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Chen Y, Cheng R, Lu W, Fan Y, Yu Y, Huang L, Wan Z, Zheng S. Metformin promotes the survival of random skin flaps via the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 401:111188. [PMID: 39121897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The random flap is one of the commonly used techniques for tissue defect repair in surgery and orthopaedics, however the risk of ischaemic necrosis at the distal end of the flap limits its size and clinical application. Metformin (Met) is a first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with additional effects such as anti-tumor, anti-aging, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological effects and potential mechanisms of Met in improving the survival of random skin flaps. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats and 12 male C57BL/6J mice underwent McFarlane flap surgery and divided into control (Ctrl) and Met groups (100 mg/kg). The survival rate of the flap were evaluated on day 7. Angiography, Laser doppler blood flow imaging, and H&E staining were used to assess blood flow supply and the levels of microvascular density. Then, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured by test kits. Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to evaluate the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA), Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and CD31. Rats and mice in the Met group exhibited higher flap survival rate, microcirculatory flow, and higher expression levels of VEGFA and VE-cadherin compared with the Ctrl group. In addition, the level of oxidative stress was significantly lower in the met group. And then we demonstrated that the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with Met can alleviate tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-stimulated cellular dysfunction and oxidative stress injury. Mechanistically, Met markedly stimulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Silencing of Nrf2 partially abolished the antioxidant and therapeutic effects of Met. In summary, our data have confirmed that Met has a positive effect on flap survival and reduces necrosis. The mechanism of action involves the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to combat oxidative stress and reduce damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ruxin Cheng
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Yonghao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China; School of Hainan Provincial Drug Safety Evaluation Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Zhenling Wan
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
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2
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Ko RF, Davidson OQC, Ahmed MA, Clark RM, Brandenburg JS, Pankratz VS, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Howdieshell TR. GPER deficiency impedes murine myocutaneous revascularization and wound healing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18400. [PMID: 39117675 PMCID: PMC11310200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens regulate numerous physiological and pathological processes, including wide-ranging effects in wound healing. The effects of estrogens are mediated through multiple estrogen receptors (ERs), including the classical nuclear ERs (ERα and ER β ), that typically regulate gene expression, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), that predominantly mediates rapid "non-genomic" signaling. Estrogen modulates the expression of various genes involved in epidermal function and regeneration, inflammation, matrix production, and protease inhibition, all critical to wound healing. Our previous work demonstrated improved myocutaneous wound healing in female mice compared to male mice. In the current study, we employed male and female GPER knockout mice to investigate the role of this estrogen receptor in wound revascularization and tissue viability. Using a murine myocutaneous flap model of graded ischemia, we measured real-time flap perfusion via laser speckle perfusion imaging. We conducted histologic and immunohistochemical analyses to assess skin and muscle viability, microvascular density and vessel morphology. Our results demonstrate that GPER is crucial in wound healing, mediating effects that are both dependent and independent of sex. Lack of GPER expression is associated with increased skin necrosis, reduced flap perfusion and altered vessel morphology. These findings contribute to understanding GPER signaling in wound healing and suggest possible therapeutic opportunities by targeting GPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy F Ko
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Oliver Q C Davidson
- Department of Surgery, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael A Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ross M Clark
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Brandenburg
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Vernon S Pankratz
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Thomas R Howdieshell
- Department of Surgery, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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3
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Zomer HD, Cooke PS. Targeting estrogen signaling and biosynthesis for aged skin repair. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1281071. [PMID: 38028803 PMCID: PMC10645088 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1281071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-healing skin wounds are disproportionally prevalent in older adults. Current treatments do not account for the particularities of aged skin and result in inadequate outcomes. Overall, healing chronic wounds in the elderly remains a major unmet clinical need. Estrogens play a critical role in reproduction but also have important actions in non-reproductive organs. Estrogen biosynthesis and signaling pathways are locally activated during physiological wound healing, processes that are inhibited in elderly estrogen-deprived skin. Estrogen deprivation has been shown to be a critical mediator of impaired wound healing in both postmenopausal women and aged men, and topical estrogen application reverses age-associated delayed wound healing in both elderly men and women. These data indicate that adequate estrogen biosynthesis and properly regulated estrogen signaling pathways are essential for normal wound healing and can be targeted to optimize tissue repair in the elderly. However, due to fundamental questions regarding how to safely restore estrogen signaling locally in skin wounds, there are currently no therapeutic strategies addressing estrogen deficiency in elderly chronic wounds. This review discusses established and recent literature in this area and proposes the hypothesis that estrogen plays a pleiotropic role in skin aging and that targeting estrogen signaling and biosynthesis could promote skin repair in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D. Zomer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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4
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Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:295-320. [PMID: 36662583 PMCID: PMC10153636 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activates a diverse array of signaling pathways. The pharmacology and functional roles of GPER in physiology and disease reveal important roles in responses to both natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in numerous physiological systems. These functions have implications in the treatment of myriad disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the complex pharmacology of GPER and summarizes major physiological functions of GPER and the therapeutic implications and ongoing applications of GPER-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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5
