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Zhu Z, Luo Y, Liao H, Guo R, Hao D, Lu Z, Huang M, Sun C, Yao J, Wei N, Zeng K, Tu P, Zhang G. Icaritin Sensitizes Thrombin- and TxA2-Induced Platelet Activation and Promotes Hemostasis via Enhancing PLCγ2-PKC Signaling Pathways. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:753-769. [PMID: 38224965 DOI: 10.1055/a-2245-8457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular injury results in uncontrollable hemorrhage in hemorrhagic diseases and excessive antithrombotic therapy. Safe and efficient hemostatic agents which can be orally administered are urgently needed. Platelets play indispensable roles in hemostasis, but there is no drug exerting hemostatic effects through enhancing platelet function. METHODS The regulatory effects of icaritin, a natural compound isolated from Herba Epimedii, on the dense granule release, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) synthesis, α-granule release, activation of integrin αIIbβ3, and aggregation of platelets induced by multiple agonists were investigated. The effects of icaritin on tail vein bleeding times of warfarin-treated mice were also evaluated. Furthermore, we investigated the underlying mechanisms by which icaritin exerted its pharmacological effects. RESULTS Icaritin alone did not activate platelets, but significantly potentiated the dense granule release, α-granule release, activation of integrin αIIbβ3, and aggregation of platelets induced by thrombin and U46619. Icaritin also shortened tail vein bleeding times of mice treated with warfarin. In addition, phosphorylated proteome analysis, immunoblotting analysis, and pharmacological research revealed that icaritin sensitized the activation of phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways, which play important roles in platelet activation. CONCLUSION Icaritin can sensitize platelet activation induced by thrombin and TxA2 through enhancing the activation of PLCγ2-PKC signaling pathways and promote hemostasis, and has potential to be developed into a novel orally deliverable therapeutic agent for hemorrhages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanggan Luo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjing Liao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Doudou Hao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Lu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Manjing Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Linyi City, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Liu H, Welburn JPI. A circle of life: platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeleton dynamics in health and disease. Open Biol 2024; 14:240041. [PMID: 38835242 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are blood cells derived from megakaryocytes that play a central role in regulating haemostasis and vascular integrity. The microtubule cytoskeleton of megakaryocytes undergoes a critical dynamic reorganization during cycles of endomitosis and platelet biogenesis. Quiescent platelets have a discoid shape maintained by a marginal band composed of microtubule bundles, which undergoes remarkable remodelling during platelet activation, driving shape change and platelet function. Disrupting or enhancing this process can cause platelet dysfunction such as bleeding disorders or thrombosis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the reorganization of the cytoskeleton in the platelet lineage. Recent studies indicate that the emergence of a unique platelet tubulin code and specific pathogenic tubulin mutations cause platelet defects and bleeding disorders. Frequently, these mutations exhibit dominant negative effects, offering valuable insights into both platelet disease mechanisms and the functioning of tubulins. This review will highlight our current understanding of the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the life and death of platelets, along with its relevance to platelet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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3
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Wang L, Bu T, Wu X, Li L, Sun F, Cheng CY. Motor proteins, spermatogenesis and testis function. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 141:381-445. [PMID: 38960481 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The role of motor proteins in supporting intracellular transports of vesicles and organelles in mammalian cells has been known for decades. On the other hand, the function of motor proteins that support spermatogenesis is also well established since the deletion of motor protein genes leads to subfertility and/or infertility. Furthermore, mutations and genetic variations of motor protein genes affect fertility in men, but also a wide range of developmental defects in humans including multiple organs besides the testis. In this review, we seek to provide a summary of microtubule and actin-dependent motor proteins based on earlier and recent findings in the field. Since these two cytoskeletons are polarized structures, different motor proteins are being used to transport cargoes to different ends of these cytoskeletons. However, their involvement in germ cell transport across the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules remains relatively unknown. It is based on recent findings in the field, we have provided a hypothetical model by which motor proteins are being used to support germ cell transport across the BTB and the seminiferous epithelium during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis. In our discussion, we have highlighted the areas of research that deserve attention to bridge the gap of research in relating the function of motor proteins to spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tiao Bu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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4
