changes their expression and the secretion profile of chemo/cytokines and growth factors. Most importantly, we observed that pro-inflammatory stimulated SKP were still able to suppress the graft-versus-host response when cotransplanted with human PBMC in severe-combined immune deficient (SCID) mice, albeit to a much lesser extent than unstimulated SKP. Altogether, this study demonstrates that an inflammatory microenvironment has a significant impact on the immunological properties of SKP. These alterations need to be taken into account when developing allogeneic SKP-based therapies.
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3
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Bergeron L, Busuttil V, Botto JM. Multipotentiality of skin-derived precursors: application to the regeneration of skin and other tissues. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:5-15. [PMID: 31612512 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) have been described as multipotent dermal precursors. Here, we provide a review of the breadth and depth of scientific literature and studies regarding SKPs, accounting for a large number of scientific publications. Interestingly, these progenitors can be isolated from embryonic and adult skin, as well as from a population of dermal cells cultured in vitro in monolayer. Gathering information from different authors, this review explores different aspects of the SKP theme, such as the potential distinct origins of SKPs in rodents and in humans, and also their ability to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into multiple lineages of different progeny. This remarkable capacity makes SKPs an interesting endogenous source of precursors to explore in the framework of experimental and therapeutic applications in different domains. SKPs are not only involved in the skin's dermal maintenance and support as well as wound healing, but also in hair follicle morphogenesis. This review points out the interests of future researches on SKPs for innovative perspectives that may be helpful in many different types of scientific and medical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bergeron
- Ashland Specialties France, Global Skin Research Center, 655, route du Pin Montard, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - V Busuttil
- Ashland Specialties France, Global Skin Research Center, 655, route du Pin Montard, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - J-M Botto
- Ashland Specialties France, Global Skin Research Center, 655, route du Pin Montard, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France
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4
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Chen T, Wu Y, Gu W, Xu Q. Response of vascular mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells to hyperlipidemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4079-4091. [PMID: 29946805 PMCID: PMC11105685 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. It is well known that hyperlipidemia is a stimulator for endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscle cell migration during vascular disease development. Recently, it was found that vessel wall contains a variable number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are quiescent in physiological conditions, but can be activated by a variety of stimuli, e.g., increased lipid level or hyperlipidemia. Vascular MSCs displayed characteristics of stem cells which can differentiate into several types of cells, e.g., smooth muscle cells, adipocytic, chondrocytic, and osteocytic lineages. In vitro, lipid loading can induce MSC migration and chemokines secretion. After MSC migration into the intima, they play an essential role in inflammatory response and cell accumulation during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, MSC transplantation has been explored as a therapeutic approach to treat atherosclerosis in animal models. In this review, we aim to summarize current progress in characterizing the identity of vascular MSCs and to discuss the mechanisms involved in the response of vascular stem/progenitor cells to lipid loading, as well as to explore therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases and shed new light on regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenduo Gu
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's BHF Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's BHF Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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5
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Biochemical re-programming of human dermal stem cells to neurons by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1048-1061. [PMID: 30154448 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are generally believed to contain a small number of mitochondria, thus accounting for their glycolytic phenotype. We demonstrate here, however, that despite an indispensable glucose dependency, human dermal stem cells (hDSCs) contain very numerous mitochondria. Interestingly, these stem cells segregate into two distinct subpopulations. One exhibits high, the other low-mitochondrial membrane potentials (Δψm). We have made the same observations with mouse neural stem cells (mNSCs) which serve here as a complementary model to hDSCs. Strikingly, pharmacologic inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) increased the overall Δψm, decreased the dependency on glycolysis and led to formation of TUJ1 positive, electrophysiologically functional neuron-like cells in both mNSCs and hDSCs, even in the absence of any neuronal growth factors. Furthermore, of the two, it was the Δψm-high subpopulation which produced more mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and showed an enhanced neuronal differentiation capacity as compared to the Δψm-low subpopulation. These data suggest that the Δψm-low stem cells may function as the dormant stem cell population to sustain future neuronal differentiation by avoiding excessive ROS production. Thus, chemical modulation of PI3K activity, switching the metabotype of hDSCs to neurons, may have potential as an autologous transplantation strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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6
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Li Y, Li X, Xiong L, Tang J, Li L. Comparison of phenotypes and transcriptomes of mouse skin-derived precursors and dermal mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2018; 102:30-39. [PMID: 30056221 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and dermal mesenchymal stem cells (dMSCs) are promising candidates for cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. To date the comparison of phenotypes and transcriptomes of mouse SKPs (mSKPs) and dMSCs has never been reported. Here we characterized and compared the biological properties and transcriptomes of mSKP and dMSCs from the same mouse dermis sample. Firstly, we analyzed mSKPs and dMSCs by use of immunocytochemistry, cell cycle analysis, and CD antigen expression. Then we conducted the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic induced differentiation for both cell types. Lastly, we compared their genomic profiles by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), and verified the results of RNA-Seq by quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results suggested that mSKPs and dMSCs shared similarities in certain positive stem cells markers expression, but demonstrated difference in Nanog and Oct4 expression. mSKPs and dMSCs demonstrated similar cell cycle distribution and CD antigen expression. Both types of cells could be induced differentiated into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. However, RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results indicated that mSKPs and dMSCs had distinct transcriptome profiles. The majority of enriched differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from mSKPs was immune-related, while the majority of enriched DEGs from dMSCs was differentiation/development/disease-related. Transcriptome profiles suggested that mSKPs and dMSCs might have potential usage in the relevant morbidity management. These results may indicate a molecular basis for novel stem cell-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Huaxi Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of dermatology and venerology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, 278 Baoguang Ave, Xindu district, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Huaxi Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Lidan Xiong
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Huaxi Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Huaxi Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Huaxi Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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7
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Iwasa SN, Popovic MR, Morshead CM. Skin-derived precursor cells undergo substrate-dependent galvanotaxis that can be modified by neighbouring cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:95-101. [PMID: 30059907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell types respond to electric fields (EFs) through cell migration, a process termed galvanotaxis. The galvanotactic response is critical for development and wound healing. Here we investigate whether skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs), which have the potential to differentiate into mesodermal and peripheral neural cell types, undergo directed migration in the presence of an EF. We found that EF application promotes SKP migration towards the anode. The migratory response is substrate-dependent as SKPs undergo directed migration on laminin and Matrigel, but not collagen. The majority of SKPs express the undifferentiated cell markers nestin, fibronectin and Sox2, after both EF application and in sister cultures with no EF application, suggesting that EFs do not promote cell differentiation. Co-cultures of SKPs and brain-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), a population of cells that undergo rapid, cathode-directed migration, reveal that in the presence of NPCs an increased percentage of SKPs undergo galvanotaxis, providing evidence that cells can provide cues to modify the galvanotactic response. We propose that a better understanding of SKP migration in the presence of EFs may provide insight into improved strategies for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Iwasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada.