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Li H, Jiang R, Lou L, Jia C, Zou L, Chen M. Formononetin Improves the Survival of Random Skin Flaps Through PI3K/Akt-Mediated Nrf2 Antioxidant Defense System. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:901498. [PMID: 35662691 PMCID: PMC9160463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.901498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flap is widely used in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, its clinical effect is limited by ischemia necrosis occurs at the distal part of flap. Previous studies have proved that the protective effect of formononetin was associated with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory ability. However, further research is still needed on the effect of formononetin on flap viability. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of formononetin on flap survival and the underlying mechanisms. Two doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg)of formononetin were administered for seven consecutive days on flap model. Flap tissues were collected on postoperative day 7. Our results revealed that formononetin promoted skin flap viability in a dose-dependent manner. Using immunohistochemical staining and western blot, we found that formononetin significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining, laser Doppler images and immunofluorescence staining showed the enhancement of angiogenesis after formononetin treatment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the antioxidation of formononetin was mediated by activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), while down-regulating cytoplasmic Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression. Co-treatment with formononetin and LY294002 (15 mg/kg), a potent Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, which aborted nuclear Nrf2 expression and phosphorylated Akt, indicating that formononetin-mediated Nrf2 activation was related to PI3K/Akt pathway. Overall, our findings revealed that formononetin increased angiogenesis, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, thus promoting flap survival. We highlighted the antioxidant effects of formononetin since the Nrf2 system was activated. Therefore, formononetin might be a promising candidate drug that can enhance survival of skin flaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lejing Lou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linfang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mochuan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mochuan Chen,
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6
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Togo S, Imanishi H, Hayashi M, Koyama M, Kira Y, Sugawara K, Tsuruta D. Exploring the impact of ovariectomy on hair growth: can ovariectomized mouse serve as a model for investigating female pattern hair loss in humans? Med Mol Morphol 2022; 55:210-226. [PMID: 35486188 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-022-00320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL), a type of hair disease common in pre- and postmenopausal women, is characterized by thinning of hair to O-type, mainly at the crown. Although a mouse model of this disease has recently been established, its details are still unknown, and thus, warrants further analysis. In this study, 3 week-old and 7- to 8 week-old C57BL/6 female mice were divided into two groups: one group underwent ovariectomy (OVX), while the other underwent sham surgery. In the 3 week-old mice, the dorsal skin was collected at seven weeks of age, while in the 7- to 8 week-old mice, it was collected at 12 and 24 weeks of age. In the former group, both the pore size of the hair follicles (HFs) and diameter of the hair shaft of telogen HFs decreased upon OVX; while in the latter group, these factors increased significantly. Notably, the thickness of the dermis and subcutis increased significantly in the OVX group. It needs to be further elucidated whether OVX mouse could serve as an ideal mouse model for FPHL, but our results upon evaluation of skin thickness indicate that it could be used to establish a novel treatment for non-hair-related diseases, such as post-menopause-related skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Togo
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Imanishi
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayasu Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukimi Kira
- Department of Research Support Platform, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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7
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Favre J, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Proux C, Grimaud L, Rivron J, Garcia MC, Réthoré L, Zahreddine R, Davezac M, Fébrissy C, Adlanmerini M, Loufrani L, Procaccio V, Foidart JM, Flouriot G, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Membrane estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) participates in flow-mediated dilation in a ligand-independent manner. eLife 2021; 10:68695. [PMID: 34842136 PMCID: PMC8676342 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation by estrogens prevents atheroma through its nuclear action, whereas plasma membrane-located ERα accelerates endothelial healing. The genetic deficiency of ERα was associated with a reduction in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in one man. Here, we evaluated ex vivo the role of ERα on FMD of resistance arteries. FMD, but not agonist (acetylcholine, insulin)-mediated dilation, was reduced in male and female mice lacking ERα (Esr1-/- mice) compared to wild-type mice and was not dependent on the presence of estrogens. In C451A-ERα mice lacking membrane ERα, not in mice lacking AF2-dependent nuclear ERα actions, FMD was reduced, and restored by antioxidant treatments. Compared to wild-type mice, isolated perfused kidneys of C451A-ERα mice revealed a decreased flow-mediated nitrate production and an increased H2O2 production. Thus, endothelial membrane ERα promotes NO bioavailability through inhibition of oxidative stress and thereby participates in FMD in a ligand-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Manuela Cl Garcia
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Léa Réthoré
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Morgane Davezac
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Chanaelle Fébrissy
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- INSERM U1085, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
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8
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Lou J, Zhang H, Qi J, Xu Y, Wang X, Jiang J, Hu X, Ni L, Cai Y, Wang X, Gao W, Xiao J, Zhou K. Cyclic helix B peptide promotes random-pattern skin flap survival via TFE3-mediated enhancement of autophagy and reduction of ROS levels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:301-321. [PMID: 34622942 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Necrosis of random-pattern skin flaps limits their clinical application. Helix B surface peptide (HBSP) protects tissues from ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, the short plasma half-life of HBSP limits its applications. Cyclic helix B peptide (CHBP) was synthesized in the present study, and the role of CHBP in flap survival and the underlying mechanism were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Flap viability was evaluated by survival area analysis, laser doppler blood flow, and histological analysis. RNA sequencing was used to identify the mechanisms relevant to the role of CHBP. Western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to assay the levels of autophagy, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and molecules related to the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1)-calcineurin signaling pathway. KEY RESULTS The results indicated that CHBP promoted the survival of random-pattern skin flaps. The results of RNA sequencing analysis indicated that autophagy, oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and necroptosis were involved in the ability of CHBP to promote skin flap survival. Restoration of autophagy flux and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress contributed to inhibition of pyroptosis and necroptosis. Increased autophagy and inhibition of oxidative stress in the ischemic flaps are regulated by transcription factor E3 (TFE3). A decrease in the levels of TFE3 caused a reduction in autophagy flux and accumulation of ROS and eliminated the protective effect of CHBP. Moreover, CHBP regulated the activity of TFE3 via the AMPK-TRPML1-calcineurin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS CHBP promotes skin flap survival by upregulating autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress in the ischemic flap and may have potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingtao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, Foidart JM, Péqueux C. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:297-308. [PMID: 34463898 PMCID: PMC8566418 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have pleiotropic effects on many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and organs including the mammary gland, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and endothelium. Estrogen receptor α functions as the principal mediator of estrogenic action in most of these tissues. Estetrol (E4) is a native fetal estrogen with selective tissue actions that is currently approved for use as the estrogen component in a combined oral contraceptive and is being developed as a menopause hormone therapy (MHT, also known as hormone replacement therapy). However, exogenous hormonal treatments, in particular MHTs, have been shown to promote the growth of preexisting breast cancers and are associated with a variable risk of breast cancer depending on the treatment modality. Therefore, evaluating the safety of E4-based formulations on the breast forms a crucial part of the clinical development process. This review highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have assessed the effects of E4 and E4-progestogen combinations on the mammary gland and breast cancer, focusing in particular on the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of E4. We discuss the potential advantages of E4 over current available estrogen-formulations as a contraceptive and for the treatment of symptoms due to menopause. We also consider the potential of E4 for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gallez
