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Friedrich RP, Cicha I, Alexiou C. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092337. [PMID: 34578651 PMCID: PMC8466586 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many promising nanotechnological approaches to biomedical research have been developed in order to increase implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in clinical practice. In the meantime, the use of nanomaterials for the regeneration of diseased or injured tissues is considered advantageous in most areas of medicine. In particular, for the treatment of cardiovascular, osteochondral and neurological defects, but also for the recovery of functions of other organs such as kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra and for wound healing, nanomaterials are increasingly being developed that serve as scaffolds, mimic the extracellular matrix and promote adhesion or differentiation of cells. This review focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
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Panda A, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Carter HK, Thomas EL, Rajasingh J. Non-viral reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiovascular therapy. Differentiation 2020; 112:58-66. [PMID: 31954271 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant effort devoted to developing new treatments and procedures, cardiac disease is still one of the leading causes of death in the world. The loss of myocytes due to ischemic injury remains a major therapeutic challenge. However, cell-based therapy to repair the injured heart has shown significant promise in basic and translation research and in clinical trials. Embryonic stem cells have been successfully used to improve cardiac outcomes. Unfortunately, treatment with these cells is complicated by ethical and legal issues. Recent progress in developing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using non-viral vectors has made it possible to derive cardiomyocytes for therapy. This review will focus on these non-integration-based approaches for reprogramming and their therapeutic advantages for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Panda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Hannah-Kaye Carter
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Tada Y, Heidary S, Tachibana A, Zaman J, Neofytou E, Dash R, Wu JC, Yang PC. Myocardial viability of the peri-infarct region measured by T1 mapping post manganese-enhanced MRI correlates with LV dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 2019; 281:8-14. [PMID: 30739802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) detects viable cardiomyocytes based on the intracellular manganese uptake via L-type calcium-channels. This study aimed to quantify myocardial viability based on manganese uptake by viable myocardium in the infarct core (IC), peri-infarct region (PIR) and remote myocardium (RM) using T1 mapping before and after MEMRI and assess their association with cardiac function and arrhythmogenesis. METHODS Fifteen female swine had a 60-minute balloon ischemia-reperfusion injury in the LAD. MRI (Signa 3T, GE Healthcare) and electrophysiological study (EPS) were performed 4 weeks later. MEMRI and delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI (DEMRI) were acquired on LV short axis. The DEMRI positive total infarct area was subdivided into the regions of MEMRI-negative non-viable IC and MEMRI-positive viable PIR. T1 mapping was performed to evaluate native T1, post-MEMRI T1, and delta R1 (R1post-R1pre, where R1 equals 1/T1) of each territory. Their correlation with LV function and EPS data was assessed. RESULTS PIR was characterized by intermediate native T1 (1530.5 ± 75.2 ms) compared to IC (1634.7 ± 88.4 ms, p = 0.001) and RM (1406.4 ± 37.9 ms, p < 0.0001). Lower post-MEMRI T1 of PIR (1136.3 ± 99.6 ms) than IC (1262.6 ± 126.8 ms, p = 0.005) and higher delta R1 (0.23 ± 0.08 s-1) of PIR than IC (0.18 ± 0.09 s-1, p = 0.04) indicated higher myocardial manganese uptake of PIR compared to IC. Post-MEMRI T1 (r = -0.57, p = 0.02) and delta R1 (r = 0.51, p = 0.04) of PIR correlated significantly with LVEF. CONCLUSIONS PIR is characterized by higher manganese uptake compared to the infarct core. In the subacute phase post-IR, PIR viability measured by post-MEMRI T1 correlates with cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tada
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Shahriar Heidary
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Tachibana
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Junaid Zaman
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Evgenios Neofytou
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Dash
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
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Zaman RT, Tuerkcan S, Mahmoudi M, Saito T, Yang PC, Chin FT, McConnell MV, Xing L. Imaging cellular pharmacokinetics of 18F-FDG and 6-NBDG uptake by inflammatory and stem cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192662. [PMID: 29462173 PMCID: PMC5819797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myocardial infarction (MI) causes significant loss of cardiomyocytes, myocardial tissue damage, and impairment of myocardial function. The inability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate prevents the heart from self-regeneration. The treatment for advanced heart failure following an MI is heart transplantation despite the limited availability of the organs. Thus, stem-cell-based cardiac therapies could ultimately prevent heart failure by repairing injured myocardium that reverses cardiomyocyte loss. However, stem-cell-based therapies lack understanding of the mechanisms behind a successful therapy, including difficulty tracking stem cells to provide information on cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we have investigated the interaction between