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Lyadova I, Vasiliev A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35725499 PMCID: PMC9207879 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable cell source able to give rise to different cell types of the body. Among the various pathways of iPSC differentiation, the differentiation into macrophages is a recently developed and rapidly growing technique. Macrophages play a key role in the control of host homeostasis. Their dysfunction underlies many diseases, including hereditary, infectious, oncological, metabolic and other disorders. Targeting macrophage activity and developing macrophage-based cell therapy represent promising tools for the treatment of many pathological conditions. Macrophages generated from human iPSCs (iMphs) provide great opportunities in these areas. The generation of iMphs is based on a step-wise differentiation of iPSCs into mesoderm, hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid monocyte-like cells and macrophages. The technique allows to obtain standardizable populations of human macrophages from any individual, scale up macrophage production and introduce genetic modifications, which gives significant advantages over the standard source of human macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages. The spectrum of iMph applications is rapidly growing. iMphs have been successfully used to model hereditary diseases and macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as to test drugs. iMph use for cell therapy is another promising and rapidly developing area of research. The principles and the details of iMph generation have recently been reviewed. This review systemizes current and prospective iMph applications and discusses the problem of iMph safety and other issues that need to be explored before iMphs become clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Luque-Martin R, Mander PK, Leenen PJM, Winther MPJ. Classic and new mediators for in vitro modelling of human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:549-560. [PMID: 32592421 PMCID: PMC7984372 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru0620-018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells in the activation and regulation of immune responses. These cells are present in all tissues under homeostatic conditions and in many disease settings. Macrophages can exhibit a wide range of phenotypes depending on local and systemic cues that drive the differentiation and activation process. Macrophage heterogeneity is also defined by their ontogeny. Tissue macrophages can either derive from circulating blood monocytes or are seeded as tissue-resident macrophages during embryonic development. In humans, the study of in vivo-generated macrophages is often difficult with laborious and cell-changing isolation procedures. Therefore, translatable, reproducible, and robust in vitro models for human macrophages in health and disease are necessary. Most of the methods for studying monocyte-derived macrophages are based on the use of limited factors to differentiate the monocytes into macrophages. Current knowledge shows that the in vivo situation is more complex, and a wide range of molecules in the tissue microenvironment promote and impact on monocyte to macrophage differentiation as well as activation. In this review, macrophage heterogeneity is discussed and the human in vitro models that can be applied for research, especially for monocyte-derived macrophages. We also focus on new molecules (IL-34, platelet factor 4, etc.) used to generate macrophages expressing different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Luque-Martin
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Munich, Germany
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3
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Poltavets AS, Vishnyakova PA, Elchaninov AV, Sukhikh GT, Fatkhudinov TK. Macrophage Modification Strategies for Efficient Cell Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1535. [PMID: 32599709 PMCID: PMC7348902 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, important cells of innate immunity, are known for their phagocytic activity, capability for antigen presentation, and flexible phenotypes. Macrophages are found in all tissues and therefore represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases of various etiology. Genetic programming of macrophages is an important issue of modern molecular and cellular medicine. The controllable activation of macrophages towards desirable phenotypes in vivo and in vitro will provide effective treatments for a number of inflammatory and proliferative diseases. This review is focused on the methods for specific alteration of gene expression in macrophages, including the controllable promotion of the desired M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes in certain pathologies or model systems. Here we review the strategies of target selection, the methods of vector delivery, and the gene editing approaches used for modification of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S. Poltavets
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia; (A.S.P.); (A.V.E.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Polina A. Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia; (A.S.P.); (A.V.E.); (G.T.S.)
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Andrey V. Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia; (A.S.P.); (A.V.E.); (G.T.S.)