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Dias Da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wuidar
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christel Péqueux
- Laboratory of Biology, Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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10
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Kim YS, Lee HY, Jang JY, Lee HR, Shin YS, Kim CH. Redox treatment ameliorates diabetes mellitus-induced skin flap necrosis via inhibiting apoptosis and promoting neoangiogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:718-728. [PMID: 33706582 PMCID: PMC7988729 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220974269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intractable wound healing is the habitual problem of diabetes mellitus. High blood glucose limits wound healing by interrupting inflammatory responses and inhibiting neoangiogenesis. Oxidative stress is commonly thought to be a major pathogenic cause of diabetic complications. Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, EDV) is a free radical scavenger which suppress oxidative stress. This study investigates whether EDV can reduce oxidative stress in wound healing HaCaT/human dermal fibroblasts cells (HDFs) in vitro and in vivo animal model. Cell viability and wound healing assays, FACS flow cytometry, and Hoechst 33342 staining were performed to confirm apoptosis and cytotoxicity in H2O2 and EDV-treated HaCaT and HDFs. A streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic animal model was made in adult C57BL6 mice. Full-thickness skin flap was made on dorsomedial back and re-sutured to evaluate the wound healing process. EDV was delivered slowly in the skin flap with degradable fibrin glue. The flap was monitored and analyzed on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. CD31/DAPI staining was done to detect newly formed blood vessels. The expression levels of NF-κB, bcl-2, NOX3, and STAT3 proteins in C57BL6 mouse tissues were also examined. The wound healing process in hyper- and normoglycemic mice showed a difference in protein expression, especially in oxidative stress management and angiogenesis. Exogenous H2O2 reduced cell viability in a proportion to the concentration via apoptosis. EDV protected HaCaT cells and HDFs from H2O2 induced reactive oxygen species cell damage and apoptosis. In the mouse model, EDV with fibrin resulted in less necrotic areas and increased angiogenesis on postoperative day 5, compared to sham-treated mice. Our results indicate that EDV could protect H2O2-induced cellular injury via inhibiting early apoptosis and inflammation and also increasing angiogenesis. EDV might be valuable in the treatment of diabetic wounds that oxidative stress has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon S Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jeon Y Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hye R Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yoo S Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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11
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Chehaitly A, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Henrion D. Flow-mediated outward arterial remodeling in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111416. [PMID: 33333130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the effect of aging on flow-mediated outward remodeling (FMR) via alterations in estrogen metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. In ischemic disorders, the ability of the vasculature to adapt or remodel determines the quality of the recovery. FMR, which has a key role in revascularization, is a complex phenomenon that recruits endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as the immune system. FMR becomes progressively less with age as a result of an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress, in part of mitochondrial origin. The alteration in FMR is greater in older individuals with risk factors and thus the therapy cannot merely amount to exercise with or without a mild vasodilating drug. Interestingly, the reduction in FMR occurs later in females. Estrogen and its alpha receptor (ERα) play a key role in FMR through the control of dilatory pathways including the angiotensin II type 2 receptor, thus providing possible tools to activate FMR in older subjects although only experimental data is available. Indeed, the main issue is the reversibility of the vascular damage induced over time, and to date promoting prevention and limiting exposure to the risk factors remain the best options in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Chehaitly
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France.
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12
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A single dose of estrogen during hemorrhagic shock protects against Kidney Injury whereas estrogen restoration in ovariectomized mice is ineffective. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17240. [PMID: 33057080 PMCID: PMC7560623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of estrogens against chronic glomerular diseases is admitted but remains debated during acute kidney injury (AKI). Using a model of resuscitated hemorrhagic shock in C57/Bl6 female mice, this study evaluated at 1 and 21 days the renal effect of (1) endogenous estrogen, using ovariectomized mice with or without chronic estrogen restoration, or (2) exogenous estrogen, using a single administration of a pharmacological dose during shock resuscitation. In both ovariectomized and intact mice, hemorrhagic shock induced epithelial cell damages (assessed by KIM-1 renal expression) with secondary renal fibrosis but without significant decrease in GFR at day 21. Ovariectomy with or without estrogen restoration have no significant effect on renal damages and dysfunction. This lack of effect was associated with a marked (> 80%) reduction of total kidney GPR30 expression. By contrast, a single high dose of estradiol in intact mice reduced renal KIM-1 expression by 2/3, attenuated the severity of cell death related to pyroptosis, and prevented the increase of fibrosis by 1/3. This provides a rationale to investigate the benefits of a single administration of estrogen or estrogen modulators during acute kidney injuries in males. Furthermore, the cost/benefit ratio of such administration should be investigated in Human.
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13
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Improved viability of murine skin flaps using a gelatin hydrogel sheet impregnated with bFGF. J Artif Organs 2020; 23:348-357. [PMID: 32632506 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-020-01188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes epithelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis but its clinical applications are limited by its short half-life and low retention. Recently developed gelatin hydrogel sheets able to release physiologically active substances in a controlled manner have the potential to overcome these issues. In this study, the effects of gelatin hydrogel sheets impregnated with bFGF on flap survival and angiogenesis were examined in a murine skin flap model. A flap of 1 × 3 cm was generated on the backs of 60 C57BL/6 mice. The mice were divided into five groups (n = 12/group): Group I, untreated; Group II, treated with a gelatin hydrogel sheet impregnated with saline; Group III, treated with bFGF (50 µg) without sheets; Groups IV and V, treated with gelatin hydrogel sheets impregnated with 50 and 100 µg of bFGF, respectively. On the seventh day after surgery, the flap survival area and vascular network were examined and hematoxylin and eosin and von Willebrand factor staining were used for histological examinations. The flap survival areas were significantly larger in Groups IV and V than in other groups. The area of new vessels was significantly larger in Group IV than in the other groups. In the murine skin flap model, gelatin hydrogel sheets impregnated with bFGF promoted angiogenesis and improved flap survival. These findings support the use of bFGF-impregnated gelatin hydrogel sheets for improving ischemic flap survival in clinical settings.