different types of stem and inflammatory cells and cell-targeted imaging molecules, 18F-FDG and 6-NBDG, to identify uptake patterns and pharmacokinetics in vitro. METHODS Macrophages (both M1 and M2), human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) were incubated with either 18F-FDG or 6-NBDG. Excess radiotracer and fluorescence were removed and a 100 μm-thin CdWO4 scintillator plate was placed on top of the cells for radioluminescence microscopy imaging of 18F-FDG uptake, while no scintillator was needed for fluorescence imaging of 6-NBDG uptake. Light produced following beta decay was imaged with a highly sensitive inverted microscope (LV200, Olympus) and an Electron Multiplying Charge-Couple Device (EM-CCD) camera. Custom-written software was developed in MATLAB for image processing. RESULTS The average cellular activity of 18F-FDG in a single cell of hAMSCs (0.670±0.028 fCi/μm2, P = 0.001) was 20% and 36% higher compared to uptake in hiPSCs (0.540±0.026 fCi/μm2, P = 0.003) and macrophages (0.430±0.023 fCi/μm2, P = 0.002), respectively. hAMSCs exhibited the slowest influx (0.210 min-1) but the fastest efflux (0.327 min-1) rate compared to the other tested cell lines for 18F-FDG. This cell line also has the highest phosphorylation but exhibited the lowest rate of de-phosphorylation. The uptake pattern for 6-NBDG was very different in these three cell lines. The average cellular activity of 6-NBDG in a single cell of macrophages (0.570±0.230 fM/μm2, P = 0.004) was 38% and 14% higher compared to hiPSCs (0.350±0.160 fM/μm2, P = 0.001) and hAMSCs (0.490±0.028 fM/μm2, P = 0.006), respectively. The influx (0.276 min-1), efflux (0.612 min-1), phosphorylation (0.269 min-1), and de-phosphorylation (0.049 min-1) rates were also highest for macrophages compared to the other two tested cell lines. CONCLUSION hAMSCs were found to be 2-3× more sensitive to 18F-FDG molecule compared to hiPSCs/macrophages. However, macrophages exhibited the most sensitivity towards 6-NBDG. Based on this result, hAMSCs targeted with 18F-FDG could be more suitable for understanding the mechanisms behind successful therapy for treating MI patients by gathering information on cell migration, proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiyan T. Zaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvan Tuerkcan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Toshinobu Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Phillip C. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Frederick T. Chin
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael V. McConnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Santoso MR, Yang PC. Molecular Imaging of Stem Cells and Exosomes for Myocardial Regeneration. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-017-9433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Youssef AA, Ross EG, Bolli R, Pepine CJ, Leeper NJ, Yang PC. The Promise and Challenge of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Applications. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:510-523. [PMID: 28580434 PMCID: PMC5451899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of stem cells. iPSCs have demonstrated that biological development is not an irreversible process and that mature adult somatic cells can be induced to become pluripotent. This breakthrough is projected to advance our current understanding of many disease processes and revolutionize the approach to effective therapeutics. Despite the great promise of iPSCs, many translational challenges still remain. In this article, we review the basic concept of induction of pluripotency as a novel approach to understand cardiac regeneration, cardiovascular disease modeling and drug discovery. We critically reflect on the current results of preclinical and clinical studies using iPSCs for these applications with appropriate emphasis on the challenges facing clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Youssef
- Division of Cardiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Aurora Bay Area Medical Center, Marinette, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elsie Gyang Ross
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, California, USA
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Mahmoudi M, Tachibana A, Goldstone AB, Woo YJ, Chakraborty P, Lee KR, Foote CS, Piecewicz S, Barrozo JC, Wakeel A, Rice BW, Bell III CB, Yang PC. Novel MRI Contrast Agent from Magnetotactic Bacteria Enables In Vivo Tracking of iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26960. [PMID: 27264636 PMCID: PMC4893600 DOI: 10.1038/srep26960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic delivery of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs) represents a novel clinical approach to regenerate the injured myocardium. However, methods for robust and accurate in vivo monitoring of the iCMs are still lacking. Although superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) are recognized as a promising tool for in vivo tracking of stem cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), their signal persists in the heart even weeks after the disappearance of the injected cells. This limitation highlights the inability of SPIOs to distinguish stem cell viability. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we demonstrate the use of a living contrast agent, magneto-endosymbionts (MEs) derived from magnetotactic bacteria for the labeling of iCMs. The ME-labeled iCMs were injected into the infarcted area of murine heart and probed by MRI and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Our findings demonstrate that the MEs are robust and effective biological contrast agents to track iCMs in an in vivo murine model. We show that the MEs clear within one week of cell death whereas the SPIOs remain over 2 weeks after cell death. These findings will accelerate the clinical translation of in vivo MRI monitoring of transplanted stem cell at high spatial resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atsushi Tachibana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Goldstone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Y. Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kayla R. Lee
