1
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Chambers KL, Myerscough MR, Watson MG, Byrne HM. Blood Lipoproteins Shape the Phenotype and Lipid Content of Early Atherosclerotic Lesion Macrophages: A Dual-Structured Mathematical Model. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:112. [PMID: 39093509 PMCID: PMC11297092 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions exhibit a spectrum of behaviours or phenotypes. The phenotypic distribution of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), its correlation with MDM lipid content, and relation to blood lipoprotein densities are not well understood. Of particular interest is the balance between low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), which carry bad and good cholesterol respectively. To address these issues, we have developed a mathematical model for early atherosclerosis in which the MDM population is structured by phenotype and lipid content. The model admits a simpler, closed subsystem whose analysis shows how lesion composition becomes more pathological as the blood density of LDL increases relative to the HDL capacity. We use asymptotic analysis to derive a power-law relationship between MDM phenotype and lipid content at steady-state. This relationship enables us to understand why, for example, lipid-laden MDMs have a more inflammatory phenotype than lipid-poor MDMs when blood LDL lipid density greatly exceeds HDL capacity. We show further that the MDM phenotype distribution always attains a local maximum, while the lipid content distribution may be unimodal, adopt a quasi-uniform profile or decrease monotonically. Pathological lesions exhibit a local maximum in both the phenotype and lipid content MDM distributions, with the maximum at an inflammatory phenotype and near the lipid content capacity respectively. These results illustrate how macrophage heterogeneity arises in early atherosclerosis and provide a framework for future model validation through comparison with single-cell RNA sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Chambers
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Mary R Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Carslaw Building, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael G Watson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Anita B. Lawrence Centre, University Mall, UNSW, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX2 6GG, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7DQ, UK
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2
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Ahmed IU, Myerscough MR. HDL and plaque regression in a multiphase model of early atherosclerosis. Math Biosci 2024; 373:109208. [PMID: 38759951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arteries characterised by the accumulation of lipids and lipid-engorged cells in the artery wall. Early plaque growth is aggravated by the deposition of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the wall and the subsequent immune response. High density lipoproteins (HDL) counterbalance the effects of LDL by accepting cholesterol from macrophages and removing it from the plaque. In this paper, we develop a free boundary multiphase model to investigate the effects of LDL and HDL on early plaque development. We examine how the rates of LDL and HDL deposition affect cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, and how this impacts cell death rates and emigration. We identify a region of LDL-HDL parameter space where plaque growth stabilises for low LDL and high HDL influxes, due to macrophage emigration and HDL clearance that counterbalances the influx of new cells and cholesterol. We explore how the efferocytic uptake of dead cells and the recruitment of new macrophages affect plaque development for a range of LDL and HDL influxes. Finally, we consider how changes in the LDL-HDL profile can change the course of plaque development. We show that changes towards lower LDL and higher HDL can slow plaque growth and even induce regression. We find that these changes have less effect on larger, more established plaques, and that temporary changes will only slow plaque growth in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishraq U Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Mary R Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Australia
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3
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Alomair BM, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alshammari MA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid Res 2024; 17:13. [PMID: 38880884 PMCID: PMC11181570 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-024-00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary hypothyroidism (PHT) is associated with an increased risk for the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and other cardiovascular disorders. PHT induces atherosclerosis (AS) through the induction of endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance (IR). PHT promotes vasoconstriction and the development of hypertension. However, patients with subclinical PHT with normal thyroid hormones (THs) are also at risk for cardiovascular complications. In subclinical PHT, increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels could be one of the causative factors intricate in the progression of cardiovascular complications including AS. Nevertheless, the mechanistic role of PHT in AS has not been fully clarified in relation to increased TSH. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the association between increased TSH and AS, and how increased TSH may be involved in the pathogenesis of AS. In addition, we also discuss how L-thyroxine treatment affects the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Mohammed Alomair
- Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakakah, 04631, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majed Ayed Alshammari
- Department of Medicine, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Al Jouf-Sakkaka, 42421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Vienna, 1030, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770, NSW, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, Wuppertal, 42283, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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4
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Liu S, Zhang B, Zhou J, Lv J, Zhang J, Li X, Yang W, Guo Y. Inhibition of differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages toward an M2-Like phenotype May Be a neglected mechanism of β-AR receptor blocker therapy for atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378787. [PMID: 38903990 PMCID: PMC11188457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of adrenergic β-receptor (β-AR) blockers in significantly stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques has been extensively supported by evidence-based medical research; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent findings have highlighted the impact of lipid-induced aberrant polarization of macrophages during normal inflammatory-repair and regenerative processes on atherosclerosis formation and progression. In this review, we explore the relationship between macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis, as well as the influence of β-AR blockers on macrophage polarization. Based on the robust evidence supporting the use of β-AR blockers for treating atherosclerosis, we propose that their main mechanism involves inhibiting monocyte-derived macrophage differentiation towards an M2-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingqun Zhou
- Affiliated Renhe Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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5
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Wang Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhen X, Tao S, Dou J, Li P, Jiang G. Perivascular fat tissue and vascular aging: A sword and a shield. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107140. [PMID: 38513826 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of the function of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in vascular aging has significantly changed due to the increasing amount of information regarding its biology. Adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of vascular disorders. It has significant endocrine and paracrine effects on the vasculature and is mediated by the production of a variety of bioactive chemicals. It also participates in a number of pathological regulatory processes, including oxidative stress, immunological inflammation, lipid metabolism, vasoconstriction, and dilation. Mechanisms of homeostasis and interactions between cells at the local level tightly regulate the function and secretory repertoire of PVAT, which can become dysregulated during vascular aging. The PVAT secretion group changes from being reducing inflammation and lowering cholesterol to increasing inflammation and increasing cholesterol in response to systemic or local inflammation and insulin resistance. In addition, the interaction between the PVAT and the vasculature is reciprocal, and the biological processes of PVAT are directly influenced by the pertinent indicators of vascular aging. The architectural and biological traits of PVAT, the molecular mechanism of crosstalk between PVAT and vascular aging, and the clinical correlation of vascular age-related disorders are all summarized in this review. In addition, this paper aims to elucidate and evaluate the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting PVAT in the context of mitigating vascular aging. Furthermore, it will discuss the latest advancements in technology used for targeting PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianmin Wang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianjie Zhen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siyu Tao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinfang Dou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Li
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - Guangjian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang 830011, China.