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14
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Perrino C, Ferdinandy P, Bøtker HE, Brundel BJJM, Collins P, Davidson SM, den Ruijter HM, Engel FB, Gerdts E, Girao H, Gyöngyösi M, Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, Madonna R, Marber M, Murphy E, Pesce M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Sluijter JPG, Steffens S, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Van Laake LW, Van Linthout S, Schulz R, Ytrehus K. Improving translational research in sex-specific effects of comorbidities and risk factors in ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotection: position paper and recommendations of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:367-385. [PMID: 32484892 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a complex disorder and a leading cause of death and morbidity in both men and women. Sex, however, affects several aspects of IHD, including pathophysiology, incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis as well as treatment and outcome. Several diseases or risk factors frequently associated with IHD can modify cellular signalling cascades, thus affecting ischaemia/reperfusion injury as well as responses to cardioprotective interventions. Importantly, the prevalence and impact of risk factors and several comorbidities differ between males and females, and their effects on IHD development and prognosis might differ according to sex. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are still poorly understood, and their identification might have important translational implications in the prediction or prevention of risk of IHD in men and women. Despite this, most experimental studies on IHD are still undertaken in animal models in the absence of risk factors and comorbidities, and assessment of potential sex-specific differences are largely missing. This ESC WG Position Paper will discuss: (i) the importance of sex as a biological variable in cardiovascular research, (ii) major biological mechanisms underlying sex-related differences relevant to IHD risk factors and comorbidities, (iii) prospects and pitfalls of preclinical models to investigate these associations, and finally (iv) will provide recommendations to guide future research. Although gender differences also affect IHD risk in the clinical setting, they will not be discussed in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy str. 6., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hans E Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 161, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1108 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Collins
- Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, Chelsea, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Gerdts
- Department for Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrique Girao
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, and Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Lungarno Antonio Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, 6410 Fannin St #1014, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Marber
- King's College London BHF Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS Via Parea, 4, I-20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Berlin Institute of Gender in Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, partner site Berlin, Geschäftsstelle Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zürich, Germany
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Circulatory Health Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Can Gollmann-Tepeköylü
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, A - 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Cardiology and UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Fang M, He J, Ma X, Li W, Lin D. Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on the survival of random flaps. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110261. [PMID: 32446114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Random flaps can be used to repair wounds and improve shape and functional reconstruction, but inflammation and necrosis limit their application. Modified McFarlane flap models were constructed on the backs of rats. We hypothesized that dexmedetomidine (DEX) could improve the survival rate of ischemic random flaps. METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into three groups: a low-dose DEX group (DEX-L group, 10 μg/kg/D), a high-dose DEX group (DEX-H group, 20 μg/kg/D) and a control group (0.9 % saline equivalent). On day 7 after flap construction, the survival percentage of the flap model was calculated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) was used to evaluate the histopathological status of the flaps and microvessel density (MVD). Lead oxide/gelatin angiography was used to detect angiogenesis, and laser Doppler flow imaging (LDF) was used to detect blood perfusion. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the middle areas of the flaps were measured to show the level of oxidative stress. The expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS DEX significantly increased the average survival percentage of the flaps and reduced ischemia and necrosis of the distal end of the flaps. SOD activity significantly increased, while MDA significantly decreased, indicating that DEX reduces oxidative damage. The expression of inflammatory immunoregulatory proteins (TLR4, NF-κB) was downregulated, and the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were lower. In addition, DEX upregulated VEGF expression, promoted angiogenesis, and increased blood perfusion. CONCLUSION In random flap transplantation, a high dose of DEX is beneficial to flap survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojie Fang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jibing He
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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16
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The Impact of Estrogen Receptor in Arterial and Lymphatic Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093244. [PMID: 32375307 PMCID: PMC7247322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases in pre-menopausal women compared to men is well-known documented. This protection has been largely attributed to the protective effect of estrogens, which exert many beneficial effects against arterial diseases, including vasodilatation, acceleration of healing in response to arterial injury, arterial collateral growth and atheroprotection. More recently, with the visualization of the lymphatic vessels, the impact of estrogens on lymphedema and lymphatic diseases started to be elucidated. These estrogenic effects are mediated not only by the classic nuclear/genomic actions via the specific estrogen receptor (ER) α and β, but also by rapid extra-nuclear membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The ERs are expressed by endothelial, lymphatic and smooth muscle cells in the different vessels. In this review, we will summarize the complex vascular effects of estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that have been described using different transgenic mouse models with selective loss of ERα function and numerous animal models of vascular and lymphatic diseases.
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17
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Fáber L, Kováč I, Mitrengová P, Novotný M, Varinská L, Vasilenko T, Kello M, Čoma M, Kuruc T, Petrová K, Miláčková I, Kuczmannová A, Peržeľová V, Mižáková Š, Dosedla E, Sabol F, Luczy J, Nagy M, Majerník J, Koščo M, Mučaji P, Gál P. Genistein Improves Skin Flap Viability in Rats: A Preliminary In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071637. [PMID: 29973576 PMCID: PMC6100613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been developed to achieve beneficial effects of estrogens while minimizing their side effects. In this context, we decided to evaluate the protective effect of genistein, a natural SERM, on skin flap viability in rats and in a series of in vitro experiments on endothelial cells (migration, proliferation, antioxidant properties, and gene expression profiling following genistein treatment). Our results showed that administration of genistein increased skin flap viability, but importantly, the difference is only significant when treatment is started 3 days prior the flap surgery. Based on our in vitro experiments, it may be hypothesized that the underlying mechanism may rather by mediated by increasing SOD activity and Bcl-2 expression. The gene expression profiling further revealed 9 up-regulated genes (angiogenesis/inflammation promoting: CTGF, CXCL5, IL-6, ITGB3, MMP-14, and VEGF-A; angiogenesis inhibiting: COL18A1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3). In conclusion, we observed a protective effect of genistein on skin flap viability which could be potentially applied in plastic surgery to women undergoing a reconstructive and/or plastic intervention. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explain the exact underlying mechanism and to find the optimal treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Fáber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ivan Kováč