- Bell Biosystems Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | | | | | - Abdul Wakeel
- Bell Biosystems Inc., San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | | | - Phillip C. Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Santoso MR, Yang PC. Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeting and Imaging of Stem Cells in Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4198790. [PMID: 27127519 PMCID: PMC4834159 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4198790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has broad applications in regenerative medicine and increasingly within cardiovascular disease. Stem cells have emerged as a leading therapeutic option for many diseases and have broad applications in regenerative medicine. Injuries to the heart are often permanent due to the limited proliferation and self-healing capability of cardiomyocytes; as such, stem cell therapy has become increasingly important in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Despite extensive efforts to optimize cardiac stem cell therapy, challenges remain in the delivery and monitoring of cells injected into the myocardium. Other fields have successively used nanoscience and nanotechnology for a multitude of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, targeted imaging, hyperthermia, and tissue repair. In particular, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely employed for molecular and cellular imaging. In this mini-review, we focus on the application of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in targeting and monitoring of stem cells for the treatment of myocardial infarctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Santoso
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Phillip C. Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Dash R, Kim PJ, Matsuura Y, Ikeno F, Metzler S, Huang NF, Lyons JK, Nguyen PK, Ge X, Foo CWP, McConnell MV, Wu JC, Yeung AC, Harnish P, Yang PC. Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enables In Vivo Confirmation of Peri-Infarct Restoration Following Stem Cell Therapy in a Porcine Ischemia-Reperfusion Model. J Am Heart Assoc 2015. [PMID: 26215972 PMCID: PMC4608088 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The exact mechanism of stem cell therapy in augmenting the function of ischemic cardiomyopathy is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that increased viability of the peri-infarct region (PIR) produces restorative benefits after stem cell engraftment. A novel multimodality imaging approach simultaneously assessed myocardial viability (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [MEMRI]), myocardial scar (delayed gadolinium enhancement MRI), and transplanted stem cell engraftment (positron emission tomography reporter gene) in the injured porcine hearts. Methods and Results Twelve adult swine underwent ischemia–reperfusion injury. Digital subtraction of MEMRI-negative myocardium (intrainfarct region) from delayed gadolinium enhancement MRI–positive myocardium (PIR and intrainfarct region) clearly delineated the PIR in which the MEMRI-positive signal reflected PIR viability. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) represent a unique population of immunomodulatory mesodermal stem cells that restored the murine PIR. Immediately following hAMSC delivery, MEMRI demonstrated an increased PIR viability signal compared with control. Direct PIR viability remained higher in hAMSC-treated hearts for >6 weeks. Increased PIR viability correlated with improved regional contractility, left ventricular ejection fraction, infarct size, and hAMSC engraftment, as confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Increased MEMRI and positron emission tomography reporter gene signal in the intrainfarct region and the PIR correlated with sustained functional augmentation (global and regional) within the hAMSC group (mean change, left ventricular ejection fraction: hAMSC 85±60%, control 8±10%; P<0.05) and reduced chamber dilatation (left ventricular end-diastole volume increase: hAMSC 24±8%, control 110±30%; P<0.05). Conclusions The positron emission tomography reporter gene signal of hAMSC engraftment correlates with the improved MEMRI signal in the PIR. The increased MEMRI signal represents PIR viability and the restorative potential of the injured heart. This in vivo multimodality imaging platform represents a novel, real-time method of tracking PIR viability and stem cell engraftment while providing a mechanistic explanation of the therapeutic efficacy of cardiovascular stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Dash
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
| | - Paul J Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | - Yuka Matsuura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | - Fumiaki Ikeno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | - Scott Metzler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
| | - Jennifer K Lyons
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | - Patricia K Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
| | - Xiaohu Ge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | | | - Michael V McConnell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (M.V.M.C.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
| | - Alan C Yeung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.)
| | | | - Phillip C Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., P.J.K., Y.M., F.I., S.M., N.F.H., J.K.L., P.K.N., X.G., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., A.C.Y., P.C.Y.) Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (R.D., N.F.H., P.K.N., M.V.M.C., J.C.W., P.C.Y.)
