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Liu L, Gao J, Tang Y, Guo G, Gan H. Increased expression of the P2Y 12 receptor is involved in the failure of autogenous arteriovenous fistula caused by stenosis. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2278314. [PMID: 38532720 PMCID: PMC11073481 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2278314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of the P2Y12 receptor in autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure resulting from stenosis. METHODS Stenotic venous tissues and blood samples were obtained from patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) together with AVF stenosis, while venous tissues and blood samples were collected from patients with ESRD undergoing initial AVF surgery as controls. Immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence techniques were utilized to assess the expression of P2Y12, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and CD68 in the venous tissues. The expression levels of P2Y12, TGFβ1, and MCP-1 were quantified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Double and triple immunofluorescence staining was performed to precisely localize the cellular localization of P2Y12 expression. RESULTS Expression levels of P2Y12, TGFβ1, MCP-1, and CD68 were significantly higher in stenotic AVF venous tissues than in the control group tissues. Double and triple immunofluorescence staining of stenotic AVF venous tissues indicated that P2Y12 was predominantly expressed in α-SMA-positive vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and, to a lesser extent, in CD68-positive macrophages, with limited expression in CD31-positive endothelial cells. Moreover, a subset of macrophage-like VSMCs expressing P2Y12 were observed in both stenotic AVF venous tissues and control venous tissues. Additionally, a higher number of P2Y12+/TGF-β1+ double-positive cells were identified in stenotic AVF venous tissues than in the control group tissues. CONCLUSION Increased expression of P2Y12 in stenotic AVF venous tissues of patients with ESRD suggests its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of venous stenosis within AVFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianya Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuewu Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangfeng Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Gan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yang B, Wang X, Hu X, Xiao Y, Xu X, Yu X, Wang M, Luo H, Li J, Ma Y, Shen W. Platelet morphology, ultrastructure and function changes in acute ischemic stroke patients based on structured illumination microscopy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18543. [PMID: 37600369 PMCID: PMC10432616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the second leading cause of death worldwide. This study aims at assessing platelet morphology, ultrastructure and function changes of platelets in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients by the technique of Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). This assay collected platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from 11 AIS patients and 12 healthy controls. Each PRP sample was divided into 7 groups:1) rest group; 2) Thrombin-treated 5 min group; 3) Thrombin plus 2MeSAMP-treated 5 min group; 4) Thrombin plus Aspirin-treated 5 min group; 5) Thrombin-treated 1 h group; 6) Thrombin plus 2MeSAMP-treated 1 h group; 7) Thrombin plus Aspirin-treated 1 h group. SIM was applied to observe dense granules and α-granules morphology changes of platelet in AIS patients. FIJI was used to quantify the image data. We finally observed 1448 images of platelets within the 7 groups. In rest group, 7162 platelets were calculated platelet diameter, CD63 dots, average CD63-positive dots area, CD63-positive area per platelet, CD63-positive area Fov, VWF dots, average VWF-positive dots area, VWF-positive area per platelet and VWF-positive area Fov. ELISA was used to detect release of platelet factor 4 (PF4) of α-granules. The results showed that AIS patients had lower number and smaller area of platelet granules. Platelet α-granules of AIS patients concentrated to parenchymal-like fluorescent blocks in Thrombin-treated 1 h group. Antiplatelet drug treatment could reverse the concentration of platelets α-granules, and 2MeSAMP was more powerful than Aspirin in vitro. This study complemented detail information of platelet ultrastructure of AIS patients, provided a new perspective on the pathogenesis of AIS and the mechanism of antiplatelet drugs based on SIM and provided a reference for future related studies. SIM-based analysis of platelet ultrastructure may be useful for detecting antiplatelet drugs and AIS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Yang
- Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Wuhan Blood Center-Huazhong University of Science and Technology United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, Hubei Institute of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xueyu Xu
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Min Wang
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Honglian Luo
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jun Li
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Wuhan Blood Center-Huazhong University of Science and Technology United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, Hubei Institute of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Wuhan Forth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
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Entsie P, Kang Y, Amoafo EB, Schöneberg T, Liverani E. The Signaling Pathway of the ADP Receptor P2Y 12 in the Immune System: Recent Discoveries and New Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6709. [PMID: 37047682 PMCID: PMC10095349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P2Y12 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated upon ADP binding. Considering its well-established role in platelet activation, blocking P2Y12 has been used as a therapeutic strategy for antiplatelet aggregation in cardiovascular disease patients. However, receptor studies have shown that P2Y12 is functionally expressed not only in platelets and the microglia but also in other cells of the immune system, such as in monocytes, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. As a result, studies were carried out investigating whether therapies targeting P2Y12 could also ameliorate inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, neuroinflammation, cancer, COVID-19, atherosclerosis, and diabetes-associated inflammation in animal models and human subjects. This review reports what is known about the expression of P2Y12 in the cells of the immune system and the effect of P2Y12 activation and/or inhibition in inflammatory conditions. Lastly, we will discuss the major problems and challenges in studying this receptor and provide insights on how they can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Entsie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Ying Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Liverani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Abstract
In addition to the key role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets have also been wildly acknowledged as immune regulatory cells and involving in the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases. Since purine receptor P2Y12 plays a crucial role in platelet activation, P2Y12 antagonists such as clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor have been widely used in cardiovascular diseases worldwide in recent decades due to their potent antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. Meanwhile, the role of P2Y12 in inflammatory diseases has also been extensively studied. Relatively, there are few studies on the regulation of P2Y12. This review first summarizes the various roles of P2Y12 in the process of platelet activation, as well as downstream effects and signaling pathways; then introduces the effects of P2Y12 in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and asthma; and finally reviews the current researches on P2Y12 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | | | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in reducing inflammatory cell infiltration of thrombus aspirated in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:1391-1398. [PMID: 35674835 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticagrelor provides more rapid, potent, and consistent anti-platelet efficacy than clopidogrel. This randomized trial aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammation effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel on thrombus aspirated from the ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. METHOD A total of 98 patients with STEMI and intended percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were randomly assigned to receive clopidogrel (600-mg loading dose) or ticagrelor (180-mg loading dose), of whom 55 with large thrombus burden underwent thrombus aspiration during PCI. Thrombus specimens were successfully aspirated from 49 patients. Finally, 24 patients in the clopidogrel group and 23 in the ticagrelor group completed the study. Inflammatory cells within thrombi were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry stainings. RESULTS Compared with the clopidogrel group, the number of total inflammatory cells per mm2 thrombus area in the ticagrelor group was decreased by 28% (P = 0.009). The numbers of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase-positive cells per mm2 thrombus area in the ticagrelor group were respectively decreased by 35% (P = 0.016) and 28% (P = 0.047), as compared with those in the clopidogrel group. Moreover, ticagrelor treatment reduced the ratio of monocytes number higher than 250 per mm2 thrombus area compared with clopidogrel treatment (4% versus 29%, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION In patients with undergoing PCI for STEMI, the loading dose ticagrelor regimen was associated with a reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration within thrombus compared with the loading dose clopidogrel regimen.