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6
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Patterson MT, Firulyova MM, Xu Y, Hillman H, Bishop C, Zhu A, Hickok GH, Schrank PR, Ronayne CE, Caillot Z, Fredrickson G, Kennedy AE, Acharya N, Neels JG, Chinetti G, Revelo X, Stromnes IM, Ivanov S, Bold TD, Zaitsev K, Williams JW. Trem2 promotes foamy macrophage lipid uptake and survival in atherosclerosis. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:1015-1031. [PMID: 38646596 PMCID: PMC11031198 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is driven by the expansion of cholesterol-loaded 'foamy' macrophages in the arterial intima. Factors regulating foamy macrophage differentiation and survival in plaque remain poorly understood. Here we show, using trajectory analysis of integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data and a genome-wide CRISPR screen, that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is associated with foamy macrophage specification. Loss of Trem2 led to a reduced ability of foamy macrophages to take up oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Myeloid-specific deletion of Trem2 showed an attenuation of plaque progression, even when targeted in established atherosclerotic lesions, and was independent of changes in circulating cytokines, monocyte recruitment or cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, we link Trem2-deficient macrophages with a failure to upregulate cholesterol efflux molecules, resulting in impaired proliferation and survival. Overall, we identify Trem2 as a regulator of foamy macrophage differentiation and atherosclerotic plaque growth and as a putative therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Patterson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Maria M. Firulyova
- ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yingzheng Xu
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Hannah Hillman
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Courtney Bishop
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Alisha Zhu
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Grant H. Hickok
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Patricia R. Schrank
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Christine E. Ronayne
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ainsley E. Kennedy
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Nisha Acharya
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | | | - Xavier Revelo
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Tyler D. Bold
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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7
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Ji W, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Li C, Kankala RK, Chen A. Nature-inspired nanocarriers for improving drug therapy of atherosclerosis. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad069. [PMID: 37641591 PMCID: PMC10460486 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) has emerged as one of the prevalent arterial vascular diseases characterized by plaque and inflammation, primarily causing disability and mortality globally. Drug therapy remains the main treatment for AS. However, a series of obstacles hinder effective drug delivery. Nature, from natural micro-/nano-structural biological particles like natural cells and extracellular vesicles to the distinctions between the normal and pathological microenvironment, offers compelling solutions for efficient drug delivery. Nature-inspired nanocarriers of synthetic stimulus-responsive materials and natural components, such as lipids, proteins and membrane structures, have emerged as promising candidates for fulfilling drug delivery needs. These nanocarriers offer several advantages, including prolonged blood circulation, targeted plaque delivery, targeted specific cells delivery and controlled drug release at the action site. In this review, we discuss the nature-inspired nanocarriers which leverage the natural properties of cells or the microenvironment to improve atherosclerotic drug therapy. Finally, we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of applying these innovative nature-inspired nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Ji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- The Institute of Forensic Science, Xiamen Public Security Bureau, Xiamen, Fujian 361104, PR China
| | - Yuanru Deng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Changyong Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
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8
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Li J, Xu J, Zhang W, Li P, Zhang W, Wang H, Tang B. Detection and Imaging of Active Substances in Early Atherosclerotic Lesions Using Fluorescent Probes. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300105. [PMID: 36898970 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a vascular disease caused by chronic inflammation and lipids that is the main cause of myocardial infarction, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is often difficult to detect in its early stages due to the absence of clinically significant vascular stenosis. This is not conducive to early intervention or treatment of the disease. Over the past decade, researchers have developed various imaging methods for the detection and imaging of atherosclerosis. At the same time, more and more biomarkers are being found that can be used as targets for detecting atherosclerosis. Therefore, the development of a variety of imaging methods and a variety of targeted imaging probes is an important project to achieve early assessment and treatment of atherosclerosis. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the optical probes used to detect and target atherosclerosis imaging in recent years, and describes the current challenges and future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jiheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for, Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
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9
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Ahmed IU, Byrne HM, Myerscough MR. Macrophage Anti-inflammatory Behaviour in a Multiphase Model of Atherosclerotic Plaque Development. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:37. [PMID: 36991234 PMCID: PMC10060284 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterised by the formation of plaques, which are deposits of lipids and cholesterol-laden macrophages that form in the artery wall. The inflammation is often non-resolving, due in large part to changes in normal macrophage anti-inflammatory behaviour that are induced by the toxic plaque microenvironment. These changes include higher death rates, defective efferocytic uptake of dead cells, and reduced rates of emigration. We develop a free boundary multiphase model for early atherosclerotic plaques, and we use it to investigate the effects of impaired macrophage anti-inflammatory behaviour on plaque structure and growth. We find that high rates of cell death relative to efferocytic uptake results in a plaque populated mostly by dead cells. We also find that emigration can potentially slow or halt plaque growth by allowing material to exit the plaque, but this is contingent on the availability of live macrophage foam cells in the deep plaque. Finally, we introduce an additional bead species to model macrophage tagging via microspheres, and we use the extended model to explore how high rates of cell death and low rates of efferocytosis and emigration prevent the clearance of macrophages from the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishraq U Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary R Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Park MD, Silvin A, Ginhoux F, Merad M. Macrophages in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:4259-4279. [PMID: 36368305 PMCID: PMC9908006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages, in health and in disease, has become increasingly transparent over the last decade. But with the plethora of data comes a natural need for organization and the design of a conceptual framework for how we can better understand the origins and functions of different macrophages. We propose that the ontogeny of a macrophage-beyond its fundamental derivation as either embryonically or bone marrow-derived, but rather inclusive of the course of its differentiation, amidst steady-state cues, disease-associated signals, and time-constitutes a critical piece of information about its contribution to homeostasis or the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Park
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore.