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Kim PJ, Mahmoudi M, Ge X, Matsuura Y, Toma I, Metzler S, Kooreman NG, Ramunas J, Holbrook C, McConnell MV, Blau H, Harnish P, Rulifson E, Yang PC. Direct evaluation of myocardial viability and stem cell engraftment demonstrates salvage of the injured myocardium. Circ Res 2015; 116:e40-50. [PMID: 25654979 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanism of functional restoration by stem cell therapy remains poorly understood. Novel manganese-enhanced MRI and bioluminescence reporter gene imaging were applied to follow myocardial viability and cell engraftment, respectively. Human-placenta-derived amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMCs) demonstrate unique immunoregulatory and precardiac properties. In this study, the restorative effects of 3 AMC-derived subpopulations were examined in a murine myocardial injury model: (1) unselected AMCs, (2) ckit(+)AMCs, and (3) AMC-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (MiPSCs). OBJECTIVE To determine the differential restorative effects of the AMC-derived subpopulations in the murine myocardial injury model using multimodality imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice underwent left anterior descending artery ligation and were divided into 4 treatment arms: (1) normal saline control (n=14), (2) unselected AMCs (n=10), (3) ckit(+)AMCs (n=13), and (4) MiPSCs (n=11). Cardiac MRI assessed myocardial viability and left ventricular function, whereas bioluminescence imaging assessed stem cell engraftment during a 4-week period. Immunohistological labeling and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of the explanted myocardium were performed. The unselected AMC and ckit(+)AMC-treated mice demonstrated transient left ventricular functional improvement. However, the MiPSCs exhibited a significantly greater increase in left ventricular function compared with all the other groups during the entire 4-week period. Left ventricular functional improvement correlated with increased myocardial viability and sustained stem cell engraftment. The MiPSC-treated animals lacked any evidence of de novo cardiac differentiation. CONCLUSION The functional restoration seen in MiPSCs was characterized by increased myocardial viability and sustained engraftment without de novo cardiac differentiation, indicating salvage of the injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kim
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Xiaohu Ge
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Yuka Matsuura
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Ildiko Toma
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Scott Metzler
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Nigel G Kooreman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - John Ramunas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Colin Holbrook
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Michael V McConnell
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Helen Blau
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Phillip Harnish
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Eric Rulifson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.)
| | - Phillip C Yang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, CA (P.J.K., M.M., X.G., Y.M., I.T., S.M., N.G.K., M.V.M., E.R., P.C.Y.); Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.R., C.H., H.B.); and Eagle Vision Pharmaceutical Corporation, Exton, PA (P.H.).
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11
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Habibi L, Perry G, Mahmoudi M. Global warming and neurodegenerative disorders: speculations on their linkage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:167-70. [PMID: 25671171 PMCID: PMC4298706 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is having considerable impact on biological systems. Eras of ice ages and warming shaped the contemporary earth and origin of creatures including humans. Warming forces stress conditions on cells. Therefore, cells evolved elaborate defense mechanisms, such as creation of heat shock proteins, to combat heat stress. Global warming is becoming a crisis and this process would yield an undefined increasing rate of neurodegenerative disorders in future decades. Since heat stress is known to have a degenerative effects on neurons and, conversely, cold conditions have protective effect on these cells, we hypothesize that persistent heat stress forced by global warming might play a crucial role in increasing neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Habibi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA ; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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12
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Kim MH, Woo SK, Lee KC, An GI, Pandya D, Park NW, Nahm SS, Eom KD, Kim KI, Lee TS, Kim CW, Kang JH, Yoo J, Lee YJ. Longitudinal monitoring adipose-derived stem cell survival by PET imaging hexadecyl-4-¹²⁴I-iodobenzoate in rat myocardial infarction model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:13-9. [PMID: 25446095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to monitor how the change of cell survival of transplanted adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) responds to myocardial infarction (MI) via the hexadecyl-4-(124)I-iodobenzoate ((124)I-HIB) mediated direct labeling method in vivo. Stem cells have shown the potential to improve cardiac function after MI. However, monitoring of the fate of transplanted stem cells at target sites is still unclear. Rat ADSCs were labeled with (124)I-HIB, and radiolabeled ADSCs were transplanted into the myocardium of normal and MI model. In the group of (124)I-HIB-labeled ADSC transplantation, in vivo imaging was performed using small-animal positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for 9 days. Twenty-one days post-transplantation, histopathological analysis and apoptosis assay were performed. ADSC viability and differentiation were not affected by (124)I-HIB labeling. In vivo tracking of the (124)I-HIB-labeled ADSCs was possible for 9 and 3 days in normal and MI model, respectively. Apoptosis of transplanted cells increased in the MI model compared than that in normal model. We developed a direct labeling agent, (124)I-HIB, and first tried to longitudinally monitor transplanted stem cell to MI. This approach may provide new insights on the roles of stem cell monitoring in living bodies for stem cell therapy from pre-clinical studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwan Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Woo