- Department of Histology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of The Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia; (A.S.P.); (A.V.E.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Timur Kh. Fatkhudinov
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia;
- Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
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4
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Reporting Sex and Sex Differences in Preclinical Studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e171-e184. [PMID: 30354222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The development of the reprogramming technology led to generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) from a variety of somatic cells. Ever since, fast growing knowledge of different efficient protocols enabled the differentiation of these iPSCs into different cells types utilized for disease modeling. Indeed, iPSC-derived cells have been increasingly used for investigating molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying inherited diseases. However, a major barrier in the field of iPSC-based disease modeling relies on discriminating between the effects of the causative mutation and the genetic background of these cells. In the past decade, researchers have made great improvement in genome editing techniques, with one of the latest being CRISPR/Cas9. Using a single non-sequence specific protein combined with a small guiding RNA molecule, this state-of-the-art approach enables modifications of genes with high efficiency and accuracy. By so doing, this technique enables the generation of isogenic controls or isogenic mutated cell lines in order to focus on the pathologies caused by a specific mutation. In this article, we review the latest studies combining iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inherited diseases including immunological, metabolic, hematological, neurodegenerative and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Merkert S, Martin U. Targeted Gene Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Site-Specific Nucleases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 163:169-186. [PMID: 29124278 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and site-directed nucleases brought a major breakthrough in the development of regenerative therapies and biomedical research. With the advancement of ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, straightforward and precise manipulation of the genome of human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) became possible, allowing relatively easy and fast generation of gene knockouts, integration of transgenes, or even introduction of single nucleotide changes for correction or introduction of disease-specific mutations. We review current applications of site-specific nucleases in human PSCs and focus on trends and challenges for efficient gene editing and improvement of targeting strategies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Merkert
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Gießen, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Gießen, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Karlgren M, Simoff I, Keiser M, Oswald S, Artursson P. CRISPR-Cas9: A New Addition to the Drug Metabolism and Disposition Tool Box. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1776-1786. [PMID: 30126863 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), i.e., CRISPR-Cas9, has been extensively used as a gene-editing technology during recent years. Unlike earlier technologies for gene editing or gene knockdown, such as zinc finger nucleases and RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 is comparably easy to use, affordable, and versatile. Recently, CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in studies of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and for ADME model generation. To date, about 50 papers have been published describing in vitro or in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of ADME and ADME-related genes. Twenty of these papers describe gene editing of clinically relevant genes, such as ATP-binding cassette drug transporters and cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes. With CRISPR-Cas9, the ADME tool box has been substantially expanded. This new technology allows us to develop better and more predictive in vitro and in vivo ADME models and map previously underexplored ADME genes and gene families. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and summarize recent applications of CRISPR-Cas9 within the ADME field. We also speculate about future applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in ADME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - I Simoff
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - M Keiser
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - S Oswald
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been unequivocally proven in the past several decades. However, some interventions aiming to increase HDL-C failed to reduce CVD risk. HDL is structurally and functionally complex and HDL-associated metrics other than HDL-C, such as the concentration, composition, and functionality of HDL particles, have been considered as better determinants of CVD risk. A large body of recent research has addressed changes in HDL functions and HDL subpopulations in CVD with the goal of discovering novel and reliable biomarkers and targets for the treatment or prevention of CVD. RECENT FINDINGS We have reviewed recent findings on HDL composition, HDL particle concentrations, and cell-cholesterol efflux capacity that have lately contributed to our understanding of HDL's role in CVD. SUMMARY We point out that a major problem in HDL research is the lack of standardization of HDL assays that has led to discrepancies among studies. Therefore, there is a need for new standardized assays that capture the complexities of key HDL parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Niisuke
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xie
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Ye Fan
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK (Y.X., Q.X.); and Institute of Respiratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (Y.F.).
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12
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Williams R. Rajat Gupta. Circ Res 2018; 122:1044-1045. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances with respect to the use of human pluripotent stem cells to study the genetics of blood lipid traits. RECENT FINDINGS Human pluripotent stem cell models have been used to elucidate the mechanisms by which genes contribute to dyslipidemia, to discover new lipid-related DNA variants and genes, and to perform drug screens. SUMMARY In addition to enabling a better understanding of the genetic basis of lipid metabolism, human pluripotent stem cells are identifying potential therapeutic targets as well as potential therapies.