| | - Miriam Merad
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Gao C, Liu C, Chen Q, Wang Y, Kwong CHT, Wang Q, Xie B, Lee SMY, Wang R. Cyclodextrin-mediated conjugation of macrophage and liposomes for treatment of atherosclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 349:2-15. [PMID: 35779655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments of atherosclerosis often target either cholesterol management or inflammation management, to inhibit atherosclerotic progression, but cannot lead to direct plaque lysis and atherosclerotic regression, partly due to the poor accumulation of medicine in the atherosclerotic plaques. Due to enhanced macrophage recruitment during atheromatous plaque progression, a facilely macrophage-liposome conjugate was constructed for targeted anti-atherosclerosis therapy via synergistic plaque lysis and inflammation alleviation. Endogenous macrophage is utilized as drug-transporting cell, upon membrane-modification with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative to form β-CD decorated macrophage (CD-MP). Adamantane (ADA) modified quercetin (QT)-loaded liposome (QT-NP), can be conjugated to CD-MP via host-guest interactions between β-CD and ADA to construct macrophage-liposome conjugate (MP-QT-NP). Thus, macrophage carries liposome "hand-in-hand" to significantly increase the accumulation of anchored QT-NP in the aorta plaque in response to the plaque inflammation. In addition to anti-inflammation effects of QT, MP-QT-NP efficiently regresses atherosclerotic plaques from both murine aorta and human carotid arteries via CD-MP mediated cholesterol efflux, due to the binding of cholesterol by excess membrane β-CD. Transcriptome analysis of atherosclerotic murine aorta and human carotid tissues reveal that MP-QT-NP may activate NRF2 pathway to inhibit plaque inflammation, and simultaneously upregulate liver X receptor to promote cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheryl H T Kwong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Beibei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
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12
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von Ehr A, Bode C, Hilgendorf I. Macrophages in Atheromatous Plaque Developmental Stages. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:865367. [PMID: 35548412 PMCID: PMC9081876 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.865367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathomechanism leading to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. There is consensus that atherosclerosis is not only a metabolic disorder but rather a chronic inflammatory disease influenced by various immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Macrophages constitute the largest population of inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic lesions. They play a critical role in all stages of atherogenesis. The heterogenous macrophage population can be subdivided on the basis of their origins into resident, yolk sac and fetal liver monocyte-derived macrophages and postnatal monocyte-derived, recruited macrophages. Recent transcriptomic analyses revealed that the major macrophage populations in atherosclerosis include resident, inflammatory and foamy macrophages, representing a more functional classification. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the trafficking, fate, and functional aspects of the different macrophage populations in the "life cycle" of an atheromatous plaque. Understanding the chronic inflammatory state in atherosclerotic lesions is an important basis for developing new therapeutic approaches to abolish lesion growth and promote plaque regression in addition to general cholesterol lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Ehr
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Survey of Approaches for Investigation of Atherosclerosis In Vivo. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:57-72. [PMID: 35237958 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although in vitro model systems are useful for investigation of atherosclerosis-associated processes, they represent simplification of complex events that occur in vivo, which involve interactions between many different cell types together with their environment. The use of animal model systems is important for more in-depth insights of the molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and for identifying potential targets for agents that can prevent plaque formation and even reverse existing disease. This chapter will provide a survey of such animal models and associated techniques that are routinely used for research of atherosclerosis in vivo.
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14
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Functional Phenotypes of Intraplaque Macrophages and Their Distinct Roles in Atherosclerosis Development and Atheroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020452. [PMID: 35203661 PMCID: PMC8962399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the key inflammatory cell type involved in all stages of atherosclerosis development and progression, as demonstrated by numerous studies. Correspondingly, macrophages are currently regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the development of new treatment approaches. The macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, as these cells can switch between a number of distinct functional states with pro- and anti-atherogenic activity in response to various stimuli. An atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment defined by cytokine levels, cell-to-cell interactions, lipid accumulation, hypoxia, neoangiogenesis, and intraplaque haemorrhage may guide local macrophage polarization processes within the lesion. In this review, we discuss known functional phenotypes of intraplaque macrophages and their distinct contribution to ahteroinflammation.
