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Fliri A, Kajiji S. Effects of vitamin D signaling in cardiovascular disease: centrality of macrophage polarization. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1388025. [PMID: 38984353 PMCID: PMC11232491 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1388025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the leading causes of natural death are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases. Factors causing illness include genetic predisposition, aging, stress, chronic inflammation, environmental factors, declining autophagy, and endocrine abnormalities including insufficient vitamin D levels. Inconclusive clinical outcomes of vitamin D supplements in cardiovascular diseases demonstrate the need to identify cause-effect relationships without bias. We employed a spectral clustering methodology capable of analyzing large diverse datasets for examining the role of vitamin D's genomic and non-genomic signaling in disease in this study. The results of this investigation showed the following: (1) vitamin D regulates multiple reciprocal feedback loops including p53, macrophage autophagy, nitric oxide, and redox-signaling; (2) these regulatory schemes are involved in over 2,000 diseases. Furthermore, the balance between genomic and non-genomic signaling by vitamin D affects autophagy regulation of macrophage polarization in tissue homeostasis. These findings provide a deeper understanding of how interactions between genomic and non-genomic signaling affect vitamin D pharmacology and offer opportunities for increasing the efficacy of vitamin D-centered treatment of cardiovascular disease and healthy lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Fliri
- Emergent System Analytics LLC, Clinton, CT, United States
| | - Shama Kajiji
- Emergent System Analytics LLC, Clinton, CT, United States
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2
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Wang J, Xu J, Liu T, Yu C, Xu F, Wang G, Li S, Dai X. Biomechanics-mediated endocytosis in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1337679. [PMID: 38638885 PMCID: PMC11024446 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1337679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical forces, including vascular shear stress, cyclic stretching, and extracellular matrix stiffness, which influence mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane, determine cell function in atherosclerosis. Being highly associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, endocytosis is the key point in molecule and macromolecule trafficking, which plays an important role in lipid transportation. The process of endocytosis relies on the mobility and tension of the plasma membrane, which is sensitive to biomechanical forces. Several studies have advanced the signal transduction between endocytosis and biomechanics to elaborate the developmental role of atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, increased plaque growth also results in changes in the structure, composition and morphology of the coronary artery that contribute to the alteration of arterial biomechanics. These cross-links of biomechanics and endocytosis in atherosclerotic plaques play an important role in cell function, such as cell phenotype switching, foam cell formation, and lipoprotein transportation. We propose that biomechanical force activates the endocytosis of vascular cells and plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- School of Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengcheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Cardiology and Vascular Health Research Center, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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3
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Wang X, Feng J, Luan S, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Su H, Wang Z. Linkage of CDC42 and T-helper cell ratio with anxiety, depression and quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2024; 18:157-168. [PMID: 38440868 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the correlations between CDC42 and T-cell subsets concerning anxiety, depression and quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: Sera from 156 participants were analyzed for CDC42 levels and Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. Results: CDC42 correlated with reduced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios, lower anxiety and depression, and higher EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) score. The Th17/Treg ratio correlated with elevated anxiety, depression, EuroQol-5 dimensions score and decreased EQ-VAS score. The Th1/Th2 ratio was positively related to the EQ-VAS score. Conclusion: CDC42 correlates with reduced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios, reduced anxiety and depression, and improved quality of life in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Junjie Feng
- Department of Psychology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Shaohua Luan
- Department of Cardiology Ward 3, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry Ward 9, Beijing Anding Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shipan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Hongling Su
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056002, China