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- nd Clinic of Surgery, Louis Pasteur University Hospital and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 90 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Petra Mitrengová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Novotný
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Clinic of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Louis Pasteur University Hospital and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 90 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lenka Varinská
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tomáš Vasilenko
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Clinic of Surgery, 1st Private Hospital Košice-Šaca and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 15 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Matúš Čoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Tomáš Kuruc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Klaudia Petrová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ivana Miláčková
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Anika Kuczmannová
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Vlasta Peržeľová
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Štefánia Mižáková
- Clinic of Heart Surgery, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Erik Dosedla
- st Private Hospital Košice-Šaca and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 15 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - František Sabol
- Clinic of Heart Surgery, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ján Luczy
- Clinic of Heart Surgery, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Milan Nagy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Majerník
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Koščo
- Clinic of Angiology, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Pavel Mučaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 040 11 Košice, Slovak Republic.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Comenius University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Rednam CK, Wilson RL, Selvaraju V, Rishi MT, Thirunavukkarasu M, Coca-Soliz V, Lakshmanan R, Palesty JA, McFadden DW, Maulik N. Increased survivability of ischemic skin flap tissue in Flk-1 +/- mice by Pellino-1 intervention. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28177171 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced skin flap survival due to ischemia is a serious concern during reconstructive cosmetic surgery. The absence of VEGF and its receptors during ischemia may lead to flap failure. We identified Peli1, a 46-kDa protein, as a proangiogenic molecule and is directly regulated by VEGF. Therefore, we hypothesized that Peli1 acts downstream of Flk-1/VEGFR2 and aids in skin flap survival during ischemia. METHODS Scratch and matrigel assays were performed to observe cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. Western blot analysis was carried out to detect the phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) and MAPKAPK2 (p-MK2) in HUVECs. The translational potential of Peli1 pretreatment in the rescue of skin flap tissue was studied in vivo using Flk-1+/- mice. Animals underwent dorsal ischemic skin flap surgery, and the tissue was collected on day 12 for analysis. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed a direct relationship between Peli1 and VEGF, as demonstrated by loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies. In addition, pretreatment with Ad.Peli1 restored the phosphorylation of Akt and MK2 and improved the migration potential of Flk-1-knockdown cells. Ad.Peli1 pretreatment salvaged the ischemic skin flap of Flk-1+/- mice by increasing blood perfusion and reducing the inflammatory response and the extent of necrosis. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that Peli1 is a proangiogenic molecule that acts downstream of VEGF-Flk-1 and restores angiogenesis and enhances skin flap survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K Rednam
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Rickesha L Wilson
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Vaithinathan Selvaraju
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Muhammad T Rishi
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Stanley J. Dudrick, Department of Surgery, Saint Mary's Hospital, Waterbury, CT, USA
| | - Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir Coca-Soliz
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Stanley J. Dudrick, Department of Surgery, Saint Mary's Hospital, Waterbury, CT, USA
| | - Rajesh Lakshmanan
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John A Palesty
- Stanley J. Dudrick, Department of Surgery, Saint Mary's Hospital, Waterbury, CT, USA
| | - David W McFadden
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nilanjana Maulik
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Cardiology and Angiogenesis Laboratory, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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19
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Gourdy P, Guillaume M, Fontaine C, Adlanmerini M, Montagner A, Laurell H, Lenfant F, Arnal JF. Estrogen receptor subcellular localization and cardiometabolism. Mol Metab 2018; 15:56-69. [PMID: 29807870 PMCID: PMC6066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their crucial role in reproduction, estrogens are key regulators of energy and glucose homeostasis and they also exert several cardiovascular protective effects. These beneficial actions are mainly mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which is widely expressed in metabolic and vascular tissues. As a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, ERα was primarily considered as a transcription factor that controls gene expression through the activation of its two activation functions (ERαAF-1 and ERαAF-2). However, besides these nuclear actions, a pool of ERα is localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, where it mediates rapid signaling effects called membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS) that have been well described in vitro, especially in endothelial cells. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms of nuclear vs membrane ERα activation that contribute to the cardiometabolic protection conferred by estrogens. Indeed, new transgenic mouse models (affecting either DNA binding, activation functions or membrane localization), together with the use of novel pharmacological tools that electively activate membrane ERα effects recently allowed to begin to unravel the different modes of ERα signaling in vivo. CONCLUSION Altogether, available data demonstrate the prominent role of ERα nuclear effects, and, more specifically, of ERαAF-2, in the preventive effects of estrogens against obesity, diabetes, and atheroma. However, membrane ERα signaling selectively mediates some of the estrogen endothelial/vascular effects (NO release, reendothelialization) and could also contribute to the regulation of energy balance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism. Such a dissection of ERα biological functions related to its subcellular localization will help to understand the mechanism of action of "old" ER modulators and to design new ones with an optimized benefit/risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gourdy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Maeva Guillaume
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Service d'Hépatologie et Gastro-Entérologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Henrik Laurell
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, UMR 1048/I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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20