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15
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Snarski P, Sukhanov S, Yoshida T, Higashi Y, Danchuk S, Chandrasekar B, Tian D, Rivera-Lopez V, Delafontaine P. Macrophage-Specific IGF-1 Overexpression Reduces CXCL12 Chemokine Levels and Suppresses Atherosclerotic Burden in Apoe-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:113-126. [PMID: 34852642 PMCID: PMC8792341 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) exerts pleiotropic effects including promotion of cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and anabolism. We have shown that systemic IGF-1 administration reduced atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- (apolipoprotein E deficient) mice, and this effect was associated with a reduction in lesional macrophages and a decreased number of foam cells in the plaque. Almost all cell types secrete IGF-1, but the effect of macrophage-derived IGF-1 on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is poorly understood. We hypothesized that macrophage-derived IGF-1 will reduce atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: We created macrophage-specific IGF-1 overexpressing mice on an Apoe-/- background. Macrophage-specific IGF-1 overexpression reduced plaque macrophages, foam cells, and atherosclerotic burden and promoted features of stable atherosclerotic plaque. Macrophage-specific IGF1 mice had a reduction in monocyte infiltration into plaque, decreased expression of CXCL12 (CXC chemokine ligand 12), and upregulation of ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter 1), a cholesterol efflux regulator, in atherosclerotic plaque and in peritoneal macrophages. IGF-1 prevented oxidized lipid-induced CXCL12 upregulation and foam cell formation in cultured THP-1 macrophages and increased lipid efflux. We also found an increase in cholesterol efflux in macrophage-specific IGF1-derived peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage IGF-1 overexpression reduced atherosclerotic burden and increased features of plaque stability, likely via a reduction in CXCL12-mediated monocyte recruitment and an increase in ABCA1-dependent macrophage lipid efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Snarski
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA,Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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16
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El Hadri K, Smith R, Duplus E, El Amri C. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Senescence in Atherosclerosis: Thioredoxine-1 as an Emerging Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010077. [PMID: 35008500 PMCID: PMC8744732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) worldwide and intimately linked to aging. This pathology is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, gradual accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particles and fibrous elements in focal areas of large and medium arteries. These fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall become progressively unstable and thrombogenic leading to heart attack, stroke or other severe heart ischemic syndromes. Elevated blood levels of LDL are major triggering events for atherosclerosis. A cascade of molecular and cellular events results in the atherosclerotic plaque formation, evolution, and rupture. Moreover, the senescence of multiple cell types present in the vasculature were reported to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization. Classical therapeutic interventions consist of lipid-lowering drugs, anti-inflammatory and life style dispositions. Moreover, targeting oxidative stress by developing innovative antioxidant agents or boosting antioxidant systems is also a well-established strategy. Accumulation of senescent cells (SC) is also another important feature of atherosclerosis and was detected in various models. Hence, targeting SCs appears as an emerging therapeutic option, since senolytic agents favorably disturb atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we propose a survey of the impact of inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence in atherosclerosis; and the emerging therapeutic options, including thioredoxin-based approaches such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic strategy with promising potential of senomodulation.
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17
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Tomas L, Prica F, Schulz C. Trafficking of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Healthy Arteries and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718432. [PMID: 34759917 PMCID: PMC8573388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play essential roles in all stages of atherosclerosis – from early precursor lesions to advanced stages of the disease. Intima-resident macrophages are among the first cells to be confronted with the influx and retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins at the onset of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. In this review, we outline the trafficking of monocytes and macrophages in and out of the healthy aorta, as well as the adaptation of their migratory behaviour during hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, we discuss the functional and ontogenetic composition of the aortic pool of mononuclear phagocytes and its link to the atherosclerotic disease process. The development of mouse models of atherosclerosis regression in recent years, has enabled scientists to investigate the behaviour of monocytes and macrophages during the resolution of atherosclerosis. Herein, we describe the dynamics of these mononuclear phagocytes upon cessation of hypercholesterolemia and how they contribute to the restoration of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the trafficking, fate and disease-relevant dynamics of monocytes and macrophages during atherosclerosis, and to highlight remaining questions. We focus on the results of rodent studies, as analysis of cellular fates requires experimental manipulations that cannot be performed in humans but point out findings that could be replicated in human tissues. Understanding of the biology of macrophages in atherosclerosis provides an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to limit lesion formation and promote plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tomas
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Prica
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Macrophage accumulation within atherosclerotic plaque is a primary driver of disease progression. However, recent advances in both phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of these cells have allowed for improved insight into potential regulation of macrophage function within lesions. In this review, we will discuss recent insights on macrophage heterogeneity, lipid processing, metabolism, and proliferation in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we will identify outstanding questions in the field that are pertinent to future studies. RECENT FINDINGS With the recent development of single-cell RNA sequencing, several studies have highlighted the diverse macrophage populations within plaques, including pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, lipid loaded and tissue resident macrophages. Furthermore, new data has suggested that differential activation of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, may play a key role in determining function. Recent works have highlighted that different populations retain varying capacity to undergo proliferation; regulating the proliferation pathway may be highly effective in reducing plaque in advanced lesions. SUMMARY Macrophage populations within atherosclerosis are highly heterogeneous; differences in cytokine production, lipid handling, metabolism, and proliferation are seen between subpopulations. Understanding the basic cellular mechanisms that drive this heterogeneity will allow for the development of highly specific disease modulating agents to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Center for Immunology
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Macrophage metabolic regulation in atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 2021; 334:1-8. [PMID: 34450556 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a key role in controlling immune cell functions. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of plaque resident myeloid cells and will focus on their metabolic demands that could reflect on their particular intraplaque localization. Defining the metabolic configuration of plaque resident myeloid cells according to their topologic distribution could provide answers to key questions regarding their functions and contribution to disease development.