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Steinfeld N, Ma CIJ, Maxfield FR. Signaling pathways regulating the extracellular digestion of lipoprotein aggregates by macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar5. [PMID: 37910189 PMCID: PMC10881170 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between aggregated low-density lipoprotein (agLDL) and macrophages in arteries plays a major role in atherosclerosis. Macrophages digest agLDL and generate free cholesterol in an extracellular, acidic, hydrolytic compartment known as the lysosomal synapse. Macrophages form a tight seal around agLDL through actin polymerization and deliver lysosomal contents into this space in a process termed digestive exophagy. Our laboratory has identified TLR4 activation of MyD88/Syk as critical for digestive exophagy. Here we use pharmacological agents and siRNA knockdown to characterize signaling pathways downstream of Syk that are involved in digestive exophagy. Syk activates Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). We show that PLCγ2 and to a lesser extent BTK regulate digestive exophagy. PLCγ2 cleaves PI(4,5)P2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Soluble IP3 activates release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We demonstrate that Ca2+ release from the ER is upregulated by agLDL and plays a key role in digestive exophagy. Both DAG and Ca2+ activate protein kinase Cα (PKCα). We find that PKCα is an important regulator of digestive exophagy. These results expand our understanding of the mechanisms of digestive exophagy, which could be useful in developing therapeutic interventions to slow development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Steinfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Cheng-I J. Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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Maxfield FR, Steinfeld N, Ma CIJ. The formation and consequences of cholesterol-rich deposits in atherosclerotic lesions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1148304. [PMID: 36926046 PMCID: PMC10011067 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1148304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death throughout the world. Accumulation of lipoprotein-associated lipids and their interaction with macrophages are early steps in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. For decades, it has been known that aggregates of lipoproteins in the subendothelial space are found in early plaques, and these aggregates are tightly associated with extracellular matrix fibers. Additionally, most of the cholesterol in these subendothelial aggregates is unesterified, in contrast to the core of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), in which cholesteryl esters predominate. This suggests that the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters occurs extracellularly. At the cellular level, macrophages in early plaques engage with the LDL and ingest large amounts of cholesterol, which is esterified and stored in lipid droplets. When excessive lipid droplets have accumulated, endoplasmic reticulum stress responses are activated, leading to cell death. The cholesterol-laden dead cells must be cleared by other macrophages. For many years, it was unclear how unesterified (free) cholesterol could be formed extracellularly in early lesions. Papers in the past decade have shown that macrophages form tightly sealed extracellular attachments to aggregates of LDL. These sealed regions become acidified, and lysosomal contents are secreted into these compartments. Lysosomal acid lipase hydrolyzes the cholesteryl esters, and the free cholesterol is transported into the macrophages. High concentrations of cholesterol can also lead to formation of crystals of cholesterol hydrate, and these crystals have been observed in atherosclerotic blood vessels. Characterization of this process may lead to novel therapies for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Feng Q, Guo J, Hou A, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Liu S, Cheng Z, Sun L, Meng L, Han S. The clinical role of serum cell division control 42 in coronary heart disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:45-50. [PMID: 36650947 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2164518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell division control 42 (CDC42) regulates blood lipids, atherosclerosis, T cell differentiation and inflammation, which is involved in the process of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to evaluate the CDC42 level and its correlation with clinical features, the T-helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory-T (Treg) cell ratio and prognosis in CHD patients. In total, 210 CHD patients, 20 healthy controls and 20 disease controls were enrolled. Serum CDC42 levels of all participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In CHD patients, Th17 and Treg cells were discovered by flow cytometry; CHD patients were followed-up for a median of 16.9 months (range of 2.5-38.2 months). CDC42 level was lowest in CHD patients (median (interquartile range (IQR)): 402.5 (287.3-599.0) pg/mL), moderate in disease controls (median (IQR): 543.5 (413.0-676.3) pg/mL) and highest in healthy controls (median (IQR): 668.0 (506.5-841.3) pg/mL) (p < .001). Moreover, in CHD patients, lower CDC42 level was related to more prevalent diabetes mellitus (p = .021), and higher levels of C-reactive protein (p = .001), Gensini score (p = .006), Th17 cells (p = .001) and Th17/Treg ratio (p < .001) but was associated with lower Treg cells (p = .018). Furthermore, CDC42 low level [below the median level (402.5 pg/mL) of CDC42 in CHD patients] was correlated with higher accumulating major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risk (p = .029), while no correlation was found between the quartile of CDC42 level and accumulating MACE risk in CHD patients (p = .102). The serum CDC42 level is decreased and its low level is related to higher Th17/Treg ratio and increased accumulating MACE risk in CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Department of Cardiology, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Cardiology, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Aijun Hou