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Il An
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Darpan Pandya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Noh Won Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Eom
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sup Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Wha Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Yoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Psaltis PJ, Peterson KM, Xu R, Franchi F, Witt T, Chen IY, Lerman A, Simari RD, Gambhir SS, Rodriguez-Porcel M. Noninvasive monitoring of oxidative stress in transplanted mesenchymal stromal cells. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:795-802. [PMID: 23643284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to validate a pathway-specific reporter gene that could be used to noninvasively image the oxidative status of progenitor cells. BACKGROUND In cell therapy studies, reporter gene imaging plays a valuable role in the assessment of cell fate in living subjects. After myocardial injury, noxious stimuli in the host tissue confer oxidative stress to transplanted cells that may influence their survival and reparative function. METHODS Rat mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were studied for phenotypic evidence of increased oxidative stress under in vitro stress. On the basis of their up-regulation of the pro-oxidant enzyme p67(phox) subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H oxidase p67(phox)), an oxidative stress sensor was constructed, comprising the firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene driven by the NAD(P)H p67(phox) promoter. MSCs cotransfected with NAD(P)H p67(phox)-Fluc and a cell viability reporter gene (cytomegalovirus-Renilla luciferase) were studied under in vitro and in vivo pro-oxidant conditions. RESULTS After in vitro validation of the sensor during low-serum culture, transfected MSCs were transplanted into a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and monitored by using bioluminescence imaging. Compared with sham controls (no IR), cardiac Fluc intensity was significantly higher in IR rats (3.5-fold at 6 h, 2.6-fold at 24 h, 5.4-fold at 48 h; p < 0.01), indicating increased cellular oxidative stress. This finding was corroborated by ex vivo luminometry after correcting for Renilla luciferase activity as a measure of viable MSC number (Fluc:Renilla luciferase ratio 0.011 ± 0.003 for sham vs. 0.026 ± 0.004 for IR at 48 h; p < 0.05). Furthermore, in IR animals that received MSCs preconditioned with an antioxidant agent (tempol), Fluc signal was strongly attenuated, substantiating the specificity of the oxidative stress sensor. CONCLUSIONS Pathway-specific reporter gene imaging allows assessment of changes in the oxidative status of MSCs after delivery to ischemic myocardium, providing a template to monitor key biological interactions between transplanted cells and their host environment in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Psaltis
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Li XX, Li KA, Qin JB, Ye KC, Yang XR, Li WM, Xie QS, Jiang ME, Zhang GX, Lu XW. In vivo MRI tracking of iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells in limb ischemia. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1063-73. [PMID: 23515426 PMCID: PMC3598527 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell transplantation has been investigated for repairing damaged tissues in various injury models. Monitoring the safety and fate of transplanted cells using noninvasive methods is important to advance this technique into clinical applications. Methods In this study, lower-limb ischemia models were generated in nude mice by femoral artery ligation. As negative-contrast agents, positively charged magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (aminopropyltriethoxysilane-coated Fe2O3) were investigated in terms of in vitro labeling efficiency, effects on human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) proliferation, and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization. Ultimately, the mice were sacrificed for histological analysis three weeks after transplantation. Results With efficient labeling, aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (APTS-MNPs) did not significantly affect hMSC proliferation. In vivo, APTS-MNP-labeled hMSCs could be monitored by clinical 3 Tesla MRI for at least three weeks. Histological examination detected numerous migrated Prussian blue-positive cells, which was consistent with the magnetic resonance images. Some migrated Prussian blue-positive cells were positive for mature endothelial cell markers of von Willebrand factor and anti-human proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In the test groups, Prussian blue-positive nanoparticles, which could not be found in other organs, were detected in the spleen. Conclusion APTS-MNPs could efficiently label hMSCs, and clinical 3 Tesla MRI could monitor the labeled stem cells in vivo, which may provide a new approach for the in vivo monitoring of implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
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15
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Roura S, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A. Bioluminescence imaging: a shining future for cardiac regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:693-703. [PMID: 23402217 PMCID: PMC3823173 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in bioanalytical techniques have become crucial for both basic research and medical practice. One example, bioluminescence imaging (BLI), is based on the application of natural reactants with light-emitting capabilities (photoproteins and luciferases) isolated from a widespread group of organisms. The main challenges in cardiac regeneration remain unresolved, but a vast number of studies have harnessed BLI with the discovery of aequorin and green fluorescent proteins. First described in the luminous hydromedusan Aequorea victoria in the early 1960s, bioluminescent proteins have greatly contributed to the design and initiation of ongoing cell-based clinical trials on cardiovascular diseases. In conjunction with advances in reporter gene technology, BLI provides valuable information about the location and functional status of regenerative cells implanted into numerous animal models of disease. The purpose of this review was to present the great potential of BLI, among other existing imaging modalities, to refine effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of cardiac cell therapy. We recount the first discovery of natural primary compounds with light-emitting capabilities, and follow their applications to bioanalysis. We also illustrate insights and perspectives on BLI to illuminate current efforts in cardiac regeneration, where the future is bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Roura