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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8
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Steinbach SK, Wang T, Carruthers MH, Li A, Besla R, Johnston AP, Robbins CS, Husain M. Aortic Sca-1 + Progenitor Cells Arise from the Somitic Mesoderm Lineage in Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:888-897. [PMID: 29717623 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sca-1+ progenitor cells in the adult mouse aorta are known to generate vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but their embryological origins and temporal abundance are not known. Using tamoxifen-inducible Myf5-CreER mice, we demonstrate that Sca-1+ adult aortic cells arise from the somitic mesoderm beginning at E8.5 and continue throughout somitogenesis. Myf5 lineage-derived Sca-1+ cells greatly expand in situ, starting at 4 weeks of age, and become a major source of aortic Sca-1+ cells by 6 weeks of age. Myf5-derived adult aortic cells are capable of forming multicellular sphere-like structures in vitro and express the pluripotency marker Sox2. Exposure to transforming growth factor-β3 induces these spheres to differentiate into calponin-expressing VSMCs. Pulse-chase experiments using tamoxifen-inducible Sox2-CreERT2 mice at 8 weeks of age demonstrate that ∼35% of all adult aortic Sca-1+ cells are derived from Sox2+ cells. The present study demonstrates that aortic Sca-1+ progenitor cells are derived from the somitic mesoderm formed at the earliest stages of somitogenesis and from Sox2-expressing progenitors in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Steinbach
- 1 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,2 McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- 1 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,3 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,4 Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Martha H Carruthers
- 1 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- 5 Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,6 Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,7 Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,8 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- 5 Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,6 Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,7 Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,9 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Clinton S Robbins
- 5 Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,6 Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,7 Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,8 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,9 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- 1 Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,2 McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,3 Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,4 Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,6 Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,7 Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,9 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada .,11 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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9
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Guo P, Sun H, Zhang Y, Tighe S, Chen S, Su CW, Liu Y, Zhao H, Hu M, Zhu Y. Limbal niche cells are a potent resource of adult mesenchymal progenitors. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3315-3322. [PMID: 29679460 PMCID: PMC6010802 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal niche cells located in the limbal Palisades of Vogt are mesenchymal stem cells that reside next to limbal basal epithelial cells. Limbal niche cells are progenitors that express embryonic stem cell markers such as Nanog, Nestin, Oct4, Rex1, Sox2 and SSEA4, mesenchymal cell markers such as CD73, CD90 and CD105, and angiogenesis markers such as Flk-1, CD31, CD34, VWF, PDGFRβ and α-SMA, but negative for CD45. In addition, the stemness of limbal niche cells can be maintained during their cell culture in a three-dimension environment. Furthermore, expanded limbal niche cells have the capability to undergo adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and endogenesis in vitro, indicating that they are in fact a valuable resource of adult progenitors. Furthermore studies on how the limbal niche cells regulate the aforementioned stemness and corneal fate decision are warranted, as those investigations will shed new light on how mesenchymal progenitors reverse limbal stem cell deficiency and lead to new methods for limbal niche cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Chen-Wei Su
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
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Wilson JL, Warburton R, Taylor L, Toksoz D, Hill N, Polgar P. Unraveling endothelin-1 induced hypercontractility of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195780. [PMID: 29649319 PMCID: PMC5897024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraction of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) isolated from pulmonary arterial hypertensive (PAH) and normal (non-PAH) subject lungs was determined and measured with real-time electrical impedance. Treatment of HPASMC with vasoactive peptides, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and bradykinin (BK) but not angiotensin II, induced a temporal decrease in the electrical impedance profile mirroring constrictive morphological change of the cells which typically was more robust in PAH as opposed to non-PAH cells. Inhibition with LIMKi3 and a cofilin targeted motif mimicking cell permeable peptide (MMCPP) had no effect on ET-1 induced HPASMC contraction indicating a negligible role for these actin regulatory proteins. On the other hand, a MMCPP blocking the activity of caldesmon reduced ET-1 promoted contraction pointing to a regulatory role of this protein and its activation pathway in HPASMC contraction. Inhibition of this MEK/ERK/p90RSK pathway, which is an upstream regulator of caldesmon phosphorylation, reduced ET-1 induced cell contraction. While the regulation of ET-1 induced cell contraction was found to be similar in PAH and non-PAH cells, a key difference was the response to pharmacological inhibitors and to siRNA knockdown of Rho kinases (ROCK1/ROCK2). The PAH cells required much higher concentrations of inhibitors to abrogate ET-1 induced contractions and their contraction was not affected by siRNA against either ROCK1 or ROCK2. Lastly, blocking of L-type and T-type Ca2+ channels had no effect on ET-1 or BK induced contraction. However, inhibiting the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase blunted ET-1 and BK induced HPASMC contraction in both PAH and non-PAH derived HPASMC. In summary, our findings here together with previous communications illustrate similarities and differences in the regulation PAH and non-PAH smooth muscle cell contraction relating to calcium translocation, RhoA/ROCK signaling and the activity of caldesmon. These findings may provide useful tools in achieving the regulation of the vascular hypercontractility taking place in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rod Warburton