- Department of Cardiology, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Zhangli Guo
- Department of Cardiology, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Hospital Emergency Center, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Zhijie Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Lixiao Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Shasha Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
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Yang X, Ma L, Zhang J, Chen L, Zou Z, Shen D, He H, Zhang L, Chen J, Yuan Z, Qin X, Yu C. Hypofucosylation of Unc5b regulated by Fut8 enhances macrophage emigration and prevents atherosclerosis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 36670464 PMCID: PMC9854080 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading underlying cause of the majority of clinical cardiovascular events. Retention of foamy macrophages in plaques is the main factor initiating and promoting the atherosclerotic process. Our previous work showed that ox-LDL induced macrophage retention in plaques and that the guidance receptor Uncoordinated-5 homolog B (Unc5b) was involved in this process. However, little is known about the role of Unc5b in regulating macrophage accumulation within plaques. RESULTS In the present study, we found that Unc5b controls macrophage migration and thus promotes plaque progression in ApoE-/- mice. The immunofluorescence colocalization assay results first suggested that fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8) might participate in the exacerbation of atherosclerosis. Animals with Unc5b overexpression showed elevated levels of Fut8 and numbers of macrophages and an increased lesion size and intimal thickness. However, these effects were reversed in ApoE-/- mice with Unc5b knockdown. Furthermore, Raw264.7 macrophages with siRNA-mediated silencing of Unc5b or overexpression of Unc5b were used to confirm the regulatory mechanisms of Unc5b and Fut8 in vitro. In response to ox-LDL exposure, Unc5b and Fut8 were both upregulated, and macrophages showed reduced pseudopod formation and migratory capacities. However, these capacities were restored by blocking Unc5b or Fut8. Furthermore, the IP assay indicated that Fut8 regulated the level of α-1,6 fucosylation of Unc5b, which mainly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and genetic deletion of the main fucosylation sites or Fut8 resulted in hypofucosylation of Unc5b. Moreover, the macrophage migration mediated by Unc5b depended on inactivation of the p-CDC42/p-PAK pathway. Conversely, macrophages with Unc5b overexpression displayed activation of the p-CDC42/p-PAK pathway and decreased migration both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that hypofucosylation of Unc5b regulated by Fut8 is positively associated with the delay of the atherosclerotic process by promoting the migration of foamy macrophages. These findings identify a promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.410612.00000 0004 0604 6392College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110 China
| | - Limei Ma
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Linmu Chen
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Zhen Zou
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Di Shen
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Hui He
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Jun Chen
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xia Qin
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Chao Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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Morphological Evidence for Novel Roles of Microtubules in Macrophage Phagocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021373. [PMID: 36674886 PMCID: PMC9866147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the phagocytic activity of macrophages has long been studied, the involvement of microtubules in the process is not well understood. In this study, we improved the fixation protocol and revealed a dynamically rearranging microtubule network in macrophages, consisting of a basal meshwork, thick bundles at the cell edge, and astral microtubules. Some astral microtubules extended beneath the cell cortex and continued to form bundles at the cell edge. These microtubule assemblies were mutually exclusive of actin accumulation during membrane ruffling. Although the stabilization of microtubules with paclitaxel did not affect the resting stage of the macrophages, it reduced the phagocytic activity and membrane ruffling of macrophages activated with serum-MAF, which induced rapid phagocytosis. In contrast, the destabilization of microtubules with nocodazole enhanced membrane ruffling and the internalization of phagocytic targets suggesting an inhibitory effect of the microtubule network on the remodeling of the actin network. Meanwhile, the microtubule network was necessary for phagosome maturation. Our detailed analyses of cytoskeletal filaments suggest a phagocytosis control system involving Ca2+ influx, the destabilization of microtubules, and activation of actin network remodeling, followed by the translocation and acidification of phagosomes on the microtubule bundles.