- ICREC Research Program, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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16
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Musialek P, Tekieli L, Kostkiewicz M, Miszalski-Jamka T, Klimeczek P, Mazur W, Szot W, Majka M, Banys RP, Jarocha D, Walter Z, Krupinski M, Pieniazek P, Olszowska M, Zmudka K, Pasowicz M, Kereiakes DJ, Tracz W, Podolec P, Wojakowski W. Infarct size determines myocardial uptake of CD34+ cells in the peri-infarct zone: results from a study of (99m)Tc-extametazime-labeled cell visualization integrated with cardiac magnetic resonance infarct imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 6:320-8. [PMID: 23271789 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.112.979633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective progenitor cell recruitment to the ischemic injury zone is a prerequisite for any potential therapeutic effect. Cell uptake determinants in humans with recent myocardial infarction are not defined. We tested the hypothesis that myocardial uptake of autologous CD34(+) cells delivered via an intracoronary route after recent myocardial infarction is related to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and infarct size. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-one subjects (age, 36-69 years; 28 men) with primary percutaneous coronary intervention-treated anterior ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and significant myocardial injury (median peak troponin I, 138 ng/dL [limits, 58-356 ng/dL]) and sustained LVEF depression at ≤45% were recruited. On day 10 (days 7-12), 4.3×10(6) (0.7-9.9×10(6)) (99m)Tc-extametazime-labeled autologous bone marrow CD34(+) cells (activity, 77 MBq [45.9-86.7 MBq]) were administered transcoronarily (left anterior descending coronary artery). (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99(m)Tc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography before cell delivery showed 7 (2-11) (of 17) segments with definitely abnormal/absent perfusion. Late gadolinium-enhanced infarct core mass was 21.7 g (4.4-45.9 g), and infarct border zone mass was 29.8 g (3.9-60.2 g) (full-width at half-maximum, signal intensity thresholding algorithm). One hour after administration, 5.2% (1.7%-9.9%) of labeled cell activity localized in the myocardium (whole-body planar γ scan). Image fusion of labeled cell single-photon emission computed tomography with LV perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography or with cardiac magnetic resonance infarct imaging indicated cell uptake in the peri-infarct zone. Myocardial uptake of labeled cells activity correlated in particular with late gadolinium-enhanced infarct border zone mass (r=0.84, P<0.0001) and with peak troponin I (r=0.76, P<0.001); it also correlated with severely abnormal/absent perfusion segment number (r=0.45, P=0.008) and late gadolinium-enhanced infarct core (r=0.58 and r=0.84, P<0.0001) but not with echocardiography LVEF (r=-0.07, P=0.68) or gated single-photon emission computed tomography LVEF (r=-0.28, P=0.16). The correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-LVEF was weak (r=-0.38; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS This largest human study with labeled bone marrow CD34(+) cell transcoronary transplantation after recent ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction found that myocardial cell uptake is determined by infarct size rather than LVEF and occurs preferentially in the peri-infarct zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Musialek
- Departments of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Institute of Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
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Woon CY, Farnebo S, Schmitt T, Kraus A, Megerle K, Pham H, Yan X, Gambhir SS, Chang J. Human Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Revitalization of Biostatic Allograft Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2406-17. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Y.L. Woon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Taliah Schmitt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Armin Kraus
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kai Megerle
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hung Pham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Xinrui Yan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - James Chang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
- Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Castaneda RT, Boddington S, Henning TD, Wendland M, Mandrussow L, Liu S, Daldrup-Link H. Labeling human embryonic stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes for tracking with MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1384-92. [PMID: 21594541 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can generate cardiomyocytes (CM), which offer promising treatments for cardiomyopathies in children. However, challenges for clinical translation result from loss of transplanted cell from target sites and high cell death. An imaging technique that noninvasively and repetitively monitors transplanted hESC-CM could guide improvements in transplantation techniques and advance therapies. OBJECTIVE To develop a clinically applicable labeling technique for hESC-CM with FDA-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) by examining labeling before and after CM differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Triplicates of hESC were labeled by simple incubation with 50 μg/ml of ferumoxides before or after differentiation into CM, then imaged on a 7T MR scanner using a T2-weighted multi-echo spin-echo sequence. Viability, iron uptake and T2-relaxation times were compared between groups using t-tests. RESULTS hESC-CM labeled before differentiation demonstrated significant MR effects, iron uptake and preserved function. hESC-CM labeled after differentiation showed no significant iron uptake or change in MR signal (P < 0.05). Morphology, differentiation and viability were consistent between experimental groups. CONCLUSION hESC-CM should be labeled prior to CM differentiation to achieve a significant MR signal. This technique permits monitoring delivery and engraftment of hESC-CM for potential advancements of stem cell-based therapies in the reconstitution of damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda T Castaneda
- Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5654, USA.