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Shang Y, Wang X, Su S, Ji F, Shao D, Duan C, Chen T, Liang C, Zhang D, Lu H. Identifying of immune-associated genes for assessing the obesity-associated risk to the offspring in maternal obesity: A bioinformatics and machine learning. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14700. [PMID: 38544384 PMCID: PMC10973700 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity predisposes offspring to develop obesity later in life. Immune dysregulation in the hypothalamus, the brain center governing energy homeostasis, is pivotal in obesity development. This study aimed to identify key candidate genes associated with the risk of offspring obesity in maternal obesity. METHODS We obtained obesity-related datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GSE135830 comprises gene expression data from the hypothalamus of mouse offspring in a maternal obesity model induced by a high-fat diet model (maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) group and maternal chow (mChow) group), while GSE127056 consists of hypothalamus microarray data from young adult mice with obesity (high-fat diet (HFD) and Chow groups). We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and module genes using Limma and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), conducted functional enrichment analysis, and employed a machine learning algorithm (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression) to pinpoint candidate hub genes for diagnosing obesity-associated risk in offspring of maternal obesity. We constructed a nomogram receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the diagnostic value. Additionally, we analyzed immune cell infiltration to investigate immune cell dysregulation in maternal obesity. Furthermore, we verified the expression of the candidate hub genes both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The GSE135830 dataset revealed 2868 DEGs between the mHFD offspring and the mChow group and 2627 WGCNA module genes related to maternal obesity. The overlap of DEGs and module genes in the offspring with maternal obesity in GSE135830 primarily enriched in neurodevelopment and immune regulation. In the GSE127056 dataset, 133 DEGs were identified in the hypothalamus of HFD-induced adult obese individuals. A total of 13 genes intersected between the GSE127056 adult obesity DEGs and the GSE135830 maternal obesity module genes that were primarily enriched in neurodevelopment and the immune response. Following machine learning, two candidate hub genes were chosen for nomogram construction. Diagnostic value evaluation by ROC analysis determined Sytl4 and Kncn2 as hub genes for maternal obesity in the offspring. A gene regulatory network with transcription factor-miRNA interactions was established. Dysregulated immune cells were observed in the hypothalamus of offspring with maternal obesity. Expression of Sytl4 and Kncn2 was validated in a mouse model of hypothalamic inflammation and a palmitic acid-stimulated microglial inflammation model. CONCLUSION Two candidate hub genes (Sytl4 and Kcnc2) were identified and a nomogram was developed to predict obesity risk in offspring with maternal obesity. These findings offer potential diagnostic candidate genes for identifying obesity-associated risks in the offspring of obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Shang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Sixuan Su
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical CollegeNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Ji
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Donghai Shao
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Chengwei Duan
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Tianpeng Chen
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Caixia Liang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Nantong Clinical Medical College of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNantongChina
- Nantong Municipal Key Laboratory of Metabolic Immunology and Disease MicroenvironmentNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical CollegeNantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory) Cultivation Unit, Medical Research CenterNantong First People's HospitalNantongChina
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 2Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Tilburg J, Becker IC, Italiano JE. Don't you forget about me(gakaryocytes). Blood 2022; 139:3245-3254. [PMID: 34582554 PMCID: PMC9164737 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets (small, anucleate cell fragments) derive from large precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), that reside in the bone marrow. MKs emerge from hematopoietic stem cells in a complex differentiation process that involves cytoplasmic maturation, including the formation of the demarcation membrane system, and polyploidization. The main function of MKs is the generation of platelets, which predominantly occurs through the release of long, microtubule-rich proplatelets into vessel sinusoids. However, the idea of a 1-dimensional role of MKs as platelet precursors is currently being questioned because of advances in high-resolution microscopy and single-cell omics. On the one hand, recent findings suggest that proplatelet formation from bone marrow-derived MKs is not the only mechanism of platelet production, but that it may also occur through budding of the plasma membrane and in distant organs such as lung or liver. On the other hand, novel evidence suggests that MKs not only maintain physiological platelet levels but further contribute to bone marrow homeostasis through the release of extracellular vesicles or cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β1 or platelet factor 4. The notion of multitasking MKs was reinforced in recent studies by using single-cell RNA sequencing approaches on MKs derived from adult and fetal bone marrow and lungs, leading to the identification of different MK subsets that appeared to exhibit immunomodulatory or secretory roles. In the following article, novel insights into the mechanisms leading to proplatelet formation in vitro and in vivo will be reviewed and the hypothesis of MKs as immunoregulatory cells will be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tilburg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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6