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Yang Y, Liu H, Cui L, Liu Y, Fu L, Li B. A Collagen-Derived Oligopeptide from Salmo salar Collagen Hydrolysates Restrains Atherogenesis in ApoE -/- Mice via Targeting P 2 Y 12 Receptor. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200166. [PMID: 35490399 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Collagen hydrolysates have been reported with a variety of biological activities. The previous study has separated and identified a series of Hyp-Gly containing antiplatelet peptides from collagen hydrolysates from Salmo salar. But the target and underlying mechanism in platelets remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, peptide OGEFG (OG-5) inhibits platelet aggregation especially induced by 2MeS-ADP and attenuates tail thrombosis formation by 30% in a dose-dependent manner, via apparent antagonism effects on P2 Y12 receptors to regulate Gβγi-PI3K-Akt signaling and Gαi-cAMP-VASP signaling is demonstrated. The molecular docking results also reveal a strong binding energy with the P2 Y12 receptor of peptide OG-5 (-10.70 kcal mol-1 ). In vitro study suggests that OG-5 inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells and macrophage cells, migration of vascular smooth muscle cell induced by ADP, which is highly released in ApoE-/- mice. Long-term administration of OG-5 significantly reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation without side effects in ApoE-/- mice, exhibiting a comparable effect with aspirin. CONCLUSION These results reveal that collagen hydrolysates with OG-containing peptides have potential to be developed as an effective diet supplement to prevent the occurrence of atherogenesis and thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liyuan Cui
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lulu Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
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Effect of combining aspirin and rivaroxaban on atherosclerosis in mice. Atherosclerosis 2022; 345:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The Role and Molecular Mechanism of P2Y12 Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y receptor family is a class of G protein-coupled receptors activated primarily by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), uridine triphosphate (UTP) and uridine diphosphate (UDP). The P2Y12 receptor is expressed on platelets which mediates platelet aggregation and morphological changes. At the same time, during the process of vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis, ADP can also promote the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells through P2Y12 receptor activating. Furthermore, P2Y12 is involved in many signal transductions processes, such as intimal hyperplasia, monocyte infiltration and so on, which play an important role in immune inflammation and brain injury. In order to solve the diseases induced by P2Y12 receptor, inhibitors such as ticagrelor, clopidogrel were widely used for cardiovascular diseases. However, there were some problems, such as limited antithrombotic effect, remain unsolved. This article summarizes the role and molecular mechanism of P2Y12 receptors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular-related diseases, providing in-depth expounding on the molecular mechanism of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors and contributing to the treatment of diseases based on P2Y12 receptors.
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Guo X, Li Q, Pi S, Xia Y, Mao L. G protein-coupled purinergic P2Y receptor oligomerization: Pharmacological changes and dynamic regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114689. [PMID: 34274353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors (P2YRs) are a δ group of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with many essential functions in physiology and pathology, such as platelet aggregation, immune responses, neuroprotective effects, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Thus, they are among the most researched therapeutic targets used for the clinical treatment of diseases (e.g., the antithrombotic drug clopidogrel and the dry eye treatment drug diquafosol). GPCRs transmit signals as dimers to increase the diversity of signalling pathways and pharmacological activities. Many studies have frequently confirmed dimerization between P2YRs and other GPCRs due to their functions in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular processes in vivo and in vitro. Recently, some P2YR dimers that dynamically balance physiological functions in the body were shown to be involved in effective signal transduction and exert pathological responses. In this review, we summarize the types, pharmacological changes, and active regulators of P2YR-related dimerization, and delineate new functions and pharmacological activities of P2YR-related dimers, which may be a novel direction to improve the effectiveness of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Huang B, Qian Y, Xie S, Ye X, Chen H, Chen Z, Zhang L, Xu J, Hu H, Ma S, Héroux P, Wang D, Shen HM, Wu Y, Xia D. Ticagrelor inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome to protect against inflammatory disease independent of the P2Y 12 signaling pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1278-1289. [PMID: 32523112 PMCID: PMC8093290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticagrelor is the first reversibly binding oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist to inhibit platelet activation and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of coronary artery disease. At present, the other pharmacological functions of ticagrelor remain poorly understood. The NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a critical role in the innate immune system, but its excessive activation also contributes to the pathogenesis of complex diseases. In this study, we systematically examined the effects of ticagrelor on the NLRP3 inflammasome and found that ticagrelor inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages independent of its classic inhibitory effect on the P2Y12 signaling pathway. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that ticagrelor attenuates the oligomerization of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) by blocking chloride efflux, an effect achieved through the degradation of chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) and blockade of the translocation of CLICs to the plasma membrane. Moreover, experiments on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and alum-induced peritonitis in mice confirmed that ticagrelor mitigates the severity of systemic inflammation independent of P2Y12 receptor antagonism. Importantly, oral administration of ticagrelor rapidly and strongly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute coronary syndrome. Overall, our study reveals a novel pharmacological function of ticagrelor in addition to its classic antiplatelet properties, which suggests that ticagrelor may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for use in NLRP3-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Xie
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianhua Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanwen Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul Héroux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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The pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the metabolic-cardiovascular-neurodegenerative disease continuum: impact beyond reduced clotting. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1015-1051. [PMID: 33881143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention, as well as treatment of many cardiovascular disorders. Over the past few decades, major advances in the pharmacology of these agents have been made with the introduction of new drug classes as novel therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial outcomes of some of these antithrombotic agents are not solely related to their ability to reduce thrombosis. Here, we review the evidence supporting established and potential pleiotropic effects of four novel classes of antithrombotic drugs, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12-receptor antagonists, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors, and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), which include Direct Factor Xa (FXa) and Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Specifically, we discuss the molecular evidence supporting such pleiotropic effects in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including endothelial dysfunction (ED), atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, stroke, and arrhythmia. Importantly, we highlight the role of DOACs in mitigating metabolic dysfunction-associated cardiovascular derangements. We also postulate that DOACs modulate perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and thus, may reverse cardiovascular dysfunction early in the course of the metabolic syndrome. In this regard, we argue that some antithrombotic agents can reverse the neurovascular damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain and following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, we attempt to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the less-recognized, beneficial molecular aspects of antithrombotic therapy beyond reduced thrombus formation. We also make a solid argument for the need of further mechanistic analysis of the pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the future.
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Chen C, Chen J, Tao X, Fu M, Cheng B, Chen X. Activation of GPR30 with G1 inhibits oscillatory shear stress-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HAECs by increasing KLF2. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11942-11953. [PMID: 33875621 PMCID: PMC8109116 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease known to be mediated by numerous factors, among which endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role. Oscillatory shear stress induces endothelial cells to lose their anti-atherosclerotic properties and downregulates the expression of the innate protective transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), which is typically upregulated in vascular endothelial cells in response to harmful stimuli. Oxidative stress and inflammation impair endothelial function and damage their survival. Oscillatory shear stress also promotes generation of reactive oxygen species and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby further promoting endothelial dysfunction and formation of atherosclerotic plaque. A major event in the development of atherosclerotic plaque is rolling and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, which is mediated by adhesion molecules including vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial-selectin. Expression of these molecules is also upregulated by oscillatory shear stress. Estrogen has long been recognized as a protective agent against atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms through which estrogen receptors prevent atherogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of the G-coupled protein estrogen receptor (GPR30) in oscillatory shear stress- induced endothelial dysfunction. We show that agonism of GPR30 by its specific agonist G1 prevented oscillatory shear stress -induced oxidative stress markers and production of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. As a result, GPR30 activation suppresses monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GPR30 prevents oscillatory shear stress- induced downregulation of KLF2 via ERK5 pathway. These findings suggest that endothelial GPR30 is potential target to suppress oscillatory shear stress mediated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
| | - Jingyan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
| | - Xuefei Tao
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
| | - Minghuan Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuang, China
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Li FF, Liang YL, Han XS, Guan YN, Chen J, Wu P, Zhao XX, Jing Q. ADP receptor P2y12 prevents excessive primitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish by inhibiting Gata1. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:414-421. [PMID: 32555443 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, purinergic signaling has emerged as a key regulator of hematopoiesis in physiological and pathological conditions. ADP receptor P2y12 is a crucial component of this signaling, but whether it is involved in primitive hematopoiesis remains unknown. To elucidate the function of P2y12 and provide new insights for drug development, we established a zebrafish P2y12 mutant by CRISPR/Cas 9-based genetic modification system, and investigated whether P2y12 acted as an important regulator for primitive hematopoiesis. By using mass spectrometry (MS) combined with RNA sequencing, we showed that absence of P2y12 induced excessive erythropoiesis, evidenced by significantly increased expression of mature erythrocytes marker α-globin (Hbae1 and Hbae3), β-globin (Hbbe1 and Hbbe3). Expression pattern analysis showed that P2y12 was mainly expressed in red blood cells and endothelial cells of early zebrafish embryos. Further studies revealed that primitive erythroid progenitor marker Gata1 was markedly up-regulated. Remarkably, inhibition of Gata1 by injection of Gata1 morpholino could rescue the erythroid abnormality in P2y12 mutants. The present study demonstrates the essential role of purinergic signaling in differentiation of proerythrocytes during primitive hematopoiesis, and provides potential targets for treatment of blood-related disease and drug development.