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Sheikh AY, Huber BC, Narsinh KH, Spin JM, van der Bogt K, de Almeida PE, Ransohoff KJ, Kraft DL, Fajardo G, Ardigo D, Ransohoff J, Bernstein D, Fischbein MP, Robbins RC, Wu JC. In vivo functional and transcriptional profiling of bone marrow stem cells after transplantation into ischemic myocardium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:92-102. [PMID: 22034515 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical trials of bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy for the heart have yielded variable results. The basic mechanism(s) that underlies their potential efficacy remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the survival kinetics, transcriptional response, and functional outcome of intramyocardial bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation for cardiac repair in a murine myocardial infarction model. METHODS AND RESULTS We used bioluminescence imaging and high-throughput transcriptional profiling to evaluate the in vivo survival kinetics and gene expression changes of transplanted BMMCs after their engraftment into ischemic myocardium. Our results demonstrate short-lived survival of cells following transplant, with less than 1% of cells surviving by 6 weeks posttransplantation. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of BMMCs revealed nonspecific upregulation of various cell regulatory genes, with a marked downregulation of cell differentiation and maturation pathways. BMMC therapy caused limited improvement of heart function as assessed by echocardiography, invasive hemodynamics, and positron emission tomography. Histological evaluation of cell fate further confirmed findings of the in vivo cell tracking and transcriptomic analysis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that BMMC therapy, in its present iteration, may be less efficacious than once thought. Additional refinement of existing cell delivery protocols should be considered to induce better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Musialek P, Tekieli L, Kostkiewicz M, Majka M, Szot W, Walter Z, Zebzda A, Pieniazek P, Kadzielski A, Banys RP, Olszowska M, Pasowicz M, Zmudka K, Tracz W. Randomized transcoronary delivery of CD34(+) cells with perfusion versus stop-flow method in patients with recent myocardial infarction: Early cardiac retention of ⁹⁹(m)Tc-labeled cells activity. J Nucl Cardiol 2011; 18:104-16. [PMID: 21161463 PMCID: PMC3032199 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-010-9326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For transcoronary progenitor cells' administration, injections under flow arrest (over-the-wire balloon technique, OTW) are used universally despite lack of evidence for being required for cell delivery or being effective in stimulating myocardial engraftment. Flow-mediated endothelial rolling is mandatory for subsequent cell adhesion and extravasation. METHODS To optimize cell directing toward the coronary endothelium under maintained flow, the authors developed a cell-delivery side-holed perfusion catheter (PC). Thirty-four patients (36-69 years, 30 men) with primary stent-assisted angioplasty-treated anterior MI (peak TnI 151 [53-356]ng/dL, mean[range]) were randomly assigned to OTW or PC autologous ⁹⁹Tc-extametazime-labeled bone marrow CD34(+) cells (4.34 [0.92-7.54] × 10⁶) administration at 6-14 days after pPCI (LVEF 37.1 [24-44]%). Myocardial perfusion (⁹⁹(m)Tc-MIBI) and labeled cells' activity were evaluated (SPECT) at, respectively, 36-48 h prior to and 60 min after delivery. RESULTS In contrast to OTW coronary occlusions, no intolerance or ventricular arrhythmia occurred with PC cells' administration (P < .001). One hour after delivery, 4.86 [1.7-7.6]% and 5.05 [2.2-9.9]% activity was detected in the myocardium (OTW and PC, respectively, P = .84). Labeled cell activity was clearly limited to the (viable) peri-infarct zone in 88% patients, indicating that the infarct core zone may be largely inaccessible to transcoronary-administered cells. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the transcoronary delivery method, only ≈ 5% of native (i.e., non-engineered) CD34(+) cells spontaneously home to the injured myocardium, and cell retention occurs preferentially in the viable peri-infarct zone. Although the efficacy of cell delivery is not increased with the perfusion method, by avoiding provoking ischemic episodes PC offers a rational alternative to the OTW delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Musialek
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Tekieli
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kostkiewicz
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Walter
- Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Zebzda
- Department of Transplantation, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pieniazek
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Maria Olszowska
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Zmudka
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Tracz
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Pradnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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Zhang H, Qiao H, Bakken A, Gao F, Huang B, Liu YY, El-Deiry W, Ferrari VA, Zhou R. Utility of dual-modality bioluminescence and MRI in monitoring stem cell survival and impact on post myocardial infarct remodeling. Acad Radiol 2011; 18:3-12. [PMID: 21145025 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene is an authentic marker for surviving stem cells. However, it is unable to visualize the intramyocardial delivery of stem cells or their impact on cardiac function. The investigators demonstrate that bioluminescence imaging (BLI) combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows better assessment of cell delivery and the impact on post-myocardial infarction remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine embryonic stem cells (0.3 million) were double-labeled with Fluc and superparamagnetic