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Cheng X, Ye J, Zhang X, Meng K. Longitudinal Variations of CDC42 in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke During 3-Year Period: Correlation With CD4 + T Cells, Disease Severity, and Prognosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:848933. [PMID: 35547377 PMCID: PMC9081787 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.848933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) modulates CD4+ T-cell differentiation, blood lipids, and neuronal apoptosis and is involved in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS); however, the clinical role of CDC42 in AIS remains unanswered. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CDC42 in a 3-year follow-up and its correlation with disease severity, T helper (Th)1/2/17 cells, and the prognosis in patients with AIS. Methods Blood CDC42 was detected in 143 patients with AIS at multiple time points during the 3-year follow-up period and in 70 controls at admission by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In addition, blood Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells and their secreted cytokines (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A)) in patients with AIS were detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Results Compared with controls (p < 0.001), CDC42 was reduced in patients with AIS. CDC42 was negatively correlated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (p < 0.001), whereas, in patients with AIS (all p < 0.050), it was positively associated with Th2 cells and IL-4 but negatively correlated with Th17 cells and IL-17A. CDC42 was decreased from admission to 3 days and gradually increased from 3 days to 3 years in patients with AIS (P<0.001). In a 3-year follow-up, 24 patients with AIS recurred and 8 patients died. On the 3rd day, 7th day, 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year, CDC42 was decreased in recurrent patients than that in non-recurrent patients (all p < 0.050). CDC42 at 7 days (p = 0.033) and 3 months (p = 0.023) was declined in reported deceased patients than in survived patients. Conclusion CDC42 is used as a biomarker to constantly monitor disease progression and recurrence risk of patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Province People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Control, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Neurology, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Province People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Neurology, ShanXi Province People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Vav Proteins in Development of the Brain: A Potential Relationship to the Pathogenesis of Congenital Zika Syndrome? Viruses 2022; 14:v14020386. [PMID: 35215978 PMCID: PMC8874935 DOI: 10.3390/v14020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in a significant impact on the brain and eye of the developing fetus, termed congenital zika syndrome (CZS). At a morphological level, the main serious presentations of CZS are microcephaly and retinal scarring. At a cellular level, many cell types of the brain may be involved, but primarily neuronal progenitor cells (NPC) and developing neurons. Vav proteins have guanine exchange activity in converting GDP to GTP on proteins such as Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA to stimulate intracellular signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are known to play important roles in maintaining the polarity and self-renewal of NPC pools by coordinating the formation of adherens junctions with cytoskeletal rearrangements. In developing neurons, these same pathways are adopted to control the formation and growth of neurites and mediate axonal guidance and targeting in the brain and retina. This review describes the role of Vavs in these processes and highlights the points of potential ZIKV interaction, such as (i) the binding and entry of ZIKV in cells via TAM receptors, which may activate Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling; (ii) the functional convergence of ZIKV NS2A with Vav in modulating adherens junctions; (iii) ZIKV NS4A/4B protein effects on PI3K/AKT in a regulatory loop via PPI3 to influence Vav/Rac1 signaling in neurite outgrowth; and (iv) the induction of SOCS1 and USP9X following ZIKV infection to regulate Vav protein degradation or activation, respectively, and impact Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling in NPC and neurons. Experiments to define these interactions will further our understanding of the molecular basis of CZS and potentially other developmental disorders stemming from in utero infections. Additionally, Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling pathways may present tractable targets for therapeutic intervention or molecular rationale for disease severity in CZS.
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11
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Li M, Jiao Q, Xin W, Niu S, Liu M, Song Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Liang D. The Emerging Role of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Cardiovascular Disorders: Insights Into Atherosclerosis: A Mini Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:782098. [PMID: 35047576 PMCID: PMC8761945 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.782098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease accounts for one-third of global deaths. However, the mechanism of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. It is well-known that the Rho GTPase family, especially Rho A, plays a vital role in the development and progression of arteriosclerosis. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rho GEFs), which act upstream of Rho GTPases, are also involved in the atheromatous pathological process. Despite some research on the role of Rho GEFS in the regulation of atherosclerosis, the number of studies is small relative to studies on the essential function of Rho GEFs. Some studies have preliminarily revealed Rho GEF regulation of atherosclerosis by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we review the advances in research on the relationship and interaction between Rho GEFs and atheroma to provide a potential reference for further study of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingzheng Jiao
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui Gucheng, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Song
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Zengguang Wang
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Xinyu Yang
| | - Degang Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Degang Liang
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12
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Ruuth M, Lahelma M, Luukkonen PK, Lorey MB, Qadri S, Sädevirta S, Hyötyläinen T, Kovanen PT, Hodson L, Yki-Järvinen H, Öörni K. Overfeeding Saturated Fat Increases LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregation Susceptibility While Overfeeding Unsaturated Fat Decreases Proteoglycan-Binding of Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2823-2836. [PMID: 34470478 PMCID: PMC8545249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: We recently showed that measurement of the susceptibility of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) to aggregation is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. We now wished to compare effects of overfeeding different dietary macronutrients on LDL aggregation, proteoglycan-binding of plasma lipoproteins, and on the concentration of oxidized LDL in plasma, 3 in vitro parameters consistent with increased atherogenicity. Approach and Results: The participants (36 subjects; age, 48±10 years; body mass index, 30.9±6.2 kg/m2) were randomized to consume an extra 1000 kcal/day of either unsaturated fat, saturated fat, or simple sugars (CARB) for 3 weeks. We measured plasma proatherogenic properties (susceptibility of LDL to aggregation, proteoglycan-binding, oxidized LDL) and concentrations and composition of plasma lipoproteins using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and in LDL using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, before and after the overfeeding diets. LDL aggregation increased in the saturated fat but not the other groups. This change was associated with increased sphingolipid and saturated triacylglycerols in LDL and in plasma and reduction of clusterin on LDL particles. Proteoglycan binding of plasma lipoproteins decreased in the unsaturated fat group relative to the baseline diet. Lipoprotein properties remained unchanged in the CARB group. Conclusions: The type of fat during 3 weeks of overfeeding is an important determinant of the characteristics and functional properties of plasma lipoproteins in humans. Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier NCT02133144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.).,Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland (M.R.)