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14
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Ferrari D, la Sala A, Milani D, Celeghini C, Casciano F. Purinergic Signaling in Controlling Macrophage and T Cell Functions During Atherosclerosis Development. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617804. [PMID: 33664731 PMCID: PMC7921745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a hardening and narrowing of arteries causing a reduction of blood flow. It is a leading cause of death in industrialized countries as it causes heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. Pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion (atheroma) relies on the accumulation of cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and on changes of artery endothelium that becomes adhesive for monocytes and lymphocytes. Immunomediated inflammatory response stimulated by lipoprotein oxidation, cytokine secretion and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, worsens the pathological context by amplifying tissue damage to the arterial lining and increasing flow-limiting stenosis. Formation of thrombi upon rupture of the endothelium and the fibrous cup may also occur, triggering thrombosis often threatening the patient’s life. Purinergic signaling, i.e., cell responses induced by stimulation of P2 and P1 membrane receptors for the extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP) and nucleosides (adenosine), has been implicated in modulating the immunological response in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review we will describe advancements in the understanding of purinergic modulation of the two main immune cells involved in atherogenesis, i.e., monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, highlighting modulation of pro- and anti-atherosclerotic mediated responses of purinergic signaling in these cells and providing new insights to point out their potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Section of Microbiology and Applied Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea la Sala
- Certification Unit, Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Lovászi M, Branco Haas C, Antonioli L, Pacher P, Haskó G. The role of P2Y receptors in regulating immunity and metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114419. [PMID: 33460626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors whose physiological agonists are the nucleotides ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-glucose. Eight P2Y receptors have been cloned in humans: P2Y1R, P2Y2R, P2Y4R, P2Y6R, P2Y11R, P2Y12R, P2Y13R and P2Y14R. P2Y receptors are expressed in lymphoid tissues such as thymus, spleen and bone marrow where they are expressed on lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and platelets. P2Y receptors regulate many aspects of immune cell function, including phagocytosis and killing of pathogens, antigen presentation, chemotaxis, degranulation, cytokine production, and lymphocyte activation. Consequently, P2Y receptors shape the course of a wide range of infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. P2Y12R ligands have already found their way into the therapeutic arena, and we envision additional ligands as future drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by or associated with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lovászi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Wang L, Tang C. Targeting Platelet in Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249760. [PMID: 33371312 PMCID: PMC7767086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it has become increasingly clear that platelets are also involved in many other pathological processes of the vascular system, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, which preferentially develops at sites under disturbed blood flow with low speeds and chaotic directions. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are all risk factors for atherosclerosis. When the vascular microenvironment changes, platelets can respond quickly to interact with endothelial cells and leukocytes, participating in atherosclerosis. This review discusses the important roles of platelets in the plaque formation under pro-atherogenic factors. Specifically, we discussed the platelet behaviors under disturbed flow, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia conditions. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in vascular inflammation during atherogenesis based on platelet receptors and secretion of inflammatory factors. Finally, we highlighted the studies of platelet migration in atherogenesis. In general, we elaborated an atherogenic role of platelets and the aspects that should be further studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-6588-0899
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Ribeiro-Filho J, Yahouédéhou SCMA, Pitanga TN, Santana SS, Adorno EV, Barbosa CG, Ferreira JRD, Pina ETG, Neres JSDS, Leite IPR, Lyra IM, Goncalves MS. An evaluation of ticagrelor for the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1047-1055. [PMID: 32972255 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1817736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ticagrelor is an antiplatelet agent approved for the treatment of patients with an acute coronary syndrome or a history of myocardial infarction. Considering the evidence demonstrating that ticagrelor-mediated inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation have beneficial effects in the treatment of thrombotic conditions, clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of this drug for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD), demonstrating satisfactory tolerability and safety. AREAS COVERED Clinical investigation has characterized the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamical profile, as well as the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor to prevent painful vaso-occlusive crisis (painful episodes and acute chest syndrome) in SCD patients. EXPERT OPINION While phase 1 and 2 clinical trials demonstrated satisfactory tolerability and safety, the conclusion of phase 3 clinical trials is crucial to prove the efficacy of ticagrelor as a therapeutic option for the treatment of SCD. Thus, it is expected that ticagrelor, especially in combination with other drugs, will improve the clinical profile and quality of life of patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Sètondji Cocou Modeste Alexandre Yahouédéhou
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Thassila Nogueira Pitanga
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Faculdade de Biomedicina, Universidade Católica de Salvador , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Sânzio Silva Santana
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Faculdade de Biomedicina, Universidade Católica de Salvador , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Elisângela Vitória Adorno
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Cynara Gomes Barbosa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Júnia Raquel Dutra Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Eugênia Terra Granado Pina
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | - Ivana Paula Ribeiro Leite
- Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Isa Menezes Lyra
- Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Ambulatório, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Curso de Medicina, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e Bem-Estar, Universidade Salvador , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Marilda Souza Goncalves
- Laboratóriode Investigaçãoem Genéticae Hematologia Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Anemia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia , Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
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18
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Parahuleva MS, Worsch M, Euler G, Choukeir M, Mardini A, Parviz B, Kanse SM, Portig I, Khayrutdinov E, Schieffer B, Markus B. Factor VII Activating Protease Expression in Human Platelets and Accumulation in Symptomatic Carotid Plaque. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016445. [PMID: 32856552 PMCID: PMC7660758 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) is of interest as a marker for vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of FSAP in endarterectomy specimens that were taken from patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques and to compare them with circulating FSAP levels. Methods and Results Plasma FSAP concentration, activity, and mRNA expression were measured in endarterectomy specimens and in monocytes and platelets. Plaque and plasma FSAP levels were higher in symptomatic patients (n=10) than in asymptomatic patients (n=14). Stronger FSAP immunostaining was observed in advanced symptomatic lesions, in intraplaque hemorrhage-related structures, and in lipid-rich areas within the necrotic core. FSAP was also colocalized with monocytes and macrophages (CD11b/CD68-positive cells) and platelets (CD41-positive cells) of the plaques. Moreover, human platelets expressed FSAP in vitro, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Expression is stimulated by thrombin receptor-activating peptide and ADP and reduced by acetylsalicylic acid. Conclusions Plasma FSAP levels were significantly increased in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis and thus may be involved in plaque development This plaque-associated FSAP may be produced by platelets or macrophages or may be taken up from the circulation. To establish FSAP's utility as a circulating or plaque biomarker in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Worsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and AngiologyUKGMGiessenGermany
| | - Gerhild Euler
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and AngiologyUKGMGiessenGermany
| | - Maryana Choukeir
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
| | - Amar Mardini
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
| | - Behnoush Parviz
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and AngiologyUKGMGiessenGermany
| | - Sandip M. Kanse
- Institute for Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloNorway
| | - Irene Portig
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
| | - Evgeny Khayrutdinov
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
| | - Birgit Markus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive CareUKGMMarburgGermany
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19