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Turner RJ, Kerber IJ. A theory of eu-estrogenemia: a unifying concept. Menopause 2017; 24:1086-1097. [PMID: 28562489 PMCID: PMC5571883 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to propose a unifying theory for the role of estrogen in postmenopausal women through examples in basic science, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and clinical practice. METHODS Review and evaluation of the literature relating to estrogen. DISCUSSION The role of hormone therapy and ubiquitous estrogen receptors after reproductive senescence gains insight from basic science models. Observational studies and individualized patient care in clinical practice may show outcomes that are not reproduced in randomized clinical trials. The understanding gained from the timing hypothesis for atherosclerosis, the critical window theory in neurosciences, randomized controlled trials, and numerous genomic and nongenomic actions of estrogen discovered in basic science provides new explanations to clinical challenges that practitioners face. Consequences of a hypo-estrogenemic duration in women's lives are poorly understood. The Study of Women Across the Nation suggests its magnitude is greater than was previously acknowledged. We propose that the healthy user bias was the result of surgical treatment (hysterectomy with oophorectomy) for many gynecological maladies followed by pharmacological and physiological doses of estrogen to optimize patient quality of life. The past decade of research has begun to demonstrate the role of estrogen in homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS The theory of eu-estrogenemia provides a robust framework to unify the timing hypothesis, critical window theory, randomized controlled trials, the basic science of estrogen receptors, and clinical observations of patients over the past five decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J. Turner
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Irwin J. Kerber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
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21
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Chenu C, Adlanmerini M, Boudou F, Chantalat E, Guihot AL, Toutain C, Raymond-Letron I, Vicendo P, Gadeau AP, Henrion D, Arnal JF, Lenfant F. Testosterone Prevents Cutaneous Ischemia and Necrosis in Males Through Complementary Estrogenic and Androgenic Actions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:909-919. [PMID: 28360090 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic nonhealing wounds are a substantial medical concern and are associated with morbidity and mortality; thus, new treatment strategies are required. The first step toward personalized/precision medicine in this field is probably in taking sex differences into account. Impaired wound healing is augmented by ischemia, and we previously demonstrated that 17β-estradiol exerts a major preventive effect against ischemia-induced skin flap necrosis in female mice. However, the equivalent effects of testosterone in male mice have not yet been reported. We then investigated the role of steroid hormones in male mice using a skin flap ischemia model. APPROACH AND RESULTS Castrated male mice developed skin necrosis after ischemia, whereas intact or castrated males treated with testosterone were equally protected. Testosterone can (1) activate the estrogen receptor after its aromatization into 17β-estradiol or (2) be reduced into dihydrotestosterone, a nonaromatizable androgen that activates the androgen receptor. We found that dihydrotestosterone protected castrated wild-type mice by promoting skin revascularization, probably through a direct action on resistance arteries, as evidenced using a complementary model of flow-mediated outward remodeling. 17β-estradiol treatment of castrated male mice also strongly protected them from ischemic necrosis through the activation of estrogen receptor-α by increasing skin revascularization and skin survival. Remarkably, 17β-estradiol improved skin survival with a greater efficiency than dihydrotestosterone. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone provides males with a strong protection against cutaneous necrosis and acts through both its estrogenic and androgenic derivatives, which have complementary effects on skin survival and revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chenu
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Frederic Boudou
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Elodie Chantalat
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Céline Toutain
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Isabelle Raymond-Letron
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Patricia Vicendo
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Daniel Henrion
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.)
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- From the INSERM U1048, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, France (C.C., M.A., F.B., E.C., C.T., J.-F.A., F.L.); Département d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France (I.R.-L.); Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, France (P.V.); INSERM U1034, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France (A.-P.G.); and MITOVASC, CARFI, INSERM U1083 and CNRS UMR6214, Université d'Angers, France (A.-L.G., D.H.).
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Ju J, Wu J, Hou R. Role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in estrogen-mediated protection following flap ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:522-530. [PMID: 27748573 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury often occurs during skin flap transplantation and results in tissue damage. Although estrogen treatment significantly alleviates this I/R injury-induced damage, the detailed molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, a superficial epigastric artery flap I/R injury model was created in adult Wistar rats. Severe necrosis was observed in skin tissue after I/R injury. Histological examination of skin tissue revealed that I/R injury damages skin structure and results in neutrophil infiltration. Inflammation-related parameters, including neutrophil count, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-10 levels, were increased due to I/R injury. These pathological phenomena were reduced by estradiol treatment. Further investigation found that I/R injury triggers the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathway. The expression levels of p38-MAPK and phosphorylated p38-MAPK were increased after I/R injury. Estradiol increased the expression level of MAPK phosphatase-2, a putative phosphatase of p38, and reduced the levels of p38-MAPK and phosphorylated p38-MAPK. These results suggest that estradiol can improve skin flap survival, possibly by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and the expression of p38-MAPK. This study provides an explanation for how estrogen alleviates I/R injury-induced damage that occurs during skin flap transplantation. In a rat pathological model, I/R injury leads to skin necrosis, skin structure damage, neutrophil infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine secretion, which are probably downstream effects of activation of the p38-MAPK pathway. On the other hand, estradiol treatment triggers the expression of MAPK phosphatase-2, a putative phosphatase of p38-MAPK, and reduced all examined pathological phenomena. Therefore, estrogen may reduce the deleterious effect of I/R injury on skin flap transplantation through modulating the p38-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiHui Ju
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - JianLong Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - RuiXing Hou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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23
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Caillon A, Grenier C, Grimaud L, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Blanchard S, Lelievre E, Chabbert M, Foucher ED, Jeannin P, Beauvillain C, Abraham P, Loufrani L, Delneste Y, Henrion D. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor activates flow-mediated outward remodelling through T cells-dependent interleukin-17 production. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:515-25. [PMID: 27328880 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) through the activation of immune cells plays a key role in arterial inward remodelling and reduced blood flow in cardiovascular disorders. On the other side, flow (shear stress)-mediated outward remodelling (FMR), involved in collateral arteries growth in ischaemic diseases, allows revascularization. We hypothesized that the type 2 receptor (AT2R), described as opposing the effects of AT1R, could be involved in FMR. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied FMR using a model of ligation of feed arteries supplying collateral pathways in the mouse mesenteric arterial bed in vivo. Seven days after ligation, diameter increased by 30% in high flow (HF) arteries compared with normal flow vessels. FMR was absent in mice lacking AT2R. At Day 2, T lymphocytes expressing AT2R were present preferentially around HF arteries. FMR did not occur in athymic (nude) mice lacking T cells and in mice treated with anti-CD3ε antibodies. AT2R activation induced interleukin-17 production by memory T cells. Treatment of nude mice or AT2R-deficient mice with interleukin-17 restored diameter enlargement in HF arteries. Interleukin-17 increased NO-dependent relaxation and matrix metalloproteinases activity, both important in FMR. Remodelling of feeding arteries in the skin flap model of ischaemia was also absent in AT2R-deficient mice and in anti-interleukin-17-treated mice. Finally, remodelling, absent in 12-month-old mice, was restored by a treatment with the AT2R non-peptidic agonist C21. CONCLUSION AT2R-dependent interleukin-17 production by T lymphocyte is necessary for collateral artery growth and could represent a new therapeutic target in ischaemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Caillon