| | - Mari Lahelma
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Panu K Luukkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Martina B Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
| | - Sami Qadri
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Sanja Sädevirta
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, United Kingdom (L.H.)
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
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13
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Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Aggregation Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoproteins-A Novel Modifiable Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1769. [PMID: 33921661 PMCID: PMC8074066 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles enter the arterial intima where they bind to the extracellular matrix and become modified by lipases, proteases, and oxidizing enzymes and agents. The modified LDL particles aggregate and fuse into larger matrix-bound lipid droplets and, upon generation of unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol crystals are also formed. Uptake of the aggregated/fused particles and cholesterol crystals by macrophages and smooth muscle cells induces their inflammatory activation and conversion into foam cells. In this review, we summarize the causes and consequences of LDL aggregation and describe the development and applications of an assay capable of determining the susceptibility of isolated LDL particles to aggregate when exposed to human recombinant sphingomyelinase enzyme ex vivo. Significant person-to-person differences in the aggregation susceptibility of LDL particles were observed, and such individual differences largely depended on particle lipid composition. The presence of aggregation-prone LDL in the circulation predicted future cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We also discuss means capable of reducing LDL particles' aggregation susceptibility that could potentially inhibit LDL aggregation in the arterial wall. Whether reductions in LDL aggregation susceptibility are associated with attenuated atherogenesis and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Zhang B, Zhang J, Xia L, Luo J, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhu X, Chen G. Inhibition of CDC42 reduces macrophage recruitment and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in vivo. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:504-510. [PMID: 32998602 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1828916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division control (CDC) 42 has been involved in the regulation of diverse cancers. Macrophage recruitment plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of tumor. However, it remains unclear whether CDC42 contributes to macrophage recruitment and lung tumorigenesis in vivo. METHODS Small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down CDC42 in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)1. The invasion capability of CDC42 knockdown LLC1 cells was evaluated. LLC1 cells with CDC42 targeted small hairpin RNA (shRNA) were inoculated into C57BL/6 mice to establish the tumor-bearing animal model Tumor size and metastasis related proteins were measured. In addition, the invasion of macrophages in the tumor site as well as macrophage chemokine were also determined in the model. RESULTS The capacity of invasion and metastasis of LLC1 cells significantly decreased when CDC42 was knocked down. When inoculated with CDC42 knockdown LLC1 cells in vivo, the tumor size and metastasis related proteins levels both decreased. The invasion capacity of macrophages and the associated macrophage chemokine were also significantly down-regulated. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the inhibition of CDC42 expression in lung cancer cells can significantly prevent the pathogenesis and development of tumor in an allograft tumor model in vivo, which might provide a novel therapeutic target and potential strategy for lung cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Lilong Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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15
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N ε-Carboxymethyl-Lysine Negatively Regulates Foam Cell Migration via the Vav1/Rac1 Pathway. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1906204. [PMID: 32190703 PMCID: PMC7064830 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1906204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage-derived foam cells play a central role in atherosclerosis, and their ultimate fate includes apoptosis, promotion of vascular inflammation, or migration to other tissues. Nε-Carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), the key active component of advanced glycation end products, induced foam cell formation and apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that the Vav1/Rac1 pathway affects the macrophage cytoskeleton and cell migration, but its role in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis is unknown. Methods and Results In this study, we used anterior tibiofibular vascular samples from diabetic foot amputation patients and accident amputation patients, and histological and cytological tests were performed using a diabetic ApoE−/− mouse model and primary peritoneal macrophages, respectively. The results showed that the atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic foot amputation patients and diabetic ApoE−/− mice were larger than those of the control group. Inhibition of the Vav1/Rac1 pathway reduced vascular plaques and promoted the migration of macrophages to lymph nodes. Transwell and wound healing assays showed that the migratory ability of macrophage-derived foam cells was inhibited by CML. Cytoskeletal staining showed that advanced glycation end products inhibited the formation of lamellipodia in foam cells, and inhibition of the Vav1/Rac1 pathway restored the formation of lamellipodia. Conclusion CML inhibits the migration of foam cells from blood vessels via the Vav1/Rac1 pathway, and this process affects the formation of lamellipodia.