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Kimmerlin Q, Strassel C, Eckly A, Lanza F. The tubulin code in platelet biogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:63-73. [PMID: 35148939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood platelets are small non-nucleated cellular fragments that prevent and stop hemorrhages. They are produced in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes through megakaryopoiesis. This intricate process involves profound microtubule rearrangements culminating in the formation of a unique circular sub-membranous microtubule array, the marginal band, which supports the typical disc-shaped morphology of platelets. Mechanistically, these processes are thought to be controlled by a specific tubulin code. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the key isotypes, notably β1-, α4A- and α8-tubulin, and putative post-translational modifications, involved in platelet and marginal band formation. Additionally, we provide a provisional list of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) involved in these processes and a survey of tubulin variants identified in patients presenting defective platelet production. A comprehensive characterization of the platelet tubulin code and the identification of essential MAPs may be expected in the near future to shed new light on a very specialized microtubule assembly process with applications in platelet diseases and transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Kimmerlin
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Catherine Strassel
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - François Lanza
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Izumi T. In vivo Roles of Rab27 and Its Effectors in Exocytosis. Cell Struct Funct 2021; 46:79-94. [PMID: 34483204 PMCID: PMC10511049 DOI: 10.1247/csf.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomeric GTPase Rab27 regulates exocytosis of a broad range of vesicles in multicellular organisms. Several effectors bind GTP-bound Rab27a and/or Rab27b on secretory vesicles to execute a series of exocytic steps, such as vesicle maturation, movement along microtubules, anchoring within the peripheral F-actin network, and tethering to the plasma membrane, via interactions with specific proteins and membrane lipids in a local milieu. Although Rab27 effectors generally promote exocytosis, they can also temporarily restrict it when they are involved in the rate-limiting step. Genetic alterations in Rab27-related molecules cause discrete diseases manifesting pigment dilution and immunodeficiency, and can also affect common diseases such as diabetes and cancer in complex ways. Although the function and mechanism of action of these effectors have been explored, it is unclear how multiple effectors act in coordination within a cell to regulate the secretory process as a whole. It seems that Rab27 and various effectors constitutively reside on individual vesicles to perform consecutive exocytic steps. The present review describes the unique properties and in vivo roles of the Rab27 system, and the functional relationship among different effectors coexpressed in single cells, with pancreatic beta cells used as an example.Key words: membrane trafficking, regulated exocytosis, insulin granules, pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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8
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Khan AO, Slater A, Maclachlan A, Nicolson PLR, Pike JA, Reyat JS, Yule J, Stapley R, Rayes J, Thomas SG, Morgan NV. Post-translational polymodification of β1-tubulin regulates motor protein localisation in platelet production and function. Haematologica 2020; 107:243-259. [PMID: 33327716 PMCID: PMC8719104 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.270793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In specialized cells, the expression of specific tubulin isoforms and their subsequent post-translational modifications drive and coordinate unique morphologies and behaviors. The mechanisms by which b1-tubulin, the platelet and megakaryocyte (MK) lineage restricted tubulin isoform, drives platelet production and function remains poorly understood. We investigated the roles of two key post-translational tubulin polymodifications (polyglutamylation and polyglycylation) on these processes using a cohort of thrombocytopenic patients, human induced pluripotent stem cell derived MK, and healthy human donor platelets. We find distinct patterns of polymodification in MK and platelets, mediated by the antagonistic activities of the cell specific expression of tubulin tyrosine ligase like enzymes and cytosolic carboxypeptidase enzymes. The resulting microtubule patterning spatially regulates motor proteins to drive proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes, and the cytoskeletal reorganization required for thrombus formation. This work is the first to show a reversible system of polymodification by which different cell specific functions are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT.
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Annabel Maclachlan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Phillip L R Nicolson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT; Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands
| | - Jasmeet S Reyat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Jack Yule
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands
| | - Rachel Stapley
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT; Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT.