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Chen J, Pi S, Yu C, Shi H, Liu Y, Guo X, Zhou L, Li Y, He H, Xia Y, Mao L, Hu B. sLRP1 (Soluble Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1): A Novel Biomarker for P2Y12 (P2Y Purinoceptor 12) Receptor Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e166-e179. [PMID: 32349534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that the P2Y12 (P2Y purinoceptor 12) receptor of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic plaques aggravates atherosclerosis, and P2Y12 receptor inhibitors such as CDL (clopidogrel) may effectively treat atherosclerosis. It is imperative to identify an effective biomarker for reflecting the P2Y12 receptor expression on vascular smooth muscle cells in plaques. Approach and Results: We found that there was a positive correlation between the level of circulating sLRP1 (soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and the number of LRP1+ α-SMA+ (α-smooth muscle actin), P2Y12+, or P2Y12+ LRP1+ cells in plaques from apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, activation of the P2Y12 receptor increased the expression and shedding of LRP1 in vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting cAMP (3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate)/PKA (protein kinase A)/SREBP-2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2). Conversely, genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor had the opposite effects. Additionally, CDL decreased the number of lesional LRP1+ α-SMA+ cells and the levels of circulating sLRP1 by activating cAMP/PKA/SREBP-2 in apoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that sLRP1 may be a biomarker that reflects the P2Y12 receptor level in plaques and has the potential to be an indicator for administering P2Y12 receptor inhibitors for patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Ultrasound (C.Y.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanqing Shi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui He
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.C., S.P., H.S., Y. Liu, X.G., L.Z., Y. Li, H.H., Y.X., L.M., B.H.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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P2Y 12 Inhibition beyond Thrombosis: Effects on Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041391. [PMID: 32092903 PMCID: PMC7073040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is a key player in platelet activation and a major target for antithrombotic drugs. The beneficial effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists might, however, not be restricted to the primary and secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis. Indeed, it has been established that platelet activation also has an essential role in inflammation. Additionally, nonplatelet P2Y12 receptors present in immune cells and vascular smooth muscle cells might be effective players in the inflammatory response. This review will investigate the biological and clinical impact of P2Y12 receptor inhibition beyond its platelet-driven antithrombotic effects, focusing on its anti-inflammatory role. We will discuss the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of P2Y12-mediated inflammation, including cytokine release, platelet–leukocyte interactions and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Then we will summarize the current evidence on the beneficial effects of P2Y12 antagonists during various clinical inflammatory diseases, especially during sepsis, acute lung injury, asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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21
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Kang M, Shao S, Zhang Y, Liang X, Zhang K, Li G. Beneficial Effects of Ticagrelor on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-Induced Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9811-9819. [PMID: 31863577 PMCID: PMC6938250 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ticagrelor is the first oral anti-platelet agent which has direct anti-platelet aggregation effect by combining with ADP P2Y12 receptors in platelets. It has been approved to reduce the incidence of thrombus cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome patients. However, the effects of ticagrelor on endothelial apoptosis have not been investigated. Material/Methods Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to establish a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis model. To investigate the effects of ticagrelor on endothelial apoptosis, the HUVECs were treated with different dose of ticagrelor. Apoptosis rates of HUVECs was evaluated by flow cytometry, and the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were assessed. Results After treatment with 50 ug/mL ox-LDL or 100 ug/mL ox-LDL, we found that the late apoptosis and necrosis rate and the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3 were significantly increased in HUVECs, whereas the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, Bcl-2, eNOS, and NO were significantly decreased. Ticagrelor restored the apoptosis rate of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compared with ox-LDL group, ticagrelor treatment significantly increased the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, Bcl-2, eNOS, and NO concentration, and significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3. Conclusions We found that ox-LDL induced significant apoptosis and necrosis in our model, which was dose-dependently improved by ticagrelor. These changes might be explained by alterations in apoptosis and antioxidant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Tianjin United Family Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Shuai Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Xue Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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22
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Bakogiannis C, Sachse M, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K. Platelet-derived chemokines in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cytokine 2019; 122:154157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:95-112. [PMID: 31558839 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has the capacity to detect 'non-self' molecules derived from pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, via pattern recognition receptors. In addition, an increasing number of endogenous host-derived molecules, termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), have been found to be sensed by various innate immune receptors. The recognition of DAMPs, which are produced or released by damaged and dying cells, promotes sterile inflammation, which is important for tissue repair and regeneration, but can also lead to the development of numerous inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here we examine recent discoveries concerning the roles of DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and in diseases resulting from dysregulated sterile inflammation, and then discuss insights into the cross-regulation of these receptors and their ligands.
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Lebas H, Yahiaoui K, Martos R, Boulaftali Y. Platelets Are at the Nexus of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31572732 PMCID: PMC6749018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are important actors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Current antiplatelet drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation have been shown to be effective in CVD treatment. However, the management of bleeding complications is still an issue in vascular diseases. While platelets can act individually, they interact with vascular cells and leukocytes at sites of vascular injury and inflammation. The main goal remains to better understand platelet mechanisms in thrombo-inflammatory diseases and provide new lines of safe treatments. Beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies have reported the role of several aspects of platelet functions in CVD progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of platelet mechanisms involved in several vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Lebas
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Katia Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Grover SP, Bergmeier W, Mackman N. Platelet Signaling Pathways and New Inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e28-e35. [PMID: 29563117 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine (S.P.G., N.M.) and McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Gao Y, Yu C, Pi S, Mao L, Hu B. The role of P2Y 12 receptor in ischemic stroke of atherosclerotic origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:341-354. [PMID: 30302530 PMCID: PMC11105791 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive disease of the arterial walls and a leading cause of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke. P2Y12 is a well-recognized receptor that is expressed on platelets and is a target of thienopyridine-type antiplatelet drugs. In the last few decades, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, such as clopidogrel, have been applied for the secondary prevention of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke. Recent clinical studies have suggested that these P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may be more effective than other antiplatelet drugs in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack of atherosclerotic origin. Moreover, animal studies have also shown that the P2Y12 receptor may participate in atherogenesis by promoting the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial dysfunction, and affecting inflammatory cell activities in addition to amplifying and maintaining ADP-induced platelet activation and platelet aggregation. P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may also exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke. Thus, P2Y12 receptor inhibitors may be a better choice for secondary prevention in patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke subtypes because of their triple functions (i.e., their anti-atherosclerotic, anti-platelet aggregation, and neuroprotective activities), and the P2Y12 receptor may also serve as a noval therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the P2Y12 receptor and its key roles in atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke of atherosclerotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Ganbaatar B, Fukuda D, Salim HM, Nishimoto S, Tanaka K, Higashikuni Y, Hirata Y, Yagi S, Soeki T, Sata M. Ticagrelor, a P2Y12 antagonist, attenuates vascular dysfunction and inhibits atherogenesis in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:124-132. [PMID: 29902700 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ticagrelor reduces cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent studies demonstrated the expression of P2Y12 on vascular cells including endothelial cells, as well as platelets, and suggested its contribution to atherogenesis. We investigated whether ticagrelor attenuates vascular dysfunction and inhibits atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoe-/-) mice. METHODS Eight-week-old male apoe-/- mice were fed a western-type diet (WTD) supplemented with 0.1% ticagrelor (approximately 120 mg/kg/day). Non-treated animals on WTD served as control. Atherosclerotic lesions were examined by en-face Sudan IV staining, histological analyses, quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and western blotting. Endothelial function was analyzed by acetylcholine-dependent vasodilation using aortic rings. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS Ticagrelor treatment for 20 weeks attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression in the aortic arch compared with control (p < 0.05). Ticagrelor administration for 8 weeks attenuated endothelial dysfunction (p < 0.01). Ticagrelor reduced the expression of inflammatory molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, macrophage accumulation, and lipid deposition. Ticagrelor decreased the phosphorylation of JNK in the aorta compared with control (p < 0.05). Ticagrelor and a JNK inhibitor ameliorated impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in wild-type mouse aortic segments. Furthermore, ticagrelor inhibited the expression of inflammatory molecules which were promoted by ADP in HUVEC (p < 0.001). Ticagrelor also inhibited ADP-induced JNK activation in HUVEC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ticagrelor attenuated vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis through the inhibition of inflammatory activation of endothelial cells. These effects might be a potential mechanism by which ticagrelor decreases cardiovascular events in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byambasuren Ganbaatar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Hotimah Masdan Salim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nishimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kimie Tanaka
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Higashikuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Mackman N, Spronk HMH, Stouffer GA, Ten Cate H. Dual Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease Patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:726-732. [PMID: 29449336 PMCID: PMC5978740 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology (N.M.) and Division of Cardiology (G.A.S.), Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Thrombosis Expert Centre, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.) and Department of Biochemistry (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.), Cardiovascular School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology (N.M.) and Division of Cardiology (G.A.S.), Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Thrombosis Expert Centre, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.) and Department of Biochemistry (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.), Cardiovascular School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - George A Stouffer
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology (N.M.) and Division of Cardiology (G.A.S.), Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Thrombosis Expert Centre, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.) and Department of Biochemistry (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.), Cardiovascular School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Ten Cate
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology (N.M.) and Division of Cardiology (G.A.S.), Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Thrombosis Expert Centre, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.) and Department of Biochemistry (H.M.H.S., H.t.C.), Cardiovascular School of Medicine (Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
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Zheng F, Zhou Q, Cao Y, Shi H, Wu H, Zhang B, Huang F, Wu X. P2Y 12 deficiency in mouse impairs noradrenergic system in brain, and alters anxiety-like neurobehavior and memory. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12458. [PMID: 29341465 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12 ), a G protein-coupled purinergic receptor, is widely distributed in nervous system and involved in the progression of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain. The central noradrenergic system actively participates in a number of neurophysiological processes. Nevertheless, whether there is any direct relevance between P2Y12 and noradrenergic signal transduction remains unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that lack of P2Y12 impaired noradrenergic signal transduction in mouse brain. Our results showed that P2Y12 knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze test and displayed deficits in memory in the radial-arm maze test (RAMT) and Morris water maze test (MWMT). They also exhibited reduced locomotion in the OFT and MWMT. Moreover, loss of P2Y12 decreased the level of noradrenaline and the expression of noradrenergic α receptors, subtypes α2 (ARα2b) in mouse cerebellum and hippocampus. Meanwhile, it hampered the protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in these brain regions. Taken together, our results showed for the first time that P2Y12 KO altered the anxiety, memory and locomotion of mice, which was closely associated with abnormal state of noradrenergic system in the brain. The findings implicate that P2Y12 plays an indispensable role in noradrenergic signal transduction; its deficit is insufficient to limit anxiety responses or supports cognitive performance and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - B Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - F Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lu SJ, Zhou XS, Zheng Q, Chen HL, Geng YL. Platelet membrane receptor P2Y12 H1/H2 polymorphism is highly associated with cerebral infarction: a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2225-2231. [PMID: 30214212 PMCID: PMC6121754 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the relationship between the polymorphisms of the H1/H2 gene of platelet membrane receptor P2Y12 and cerebral infarction (CI) in a Han population in North Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study, which involved 168 nonstoke subjects (contrast group) and 152 CI patients (CI group), was conducted. The state of subjects in the CI group was validated by computed tomography or MRI. The clinical data were categorized into two groups. The data included age, gender, smoking, drinking, shrinkage pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, serum uric acid, fibrinogen and homocysteine. The polymorphisms were genotyped with PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The distribution characteristics of nonstoke subjects and CI patients and the relationship between the polymorphisms of the H1/H2 gene of platelet membrane receptor P2Y12 and ischemic stroke were analyzed. RESULTS No significant difference was found between the contrast group and CI group (P>0.05) in terms of age, gender composition, smoking, alcohol consumption, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid and homocysteine. In contrast, significant differences were found between these two groups (P<0.01) in terms of SBP, DBP and plasma fibrinogen level. The genotyping revealed 112 carriers of the wild-type H1/H1 genotype and 40 carriers of the mutational H2 allele of P2Y12 H1/H2 in the CI group and 140 carriers of the wild-type H1/H1 genotype and 28 carriers of the mutational H2 allele of P2Y12 H1/H2 in the contrast group. Furthermore, the H1/H2 and H2/H2 gene frequencies (26.3%) were significantly higher in the CI group (χ2=4.440, P<0.05) than those in the contrast group (16.7%). Moreover, the frequencies of the H2 allele in the CI and contrast groups were 14.5% and 8.6%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.392, P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis results revealed that factors associated with CI include systolic blood pressure and plasma fibrinogen level, which carry the -893T gene. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the H2 allele carriers had a 1.928-fold increased risk for CI (OR=1.928, 95% confidence interval: 1.137-3.188; P=0.038) when compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSION The present study found that hypertension and elevated plasma fibrinogen levels are significant risk factors for ischemic stroke and confirmed that the H1/H2 and H2/H2 genes of platelet membrane glycoprotein receptor P2Y12 are risk factors of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiao-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hong-Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan-Lei Geng
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, People's Republic of China,
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Wu L, Zhao F, Dai M, Li H, Chen C, Nie J, Wang P, Wang DW. P2y12 Receptor Promotes Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Remodeling via Platelet-Driven Inflammation in Mice. Hypertension 2017; 70:759-769. [PMID: 28827474 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. The P2y12 receptor is one of the predominant activating receptors for platelets, thus initiating inflammatory responses under various diseases. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of P2y12-mediated platelet activation in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. Notably, P2y12 knockout (P2y12-/-) mice exhibited suppressed transverse aortic constriction-induced changes in cardiac hypertrophy, collagen synthesis, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cardiac dysfunction. Activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were markedly downregulated in P2y12 knockout mice compared with wild-type counterparts after transverse aortic constriction. Moreover, bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that wild-type recipients of P2y12 knockout bone marrow markedly improved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac remodeling, reversed by wild-type platelets reinjection. Platelet depletion and P-selectin inhibition mimicked these protective effects by limiting the interaction between activated platelets and leukocytes. Furthermore, activated wild-type platelets directly induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen synthesis via α-granule exocytosis, vanished in P2y12 knockout platelets or those administered anti-NSF (N-ethlymalimide-sensitive factor) antibodies. The results suggest that P2y12-mediated platelet activation promotes cardiac remodeling by triggering a series of inflammatory changes and interacting with leukocytes and endotheliocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujin Wu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Fujie Zhao
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiyan Dai
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaping Li
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Nie
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Peihua Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Wuhan, China.