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda Taylor
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deniz Toksoz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Polgar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Budel L, Djabali K. Rapid isolation and expansion of skin-derived precursor cells from human primary fibroblast cultures. Biol Open 2017; 6:1745-1755. [PMID: 29141956 PMCID: PMC5703604 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells have self-renewal and multipotent abilities and are found in the dermis. SKP cells have been isolated previously from pre-established dermal fibroblast cultures. In these procedures, long-term culture and low yield remain the crucial aspects requiring improvement. In this study, we exposed pre-established dermal fibroblasts to 30-min acid stress prior to isolating SKP cells (termed pH-SKP) and compared the yield to the previously published trypsin- and no-stress methods. Spheroid formation was confirmed and analyzed at days 3, 5 and 7. Stemness was investigated by immunohistochemistry for the stem cell markers Nestin, CD9, vimentin and NG2. Multipotency was investigated by differentiation into adipocytes, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The pH-SKP spheroid yield at day 5 was four- and threefold higher than those obtained using trypsin- and no-stress methods, respectively. The expression of stem cell markers Nestin, CD9, vimentin and NG2 were significantly expressed in pH-SKPs compared to the fibroblast origin. Successful pH-SKP spheroid formation and differentiation were achieved and validated in 11 distinct human primary fibroblast lines. These results demonstrate that acute acidic stress treatment of dermal fibroblast cultures greatly improves SKP isolation, growth, yield and multipotency compared to previous methods. Summary: Exposure of human dermal fibroblast cultures to a short period of acidic stress results in rapid isolation of skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells under the three-dimensional SKP culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leithe Budel
- Epigenetics of Aging, Department of Dermatology, TUM school of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching-Munich, Germany
| | - Karima Djabali
- Epigenetics of Aging, Department of Dermatology, TUM school of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching-Munich, Germany
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12
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Maguire EM, Xiao Q, Xu Q. Differentiation and Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2026-2037. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a role in the development of vascular disease, for example, neointimal formation, arterial aneurysm, and Marfan syndrome caused by genetic mutations in VSMCs, but little is known about the mechanisms of the disease process. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technology have now made it possible to derive VSMCs from several different somatic cells using a selection of protocols. As such, researchers have set out to delineate key signaling processes involved in triggering VSMC gene expression to grasp the extent of gene regulatory networks involved in phenotype commitment. This technology has also paved the way for investigations into diseases affecting VSMC behavior and function, which may be treatable once an identifiable culprit molecule or gene has been repaired. Moreover, induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs are also being considered for their use in tissue-engineered blood vessels as they may prove more beneficial than using autologous vessels. Finally, while several issues remains to be clarified before induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs can become used in regenerative medicine, they do offer both clinicians and researchers hope for both treating and understanding vascular disease. In this review, we aim to update the recent progress on VSMC generation from stem cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms of VSMC differentiation. We will also explore how the use of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived VSMCs has changed the game for regenerative medicine by offering new therapeutic avenues to clinicians, as well as providing researchers with a new platform for modeling of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne Margaret Maguire
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (E.M.M., Q. Xiao); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Q. Xu)
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Skin-derived precursors from human subjects with Type 2 diabetes yield dysfunctional vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1801-1814. [PMID: 28424290 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Few methods enable molecular and cellular studies of vascular aging or Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we report a new approach to studying human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) pathophysiology by examining VSMCs differentiated from progenitors found in skin. Approach and results: Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) were cultured from biopsies (N=164, ∼1 cm2) taken from the edges of surgical incisions of older adults (N=158; males 72%; mean age 62.7 ± 13 years) undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, and differentiated into VSMCs at high efficiency (>80% yield). The number of SKPs isolated from subjects with T2D was ∼50% lower than those without T2D (cells/g: 0.18 ± 0.03, N=58 versus 0.40 ± 0.05, N=100, P<0.05). Importantly, SKP-derived VSMCs from subjects with T2D had higher Fluo-5F-determined baseline cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations (AU: 1,968 ± 160, N=7 versus 1,386 ± 170, N=13, P<0.05), and a trend toward greater Ca2+ cycling responses to norepinephrine (NE) (AUC: 177,207 ± 24,669, N=7 versus 101,537 ± 15,881, N=20, P<0.08) despite a reduced frequency of Ca2+ cycling (events s-1 cell-1: 0.011 ± 0.004, N=8 versus 0.021 ± 0.003, N=19, P<0.05) than those without T2D. SKP-derived VSMCs from subjects with T2D also manifest enhanced sensitivity to phenylephrine (PE) in an impedance-based assay (EC50 nM: 72.3 ± 63.6, N=5 versus 3,684 ± 3,122, N=9, P<0.05), and impaired wound closure in vitro (% closure: 21.9 ± 3.6, N=4 versus 67.0 ± 10.3, N=4, P<0.05). Compared with aortic- and saphenous vein-derived primary VSMCs, SKP-derived VSMCs are functionally distinct, but mirror defects of T2D also exhibited by primary VSMCs. CONCLUSION Skin biopsies from older adults yield sufficient SKPs to differentiate VSMCs, which reveal abnormal phenotypes of T2D that survive differentiation and persist even after long-term normoglycemic culture.