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9
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Li Y, Li R, Feng Z, Wan Q, Wu J. Linagliptin Regulates the Mitochondrial Respiratory Reserve to Alter Platelet Activation and Arterial Thrombosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585612. [PMID: 33328991 PMCID: PMC7734318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) potentiates incretin action, and DPP-4 is a drug target for type 2 diabetes and reducing cardiovascular risk. However, little is known about the non-enteroendocrine pathways by which DPP-4 might contribute to ischaemic cardiovascular events. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of DPP-4 can inhibit platelet activation and arterial thrombosis by preventing platelet mitochondrial dysfunction and release. The effects of pharmacological DPP-4 inhibition on carotid artery thrombosis, platelet aggregation, and platelet mitochondrial respiration signaling pathways were studied in mice. Results: Platelet-dependent arterial thrombosis was significantly delayed in mice treated with high dose of linagliptin, a potent DPP-4 inhibitor, and fed normal chow diet compared to vehicle-treated mice. Thrombin induced DPP-4 expression and activity, and platelets pretreated with linagliptin exhibited reduced thrombin-induced aggregation. Linagliptin blocked phosphodiesterase activity and contrained cyclic AMP reduction when thrombin stimulates platelets. Linagliptin increases the inhibition of platelet aggregation by nitric oxide. The bioenergetics profile revealed that platelets pretreated with linagliptin exhibited decreased oxygen consumption rates in response to thrombin. In transmission electron microscopy, platelets pretreated with linagliptin showed markedly reversed morphological changes in thrombin-activated platelets, including the secretion of α-granules and fewer mitochondria. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings identify distinct roles for DPP-4 in platelet function and arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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10
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Liu XY, Jiang W, Ma D, Ge LP, Yang YS, Gou ZC, Xu XE, Shao ZM, Jiang YZ. SYTL4 downregulates microtubule stability and confers paclitaxel resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10940-10956. [PMID: 33042263 PMCID: PMC7532662 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Taxanes are frontline chemotherapeutic drugs for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, chemoresistance reduces their effectiveness. We hypothesized that the molecular profiling of tumor samples before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) would help identify genes associated with drug resistance. Methods: We sequenced 10 samples by RNA-seq from 8 NAC patients with TNBC: 3 patients with a pathologic complete response (pCR) and the other 5 with non-pCR. Differentially expressed genes that predicted chemotherapy response were selected for in vitro functional screening via a small-scale siRNAs pool. The clinical and functional significance of the gene of interest in TNBC was further investigated in vitro and in vivo, and biochemical assays and imaging analysis were applied to study the mechanisms. Results: Synaptotagmin-like 4 (SYTL4), a Rab effector in vesicle transport, was identified as a leading functional candidate. High SYTL4 expression indicated a poor prognosis in multiple TNBC cohorts, specifically in taxane-treated TNBCs. SYTL4 was identified as a novel chemoresistant gene as validated in TNBC cells, a mouse model and patient-derived organoids. Mechanistically, downregulating SYTL4 stabilized the microtubule network and slowed down microtubule growth rate. Furthermore, SYTL4 colocalized with microtubules and interacted with microtubules through its middle region containing the linker and C2A domain. Finally, we found that SYTL4 was able to bind microtubules and inhibit the in vitro microtubule polymerization. Conclusion: SYTL4 is a novel chemoresistant gene in TNBC and its upregulation indicates poor prognosis in taxane-treated TNBC. Further, SYTL4 directly binds microtubules and decreases microtubule stability.
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11
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Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082380. [PMID: 32722531 PMCID: PMC7463834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.
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12
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Li X, Sim MMS, Wood JP. Recent Insights Into the Regulation of Coagulation and Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e119-e125. [PMID: 32320291 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (X.L., J.P.W.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Martha M S Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (M.M.S.S., J.P.W.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jeremy P Wood
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (X.L., J.P.W.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (M.M.S.S., J.P.W.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.P.W.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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13
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Belabed M, Mauvais FX, Maschalidi S, Kurowska M, Goudin N, Huang JD, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G, van Endert P, Sepulveda FE, Ménasché G. Kinesin-1 regulates antigen cross-presentation through the scission of tubulations from early endosomes in dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1817. [PMID: 32286311 PMCID: PMC7156633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a specialized population of immune cells that present exogenous antigen (Ag) on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to initiate CD8 + T cell responses against pathogens and tumours. Although cross-presentation depends critically on the trafficking of Ag-containing intracellular vesicular compartments, the molecular machinery that regulates vesicular transport is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking Kif5b (the heavy chain of kinesin-1) in their DCs exhibit a major impairment in cross-presentation and thus a poor in vivo anti-tumour response. We find that kinesin-1 critically regulates antigen cross-presentation in DCs, by controlling Ag degradation, the endosomal pH, and MHC-I recycling. Mechanistically, kinesin-1 appears to regulate early endosome maturation by allowing the scission of endosomal tubulations. Our results highlight kinesin-1’s role as a molecular checkpoint that modulates the balance between antigen degradation and cross-presentation. Kinesin-1 is a motor protein transporting cargo along microtubules. Here the authors show that kinesin-1 is required for antigen cross-presentation and coordinates endosome scission from early endosomes to allow sorting internalized cargoes towards the recycling endosomal or lysosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Belabed
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Mauvais
- Université de Paris, INSERM, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades; Université de Paris; CNRS, UMR8253, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Maschalidi
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Kurowska
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Cell Imaging Facility, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alain Fischer
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Necker Children's Hospital, AP-HP, F-75015, Paris, France.,Collège de France, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Université de Paris, INSERM, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades; Université de Paris; CNRS, UMR8253, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Fernando E Sepulveda
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Ménasché
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular basis of altered immune homeostasis, INSERM UMR1163, F-75015, Paris, France.