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Genome Editing Redefines Precision Medicine in the Cardiovascular Field. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4136473. [PMID: 29731778 PMCID: PMC5872631 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4136473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is a powerful tool to study the function of specific genes and proteins important for development or disease. Recent technologies, especially CRISPR/Cas9 which is characterized by convenient handling and high precision, revolutionized the field of genome editing. Such tools have enormous potential for basic science as well as for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, there are still several hurdles that have to be overcome, but patient-tailored therapies, termed precision medicine, seem to be within reach. In this review, we focus on the achievements and limitations of genome editing in the cardiovascular field. We explore different areas of cardiac research and highlight the most important developments: (1) the potential of genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells in basic research for disease modelling, drug screening, or reprogramming approaches and (2) the potential and remaining challenges of genome editing for regenerative therapies. Finally, we discuss social and ethical implications of these new technologies.
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Hong D, Ding J, Li O, He Q, Ke M, Zhu M, Liu L, Ou WB, He Y, Wu Y. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and their immunological function in response to tuberculosis infection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:49. [PMID: 29482598 PMCID: PMC5828072 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent an innovative source for the standardized in vitro generation of macrophages (Mφ). Mφ show great promise in disease pathogenesis, particularly tuberculosis. However, there is no information about human iPS-derived (hiPS) macrophages (hiPS-Mφ) in response to tuberculosis infection. METHODS In the present study, macrophages derived from hiPS were established via embryoid body (EB) formation by using feeder-free culture conditions, and the human monocyte cell line THP-1 (THP-1-Mφ) was used as control. iPS-Mφ were characterized by using morphology, Giemsa staining, nonspecific esterase staining (α-NAE), phagocytosis, and surface phenotype. Additionally, after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for 24 h, cell apoptosis was detected by using an Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection assay. The production of nitric oxide (NO), expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), activity of apoptosis-related protein cysteine-3 (Caspase-3) and expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were analyzed. RESULTS With respect to morphology, surface phenotype, and function, the iPS-Mφ closely resembled their counterparts generated in vitro from a human monocyte cell line. iPS-Mφ exhibited the typically morphological characteristics of macrophages, such as round, oval, fusiform and irregular characteristics. The cells were Giemsa-stained-positive, α-NAE-positive, and possessed phagocytic ability. iPS-Mφ express high levels of CD14, CD11b, CD40, CD68, and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II). Moreover, with regard to the apoptotic rate, the production of NO, expression of TNF-α, and activity of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2, iPS-Mφ closely resemble that of their counterparts generated in vitro from human monocyte cell line in response to BCG infection. The rate of apoptosis of BCG-treated iPS-Mφ was 37.77 ± 7.94% compared to that of the untreated group at 4.97 ± 1.60% (P < 0.01) by using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection. Additionally, the rate of apoptosis of BCG-treated THP-1-Mφ was 37.1 ± 2.84% compared to that of the untreated group at 6.19 ± 1.68% (P < 0.001). The expression of TNF-α and the production of NO were significantly increased (P < 0.001), and the activity of Caspase-3 was increased. However, the expression of Bcl-2 was inhibited (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Mφ derived from hiPS perform the immunological function in response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection by undergoing apoptosis, increasing the production of NO and expression of TNF-α. Thus, our study may help to overcome the limitations of research into certain rare diseases due to the lack of adequate supply of disease-specific primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Hong
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiongyan Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ouyang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Quan He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Minxia Ke
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mengyi Zhu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Lili Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wen-Bin Ou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yulong He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Yuehong Wu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) has recently emerged as a top genome editing technology and has afforded investigators the ability to more easily study a number of diseases. This review discusses CRISPR/Cas9's advantages and limitations and highlights a few recent reports on genome editing applications for alleviating dyslipidemia through disruption of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). RECENT FINDINGS Targeting of mouse Pcsk9 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology has yielded promising results for lowering total cholesterol levels, and several recent findings are highlighted in this review. Reported on-target mutagenesis efficiency is as high as 90% with a subsequent 40% reduction of blood cholesterol levels in mice, highlighting the potential for use as a therapeutic in human patients. The ability to characterize and treat diseases is becoming easier with the recent advances in genome editing technologies. In this review, we discuss how genome editing strategies can be of use for potential therapeutic applications.