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Céline Grenier
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Cardiovascular Functions In Vitro (CARFI) Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Simon Blanchard
- UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Eric Lelievre
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Marie Chabbert
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Etienne D Foucher
- UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Pierre Abraham
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- UMR CNRS 6299, UMR INSERM 892, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute, UMR CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Cardiovascular Functions In Vitro (CARFI) Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital, F-49045 Angers, France
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Crompton R, Williams H, Ansell D, Campbell L, Holden K, Cruickshank S, Hardman MJ. Oestrogen promotes healing in a bacterial LPS model of delayed cutaneous wound repair. J Transl Med 2016; 96:439-49. [PMID: 26855364 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is a major clinical problem, yet understanding of bacterial host interactions in the skin remains limited. Microbe-derived molecules, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are recognised in barrier tissues by pattern-recognition receptors. In particular, the pathogen-associated molecular pattern, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of microbial cell walls and a specific ligand for Toll-like receptor 4, has been widely used to mimic systemic and local infection across a range of tissues. Here we administered LPS derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae, a species of bacteria that is emerging as a wound-associated pathogen, to full-thickness cutaneous wounds in C57/BL6 mice. Early in healing, LPS-treated wounds displayed increased local apoptosis and reduced proliferation. Subsequent healing progression was delayed with reduced re-epithelialisation, increased proliferation, a heightened inflammatory response and perturbed wound matrix deposition. Our group and others have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of 17β-estradiol treatment across a range of preclinical wound models. Here we asked whether oestrogen would effectively promote healing in our LPS bacterial infection model. Intriguingly, co-treatment with 17β-estradiol was able to promote re-epithelialisation, dampen inflammation and induce collagen deposition in our LPS-delayed healing model. Collectively, these studies validate K. pneumoniae-derived LPS treatment as a simple yet effective model of bacterial wound infection, while providing the first indication that oestrogen could promote cutaneous healing in the presence of infection, further strengthening the case for its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Crompton
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Williams
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Ansell
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Campbell
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew J Hardman
- The Healing Foundation Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Manssor NAS, Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Mohamad Yusof L, Hariri F, Khairuddin NH, Abu Kasim NH, Czernuszka JT. Characteristics and Young's Modulus of Collagen Fibrils from Expanded Skin Using Anisotropic Controlled Rate Self-Inflating Tissue Expander. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:55-62. [PMID: 26836267 DOI: 10.1159/000431328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of expanded skin tissue are different from normal skin, which is dependent mainly on the structural and functional integrity of dermal collagen fibrils. In the present study, mechanical properties and surface topography of both expanded and nonexpanded skin collagen fibrils were evaluated. Anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expanders were placed beneath the skin of sheep's forelimbs. The tissue expanders gradually increased in height and reached equilibrium in 2 weeks. They were left in situ for another 2 weeks before explantation. Expanded and normal skin samples were surgically harvested from the sheep (n = 5). Young's modulus and surface topography of collagen fibrils were measured using an atomic force microscope. A surface topographic scan showed organized hierarchical structural levels: collagen molecules, fibrils and fibers. No significant difference was detected for the D-banding pattern: 63.5 ± 2.6 nm (normal skin) and 63.7 ± 2.7 nm (expanded skin). Fibrils from expanded tissues consisted of loosely packed collagen fibrils and the width of the fibrils was significantly narrower compared to those from normal skin: 153.9 ± 25.3 and 106.7 ± 28.5 nm, respectively. Young's modulus of the collagen fibrils in the expanded and normal skin was not statistically significant: 46.5 ± 19.4 and 35.2 ± 27.0 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, the anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expander produced a loosely packed collagen network and the fibrils exhibited similar D-banding characteristics as the control group in a sheep model. However, the fibrils from the expanded skin were significantly narrower. The stiffness of the fibrils from the expanded skin was higher but it was not statistically different.
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Karayel H, Kaya B, Caydere M, Terzioğlu A, Aslan G. Prevention of unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap viability using botulinum toxin in random pattern flaps: An experimental study. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2015; 23:177-82. [PMID: 26361625 DOI: 10.4172/plastic-surgery.1000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous clinical and experimental studies reporting unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on skin flaps. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap survival could be reduced by botulinum toxin type A. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats (15 months of age, mean weight 210 g [range 180 g to 230 g]) were included. They were divided into four groups of seven animals each. The control group underwent the surgical procedure alone. Surgical procedure was performed after administration of botulinum toxin type A in the botulinum toxin (BTX) group, after exposure to cigarette smoke in the cigarette smoke (CS) group, and after BTX type A administration and exposure to CS in the CS+BTX (CS+BTX) group. Random pattern cutaneous flaps (3 cm × 9 cm) were elevated from the dorsum of all rats. Necrosis area was calculated in percentages (%) using Image J computer software. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. RESULTS The mean necrotic area in the control group (26%) and in the BTX group (21%) were similar (P=0.497), whereas administration of BTX type A significantly decreased flap necrosis area in the rats exposed to CS (the mean necrosis areas were 41.5% in the CS group, and 26% in the CS+BTX group; P<0.001). Histopathological examination findings corroborated the unfavourable effects of CS and preventive effects of BTX type A. CONCLUSION Preoperative administration of BTX significantly enhanced flap viability in the rats exposed to CS. Further human studies are warranted to verify whether BTX type A could be used as an agent to reduce the risk of flap necrosis in patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Karayel
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Kaya
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Caydere