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14
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Satoh K, Satoh T, Yaoita N, Shimokawa H. Recent Advances in the Understanding of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:e159-e165. [PMID: 31116608 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yaoita
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Platelets - blood cells continuously produced from megakaryocytes mainly in the bone marrow - are implicated not only in haemostasis and arterial thrombosis, but also in other physiological and pathophysiological processes. This Review describes current evidence for the heterogeneity in platelet structure, age, and activation properties, with consequences for a diversity of platelet functions. Signalling processes of platelet populations involved in thrombus formation with ongoing coagulation are well understood. Genetic approaches have provided information on multiple genes related to normal haemostasis, such as those encoding receptors and signalling or secretory proteins, that determine platelet count and/or responsiveness. As highly responsive and secretory cells, platelets can alter the environment through the release of growth factors, chemokines, coagulant factors, RNA species, and extracellular vesicles. Conversely, platelets will also adapt to their environment. In disease states, platelets can be positively primed to reach a pre-activated condition. At the inflamed vessel wall, platelets interact with leukocytes and the coagulation system, interactions mediating thromboinflammation. With current antiplatelet therapies invariably causing bleeding as an undesired adverse effect, novel therapies can be more beneficial if directed against specific platelet responses, populations, interactions, or priming conditions. On the basis of these novel concepts and processes, we discuss several initiatives to target platelets therapeutically.
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16
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Annual Report on Sex in Preclinical Studies: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Publications in 2018. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:e1-e9. [PMID: 31869272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Departments of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.)
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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17
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Palasubramaniam J, Wang X, Peter K. Myocardial Infarction-From Atherosclerosis to Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:e176-e185. [PMID: 31339782 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jathushan Palasubramaniam
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., K.P.)
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., K.P.)
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18
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Cuenca-Zamora EJ, Ferrer-Marín F, Rivera J, Teruel-Montoya R. Tubulin in Platelets: When the Shape Matters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3484. [PMID: 31315202 PMCID: PMC6678703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anuclear cells with a short lifespan that play an essential role in many pathophysiological processes, including haemostasis, inflammation, infection, vascular integrity, and metastasis. Billions of platelets are produced daily from megakaryocytes (platelet precursors). Despite this high production, the number of circulating platelets is stable and, under resting conditions, they maintain their typical discoid shape thanks to cytoskeleton proteins. The activation of platelets is associated with dynamic and rapid changes in the cytoskeleton. Two cytoskeletal polymer systems exist in megakaryocytes and platelets: actin filaments and microtubules, based on actin, and α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, respectively. Herein, we will focus on platelet-specific tubulins and their alterations and role of the microtubules skeleton in platelet formation (thrombopoiesis). During this process, microtubules mediate elongation of the megakaryocyte extensions (proplatelet) and granule trafficking from megakaryocytes to nascent platelets. In platelets, microtubules form a subcortical ring, the so-called marginal band, which confers the typical platelet discoid shape and is also responsible for changes in platelet morphology upon activation. Molecular alterations in the gene encoding β1 tubulin and microtubules post-translational modifications may result in quantitative or qualitative changes in tubulin, leading to altered cytoskeleton reorganization that may induce changes in the platelet number (thrombocytopenia), morphology or function. Consequently, β1-tubulin modifications may participate in pathological and physiological processes, such as development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto José Cuenca-Zamora
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, Red CIBERER CB15/00055, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisca Ferrer-Marín
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, Red CIBERER CB15/00055, 30003 Murcia, Spain.
- Grado de Medicina, Universidad Católica San Antonio (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Rivera
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, Red CIBERER CB15/00055, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Teruel-Montoya
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, Red CIBERER CB15/00055, 30003 Murcia, Spain
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