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Carrier É, Houde M, Grandbois M, Bkaily G, Warner TD, D'Orléans-Juste P. Inhibition of platelet aggregation ex vivo is repressed in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:954-960. [PMID: 28704616 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed whether the endogenous platelet inhibitory mechanisms are altered in the early to moderate stages of the atherosclerotic process. Apolipoprotein E deficient mice (ApoE-/-), a mouse model of atherosclerosis, and their wild-type (WT) counterparts were used to assess agonist-stimulated synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2), inhibition of platelet aggregation ex vivo, and intra-platelet cAMP levels. Basal U46619 and ADP -induced platelet aggregation in vitro were increased in ApoE-/- mice at 18-20 weeks in comparison with 8-10 weeks of age. Systemically administered endothelin-1 (ET-1) or bradykinin (BK) inhibited platelet aggregation in a similar fashion in 8- to 10-week-old ApoE-/- and WT mice, but not in the ApoE-/- mice at 18-20 weeks of age, although both peptides maintained their capacity to increase plasma levels of the PGI2. Intravenous infusion of PGI2 also failed to inhibit platelet aggregation ex vivo in 18- to 20-week-old ApoE-/- mice. Interestingly, both BK and PGI2 retained their ability to increase intraplatelet cAMP in WT and ApoE-/- mice. Our results suggest that a loss of activity of endogenous inhibitorymechanisms could contribute to the increased platelet reactivity in ApoE-/- mice, and that this phenomenon occurs early in the intermediate stage of the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- É Carrier
- a Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - M Houde
- a Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - M Grandbois
- a Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - G Bkaily
- b Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - T D Warner
- c The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P D'Orléans-Juste
- a Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Qin C, Zhou J, Gao Y, Lai W, Yang C, Cai Y, Chen S, Du C. Critical Role of P2Y12 Receptor in Regulation of Th17 Differentiation and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:72-81. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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De Giorgi M, Enjyoji K, Jiang G, Csizmadia E, Mitsuhashi S, Gumina RJ, Smolenski RT, Robson SC. Complete deletion of Cd39 is atheroprotective in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1292-1305. [PMID: 28487312 PMCID: PMC5496028 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cd39 scavenges extracellular ATP and ADP, ultimately generating adenosine, a nucleoside, which has anti-inflammatory effects in the vasculature. We have evaluated the role of Cd39 in the development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. ApoE KO (Cd39+/+/ApoE−/−) and Cd39/ApoE double KO (DKO) (Cd39−/−/ApoE−/−) mice were maintained on chow or Western diet for up to 20 weeks before evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions. We found that DKO mice exhibited significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions than ApoE KO mice, irrespective of diet. Analyses of plaque composition revealed diminished foam cells in the fatty streaks and smaller necrotic cores in advanced lesions of DKO mice, when compared with those in ApoE KO mice. This atheroprotective phenotype was associated with impaired platelet reactivity to ADP in vitro and prolonged platelet survival, suggesting decreased platelet activation in vivo. Further studies with either genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Cd39 in macrophages revealed increased cholesterol efflux mediated via ABCA1 to ApoA1. This phenomenon was associated with elevated plasma HDL levels in DKO mice. Our findings indicate that complete deletion of Cd39 paradoxically attenuates development of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. We propose that this phenotype occurs, at least in part, from diminished platelet activation, increased plasma HDL levels, and enhanced cholesterol efflux and indicates the complexity of purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Giorgi
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon Jiang
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Mitsuhashi
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Simon C Robson
- Transplant Institute and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Faas MM, Sáez T, de Vos P. Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:9-19. [PMID: 28093236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is released during hypoxic condition and by necrotic cells, as well as by activated immune cells and endothelial cells. However, under certain conditions, for instance at low concentrations or at prolonged exposure, ATP may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Extracellular ATP can activate both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed into adenosine in a two-step enzymatic process involving the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ecto-apyrase) and CD73. These enzymes are expressed by many cell types, including endothelial cells and immune cells. The counterpart of ATP is adenosine, which is produced by breakdown of intra- or extracellular ATP. Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These receptors are also expressed in many cells, including immune cells. The final effect of ATP and adenosine in immune responses depends on the fine regulatory balance between the 2 molecules. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of these 2 molecules in the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Sáez
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Niu X, Pi SL, Baral S, Xia YP, He QW, Li YN, Jin HJ, Li M, Wang MD, Mao L, Hu B. P2Y 12 Promotes Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through Cofilin Dephosphorylation During Atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:515-524. [PMID: 28062501 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P2Y12 is a well-recognized receptor expressed on platelets and the target of thienopyridine-type antiplatelet drugs. However, recent evidence suggests that P2Y12 expressed in vessel wall plays a role in atherogenesis, but the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms of how vessel wall P2Y12 mediates vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration and promotes the progression of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice model, we found that the expression of P2Y12 in VSMCs increased in a time-dependent manner and had a linear relationship with the plaque area. Moreover, administration of P2Y12 receptor antagonist for 12 weeks caused significant reduction in atheroma and decreased the abundance of VSMCs in plaque. In cultured VSMCs, we found that activation of P2Y12 receptor inhibited cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway, which induced cofilin dephosphorylation and filamentous actin disassembly, thereby enhancing VSMCs motility and migration. In addition, the number of P2Y12-positive VSMCs was decreased in the carotid artery plaque from patients receiving clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS Vessel wall P2Y12 receptor, which promotes VSMCs migration through cofilin dephosphorylation, plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic lesion and may be used as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Niu
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Lan Pi
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suraj Baral
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Li
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Die Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- From the Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Apostolova P, Zeiser R. The Role of Purine Metabolites as DAMPs in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:439. [PMID: 27818661 PMCID: PMC5073102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) causes high mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. An early event in the classical pathogenesis of acute GvHD is tissue damage caused by the conditioning treatment or infection that consecutively leads to translocation of bacterial products [pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)] into blood or lymphoid tissue, as well as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), mostly intracellular components that act as pro-inflammatory agents, once they are released into the extracellular space. A subtype of DAMPs is nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate released from dying cells that can activate the innate and adaptive immune system by binding to purinergic receptors. Binding to certain purinergic receptors leads to a pro-inflammatory microenvironment and promotes allogeneic T cell priming. After priming, T cells migrate to the acute GvHD target organs, mainly skin, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract and induce cell damage that further amplifies the release of intracellular components. This review summarizes the role of different purinergic receptors in particular P2X7 and P2Y2 as well as nucleotides in the pathogenesis of GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Ferrari D, Bianchi N, Eltzschig HK, Gambari R. MicroRNAs Modulate the Purinergic Signaling Network. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:905-918. [PMID: 27623176 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules capable of silencing mRNA targets. miRNA dysregulation has been linked to cancer development, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, lipid metabolism, and impaired immunity. Therefore, miRNAs are gaining interest as putative novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recent studies have shown that purinergic surface receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP), and by nucleosides such as adenosine (ADO), are subject to miRNA regulation. This opens a new and previously unrecognized opportunity to modulate the purinergic network with the aim of avoiding abnormal activation of specific receptor subtypes. miRNA technology will hopefully contribute strategies to prevent purinergic-mediated tissue damage in conditions of neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, transplantation, and even neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Preusch MR, Rusnak J, Staudacher K, Mogler C, Uhlmann L, Sievers P, Bea F, Katus HA, Blessing E, Staudacher I. Ticagrelor promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability in a mouse model of advanced atherosclerosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2691-9. [PMID: 27616880 PMCID: PMC5008449 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective There is increasing evidence supporting the role of platelets in atherosclerotic vascular disease. The G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y12 is a central mediator of platelet activation and aggregation but has also been linked to platelet-independent vascular disease. Ticagrelor is an oral P2Y12 antagonist that is used as a standard treatment in patients after acute myocardial infarction. However, the effects of ticagrelor on advanced atherosclerosis have not been investigated. Materials and methods Twenty-week-old apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice received standard chow or standard chow supplemented with 0.15% ticagrelor (approximately 270 mg/kg/day) for 25 weeks. The lesion area was evaluated in the aortic sinus by Movat’s pentachrome staining and lesion composition, thickness of the fibrous cap, and size of the necrotic core evaluated by morphometry. RAW 264.7 macrophages were serum starved and treated with ticagrelor in vitro for the detection and quantification of apoptosis. In addition, oxLDL uptake in RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated. Results A trend toward the reduction of total lesion size was detected. However, data did not reach the levels of significance (control, n=11, 565,881 μm2 [interquartile range {IQR} 454,778–603,925 μm2] versus ticagrelor, n=13, 462,595 μm2 [IQR 379,740–546,037 μm2]; P=0.1). A significant reduction in the relative area of the necrotic core (control, n=11, 0.46 [IQR 0.4–0.51] versus ticagrelor, n=13, 0.34 [IQR 0.31–0.39]; P=0.008), and a significant increase in fibrous caps thickness (control, n=11, 3.7 μm [IQR 3.4–4.2 μm] versus ticagrelor, n=13, 4.7 [IQR 4.3–5.5 μm], P=0.04) were seen in ticagrelor-treated mice. In vitro studies demonstrated a reduction in apoptotic RAW 264.7 macrophages (control 0.07±0.03 versus ticagrelor 0.03±0.03; P=0.0002) when incubated with ticagrelor. Uptake of oxLDL in RAW 264.7 was significantly reduced when treated with ticagrelor (control 9.2 [IQR 5.3–12.9] versus ticagrelor 6.4 [IQR 2.5–9.5], P=0.02). Conclusion The present study demonstrates for the first time a plaque-stabilizing effect of ticagrelor in a model of advanced vascular disease, potentially induced by a reduction of oxLDL uptake or an inhibition of apoptosis as seen in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenz Uhlmann
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sustained activation of ADP/P2ry12 signaling induces SMC senescence contributing to thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:76-86. [PMID: 27534720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection (TAAD) is characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and inflammation. However, the mechanism whereby signaling leads to SMC loss is unclear. We used senescence-associated (SA)-β-gal staining and analysis of expression of senescence-related proteins (p53, p21, p19) to show that excessive mechanical stretch (20% elongation, 3600cycles/h, 48h) induced SMC senescence. SMC senescence was also detected in TAAD specimens from both mice and humans. High-performance liquid chromatography and luciferin-luciferase-based assay revealed that excessive mechanical stretch increased adenosine diphosphate (ADP) release from SMCs both in vivo and in vitro. Elevated ADP induced SMC senescence while genetic knockout of the ADP receptor, P2Y G protein-coupled receptor 12 (P2ry12), in mice protected against SMC senescence and inflammation. Both TAAD formation and rupture were significantly reduced in P2ry12-/- mice. SMCs from P2ry12-/- mice were resistant to senescence induced by excessive mechanical stretch or ADP treatment. Mechanistically, ADP treatment sustained Ras activation, whereas pharmacological inhibition of Ras protected against SMC senescence and reduced TAAD formation. Taken together, excessive mechanical stress may induce a sustained release of ADP and promote SMC senescence via P2ry12-dependent sustained Ras activation, thereby contributing to excessive inflammation and degeneration, which provides insights into TAAD formation and progression.