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Inagaki E, Hatou S, Higa K, Yoshida S, Shibata S, Okano H, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. Skin-Derived Precursors as a Source of Progenitors for Corneal Endothelial Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:788-798. [PMID: 28186681 PMCID: PMC5442762 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal blindness is the fourth leading cause of blindness in the world. Current treatment is allogenic corneal transplantation, which is limited by shortage of donors and immunological rejection. Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are postnatal stem cells, which are self-renewing, multipotent precursors that can be isolated and expanded from the dermis. Facial skin may therefore be an accessible autologous source of neural crest derived cells. SKPs were isolated from facial skin of Wnt1-Cre/Floxed EGFP mouse. After inducing differentiation with medium containing retinoic acid and GSK 3-β inhibitor, SKPs formed polygonal corneal endothelial-like cells (sTECE). Expression of major corneal endothelial markers were confirmed by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative Real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western blots confirmed the expression of Na, K-ATPase protein, the major functional marker of corneal endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of zonular occludens-1 and Na, K-ATPase in cell-cell junctions. In vitro functional analysis of Na, K-ATPase pump activity revealed that sTECE had significantly high pump function compared to SKPs or control 3T3 cells. Moreover, sTECE transplanted into a rabbit model of bullous keratopathy successfully maintained corneal thickness and transparency. Furthermore, we successfully induced corneal endothelial-like cells from human SKPs, and showed that transplanted corneas also maintained corneal transparency and thickness. Our findings suggest that SKPs may be used as a source of autologous cells for the treatment of corneal endothelial disease. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:788-798.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Inagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Xiao J, Li Q, Qu P, Zhang Z, Pan S, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Isolation of Bovine Skin-Derived Precursor Cells and Their Developmental Potential After Nuclear Transfer. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:411-418. [PMID: 27906583 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclei from less differentiated stem cells yield high cloning efficiency. However, pluripotent stem cells are rather difficult to obtain from bovines. Skin-derived precursor (SKPs) cells exhibit a certain degree of pluripotency, which has been shown to enhance the efficiency of nuclear transfer (NT) in pigs. In this study, bovine SKPs were isolated and characterized. Results showed that bovine SKPs expressed nestin, fibronectin, vimentin, pluripotency-related genes, and characteristic neural crest markers, such as NGFR, PAX3, SOX9, SNAI2, and OCT4. Bovine SKPs and fibroblasts were used as NT donor cells to examine and compare the preimplantation developmental potential of reconstructed embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Bovine SKP-cloned embryos displayed higher developmental competence in terms of blastocyst formation rate and total cell number in blastocysts compared with the bovine embryonic fibroblast-cloned embryos. This study revealed that bovine SKPs may be considered excellent candidate nuclear donors for SCNT and may provide a promising platform for transgenic cattle generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xiao
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Qiaoqiao Li
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Shaohui Pan
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China .,2 Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
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Skin-Derived Precursors against UVB-Induced Apoptosis via Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Upregulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6894743. [PMID: 27635399 PMCID: PMC5011201 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6894743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Nrf2 are critical factors in protecting cells against UVB-induced apoptosis. Hair-follicle-bulge stem cells could resist ionization through Bcl-2 upregulation. Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) dwelling on the bulge may be against UVB irradiation. Initially, SKPs were isolated and identified. Then, SKPs were exposed to UVB and grew in medium for 24 hours. CCK-8 assay, TUNEL, and Ki67 staining evaluated cells apoptosis/proliferation, while SA-βgal staining evaluated cells senescence and pH2AX immunostaining evaluated DNA damage. Meanwhile, Bcl-2, Nrf2, HO-1, Bax, and Bak expressions were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Two weeks later, floating spheres appeared and were identified as SKPs. After UVB radiation, SKPs maintained spherical colonies and outnumbered unirradiated ones, showing high Ki67 expression and low TUNEL, SA-βgal, and pH2AX expression. Fibroblasts (FBs), however, displayed deformation, senescence, and reduction, with increased TUNEL, SA-βgal, and pH2AX expression. Moreover, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 mRNA expression were significantly higher than Bak and Bax in irradiated SKPs. Conversely, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 mRNA levels greatly decreased compared with Bax and Bak in irradiated FBs. Interestingly, SKPs showed higher protein levels of Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1 than FBs. SKPs exert a beneficial effect on resisting UVB-induced apoptosis, which may be associated with Bcl-2 and Nrf2 upregulation.
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De Kock J, Rodrigues RM, Buyl K, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Human Skin-Derived Precursor Cells: Isolation, Expansion, and Hepatic Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1250:113-22. [PMID: 26272138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Human skin-derived precursor cells are a multipotent stem cell population that resides within the dermis throughout adulthood. Human skin-derived precursor cells can be isolated, purified, and expanded in large quantities from any patient, in health and disease, and differentiated to mesodermal and ectodermal cell types. Recently, it was also found that they can be directed towards hepatic cells with acquired properties of toxicological relevance. As such, they represent a valuable cell source for the further development of human-relevant in vitro models for the identification and quantification of hepatotoxic compounds. In this chapter, a robust basic methodology to isolate, expand, and differentiate human skin-derived precursor cells into hepatic cells in a sequential and time-dependent way is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium,
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18
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Optimization of an in vitro bioassay to monitor growth and formation of myotubes in real time. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160036. [PMID: 27009307 PMCID: PMC4859084 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper we have developed, described and validated an in vitro bioassay to monitor skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation. We have also demonstrated the use of this assay to evaluate factors which may affect muscle protein balance. The importance of growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle is vital for long term health and quality of life. Appropriate nutrition with specific bioactivities relevant to the functionalities of tissues such as skeletal muscle, can assist in maintaining and promoting adaptive responses to biological and environmental stresses which prevent muscle atrophy and promote hypertrophy. The aim of this investigation was to develop a novel in vitro cell-based electric impedance assay to study myoblast to myotube formation on the real time cell analysis (RTCA) platform (xCELLigence™, ACEA) and to validate the system by testing myotube responses to hypertrophic stimuli. C2C12 myoblasts were proliferated until 70% confluent in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) (10% FBS) and subsequently differentiated to myotubes over 8 days in DMEM [2% horse serum (HS)]. Changes in cell behaviour and adhesion properties were monitored by measuring impedance via interdigitated microelectrodes in the base of E-16 cell culture dishes. To establish the suitability of this assay to monitor nutrient regulation of muscle hypertrophy, leucine, a known potent regulator of MPS was then supplemented to the fully formed myotubes in physiologically relevant conditions–0.20 mM, 0.40 mM, 0.6 mM, 0.8 mM and above 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, 2.0 mM and impedance subsequently monitored. Parallel experiments highlighting alterations in myotube thickness, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) (mammalian target of rapamycin; mTOR) and differentiation (myogenin) were conducted to support RTCA bioassay findings. This in vitro bioassay can be used to monitor skeletal muscle behaviour and identify nutrient compounds with bioactivities promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy, reducing muscle atrophy and thus inform the development of novel nutrient formulations for the maintenance of skeletal muscle.