iron oxide particles and injected into the infarct border zone of athymic rat hearts. BLI and MRI were performed serially up to 2 months after injection, followed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Dual-modality imaging was able to verify the initial intramyocardial delivery of the cells and their survival status. Over time, BLI signal increased in seven of nine hearts and disappeared in the other two hearts. The divergence of BLI signal over time was supported by MRI findings. Left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening estimated by MRI suggested that cell engraftment mediated a positive impact on post-myocardial infarction remodeling. Two months after intramyocardial injection, superparamagnetic iron oxide-associated signals facilitated the localization of the injection site. CONCLUSIONS Dual-modality imaging has the unique ability to monitor cell delivery, survival status, graft morphology, and impact on post-myocardial infarction remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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Jiang H, Cheng Z, Tian M, Zhang H. In vivo imaging of embryonic stem cell therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:774-84. [PMID: 21107558 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the most pluripotent potential of any stem cell. These cells, isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, are "pluripotent," meaning that they can give rise to all cell types within the developing embryo. As a result, ESCs have been regarded as a leading candidate source for novel regenerative medicine therapies and have been used to derive diverse cell populations, including myocardial and endothelial cells. However, before they can be safely applied clinically, it is important to understand the in vivo behavior of ESCs and their derivatives. In vivo analysis of ESC-derived cells remains critically important to define how these cells may function in novel regenerative medicine therapies. In this review, we describe several available imaging modalities for assessing cell engraftment and discuss their strengths and limitations. We also analyze the applications of these modalities in assessing the utility of ESCs in regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
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Zhao ZQ, Puskas JD, Xu D, Wang NP, Mosunjac M, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, Matheny R. Improvement in cardiac function with small intestine extracellular matrix is associated with recruitment of C-kit cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1250-1261. [PMID: 20298933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that modulation of angiogenesis and cardiac function by injecting small intestine extracellular matrix emulsion (EMU) into myocardium is associated with recruitment of c-kit cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages after myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND Degradation of native extracellular matrix has been associated with adverse cardiac remodeling after infarction. METHODS Sixty-four rats were subjected to 45 min ischemia followed by 3, 7, 21, and 42 days of reperfusion, respectively. Saline or EMU (30 to 50 microl) was injected into the area at risk myocardium after reperfusion. Histological examination was performed by immunohistochemical staining, and cardiac function was analyzed using echocardiography. RESULTS The population of c-kit-positive cells in infarcted myocardium with the EMU injection increased significantly relative to the saline control at 7 days of reperfusion. Along with this change, alpha-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts and macrophages accumulated to a significant extent compared with the saline control. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor protein level and strong immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor expression were observed. Angiogenesis in the EMU area was significantly enhanced relative to the saline control, evidenced by increased density of alpha-smooth muscle actin positive vessels. Furthermore, echocardiography showed significant improvements in fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and stroke volume in the EMU group. The wall thickness of the infarcted middle anterior septum in the EMU group was significantly increased relative to the saline control. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that injection of EMU into the infarcted myocardium increases neovascularization and preserves cardiac function, potentially mediated by enhanced recruitment of c-kit-positive cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia.
| | - John D Puskas
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Di Xu
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Mario Mosunjac
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert A Guyton
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jakob Vinten-Johansen
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center/Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Molecular Imaging of Stem Cell Transplantation in Myocardial Disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2010; 3:106-112. [PMID: 20396619 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-009-9001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been heralded as a novel therapeutic option for cardiovascular disease. In vivo molecular imaging has emerged as an indispensible tool in investigating stem cell biology post-transplantation into the myocardium and in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the features of each molecular imaging modality and discusses how these modalities have been applied to evaluate stem cell therapy.
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Wu JC. Molecular imaging: antidote to cardiac stem cell controversy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:1661-4. [PMID: 18992657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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