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Twarock S, Bagheri S, Bagheri S, Hohlfeld T. Platelet-vessel wall interactions and drug effects. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:74-84. [PMID: 27492900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Twarock
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saghar Bagheri
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sayeh Bagheri
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hohlfeld
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Stachon P, Geis S, Peikert A, Heidenreich A, Michel NA, Ünal F, Hoppe N, Dufner B, Schulte L, Marchini T, Cicko S, Ayata K, Zech A, Wolf D, Hilgendorf I, Willecke F, Reinöhl J, von Zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Idzko M, Zirlik A. Extracellular ATP Induces Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis via Purinergic Receptor Y2 in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1577-86. [PMID: 27339459 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A solid body of evidence supports a role of extracellular ATP and its P2 receptors in innate and adaptive immunity. It promotes inflammation as a danger signal in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, we hypothesize contribution of extracellular ATP and its receptor P2Y2 in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Extracellular ATP induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration in vivo as assessed by intravital microscopy and in sterile peritonitis. To test the role of extracellular ATP in atherosclerosis, ATP or saline as control was injected intraperitoneally 3× a week in low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consuming high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis significantly increased after 16 weeks in ATP-treated mice (n=13; control group, 0.26 mm2; ATP group, 0.33 mm2; P=0.01). To gain into the role of ATP-receptor P2Y2 in ATP-induced leukocyte recruitment, ATP was administered systemically in P2Y2-deficient or P2Y2-competent mice. In P2Y2-deficient mice, the ATP-induced leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced as assessed by intravital microscopy. P2Y2 expression in atherosclerosis was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and demonstrates an increased expression mainly caused by influx of P2Y2-expressing macrophages. To investigate the functional role of P2Y2 in atherogenesis, P2Y2-deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consumed high cholesterol diet. After 16 weeks, P2Y2-deficient mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions with decreased macrophages compared with P2Y2-competent mice (n=11; aortic arch: control group, 0.25 mm(2); P2Y2-deficient, 0.14 mm2; P=0.04). Mechanistically, atherosclerotic lesions from P2Y2-deficient mice expressed less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 RNA. CONCLUSIONS We show that extracellular ATP induces vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis via activation of P2Y2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stachon
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Serjosha Geis
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Peikert
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Heidenreich
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto Michel
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fatih Ünal
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Dufner
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schulte
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanja Cicko
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Korcan Ayata
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Willecke
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Reinöhl
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von Zur Mühlen
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Nylander S, Schulz R. Effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists beyond platelet inhibition--comparison of ticagrelor with thienopyridines. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1163-78. [PMID: 26758983 PMCID: PMC5341337 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect and clinical benefit of P2Y12 receptor antagonists may not be limited to platelet inhibition and the prevention of arterial thrombus formation. Potential additional effects include reduction of the pro-inflammatory role of activated platelets and effects related to P2Y12 receptor inhibition on other cells apart from platelets. P2Y12 receptor antagonists, thienopyridines and ticagrelor, differ in their mode of action being prodrugs instead of direct acting and irreversibly instead of reversibly binding to P2Y12 . These key differences may provide different potential when it comes to additional effects. In addition to P2Y12 receptor blockade, ticagrelor is unique in having the only well-documented additional target of inhibition, the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. The current review will address the effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists beyond platelets and the protection against arterial thrombosis. The discussion will include the potential for thienopyridines and ticagrelor to mediate anti-inflammatory effects, to conserve vascular function, to affect atherosclerosis, to provide cardioprotection and to induce dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of PhysiologyJustus‐Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
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Boulaftali Y, Owens AP, Beale A, Piatt R, Casari C, Lee RH, Conley PB, Paul DS, Mackman N, Bergmeier W. CalDAG-GEFI Deficiency Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:792-9. [PMID: 26988592 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelets are important for the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. However, relatively little is known about the contribution of platelet signaling to this pathological process. Our recent work identified 2 independent, yet synergistic, signaling pathways that lead to the activation of the small GTPase Rap1; one mediated by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI (CDGI), the other by P2Y12, a platelet receptor for adenosine diphosphate and the target of antiplatelet drugs. In this study, we evaluated lesion formation in atherosclerosis-prone low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice lacking CDGI or P2Y12 in hematopoietic cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Lethally irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from wild-type (WT), Caldaggef1(-/-) (cdgI(-/-)), p2y12(-/-), or cdgI(-/-)p2y12(-/-) (double knockout [DKO]) mice and fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Ldlr(-/-) chimeras deficient for CDGI or P2Y12 developed significantly smaller atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and in aortas when compared with the Ldlr(-/-)/WT controls. We also observed a significant reduction in platelet-leukocyte aggregates in blood from hypercholesterolemic Ldlr(-/-)/cdgI(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-)/p2y12(-/-) chimeras. Consistently, fewer macrophages and neutrophils were detected in the aortic sinus of Ldlr(-/-)/cdgI(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-)/ p2y12(-/-) chimeras. Compared with controls, the plaque collagen content was significantly higher in Ldlr(-/-) chimeras lacking CDGI. Interestingly, no statistically significant additive effects were seen in Ldlr(-/-)/DKO chimeras when compared with chimeras lacking only CDGI. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CDGI is critical for atherosclerotic plaque development in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr(-/-) mice because of its contribution to platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation and leukocyte recruitment to the lesion area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Boulaftali
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Ashley Beale
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Raymond Piatt
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Caterina Casari
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Robert H Lee
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Pamela B Conley
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - David S Paul
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- From the McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Medicine (Y.B., A.P.O., A.B., R.P., C.C., R.H.L., D.S.P., N.M., W.B.), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (W.B.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA (P.B.C.).