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16
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Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the lipase A ( LIPA) gene, hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters and triglycerides to generate free fatty acids and cholesterol in the cell. The essential role of LAL in lipid metabolism has been confirmed in mice and human with LAL deficiency. In humans, loss-of-function mutations of LIPA cause rare lysosomal disorders, Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease, in which LAL enzyme-replacement therapy has shown significant benefits in a phase 3 clinical trial. Recent studies have revealed the regulatory role of lipolytic products of lysosomal lipid hydrolysis in catabolic, anabolic, and signaling pathways. In vivo studies in mice with knockout of Lipa highlight the systemic impact of Lipa deficiency on metabolic homeostasis and immune cell function. Genome-wide association studies and functional genomic studies have identified LIPA as a risk locus for coronary heart disease, but the causal variants and mechanisms remain to be determined. Future studies will continue to focus on the role of LAL in the crosstalk between lipid metabolism and cellular function in health and diseases including coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- From the Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- From the Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
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17
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The impact of PSRC1 overexpression on gene and transcript expression profiling in the livers of ApoE -/- mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 465:125-139. [PMID: 31838625 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have confirmed that proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 (PSRC1) overexpression can regulate blood lipid levels and inhibit atherosclerosis (AS) development. In the current study, the gene and transcript expression profiles in the livers of ApoE-/- mice overexpressing PSRC1 were investigated. HiSeq X Ten RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed transcripts in the livers of PSRC1-overexpressing ApoE-/- and control mice. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on these DEGs and on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) predicted target genes. A total of 1892 significant DEGs were identified: 1431 were upregulated (e.g., Cyp2a4, Obp2a, and Sertad4), and 461 were downregulated (e.g., Moxd1, Egr1, and Elovl3). In addition, 8184 significant differentially expressed transcripts were identified, 4908 of which were upregulated and 3276 of which were downregulated. Furthermore, 1106 significant differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected, 713 of which were upregulated and 393 of which were downregulated. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) verified changes in 10 randomly selected DEGs. GO analyses showed that the DEGs and predicted lncRNA target genes were mostly enriched for actin binding and lipid metabolism. KEGG biological pathway analyses showed that the DEGs in the livers of PSRC1-overexpressing ApoE-/- mice were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These findings reveal that PSRC1 may affect liver actin polymerization and cholesterol metabolism-related genes or pathways. These mRNAs and lncRNAs may represent new biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and therapy of lipid metabolism disturbance and AS.