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20
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Liu Q, Yang M, Zhang L, Zhang R, Huang X, Wang X, Du W, Hou J. Metformin inhibits cholesterol‑induced adhesion molecule expression via activating the AMPK signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:709. [PMID: 34396446 PMCID: PMC8383040 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of lymphocytes to the vascular wall contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). The expression of cellular adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, serves a critical role in mediating lymphocyte adhesion to the vascular wall. Cholesterol loading induces the expression of adhesion molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of cholesterol on adhesion molecule expression, and whether metformin protected VSMCs against cholesterol-induced functional alterations. Human VSMCs were loaded with cholesterol and different concentrations of metformin. The expression levels of adhesion molecules were assessed via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and levels were quantified via fluorescence assays and spectrophotometry, respectively. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway-related protein expression levels were evaluated via western blotting. Compared with the control group, cholesterol loading significantly upregulated adhesion molecule expression levels on VSMCs by increasing intracellular ROS levels and activating the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Metformin decreased cholesterol-induced VSMC damage by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, and suppressing p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling. The present study indicated the therapeutic potential of metformin for VSMC protection, reduction of monocyte adhesion, and ultimately, the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Mengyue Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xingtao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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21
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Li Z, Tang H, Tu Y. Molecular and Nonmolecular Imaging of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:670639. [PMID: 34095259 PMCID: PMC8169961 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.670639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of ischemic heart disease, and the increasing medical burden associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has become a major public health concern worldwide. Macrophages play an important role in all stages of the dynamic progress of atherosclerosis, from its initiation and lesion expansion increasing the vulnerability of plaques, to the formation of unstable plaques and clinical manifestations. Early imaging can identify patients at risk of coronary atherosclerotic disease and its complications, enabling preventive measures to be initiated. Recent advances in molecular imaging have involved the noninvasive and semi-quantitative targeted imaging of macrophages and their related molecules in vivo, which can detect atheroma earlier and more accurately than conventional imaging. Multimodal imaging integrates vascular structure, function, and molecular imaging technology to achieve multi-dimensional imaging, which can be used to comprehensively evaluate blood vessels and obtain clinical information based on anatomical structure and molecular level. At the same time, the rapid development of nonmolecular imaging technologies, such as intravascular imaging, which have the unique advantages of having intuitive accuracy and providing rich information to identify macrophage inflammation and inform targeted personalized treatment, has also been seen. In this review, we highlight recent methods and research hotspots in molecular and nonmolecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis that have enormous potential for rapid clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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22
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Kim KW, Ivanov S, Williams JW. Monocyte Recruitment, Specification, and Function in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2020; 10:E15. [PMID: 33374145 PMCID: PMC7823291 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions progress through the continued recruitment of circulating blood monocytes that differentiate into macrophages within plaque. Lesion-associated macrophages are the primary immune cells present in plaque, where they take up cholesterol and store lipids in the form of small droplets resulting in a unique morphology termed foam cell. Recent scientific advances have used single-cell gene expression profiling, live-cell imaging, and fate mapping approaches to describe macrophage and monocyte contributions to pro- or anti-inflammatory mechanisms, in addition to functions of motility and proliferation within lesions. Yet, many questions regarding tissue-specific regulation of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and the contribution of recruited monocytes at stages of atherosclerotic disease progression remain unknown. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the role of monocyte and macrophage dynamics in atherosclerotic disease and identify gaps in knowledge that we hope will allow for advancing therapeutic treatment or prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire C3M, Université Côte Azur, 06204 Nice, France;
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology, Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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23
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Härdtner C, Kornemann J, Krebs K, Ehlert CA, Jander A, Zou J, Starz C, Rauterberg S, Sharipova D, Dufner B, Hoppe N, Dederichs TS, Willecke F, Stachon P, Heidt T, Wolf D, von Zur Mühlen C, Madl J, Kohl P, Kaeser R, Boettler T, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Swirski FK, Robbins CS, Bode C, Zirlik A, Hilgendorf I. Inhibition of macrophage proliferation dominates plaque regression in response to cholesterol lowering. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:78. [PMID: 33296022 PMCID: PMC7725697 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-00838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Statins induce plaque regression characterized by reduced macrophage content in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain speculative. Studying the translational APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mouse model with a humanized lipoprotein metabolism, we find that systemic cholesterol lowering by oral atorvastatin or dietary restriction inhibits monocyte infiltration, and reverses macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. Contrary to current believes, none of (1) reduced monocyte influx (studied by cell fate mapping in thorax-shielded irradiation bone marrow chimeras), (2) enhanced macrophage egress (studied by fluorescent bead labeling and transfer), or (3) atorvastatin accumulation in murine or human plaque (assessed by mass spectrometry) could adequately account for the observed loss in macrophage content in plaques that undergo phenotypic regression. Instead, suppression of local proliferation of macrophages dominates phenotypic plaque regression in response to cholesterol lowering: the lower the levels of serum LDL-cholesterol and lipid contents in murine aortic and human carotid artery plaques, the lower the rates of in situ macrophage proliferation. Our study identifies macrophage proliferation as the predominant turnover determinant and an attractive target for inducing plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Härdtner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kornemann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Krebs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin A Ehlert
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alina Jander
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiadai Zou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Starz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Rauterberg
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diana Sharipova