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45
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Kaudewitz D, Skroblin P, Bender LH, Barwari T, Willeit P, Pechlaner R, Sunderland NP, Willeit K, Morton AC, Armstrong PC, Chan MV, Lu R, Yin X, Gracio F, Dudek K, Langley SR, Zampetaki A, de Rinaldis E, Ye S, Warner TD, Saxena A, Kiechl S, Storey RF, Mayr M. Association of MicroRNAs and YRNAs With Platelet Function. Circ Res 2015; 118:420-432. [PMID: 26646931 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.305663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Platelets shed microRNAs (miRNAs). Plasma miRNAs change on platelet inhibition. It is unclear whether plasma miRNA levels correlate with platelet function. OBJECTIVE To link small RNAs to platelet reactivity. METHODS AND RESULTS Next-generation sequencing of small RNAs in plasma revealed 2 peaks at 22 to 23 and 32 to 33 nucleotides corresponding to miRNAs and YRNAs, respectively. Among YRNAs, predominantly, fragments of RNY4 and RNY5 were detected. Plasma miRNAs and YRNAs were measured in 125 patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome who had undergone detailed assessment of platelet function 30 days after the acute event. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, 92 miRNAs were assessed in patients with acute coronary syndrome on different antiplatelet therapies. Key platelet-related miRNAs and YRNAs were correlated with platelet function tests. MiR-223 (rp=0.28; n=121; P=0.002), miR-126 (rp=0.22; n=121; P=0.016), and other abundant platelet miRNAs and YRNAs showed significant positive correlations with the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay. YRNAs, miR-126, and miR-223 were also among the small RNAs showing the greatest dependency on platelets and strongly correlated with plasma levels of P-selectin, platelet factor 4, and platelet basic protein in the population-based Bruneck study (n=669). A single-nucleotide polymorphism that facilitates processing of pri-miR-126 to mature miR-126 accounted for a rise in circulating platelet activation markers. Inhibition of miR-126 in mice reduced platelet aggregation. MiR-126 directly and indirectly affects ADAM9 and P2Y12 receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS Levels of platelet-related plasma miRNAs and YRNAs correlate with platelet function tests in patients with acute coronary syndrome and platelet activation markers in the general population. Alterations in miR-126 affect platelet reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Skroblin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Lukas H Bender
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Karin Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Allison C Morton
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul C Armstrong
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Melissa V Chan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Ruifang Lu
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Filipe Gracio
- Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Katarzyna Dudek
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Sarah R Langley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Shu Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Timothy D Warner
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Alka Saxena
- Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, UK
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, UK
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46
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Hechler B, Gachet C. Purinergic Receptors in Thrombosis and Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2307-15. [PMID: 26359511 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.303395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Under various pathological conditions, including thrombosis and inflammation, extracellular nucleotide levels may increase because of both active release and passive leakage from damaged or dying cells. Once in the extracellular compartment, nucleotides interact with plasma membrane receptors belonging to the P2 purinergic family, which are expressed by virtually all circulating blood cells and in most blood vessels. In this review, we focus on the specific role of the 3 platelet P2 receptors P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. Beyond platelets, these 3 receptors, along with the P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2X7 receptors, constitute the main P2 receptors mediating the proinflammatory effects of nucleotides, which play important roles in various functions of circulating blood cells and cells of the vessel wall. Each of these P2 receptor subtypes specifically contributes to chronic or acute vascular inflammation and related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, endotoxemia, and sepsis. The potential for therapeutic targeting of these P2 receptor subtypes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Hechler
- From the UMR_S949, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace (EFS-Alsace), Strasbourg, France; and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- From the UMR_S949, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace (EFS-Alsace), Strasbourg, France; and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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47
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Ferrari D, Vitiello L, Idzko M, la Sala A. Purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:184-92. [PMID: 25637413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface expression of specific receptors and ecto-nucleotidases makes extracellular nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, UTP, and adenosine suitable as signaling molecules for physiological and pathological events, including tissue stress and damage. Recent data have revealed the participation of purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis, depicting a scenario in which, in addition to some exceptions reflecting dual effects of individual receptor subtypes, adenosine and most P1 receptors, as well as ecto-nucleotidases, show a protective, anti-atherosclerotic function. By contrast, P2 receptors promote atherosclerosis. In consideration of these findings, modulation of purinergic signaling would represent an innovative and valuable tool to counteract atherosclerosis. We summarize recent developments on the participation of the purinergic network in atheroma formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea la Sala
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
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48
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Traini M, Quinn CM, Sandoval C, Johansson E, Schroder K, Kockx M, Meikle PJ, Jessup W, Kritharides L. Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A (SMPDL3A) is a novel nucleotide phosphodiesterase regulated by cholesterol in human macrophages. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32895-913. [PMID: 25288789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-loaded foam cell macrophages are prominent in atherosclerotic lesions and play complex roles in both inflammatory signaling and lipid metabolism, which are underpinned by large scale reprogramming of gene expression. We performed a microarray study of primary human macrophages that showed that transcription of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A (SMPDL3A) gene is up-regulated after cholesterol loading. SMPDL3A protein expression in and secretion from primary macrophages are stimulated by cholesterol loading, liver X receptor ligands, and cyclic AMP, and N-glycosylated SMPDL3A protein is detectable in circulating blood. We demonstrate for the first time that SMPDL3A is a functional phosphodiesterase with an acidic pH optimum. We provide evidence that SMPDL3A is not an acid sphingomyelinase but unexpectedly is active against nucleotide diphosphate and triphosphate substrates at acidic and neutral pH. SMPDL3A is a major source of nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity secreted by liver X receptor-stimulated human macrophages. Extracellular nucleotides such as ATP may activate pro-inflammatory responses in immune cells. Increased expression and secretion of SMPDL3A by cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells in lesions may decrease local concentrations of pro-inflammatory nucleotides and potentially represent a novel anti-inflammatory axis linking lipid metabolism with purinergic signaling in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Traini
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139,
| | - Carmel M Quinn
- the Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052
| | - Cecilia Sandoval
- the Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052
| | - Erik Johansson
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139
| | - Kate Schroder
- the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072
| | - Maaike Kockx
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139
| | - Peter J Meikle
- the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, and
| | - Wendy Jessup
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, the Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
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49
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Rutten B, Tersteeg C, Vrijenhoek JEP, van Holten TC, Elsenberg EHAM, Mak-Nienhuis EM, de Borst GJ, Jukema JW, Pijls NHJ, Waltenberger J, van Zonneveld AJ, Moll FL, McClellan E, Stubbs A, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer I, de Groot PG, Roest M. Increased platelet reactivity is associated with circulating platelet-monocyte complexes and macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105019. [PMID: 25122139 PMCID: PMC4133361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet reactivity, platelet binding to monocytes and monocyte infiltration play a detrimental role in atherosclerotic plaque progression. We investigated whether platelet reactivity was associated with levels of circulating platelet-monocyte complexes (PMCs) and macrophages in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques. METHODS Platelet reactivity was determined by measuring platelet P-selectin expression after platelet stimulation with increasing concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in two independent cohorts: the Circulating Cells cohort (n = 244) and the Athero-Express cohort (n = 91). Levels of PMCs were assessed by flow cytometry in blood samples of patients who were scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention (Circulating Cells cohort). Monocyte infiltration was semi-quantitatively determined by histological examination of atherosclerotic carotid plaques collected during carotid endarterectomy (Athero-Express cohort). RESULTS We found increased platelet reactivity in patients with high PMCs as compared to patients with low PMCs (median (interquartile range): 4153 (1585-11267) area under the curve (AUC) vs. 9633 (3580-21565) AUC, P<0.001). Also, we observed increased platelet reactivity in patients with high macrophage levels in atherosclerotic plaques as compared to patients with low macrophage levels in atherosclerotic plaques (mean ± SD; 8969 ± 3485 AUC vs. 7020 ± 3442 AUC, P = 0.02). All associations remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and use of drugs against platelet activation. CONCLUSION Platelet reactivity towards ADP is associated with levels of PMCs and macrophages in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Rutten
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce E. P. Vrijenhoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs C. van Holten
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. A. M. Elsenberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elske M. Mak-Nienhuis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nico H. J. Pijls
- Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Department for Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Nephrology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frans L. Moll
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth McClellan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Stubbs
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Imo Hoefer
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philip G. de Groot
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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50
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Idzko M, Ferrari D, Riegel AK, Eltzschig HK. Extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside signaling in vascular and blood disease. Blood 2014; 124:1029-37. [PMID: 25001468 PMCID: PMC4133480 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-402560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides and nucleosides-such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine-are famous for their intracellular roles as building blocks for the genetic code or cellular energy currencies. In contrast, their function in the extracellular space is different. Here, they are primarily known as signaling molecules via activation of purinergic receptors, classified as P1 receptors for adenosine or P2 receptors for ATP. Because extracellular ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine by ectonucleotidase, nucleotide-phosphohydrolysis is important for controlling the balance between P2 and P1 signaling. Gene-targeted mice for P1, P2 receptors, or ectonucleotidase exhibit only very mild phenotypic manifestations at baseline. However, they demonstrate alterations in disease susceptibilities when exposed to a variety of vascular or blood diseases. Examples of phenotypic manifestations include vascular barrier dysfunction, graft-vs-host disease, platelet activation, ischemia, and reperfusion injury or sickle cell disease. Many of these studies highlight that purinergic signaling events can be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; and
| | - Ann-Kathrin Riegel
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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