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Musunuru K, Sheikh F, Gupta RM, Houser SR, Maher KO, Milan DJ, Terzic A, Wu JC. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Disease Modeling and Precision Medicine: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e000043. [PMID: 29874173 PMCID: PMC6708586 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprece-dented opportunity to study human physiology and disease at the cellular level. They also have the potential to be leveraged in the practice of precision medicine, for example, personalized drug testing. This statement comprehensively describes the provenance of iPSC lines, their use for cardiovascular disease modeling, their use for precision medicine, and strategies through which to promote their wider use for biomedical applications. Human iPSCs exhibit properties that render them uniquely qualified as model systems for studying human diseases: they are of human origin, which means they carry human genomes; they are pluripotent, which means that in principle, they can be differentiated into any of the human body's somatic cell types; and they are stem cells, which means they can be expanded from a single cell into millions or even billions of cell progeny. iPSCs offer the opportunity to study cells that are genetically matched to individual patients, and genome-editing tools allow introduction or correction of genetic variants. Initial progress has been made in using iPSCs to better understand cardiomyopathies, rhythm disorders, valvular and vascular disorders, and metabolic risk factors for ischemic heart disease. This promising work is still in its infancy. Similarly, iPSCs are only just starting to be used to identify the optimal medications to be used in patients from whom the cells were derived. This statement is intended to (1) summarize the state of the science with respect to the use of iPSCs for modeling of cardiovascular traits and disorders and for therapeutic screening; (2) identify opportunities and challenges in the use of iPSCs for disease modeling and precision medicine; and (3) outline strategies that will facilitate the use of iPSCs for biomedical applications. This statement is not intended to address the use of stem cells as regenerative therapy, such as transplantation into the body to treat ischemic heart disease or heart failure.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The opportunities afforded through the recent advent of genome-editing technologies have allowed investigators to more easily study a number of diseases. The advantages and limitations of the most prominent genome-editing technologies are described in this review, along with potential applications specifically focused on cardiovascular diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The recent genome-editing tools using programmable nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9), have rapidly been adapted to manipulate genes in a variety of cellular and animal models. A number of recent cardiovascular disease-related publications report cases in which specific mutations are introduced into disease models for functional characterization and for testing of therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in genome-editing technologies offer new approaches to understand and treat diseases. Here, we discuss genome editing strategies to easily characterize naturally occurring mutations and offer strategies with potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Chadwick
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Musunuru K. Genome Editing: The Recent History and Perspective in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:2808-2821. [PMID: 29191331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genome-editing field has advanced to a remarkable degree in the last 5 years, culminating in the successful correction of a cardiomyopathy gene mutation in viable human embryos. In this review, the author discusses the basic principles of genome editing, recent advances in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated 9 technology, the impact on cardiovascular basic science research, possible therapeutic applications in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and finally the implications of potential clinical uses of human germline genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Martinez-Lage M, Torres-Ruiz R, Rodriguez-Perales S. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: Applications and Human Disease Modeling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 152:23-48. [PMID: 29150003 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system development has revolutionized the field of genome engineering through the efficient creation of targeted breaks in the DNA of almost any organism and cell type, opening an avenue for a wide range of applications in biomedical research and medicine. Apart from gene edition through knock-in or knock-out approaches, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been used for many other purposes, including regulation of endogenous gene expression, epigenome editing, live-cell imaging of chromosomal loci, edition of RNA and high-throughput screening. With all those technological improvements, CRISPR/Cas9 system has broadened the number of alternatives for studying gene function and the generation of more accurate disease models. Although many mechanistic questions remain to be answered and several challenges have yet to be addressed, the use of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering technologies will increase our knowledge of disease processes and their treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Lage
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Torres-Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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Dron JS, Ho R, Hegele RA. Recent Advances in the Genetics of Atherothrombotic Disease and Its Determinants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e158-e166. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S. Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D, R.H., R.A.H.), Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., R.H., R.A.H.), and Department of Medicine (R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosettia Ho