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Dufner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tsai-Sang Dederichs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Willecke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Heidt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von Zur Mühlen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Madl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Kaeser
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elsbeth J Pieterman
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)-Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- INSERM Unit 1148, University Paris Diderot, and Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center of Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 55 Hugstetter St, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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24
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Zhou Y, Huang C, Hu Y, Xu Q, Hu X. Lymphatics in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e275-e283. [PMID: 33085520 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Zhou
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengchen Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Williams JW, Zaitsev K, Kim KW, Ivanov S, Saunders BT, Schrank PR, Kim K, Elvington A, Kim SH, Tucker CG, Wohltmann M, Fife BT, Epelman S, Artyomov MN, Lavine KJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Choi JH, Randolph GJ. Limited proliferation capacity of aortic intima resident macrophages requires monocyte recruitment for atherosclerotic plaque progression. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1194-1204. [PMID: 32895539 PMCID: PMC7502558 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early atherosclerosis depends upon responses by immune cells resident in the intimal aortic wall. Specifically, the healthy intima is thought to be populated by vascular dendritic cells (DCs) that, during hypercholesterolemia, initiate atherosclerosis by being the first to accumulate cholesterol. Whether these cells remain key players in later stages of disease is unknown. Using murine lineage-tracing models and gene expression profiling, we reveal that myeloid cells present in the intima of the aortic arch are not DCs but instead specialized aortic intima resident macrophages (MacAIR) that depend upon colony-stimulating factor 1 and are sustained by local proliferation. Although MacAIR comprise the earliest foam cells in plaques, their proliferation during plaque progression is limited. After months of hypercholesterolemia, their presence in plaques is overtaken by recruited monocytes, which induce MacAIR-defining genes. These data redefine the lineage of intimal phagocytes and suggest that proliferation is insufficient to sustain generations of macrophages during plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia R Schrank
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyeongdae Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher G Tucker
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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26
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Kanter JE, Hsu CC, Bornfeldt KE. Monocytes and Macrophages as Protagonists in Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32118048 PMCID: PMC7033616 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, vascular complications of diabetes are also on the rise. Diabetes results in an increased risk of macrovascular complications, with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. The exact mechanisms for how diabetes promotes CVD risk are still unclear, although it is evident that monocytes and macrophages are key players in all stages of atherosclerosis both in the absence and presence of diabetes, and that phenotypes of these cells are altered by the diabetic environment. Evidence suggests that at least five pro-atherogenic mechanisms involving monocytes and macrophages contribute to the accelerated atherosclerotic lesion progression and hampered lesion regression associated with diabetes. These changes include (1) increased monocyte recruitment to lesions; (2) increased inflammatory activation; (3) altered macrophage lipid accumulation and metabolism; (4) increased macrophage cell death; and (5) reduced efferocytosis. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes and mechanisms have been revealed mostly by different animal models of diabetes. The roles of specific changes in monocytes and macrophages in humans with diabetes remain largely unknown. There is an ongoing debate on whether the changes in monocytes and macrophages are caused by altered glucose levels, insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, or combinations of these factors. Current research in humans and mouse models suggests that reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants is one important mechanism whereby diabetes adversely affects macrophages and promotes atherosclerosis and CVD risk. Although monocytes and macrophages readily respond to the diabetic environment and can be seen as protagonists in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, they are likely not instigators of the increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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27
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Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:389-406. [PMID: 30846875 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima in which the balance of pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the final clinical outcome. Intimal infiltration and modification of plasma-derived lipoproteins and their uptake mainly by macrophages, with ensuing formation of lipid-filled foam cells, initiate atherosclerotic lesion formation, and deficient efferocytotic removal of apoptotic cells and foam cells sustains lesion progression. Defective efferocytosis, as a sign of inadequate inflammation resolution, leads to accumulation of secondarily necrotic macrophages and foam cells and the formation of an advanced lesion with a necrotic lipid core, indicative of plaque vulnerability. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids or arachidonic acid and by relevant proteins and signalling gaseous molecules. One of the major effects of inflammation resolution mediators is phenotypic conversion of pro-inflammatory macrophages into macrophages that suppress inflammation and promote healing. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the ratio between specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-inflammatory lipids (in particular leukotrienes) is strikingly low, providing a molecular explanation for the defective inflammation resolution features of these lesions. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy to inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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28
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Wu C, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Updates on Approaches for Studying Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:e108-e117. [PMID: 30917052 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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29
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Annual Report on Sex in Preclinical Studies: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Publications in 2018. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:e1-e9. [PMID: 31869272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Departments of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.)
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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30
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van der Vorst EPC, Weber C. Novel Features of Monocytes and Macrophages in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:e30-e37. [PMID: 30673349 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.P.C.v.d.V., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.P.C.v.d.V., C.W.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.).,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, the Netherlands (C.W.)