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18
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Maxfield FR, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Singh RK. Digestive exophagy: Phagocyte digestion of objects too large for phagocytosis. Traffic 2019; 21:6-12. [PMID: 31664749 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes carry out several essential functions, including killing and digesting infectious organisms, clearing denatured proteins, removing dead cells and removing several types of debris from the extracellular space. Many of these functions involve phagocytosis, the engulfment of a target in a specialized endocytic process and then fusion of the new phagosome with lysosomes. Phagocytes such as macrophages can phagocytose targets that are several micrometers in diameter (eg, dead cells), but in some cases they encounter much larger objects. We have studied two such examples in some detail: large deposits of lipoproteins such as those in the wall of blood vessels associated with atherosclerosis, and dead adipocytes, which are dozens of micrometers in diameter. We describe a process, which we call digestive exophagy, in which macrophages create a tight seal in contact with the target, acidify the sealed zone and secrete lysosomal contents into the contact zone. By this process, hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes occurs in a compartment that is outside the cell. We compare this process to the well characterized digestion of bone by osteoclasts, and we point out key similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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19
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Singh RK, Lund FW, Haka AS, Maxfield FR. High-density lipoprotein or cyclodextrin extraction of cholesterol from aggregated LDL reduces foam cell formation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.237271. [PMID: 31719160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition, aggregation and retention in the endothelial sub-intima are critical initiating events during atherosclerosis. Macrophages digest aggregated LDL (agLDL) through a process called exophagy. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an atheroprotective role, but studies attempting to exploit it therapeutically have been unsuccessful, highlighting gaps in our current understanding of HDL function. Here, we characterized the role of HDL during exophagy of agLDL. We find that atherosclerotic plaque macrophages contact agLDL and form an extracellular digestive compartment similar to that observed in vitro During macrophage catabolism of agLDL in vitro, levels of free cholesterol in the agLDL are increased. HDL can extract free cholesterol directly from this agLDL and inhibit macrophage foam cell formation. Cholesterol-balanced hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin similarly reduced macrophage cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation. Finally, we show that HDL can directly extract free cholesterol, but not cholesterol esters, from agLDL in the absence of cells. Together, these results suggest that the actions of HDL can directly extract free cholesterol from agLDL during catabolism, and provide a new context in which to view the complex relationship between HDL and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederik W Lund
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Abigail S Haka
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Ruuth M, Janssen LG, Äikäs L, Tigistu-Sahle F, Nahon KJ, Ritvos O, Ruhanen H, Käkelä R, Boon MR, Öörni K, Rensen PC. LDL aggregation susceptibility is higher in healthy South Asian compared with white Caucasian men. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:910-919.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Singh RK, Haka AS, Asmal A, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Grosheva I, Chin HF, Xiong Y, Hla T, Maxfield FR. TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4)-Dependent Signaling Drives Extracellular Catabolism of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:86-102. [PMID: 31597445 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregation and modification of LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) promote their retention and accumulation in the arteries. This is a critical initiating factor during atherosclerosis. Macrophage catabolism of agLDL (aggregated LDL) occurs using a specialized extracellular, hydrolytic compartment, the lysosomal synapse. Compartment formation by local actin polymerization and delivery of lysosomal contents by exocytosis promotes acidification of the compartment and degradation of agLDL. Internalization of metabolites, such as cholesterol, promotes foam cell formation, a process that drives atherogenesis. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for the involvement of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and its adaptor protein MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88) in atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the role of TLR4 in catabolism of agLDL using the lysosomal synapse and foam cell formation. Approach and Results: Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from knockout mice, we find that TLR4 and MyD88 regulate compartment formation, lysosome exocytosis, acidification of the compartment, and foam cell formation. Using siRNA (small interfering RNA), pharmacological inhibition and knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages, we implicate SYK (spleen tyrosine kinase), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and Akt in agLDL catabolism using the lysosomal synapse. Using bone marrow transplantation of LDL receptor knockout mice with TLR4 knockout bone marrow, we show that deficiency of TLR4 protects macrophages from lipid accumulation during atherosclerosis. Finally, we demonstrate that macrophages in vivo form an extracellular compartment and exocytose lysosome contents similar to that observed in vitro for degradation of agLDL. CONCLUSIONS We present a mechanism in which interaction of macrophages with agLDL initiates a TLR4 signaling pathway, resulting in formation of the lysosomal synapse, catabolism of agLDL, and lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Arky Asmal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Valéria C Barbosa-Lorenzi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Inna Grosheva
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Harvey F Chin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.).,Current address: Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (Y.X.)