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D, R.H., R.A.H.), Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., R.H., R.A.H.), and Department of Medicine (R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D, R.H., R.A.H.), Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., R.H., R.A.H.), and Department of Medicine (R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Zhang H, Shi J, Hachet MA, Xue C, Bauer RC, Jiang H, Li W, Tohyama J, Millar J, Billheimer J, Phillips MC, Razani B, Rader DJ, Reilly MP. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Human iPSC-Derived Macrophage Reveals Lysosomal Acid Lipase Function in Human Macrophages-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2156-2160. [PMID: 28882870 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain mechanistic insights into the role of LIPA (lipase A), the gene encoding LAL (lysosomal acid lipase) protein, in human macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology to knock out LIPA in human induced pluripotent stem cells and then differentiate to macrophage (human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived macrophage [IPSDM]) to explore the human macrophage LIPA loss-of-function phenotypes. LIPA was abundantly expressed in monocyte-derived macrophages and was markedly induced on IPSDM differentiation to comparable levels as in human monocyte-derived macrophage. IPSDM with knockout of LIPA (LIPA-/-) had barely detectable LAL enzymatic activity. Control and LIPA-/- IPSDM were loaded with [3H]-cholesteryl oleate-labeled AcLDL (acetylated low-density lipoprotein) followed by efflux to apolipoprotein A-I. Efflux of liberated [3H]-cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I was abolished in LIPA-/- IPSDM, indicating deficiency in LAL-mediated lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. In cells loaded with [3H]-cholesterol-labeled AcLDL, [3H]-cholesterol efflux was, however, not different between control and LIPA-/- IPSDM. ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1) expression was upregulated by AcLDL loading but to a similar extent between control and LIPA-/- IPSDM. In nonlipid loaded state, LIPA-/- IPSDM had high levels of cholesteryl ester mass compared with minute amounts in control IPSDM. Yet, with AcLDL loading, overall cholesteryl ester mass was increased to similar levels in both control and LIPA-/- IPSDM. LIPA-/- did not impact lysosomal apolipoprotein-B degradation or expression of IL1B, IL6, and CCL5. CONCLUSIONS: LIPA-/- IPSDM reveals macrophage-specific hallmarks of LIPA deficiency. CRISPR/Cas9 and IPSDM provide important tools to study human macrophage biology and more broadly for future studies of disease-associated LIPA genetic variation in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.).
| | - Jianting Shi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Melanie A Hachet
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Chenyi Xue
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Robert C Bauer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Wenjun Li
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Junichiro Tohyama
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - John Millar
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Jeffrey Billheimer
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Michael C Phillips
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Babak Razani
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., J.S., M.A.H., C.X., R.C.B., M.P.R.); Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (H.J., M.P.R.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine (W.L.), Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.T., J.B., M.C.P., D.J.R.), and Metabolic Tracer Resource, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (J.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
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23
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Haenseler W, Sansom SN, Buchrieser J, Newey SE, Moore CS, Nicholls FJ, Chintawar S, Schnell C, Antel JP, Allen ND, Cader MZ, Wade-Martins R, James WS, Cowley SA. A Highly Efficient Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Microglia Model Displays a Neuronal-Co-culture-Specific Expression Profile and Inflammatory Response. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1727-1742. [PMID: 28591653 PMCID: PMC5470330 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly implicated in brain pathology, particularly neurodegenerative disease, with many genes implicated in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease expressed in microglia. There is, therefore, a need for authentic, efficient in vitro models to study human microglial pathological mechanisms. Microglia originate from the yolk sac as MYB-independent macrophages, migrating into the developing brain to complete differentiation. Here, we recapitulate microglial ontogeny by highly efficient differentiation of embryonic MYB-independent iPSC-derived macrophages then co-culture them with iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Co-cultures retain neuronal maturity and functionality for many weeks. Co-culture microglia express key microglia-specific markers and neurodegenerative disease-relevant genes, develop highly dynamic ramifications, and are phagocytic. Upon activation they become more ameboid, releasing multiple microglia-relevant cytokines. Importantly, co-culture microglia downregulate pathogen-response pathways, upregulate homeostatic function pathways, and promote a more anti-inflammatory and pro-remodeling cytokine response than corresponding monocultures, demonstrating that co-cultures are preferable for modeling authentic microglial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Francesca J Nicholls
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Schnell
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jack P Antel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - William S James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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24
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Nowak WN, Deng J, Ruan XZ, Xu Q. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e41-e52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold N. Nowak
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Xiong Z. Ruan
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
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Hoekstra M, Van Berkel TJ. Functionality of High-Density Lipoprotein as Antiatherosclerotic Therapeutic Target. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:e87-e94. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J.C. Van Berkel
- From the Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Genome-editing tools, which include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) systems, have emerged as an invaluable technology to achieve somatic and germline genomic manipulation in cells and model organisms for multiple applications, including the creation of knockout alleles, introducing desired mutations into genomic DNA, and inserting novel transgenes. Genome editing is being rapidly adopted into all fields of biomedical research, including the cardiovascular field, where it has facilitated a greater understanding of lipid metabolism, electrophysiology, cardiomyopathies, and other cardiovascular disorders, has helped to create a wider variety of cellular and animal models, and has opened the door to a new class of therapies. In this Review, we discuss the applications of genome-editing technology throughout cardiovascular disease research and the prospect of in vivo genome-editing therapies in the future. We also describe some of the existing limitations of genome-editing tools that will need to be addressed if cardiovascular genome editing is to achieve its full scientific and therapeutic potential.