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31
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Darçot E, Colotti R, Pellegrin M, Wilson A, Siegert S, Bouzourene K, Yerly J, Mazzolai L, Stuber M, van Heeswijk RB. Towards Quantification of Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Clinic - Characterization and Optimization of Fluorine-19 MRI in Mice at 3 T. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17488. [PMID: 31767900 PMCID: PMC6877590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of injected perfluorocarbons (PFCs) can be used for the quantification and monitoring of inflammation in diseases such as atherosclerosis. To advance the translation of this technique to the clinical setting, we aimed to 1) demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative 19F MRI in small inflammation foci on a clinical scanner, and 2) to characterize the PFC-incorporating leukocyte populations and plaques. To this end, thirteen atherosclerotic apolipoprotein-E-knockout mice received 2 × 200 µL PFC, and were scanned on a 3 T clinical MR system. 19F MR signal was detected in the aortic arch and its branches in all mice, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 11.1 (interquartile range IQR = 9.5–13.1) and a PFC concentration of 1.15 mM (IQR = 0.79–1.28). Imaging flow cytometry was used on another ten animals and indicated that PFC-labeled leukocytes in the aortic arch and it branches were mainly dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils (ratio 9:1:1). Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of those cells in the plaques. We thus successfully used 19F MRI for the noninvasive quantification of PFC in atherosclerotic plaque in mice on a clinical scanner, demonstrating the feasibility of detecting very small inflammation foci at 3 T, and advancing the translation of 19F MRI to the human setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Darçot
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Colotti
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Wilson
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Siegert
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Karima Bouzourene
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Yerly
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stuber
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruud B van Heeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which encompasses coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and aortic atherosclerosis. In each vascular bed, macrophages contribute to the maintenance of the local inflammatory response, propagate plaque development, and promote thrombosis. These central roles, coupled with their plasticity, makes macrophages attractive therapeutic targets in stemming the development of and stabilizing existing atherosclerosis. In the context of ASCVD, classically activated M1 macrophages initiate and sustain inflammation, and alternatively activated M2 macrophages resolve inflammation. However, this classification is now considered an oversimplification, and a greater understanding of plaque macrophage physiology in ASCVD is required to aid in the development of therapeutics to promote ASCVD regression. Reviewed herein are the macrophage phenotypes and molecular regulators characteristic of ASCVD regression, and the current murine models of ASCVD regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Barrett
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University
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33
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Polyacrylic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles could be a useful tool for tracking inflammatory monocytes. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO423. [PMID: 31827892 PMCID: PMC6900970 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To establish the effect of poly(acrylic acid)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (PAC-IONs) and later exposure to a magnetic field on the differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes into macrophages. Methods: By flow cytometry, cell death was evaluated with DIOC6 and PI, Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerases (PARP) fragmentation, H2AX phosphorylation and TUNEL assay. Cytokines by Cytokine bead array and the intracellular amount of iron by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: PAC-IONs did not induce apoptosis, modify the cell membrane integrity or alter the mitochondrial membrane potential. They did not affect the cell morphology, the pattern of cytokine accumulation or the activating role of differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes into macrophages on the proliferation of autologous T cells. Conclusion: This evidence indicates that the PAC-IONs are safe and biocompatible. Moreover, the selectivity of the PAC-IONs for mononuclear phagocytes, as well as their increased uptake by non-classical monocytes, warrant future research with a view to their use as a contrast agent, a useful tool for in vivo tracking of tissue-infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes. In the search for materials that allow the study of inflammatory processes when biopsies are not feasible, magnetic nanoparticles have become an alternative tool for use in MRI. This article examined whether supermagnetic iron nanoparticles can affect the basic function of phagocytic cells, with a view to their use in clinical imaging applications.
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34
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McArdle S, Buscher K, Ghosheh Y, Pramod AB, Miller J, Winkels H, Wolf D, Ley K. Migratory and Dancing Macrophage Subsets in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circ Res 2019; 125:1038-1051. [PMID: 31594470 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophages are essential regulators of atherosclerosis. They secrete cytokines, process lipoproteins and cholesterol, and take up apoptotic cells. Multiple subsets of plaque macrophages exist and their differential roles are emerging. OBJECTIVE Here, we explore macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerosis plaques using transgenic fluorescent mice in which subsets of macrophages are labeled by GFP (green fluorescent protein), YFP (yellow fluorescent protein), neither, or both. The objective was to define migration patterns of the visible subsets and relate them to their phenotypes and transcriptomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Apoe-/- Cx3cr1GFP Cd11cYFP mice have 4 groups of macrophages in their aortas. The 3 visible subsets show varying movement characteristics. GFP and GFP+YFP+ macrophages extend and retract dendritic processes, dancing on the spot with little net movement while YFP macrophages have a more rounded shape and migrate along the arteries. RNA sequencing of sorted cells revealed significant differences in the gene expression patterns of the 4 subsets defined by GFP and YFP expression, especially concerning chemokine and cytokine expression, matrix remodeling, and cell shape dynamics. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that GFP+ cells have similar transcriptomes to cells found in arteries with tertiary lymphoid organs and regressing plaques while YFP+ cells were associated with progressing and stable plaques. CONCLUSIONS The combination of quantitative intravital imaging with deep transcriptomes identified 4 subsets of vascular macrophages in atherosclerosis that have unique transcriptomic profiles. Our data link vascular macrophage transcriptomes to their in vivo migratory function. Future work on the functional significance of the change in gene expression and motility characteristics will be needed to fully understand how these subsets contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McArdle
- From the Microscopy Core Facility (S.M.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA.,Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA
| | - Konrad Buscher
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, German (K.B.)