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Torkamani N, Rufaut NW, Jones L, Sinclair R. Destruction of the arrector pili muscle and fat infiltration in androgenic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2016; 170:1291-8. [PMID: 24579818 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair loss condition in men and women. Hair loss is caused by follicle miniaturization, which is largely irreversible beyond a certain degree of follicular regression. In contrast, hair loss in telogen effluvium (TE) is readily reversible. The arrector pili muscle (APM) connects the follicle to the surrounding skin. OBJECTIVES To compare histopathological features of the APM in AGA and TE. METHODS Archival blocks of 4-mm scalp punch biopsies from eight patients with AGA and five with TE were obtained. New 4-mm biopsies from five normal cases were used as controls. Serial 7-μm sections were stained with a modified Masson's trichrome stain. 'Reconstruct' software was used to construct and evaluate three-dimensional images of the follicle and APM. RESULTS The APM degenerated and was replaced by adipose tissue in all AGA specimens. Remnants of the APM remained attached to the hair follicle. There was no fat in the normal skin specimens. Fat was seen in two of five TE specimens but could be attributed to these patients also showing evidence of AGA. Quantitative analysis showed that muscle volume decreased and fat volume increased significantly (P < 0·05) in AGA compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS APM degeneration and replacement with fat in AGA has not previously been described. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined. However, we speculate that this phenomenon might be related to depletion of stem or progenitor cells from the follicle mesenchyme, explaining why AGA is treatment resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Torkamani
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic., Australia; Department of Dermatology, 185-187 Hoddle Street, level one, Epworth Health Dermatology Laboratory, Richmond, Vic., 3121, Australia
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20
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Turner EC, Huang CL, Sawhney N, Govindarajan K, Clover AJP, Martin K, Browne TC, Whelan D, Kumar AHS, Mackrill JJ, Wang S, Schmeckpeper J, Stocca A, Pierce WG, Leblond AL, Cai L, O'Sullivan DM, Buneker CK, Choi J, MacSharry J, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ, Caplice NM. A Novel Selectable Islet 1 Positive Progenitor Cell Reprogrammed to Expandable and Functional Smooth Muscle Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1354-68. [PMID: 26840832 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disorders affecting smooth muscle structure/function may require technologies that can generate large scale, differentiated and contractile smooth muscle cells (SMC) suitable for cell therapy. To date no clonal precursor population that provides large numbers of differentiated SMC in culture has been identified in a rodent. Identification of such cells may also enhance insight into progenitor cell fate decisions and the relationship between smooth muscle precursors and disease states that implicate differentiated SMC. In this study, we used classic clonal expansion techniques to identify novel self-renewing Islet 1 (Isl-1) positive primitive progenitor cells (PPC) within rat bone marrow that exhibited canonical stem cell markers and preferential differentiation towards a smooth muscle-like fate. We subsequently used molecular tagging to select Isl-1 positive clonal populations from expanded and de novo marrow cell populations. We refer to these previously undescribed cells as the PPC given its stem cell marker profile, and robust self-renewal capacity. PPC could be directly converted into induced smooth muscle cells (iSMC) using single transcription factor (Kruppel-like factor 4) knockdown or transactivator (myocardin) overexpression in contrast to three control cells (HEK 293, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells) where such induction was not possible. iSMC exhibited immuno- and cytoskeletal-phenotype, calcium signaling profile and contractile responses similar to bona fide SMC. Passaged iSMC could be expanded to a scale sufficient for large scale tissue replacement. PPC and reprogramed iSMC so derived may offer future opportunities to investigate molecular, structure/function and cell-based replacement therapy approaches to diverse cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary diseases that have as their basis smooth muscle cell functional aberrancy or numerical loss. Stem Cells 2016;34:1354-1368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Turner
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Neha Sawhney
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kalaimathi Govindarajan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony J P Clover
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Martin
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tara C Browne
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Derek Whelan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Arun H S Kumar
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Biosciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alessia Stocca
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - William G Pierce
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Biosciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne-Laure Leblond
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liquan Cai
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Donnchadh M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chirlei K Buneker
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Janet Choi
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Steinbach SK, Husain M. Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation from human stem/progenitor cells. Methods 2015; 101:85-92. [PMID: 26678794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a promising cellular therapy to promote angiogenesis and wound healing. However, VSMCs are derived from diverse embryonic sources which may influence their role in the development of vascular disease and in its therapeutic modulation. Despite progress in understanding the mechanisms of VSMC differentiation, there remains a shortage of robust methods for generating lineage-specific VSMCs from pluripotent and adult stem/progenitor cells in serum-free conditions. Here we describe a method for differentiating pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as skin-derived precursors, into lateral plate-derived VSMCs including 'coronary-like' VSMCs and neural crest-derived VSMC, respectively. We believe this approach will have broad applications in modeling origin-specific disease vulnerability and in developing personalized cell-based vascular grafts for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Steinbach
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G-1L7, Canada; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G-1L7, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G-1L7, Canada; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G-1L7, Canada; Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada; Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada; Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S-1A8, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario M5G-2C4, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired wound healing as one of the complications arising from diabetes mellitus is a serious clinical issue. Recently, various cell therapies have been reported for promotion of wound healing. Skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) are multipotent adult stem cells with the tendency to differentiate into neurons. We investigated the potency of promoting diabetic wound healing by the application of SKPs. METHODS Skin-derived precursor cells isolated from diabetic murine skin were cultured in sphere formation medium. At passage 2, they were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and applied topically to full-thickness excisional cutaneous wounds in diabetic mice. Application of PBS served as controls (n = 21 for each group; n = 42 total). Time to closure and percentage closure were calculated by morphometry. Wounds were harvested at 10 and 28 days and then processed, sectioned, and stained (CD31, α-smooth muscle actin, and neurofilament heavy chain) to quantify vascularity and neurofilaments. RESULTS Wounds treated with SKPs demonstrated a significantly decreased time to closure (18.63 days) compared with PBS-control wounds (21.72 days, P < 0.01), and a significant improvement in percentage closure at 7, 10, 14, and 18 days compared with PBS-control wounds (P < 0.01). Histological analysis showed that the Capillary Score (the number of vessels/mm2) was significantly higher in SKP-treated wounds at day 10 but not at day 28. Nerve Density (the number of neurofilaments/mm2) had increased significantly in SKP-treated wounds at day 28 compared with control group. Some applied SKPs were stained by neurofilament heavy chain, which demonstrates that SKPs directly differentiated into neurons. CONCLUSIONS Skin-derived precursor cells promoted diabetic wound healings through vasculogenesis at the early stage of wound healing. Skin-derived precursor cells are a possible therapeutic tool for diabetic impaired wound healing.