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
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22
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Li Z, Wu J, Zhang X, Ou C, Zhong X, Chen Y, Lu L, Liu H, Li Y, Liu X, Wu B, Wang Y, Yang P, Yan J, Chen M. CDC42 promotes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Pathol 2019; 249:461-471. [PMID: 31397884 DOI: 10.1002/path.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification is now recognised as a biological process similar to bone formation involving osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), a Rac1 family member GTPase, is essential for cartilage development during endochondral bone formation. However, whether CDC42 affects osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and vascular calcification remains unknown. In the present study, we observed a significant increase in the expression of CDC42 both in rat VSMCs and in calcified arteries during vascular calcification. Alizarin red staining and calcium content assay revealed that adenovirus-mediated CDC42 overexpression led to an apparent VSMC calcification in the presence of calcifying medium, accompanied with up-regulation of bone-related molecules including RUNX2 and BMP2. By contrast, inhibition of CDC42 by ML141 significantly blocked calcification of VSMCs in vitro and aortic rings ex vivo. Moreover, ML141 markedly attenuated vascular calcification in rats with CKD. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AKT signal was shown to block CDC42-induced VSMC calcification. These findings demonstrate for the first time that CDC42 contributes to vascular calcification through a mechanism involving AKT signalling; this uncovered a new function of CDC42 in regulating vascular calcification. This may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular calcification in the context of CKD. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinglong Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lihe Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pingzhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianyun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Huang R, Guo G, Lu L, Fu R, Luo J, Liu Z, Gu Y, Yang W, Zheng Q, Chao T, He L, Wang Y, Niu Z, Wang H, Lawrence T, Malissen M, Malissen B, Liang Y, Zhang L. The three members of the Vav family proteins form complexes that concur to foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:2006-2019. [PMID: 31570505 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development, the scavenger receptor CD36 plays critical roles in lipid uptake and triggering of atherogenicity via the activation of Vav molecules. The Vav family includes three highly conserved members known as Vav1, Vav2, and Vav3. As Vav1 and Vav3 were found to exert function in atherosclerosis development, it remains thus to decipher whether Vav2 also plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study we found that Vav2 deficiency in RAW264.7 macrophages significantly diminished oxidized LDL uptake and CD36 signaling, demonstrating that each Vav protein family member was required for foam cell formation. Genetic disruption of Vav2 in ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice significantly inhibited the severity of atherosclerosis. Strikingly, we further found that the genetic deletion of each member of the Vav protein family by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a similar alteration of transcriptomic profiles of macrophages. The three members of the Vav proteins were found to form complexes, and genetic ablation of each single Vav molecule was sufficient to prevent endocytosis of CD36. The functional interdependence of the three Vav family members in foam cell formation was due to their indispensable roles in transcriptomic programing, lipid uptake, and activation of the JNK kinase in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo Guo
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanrong Gu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Tianzhu Chao
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Le He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiguo Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, China
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24
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Cysteamine inhibits lysosomal oxidation of low density lipoprotein in human macrophages and reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Atherosclerosis 2019; 291:9-18. [PMID: 31629988 PMCID: PMC6912160 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims We have shown previously that low density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregated by vortexing is internalised by macrophages and oxidised by iron in lysosomes to form the advanced lipid/protein oxidation product ceroid. We have now used sphingomyelinase-aggregated LDL, a more pathophysiological form of aggregated LDL, to study lysosomal oxidation of LDL and its inhibition by antioxidants, including cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol), which concentrates in lysosomes by several orders of magnitude. We have also investigated the effect of cysteamine on atherosclerosis in mice. Methods LDL was incubated with sphingomyelinase, which increased its average particle diameter from 26 to 170 nm, and was then incubated for up to 7 days with human monocyte-derived macrophages. LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed a Western diet (19–22 per group) and some given cysteamine in their drinking water at a dose equivalent to that used in cystinosis patients. The extent of atherosclerosis in the aortic root and the rest of the aorta was measured. Results Confocal microscopy revealed lipid accumulation in lysosomes in the cultured macrophages. Large amounts of ceroid were produced, which colocalised with the lysosomal marker LAMP2. The antioxidants cysteamine, butylated hydroxytoluene, amifostine and its active metabolite WR-1065, inhibited the production of ceroid. Cysteamine at concentrations well below those expected to be present in lysosomes inhibited the oxidation of LDL by iron ions at lysosomal pH (pH 4.5) for prolonged periods. Finally, we showed that the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and arch of mice was significantly reduced by cysteamine. Conclusions These results support our hypothesis that lysosomal oxidation of LDL is important in atherosclerosis and hence antioxidant drugs that concentrate in lysosomes might provide a novel therapy for this disease. The drug cysteamine, which accumulates in lysosomes, inhibited the oxidation of LDL by iron at pH 4.5 (the pH of lysosomes). Cysteamine inhibited the lysosomal oxidation of LDL inside cultured macrophages. Cysteamine reduced atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. These results support our hypothesis that lysosomal oxidation of LDL is important in atherosclerosis. Antioxidant drugs that concentrate in lysosomes might provide a novel therapy for this disease.
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