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA.,University Heart Center and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany (D.W.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology (S.M., K.B., Y.G., A.B.P., J.M., H.W., D.W., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego (K.L.)
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35
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Ford HZ, Byrne HM, Myerscough MR. A lipid-structured model for macrophage populations in atherosclerotic plaques. J Theor Biol 2019; 479:48-63. [PMID: 31319051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by the accumulation of pro-inflammatory, lipid-loaded macrophages at sites inside artery walls. These accumulations lead to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. The rupture of plaques that contain lipid-rich necrotic cores can trigger heart attacks and strokes via occlusion of blood vessels. We construct and analyse a system of partial integro-differential equations that model lipid accumulation by macrophages, the generation of apoptotic cells and the formation of the necrotic core. The model accounts for the following cell behaviours: monocyte recruitment into the plaque and differentiation into macrophages; macrophage ingestion of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and of apoptotic cells and necrotic material; lipid offloading to high density lipoproteins (HDL); macrophage emigration; and apoptosis of macrophages and necrosis of apoptotic cells. With this model, we study how changes in parameters predict the characteristic features of plaque pathology. In particular, we find the qualitative form of lipid distribution across the macrophage population and show that high lipid loads can occur in the absence of LDL ingestion. We also demonstrate the importance of macrophage emigration in mitigating and resolving inflammation and plaque lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Z Ford
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Australia; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary R Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Australia.
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36
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Williams JW, Huang LH, Randolph GJ. Cytokine Circuits in Cardiovascular Disease. Immunity 2019; 50:941-954. [PMID: 30995508 PMCID: PMC6924925 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arterial inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, and appropriate management of this inflammation represents a major unmet therapeutic need for cardiovascular disease patients. Here, we review the diverse contributions of immune cells to atherosclerosis, the mechanisms of immune cell activation in this context, and the cytokine circuits that underlie disease progression. We discuss the recent application of these insights in the form of immunotherapy to treat cardiovascular disease and highlight how studies on the cardiovascular co-morbidity that arises in autoimmunity might reveal additional roles for cytokines in atherosclerosis. Currently, data point to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-17 as cytokines that, at least in some settings, are effective targets to reduce cardiovascular disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63139, USA
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63139, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63139, USA.
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37
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Csányi G, Singla B. Arterial Lymphatics in Atherosclerosis: Old Questions, New Insights, and Remaining Challenges. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040495. [PMID: 30979062 PMCID: PMC6518204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network is well known for its role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of dietary lipids, trafficking of immune cells, and adaptive immunity. Aberrant lymphatic function has been linked to lymphedema and immune disorders for a long time. Discovery of lymphatic cell markers, novel insights into developmental and postnatal lymphangiogenesis, development of genetic mouse models, and the introduction of new imaging techniques have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. Previous studies linked the lymphatic vasculature to atherosclerosis through regulation of immune responses, reverse cholesterol transport, and inflammation. Despite extensive research, many aspects of the lymphatic circulation in atherosclerosis are still unknown and future studies are required to confirm that arterial lymphangiogenesis truly represents a therapeutic target in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we provide an overview of factors and mechanisms that regulate lymphangiogenesis, summarize recent findings on the role of lymphatics in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, immune cell trafficking and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and present an overview of pharmacological and genetic strategies to modulate lymphatic vessel density in cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Milasan A, Smaani A, Martel C. Early rescue of lymphatic function limits atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr -/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:106-119. [PMID: 30851674 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our previous data showed that lymphatic function impairment occurs before the onset of atherosclerosis in mice and is precociously associated with a defect in the propelling capacity of the collecting lymphatic vessels. Concomitantly, we found that lymphatic transport can be restored in mice by systemic injections of a mutant form of VEGF-C (VEGF-C 152s), a growth factor known to increase mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessel pumping through a VEGFR-3-dependent mechanism in rats. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether and how early modulation of collecting lymphatic vessel function could restrain atherosclerosis onset and limit its progression. METHODS Before the administration of a pro-atherosclerotic regimen, Ldlr-/- mice at 6 weeks of age were injected intraperitoneally with VEGF-C 152s or PBS every other day for 4 weeks, fed on high fat diet (HFD) for an additional 8 weeks to promote plaque progression, and switched back on chow diet for 4 more weeks to stabilize the lesion. RESULTS Early treatment with VEGF-C first improved lymphatic molecular transport in 6-week-old Ldlr-/- mice and subsequently limited plaque formation and macrophage accumulation, while improving inflammatory cell migration through the lymphatics in HFD-fed mice. The contraction frequency of the collecting lymphatic vessels was significantly increased following treatment throughout the whole atherosclerotic process and resulted in enhanced plaque stabilization. This early and maintained rescue of the lymphatic dysfunction was associated with an upregulation of VEGFR3 and FOXC2 expression on lymphatic endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that early treatments that specifically target the lymphatic contraction capacity prior to lesion formation might be a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Smaani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Swirski FK. Rings of Fire. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1671-1672. [PMID: 30354199 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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