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Skin-derived precursor cells promote angiogenesis and stimulate proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells after cerebral infarction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:945846. [PMID: 25883981 PMCID: PMC4391522 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common diseases that caused high mortality and has become burden to the health care systems. Stem cell transplantation has shown therapeutic effect in ameliorating ischemic damage after cerebral artery occlusion mainly due to their neurogenesis, immune regulation, or effects on the plasticity, proliferation, and survival of host cells. Recent studies demonstrated that skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) could promote central nervous system regeneration in spinal cord injury model or the neonatal peripheral neuron. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of SKPs in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. SKPs were isolated, expanded, and transplanted into rat cortex and striatum after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our results revealed that SKPs transplantation could improve the behavioral measures of neurological deficit. Moreover, immunohistology confirmed that SKPs could secrete basic FGF and VEGF in the ischemic region and further markedly increase the proliferation of endogenous nestin+ and βIII-tubulin+ neural stem cells. Furthermore, increased angiogenesis induced by SKPs was observed by vWF and α-SMA staining. These data suggest that SKPs induced endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis and protected neuron from hypoxic-ischemic environment. In conclusion, SKPs transplantation may be a promising approach in treatment of stroke.
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Zhang LL, Ma LN, Yan D, Zhang CE, Gao D, Xiong Y, Sheng FY, Dong XP, Xiao XH. Dynamic monitoring of the cytotoxic effects of protoberberine alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis on HepG2 cells using the xCELLigence system. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:428-35. [PMID: 24969523 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cytotoxic effects of the six protoberberine alkaloids (PAs) from Rhizoma Coptidis on HepG2 cells. METHOD A systematic screening was conducted to investigate the dynamic response of HepG2 cells to the PAs using the impedance-based xCELLigence system. Cisplatin was selected as the positive control. The real time, concentration-response curves and the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were acquired to evaluate the anticancer activity of the PAs. RESULTS All of the six PAs inhibited cell growth and induce death in HepG2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of cisplatin, berberine, columbamine, coptisine, epiberberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine were 5.13, 42.33, 226.54, 36.90, 302.72, 383.54, and 456.96 μg·mL(-1), respectively. The results obtained using the xCELLigence system corresponded well with those of the conventional methods. CONCLUSION The xCELLigence system is a reliable and efficient tool for real-time screening of the cytotoxic effect of compounds in cell-based in vitro assays. Coptisine and berberine, with methylenedioxy group at C2 and C3 on the phenyl ring showed stronger effect.than the other four PAs. However, compared with cisplatin, the six PAs didn't show obvious cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cells. These results provided some useful data for the evaluation of the anticancer compounds, and the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Li-Na Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dan Yan
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dan Gao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fei-Ya Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Adeoye OO, Bouthors V, Hubbell MC, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. VEGF receptors mediate hypoxic remodeling of adult ovine carotid arteries. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:777-87. [PMID: 25038104 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that VEGF contributes to hypoxic remodeling of arterial smooth muscle, although hypoxia produces only transient increases in VEGF that return to normoxic levels despite sustained changes in arterial structure and function. To explore how VEGF might contribute to long-term hypoxic vascular remodeling, this study explores the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia produces sustained increases in smooth muscle VEGF receptor density that mediate long-term vascular effects of hypoxia. Carotid arteries from adult sheep maintained at sea level or altitude (3,820 m) for 110 days were harvested and denuded of endothelium. VEGF levels were similar in chronically hypoxic and normoxic arteries, as determined by immunoblotting. In contrast, VEGF receptor levels were significantly increased by 107% (VEGF-R1) and 156% (VEGF-R2) in hypoxic compared with normoxic arteries. In arteries that were organ cultured 24 h with 3 nM VEGF, VEGF replicated effects of hypoxia on abundances of smooth muscle α actin (SMαA), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and MLC20 and the effects of hypoxia on colocalization of MLC20 with SMαA, as measured via confocal microscopy. VEGF did not replicate the effects of chronic hypoxia on colocalization of MLCK with SMαA or MLCK with MLC20, suggesting that VEGF's role in hypoxic remodeling is highly protein specific, particularly for contractile protein organization. VEGF effects in organ culture were inhibited by VEGF receptor blockers vatalinib (240 nM) and dasatinib (6.3 nM). These findings support the hypothesis that long-term upregulation of VEGF receptors help mediate sustained effects of hypoxia on the abundance and colocalization of contractile proteins in arterial smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi O Adeoye
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Vincent Bouthors
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Margaret C Hubbell
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M Williams
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Divisions of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Shi C. Therapeutic Implications of Newly Identified Stem Cell Populations From the Skin Dermis. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1405-22. [PMID: 24972091 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ of the body, is a promising reservoir for adult stem cells. The epidermal stem cells and hair follicle stem cells have been well studied for their important roles in homeostasis, regeneration, and repair of the epidermis and appendages for decades. However, stem cells residing in dermis were not identified until the year 2001, when a variety of stem cell subpopulations have been isolated and identified from the dermis of mammalian skin such as neural crest stem cells, mesenchymal stem cell-like dermal stem cells, and dermal hematopoietic cells. These stem cell subpopulations exhibited capabilities of self-renewing, multipotent differentiating, and immunosuppressive properties. Hence, the dermis-derived stem cells showed extensive potential applications in regenerative medicine, especially for wound healing/tissue repair, neural repair, and hematopoietic recovery. Here we summarized current research on the stem cell subpopulations derived from the dermis and aimed to provide a comprehensive review on their isolation, specific markers, differentiation capacity, and the functional activities in homeostasis, regeneration, and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Chen