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27
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Lin J, Hu Y, Nunez S, Foulkes AS, Cieply B, Xue C, Gerelus M, Li W, Zhang H, Rader DJ, Musunuru K, Li M, Reilly MP. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Reveals Modulation of Human Macrophage Inflammatory Phenotype Through Alternative Splicing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1434-47. [PMID: 27230130 PMCID: PMC4919157 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human macrophages can shift phenotype across the inflammatory M1 and reparative M2 spectrum in response to environmental challenges, but the mechanisms promoting inflammatory and cardiometabolic disease-associated M1 phenotypes remain incompletely understood. Alternative splicing (AS) is emerging as an important regulator of cellular function, yet its role in macrophage activation is largely unknown. We investigated the extent to which AS occurs in M1 activation within the cardiometabolic disease context and validated a functional genomic cell model for studying human macrophage-related AS events. APPROACH AND RESULTS From deep RNA-sequencing of resting, M1, and M2 primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, we found 3860 differentially expressed genes in M1 activation and detected 233 M1-induced AS events; the majority of AS events were cell- and M1-specific with enrichment for pathways relevant to macrophage inflammation. Using genetic variant data for 10 cardiometabolic traits, we identified 28 trait-associated variants within the genomic loci of 21 alternatively spliced genes and 15 variants within 7 differentially expressed regulatory splicing factors in M1 activation. Knockdown of 1 such splicing factor, CELF1, in primary human macrophages led to increased inflammatory response to M1 stimulation, demonstrating CELF1's potential modulation of the M1 phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophage system recapitulates M1-associated AS events and provides a high-fidelity macrophage AS model. CONCLUSIONS AS plays a role in defining macrophage phenotype in a cell- and stimulus-specific fashion. Alternatively spliced genes and splicing factors with trait-associated variants may reveal novel pathways and targets in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Lin
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.).
| | - Yu Hu
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Sara Nunez
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Andrea S Foulkes
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Benjamin Cieply
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Chenyi Xue
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Mark Gerelus
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Wenjun Li
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Mingyao Li
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (J.L.), Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Y.H., M.L.), Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine (B.C., K.M., D.J.R.), and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (M.G., W.L., K.M.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.X., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA (S.N., A.S.F.).
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Site-Specific Genome Engineering in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071000. [PMID: 27347935 PMCID: PMC4964376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers an unprecedented potential of applications in clinical therapy and medical research. Human iPSCs and their differentiated derivatives are tools for diseases modelling, drug discovery, safety pharmacology, and toxicology. Moreover, they allow for the engineering of bioartificial tissue and are promising candidates for cellular therapies. For many of these applications, the ability to genetically modify pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is indispensable, but efficient site-specific and safe technologies for genetic engineering of PSCs were developed only recently. By now, customized engineered nucleases provide excellent tools for targeted genome editing, opening new perspectives for biomedical research and cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Smith
- From the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH
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