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Krause MP, Dworski S, Feinberg K, Jones K, Johnston APW, Paul S, Paris M, Peles E, Bagli D, Forrest CR, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Direct genesis of functional rodent and human schwann cells from skin mesenchymal precursors. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:85-100. [PMID: 25068124 PMCID: PMC4110792 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of directed reprogramming have raised questions about the stability of cell lineages. Here, we have addressed this issue, focusing upon skin-derived precursors (SKPs), a dermally derived precursor cell. We show by lineage tracing that murine SKPs from dorsal skin originate from mesenchymal and not neural crest-derived cells. These mesenchymally derived SKPs can, without genetic manipulation, generate functional Schwann cells, a neural crest cell type, and are highly similar at the transcriptional level to Schwann cells isolated from the peripheral nerve. This is not a mouse-specific phenomenon, since human SKPs that are highly similar at the transcriptome level can be made from neural crest-derived facial and mesodermally derived foreskin dermis and the foreskin SKPs can make myelinating Schwann cells. Thus, nonneural crest-derived mesenchymal precursors can differentiate into bona fide peripheral glia in the absence of genetic manipulation, suggesting that developmentally defined lineage boundaries are more flexible than widely thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Krause
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shaalee Dworski
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Konstantin Feinberg
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Karen Jones
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam P W Johnston
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Smitha Paul
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maryline Paris
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632700, Israel
| | - Darius Bagli
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada ; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christopher R Forrest
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada ; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada ; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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Multipotent neural crest stem cell-like cells from rat vibrissa dermal papilla induce neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:186239. [PMID: 25045659 PMCID: PMC4086521 DOI: 10.1155/2014/186239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplants have been approved for treating central nervous system (CNS) injuries and diseases; however, their clinical applications are limited. Here, we model the therapeutic potential of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) in vitro. DPCs were isolated from rat vibrissae and characterized by immunocytofluorescence, RT-PCR, and multidifferentiation assays. We examined whether these cells could secrete neurotrophic factors (NTFs) by using cocultures of rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) with conditioned medium and ELISA assay. DPCs expressed Sox10, P75, Nestin, Sox9, and differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and neurons under specific inducing conditions. The DPC-conditioned medium (DPC-CM) induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and promoted neurite outgrowth. Results of ELISA assay showed that compared to BMSCs, DPCs secreted more brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Moreover, we observed that, compared with the total DPC population, sphere-forming DPCs expressed higher levels of Nestin and P75 and secreted greater amounts of GDNF. The DPCs from craniofacial hair follicle papilla may be a new and promising source for treating CNS injuries and diseases.
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Liu S, Herault Y, Pavlovic G, Leask A. Skin progenitor cells contribute to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:707-13. [PMID: 24574231 DOI: 10.1002/art.38276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The origin of the cells that contribute to skin fibrosis is unclear. We undertook the present study to assess the contribution of Sox2-expressing skin progenitor cells to bleomycin-induced scleroderma. METHODS Scleroderma was induced, by bleomycin administration, in wild-type mice and in mice in which CCN2 was deleted from Sox2-expressing cells. Lineage tracing analysis was performed to assess whether cells expressing Sox2 are recruited to fibrotic lesions in response to bleomycin-induced scleroderma. RESULTS In response to bleomycin, Sox2-positive/α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were recruited to fibrotic tissue. CCN2-conditional knockout mice in which CCN2 was deleted from Sox2-expressing cells exhibited resistance to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Collectively, these results indicate that CCN2 is required for the recruitment of progenitor cells and that CCN2-expressing progenitor cells are essential for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Lineage tracing analysis using mice in which a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase was expressed under the control of the Sox2 promoter confirmed that progenitor cells were recruited to the fibrotic lesion in response to bleomycin, and that this did not occur in CCN2-knockout mice. The ability of serum to induce α-smooth muscle actin expression in skin progenitor cells required the presence of CCN2. CONCLUSION Sox2-positive skin progenitor cells are required in order for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis to occur, and CCN2 is required for the recruitment of these cells to the fibrotic lesion. Targeting stem cell recruitment or CCN2 may therefore represent a useful therapeutic approach in combating fibrotic skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Tolg C, Ahsan A, Dworski S, Kirwan T, Yu J, Aitken K, Bägli DJ. Pathologic bladder microenvironment attenuates smooth muscle differentiation of skin derived precursor cells: implications for tissue regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59413. [PMID: 23560047 PMCID: PMC3613403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell containing organs (bladder, heart, blood vessels) are damaged by a variety of pathological conditions necessitating surgery or organ replacement. Currently, regeneration of contractile tissues is hampered by lack of functional smooth muscle cells. Multipotent skin derived progenitor cells (SKPs) can easily be isolated from adult skin and can be differentiated in vitro into contractile smooth muscle cells by exposure to FBS. Here we demonstrate an inhibitory effect of a pathologic contractile organ microenvironment on smooth muscle cell differentiation of SKPs. In vivo, urinary bladder strain induces microenvironmental changes leading to de-differentiation of fully differentiated bladder smooth muscle cells. Co-culture of SKPs with organoids isolated from ex vivo stretched bladders or exposure of SKPs to diffusible factors released by stretched bladders (e.g. bFGF) suppresses expression of smooth muscle markers (alpha SMactin, calponin, myocardin, myosin heavy chain) as demonstrated by qPCR and immunofluorescent staining. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signalling, previously observed to prevent bladder strain induced de-differentiation of fully differentiated smooth muscle cells in vitro, inhibits FBS-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation of undifferentiated SKPs. These results suggest that intended precursor cell differentiation may be paradoxically suppressed by the disease context for which regeneration may be required. Organ-specific microenvironment contexts, particularly prevailing disease, may play a significant role in modulating or attenuating an intended stem cell phenotypic fate, possibly explaining the variable and inefficient differentiation of stem cell constructs in in vivo settings. These observations must be considered in drafting any regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tolg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alya Ahsan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaalee Dworski
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Kirwan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffery Yu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius Jehan Bägli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Surgery & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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Suflita MT, Pfaltzgraff ER, Mundell NA, Pevny LH, Labosky PA. Ground-state transcriptional requirements for skin-derived precursors. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1779-88. [PMID: 23316968 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are an attractive stem cell model for cell-based therapies. SKPs can be readily generated from embryonic and adult mice and adult humans, exhibit a high degree of multipotency, and have the potential to serve as a patient autologous stem cell. The advancement of these cells toward therapeutic use depends on the ability to control precisely the self-renewal and differentiation of SKPs. Here we show that two well-known stem cell factors, Foxd3 and Sox2, are critical regulators of the stem cell properties of SKPs. Deletion of Foxd3 completely abolishes the sphere-forming potential of these cells. In the absence of Sox2, SKP spheres can be formed, but with reduced size and frequency. Our results provide entry points into the gene regulatory networks dictating SKP behavior, and pave the way for future studies on a therapeutically relevant stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Suflita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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32
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Ruetze M, Knauer T, Gallinat S, Wenck H, Achterberg V, Maerz A, Deppert W, Knott A. A novel niche for skin derived precursors in non-follicular skin. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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El-Mounayri O, Mihic A, Shikatani EA, Gagliardi M, Steinbach SK, Dubois N, DaCosta R, Li RK, Keller G, Husain M. Serum-free differentiation of functional human coronary-like vascular smooth muscle cells from embryonic stem cells. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 98:125-35. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Generation and characterization of multipotent stem cells from established dermal cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50742. [PMID: 23226372 PMCID: PMC3511366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multipotent skin derived precursor cells (SKPs) are traditionally sourced from dissociated dermal tissues; therefore, donor availability may become limiting. Here we demonstrate that both normal and diseased adult human dermal fibroblasts (DF) pre-cultured in conventional monolayers are capable of forming SKPs (termed m-SKPs). Moreover, we show that these m-SKPs can be passaged and that cryopreservation of original fibroblast monolayer cultures does not reduce m-SKP yield; however, extensive monolayer passaging does. Like SKPs generated from dissociated dermis, these m-SKPs expressed nestin, fibronectin and versican at the protein level. At the transcriptional level, m-SKPs derived from normal adult human DF, expressed neural crest stem cell markers such as p75NTR, embryonic stem cell markers such as Nanog and the mesenchymal stem cell marker Dermo-1. Furthermore, appropriate stimuli induced m-SKPs to differentiate down either mesenchymal or neural lineages resulting in lipid accumulation, calcification and S100β or β-III tubulin expression (with multiple processes). m-SKP yield was greater from neonatal foreskin cultures compared to those from adult DF cultures; however, the former showed a greater decrease in m-SKP forming capacity after extensive monolayer passaging. m-SKP yield was greater from adult DF cultures expressing more alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). In turn, elevated αSMA expression correlated with cells originating from specimens isolated from biopsies containing more terminal hair follicles; however, αSMA expression was lost upon m-SKP formation. Others have shown that dissociated human hair follicle dermal papilla (DP) are a highly enriched source of SKPs. However, conversely and unexpectedly, monolayer cultured human hair follicle DP cells failed to form m-SKPs whereas those from the murine vibrissae follicles did. Collectively, these findings reveal the potential for using expanded DF cultures to produce SKPs, the heterogeneity of SKP forming potential of skin from distinct anatomical locations and ages, and question the progenitor status of human hair follicle DP cells.
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35
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Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1773-90. [PMID: 23043623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle diseases are major health concerns. For example, ischemic heart disease is the third most common cause of death. Cell therapy is an attractive approach for treating muscle diseases, although this is hampered by the need to generate large numbers of functional muscle cells. Small molecules have become established as attractive tools for modulating cell behavior and, in this review, we discuss the recent, rapid research advances made in the development of small molecule methods to facilitate the production of functional cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. We also describe how new developments in small molecule strategies for muscle disease aim to induce repair and remodelling of the damaged tissues in situ. Recent progress has been made in developing small molecule cocktails that induce skeletal muscle regeneration, and these are discussed in a broader context, because a similar phenomenon occurs in the early stages of salamander appendage regeneration. Although formidable technical hurdles still remain, these new advances in small molecule-based methodologies should provide hope that cell therapies for patients suffering from muscle disease can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Paris M, Rouleau M, Pucéat M, Aberdam D. Regulation of skin aging and heart development by TAp63. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:186-93. [PMID: 22158419 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the TP63 gene in 1998, many studies have demonstrated that ΔNp63, a p63 isoform of the p53 gene family, is involved in multiple functions during skin development and in adult stem/progenitor cell regulation. In contrast, TAp63 studies have been mostly restricted to its apoptotic function and more recently as the guardian of oocyte integrity. TAp63 endogenous expression is barely detectable in embryos and adult (except in oocytes), presumably because of its rapid degradation and the lack of antibodies able to detect weak expression. Nevertheless, two recent independent studies have demonstrated novel functions for TAp63 that could have potential implications to human pathologies. The first discovery is related to the protective role of TAp63 on premature aging. TAp63 controls skin homeostasis by maintaining dermal and epidermal progenitor/stem cell pool and protecting them from senescence, DNA damage and genomic instability. The second study is related to the role of TAp63, expressed by the primitive endoderm, on heart development. This unexpected role for TAp63 has been discovered by manipulation of embryonic stem cells in vitro and confirmed by the severe cardiomyopathy observed in brdm2 p63-null embryonic hearts. Interestingly, in both cases, TAp63 acts in a cell-nonautonomous manner on adjacent cells. Here, we discuss these findings and their potential connection during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paris
- L'OREAL Recherche, Clichy, France
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