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Terzioğlu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gürcan Aslan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Karayel H, Kaya B, Caydere M, Terzioğlu A, Aslan G. Prevention of unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap viability using botulinum toxin in random pattern flaps: An experimental study. Plast Surg (Oakv) 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/229255031502300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are numerous clinical and experimental studies reporting unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on skin flaps. Objective To investigate whether unfavourable effects of cigarette smoke on flap survival could be reduced by botulinum toxin type A. Methods Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats (15 months of age, mean weight 210 g [range 180 g to 230 g]) were included. They were divided into four groups of seven animals each. The control group underwent the surgical procedure alone. Surgical procedure was performed after administration of botulinum toxin type A in the botulinum toxin (BTX) group, after exposure to cigarette smoke in the cigarette smoke (CS) group, and after BTX type A administration and exposure to CS in the CS+BTX (CS+BTX) group. Random pattern cutaneous flaps (3 cm × 9 cm) were elevated from the dorsum of all rats. Necrosis area was calculated in percentages (%) using Image J computer software. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. Results The mean necrotic area in the control group (26%) and in the BTX group (21%) were similar (P=0.497), whereas administration of BTX type A significantly decreased flap necrosis area in the rats exposed to CS (the mean necrosis areas were 41.5% in the CS group, and 26% in the CS+BTX group; P<0.001). Histopathological examination findings corroborated the unfavourable effects of CS and preventive effects of BTX type A. Conclusion Preoperative administration of BTX significantly enhanced flap viability in the rats exposed to CS. Further human studies are warranted to verify whether BTX type A could be used as an agent to reduce the risk of flap necrosis in patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Karayel
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Kaya
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Caydere
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Terzioğlu
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gürcan Aslan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Tsai TC, Tung YT, Kuo YH, Liao JW, Tsai HC, Chong KY, Chen HL, Chen CM. Anti-inflammatory effects of Antrodia camphorata, a herbal medicine, in a mouse skin ischemia model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:113-121. [PMID: 25449461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE Antrodia camphorata, a highly valued polypore mushroom native only to Taiwan, has been traditionally used as a medicine for anti-inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, anti-inflammatory effects of Antrodia camphorata (AC) and its active compound, ergostatrien-3β-ol (ST1), were investigated in a mouse skin ischemia model induced by skin flap surgery on the dorsal skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A U-shaped flap was elevated on the dorsal skin of the nine-week-old male mice. Mice were randomly assigned to six groups for treatment (n=6) including normal skin/propylene glycol (PG), surgical skin flap/PG, solid-state-cultured AC (S/AC), wood-cultured AC (W/AC), high-dose ST1 (H-ST1), low-dose ST1 (L-ST1). Antrodia camphorata was dissolved in 25μL PG and smeared on the skin flap every six hours for 24h. At the end of the experiment, each mouse was anesthetized, and skin tissues were collected from their back for histopathological analysis, extracting RNA and protein according to our previous reports. RESULTS Skin-flap-induced ischemia damage significantly increased the expression of the iNOS, COX2, and IL-6 proteins and decreased the expression of IκB protein. In addition, focal, moderate coagulative necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration was found in the epidermis, and moderate inflammatory cells and necrosis with slight edema was noted in the sub-dermis at 24h after skin flap surgery. However, treatment with solid-state-cultured or wood-cultured AC, or with its derived ST1 active compound, significantly reduced the necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in both the epidermis and sub-dermis of the skin flap. The treatments also reduced the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of inflammation-related genes including iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB, as shown by changes in RNA and protein expression, when compared with the surgical skin flap procedure alone. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that methanolic extracts of wood-cultured fruiting bodies and solid-state-cultured mycelia from Antrodia camphorata have excellent anti-inflammatory activities and thus have great potential as an addition for hydrocolloid dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Chou Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Department of Life Sciences, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Tsai
- Department of Sugery, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 403, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong-Hsing Translational Medicine Center, and the iEGG center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Application of finite element modeling to optimize flap design with tissue expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 134:785-792. [PMID: 24945952 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue expansion is a widely used technique to create skin flaps for the correction of sizable defects in reconstructive plastic surgery. Major complications following the inset of expanded flaps include breakdown and uncontrolled scarring secondary to excessive tissue tension. Although it is recognized that mechanical forces may significantly impact the success of defect repair with tissue expansion, a mechanical analysis of tissue stresses has not previously been attempted. Such analyses have the potential to optimize flap design preoperatively. METHODS The authors establish computer-aided design as a tool with which to explore stress profiles for two commonly used flap designs, the direct advancement flap and the double back-cut flap. The authors advanced both flaps parallel and perpendicular to the relaxed skin tension lines to quantify the impact of tissue anisotropy on stress distribution profiles. RESULTS Stress profiles were highly sensitive to flap design and orientation of relaxed skin tension lines, with stress minimized when flaps were advanced perpendicular to relaxed skin tension lines. Maximum stresses in advancement flaps occurred at the distal end of the flap, followed by the base. The double back-cut design increased stress at the lateral edges of the flap. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that finite element modeling may be used to effectively predict areas of increased flap tension. Performed preoperatively, such modeling can allow for the optimization of flap design and a potential reduction in complications such as flap dehiscence and hypertrophic scarring.
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Tepole AB, Gosain AK, Kuhl E. Computational modeling of skin: Using stress profiles as predictor for tissue necrosis in reconstructive surgery. COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES 2014; 143:32-39. [PMID: 25225454 PMCID: PMC4162094 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Local skin flaps have revolutionized reconstructive surgery. Mechanical loading is critical for flap survival: Excessive tissue tension reduces blood supply and induces tissue necrosis. However, skin flaps have never been analyzed mechanically. Here we explore the stress profiles of two common flap designs, direct advancement flaps and double back-cut flaps. Our simulations predict a direct correlation between regions of maximum stress and tissue necrosis. This suggests that elevated stress could serve as predictor for flap failure. Our model is a promising step towards computer-guided reconstructive surgery with the goal to minimize stress, accelerate healing, minimize scarring, and optimize tissue use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Tarhouni K, Freidja ML, Guihot AL, Vessieres E, Grimaud L, Toutain B, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Role of estrogens and age in flow-mediated outward remodeling of rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H504-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00986.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In resistance arteries, a chronic increase in blood flow induces hypertrophic outward remodeling. This flow-mediated remodeling (FMR) is absent in male rats aged 10 mo and more. As FMR depends on estrogens in 3-mo-old female rats, we hypothesized that it might be preserved in 12-mo-old female rats. Blood flow was increased in vivo in mesenteric resistance arteries after ligation of the side arteries in 3- and 12-mo-old male and female rats. After 2 wk, high-flow (HF) and normal-flow (NF) arteries were isolated for in vitro analysis. Arterial diameter and cross-sectional area increased in HF arteries compared with NF arteries in 3-mo-old male and female rats. In 12-mo-old rats, diameter increased only in female rats. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and endothelium-mediated relaxation were higher in HF arteries than in NF arteries in all groups. ERK1/2 phosphorylation, NADPH oxidase subunit expression levels, and arterial contractility to KCl and to phenylephrine were greater in HF vessels than in NF vessels in 12-mo-old male rats only. Ovariectomy in 12-mo-old female rats induced a similar pattern with an increased contractility without diameter increase in HF arteries. Treatment of 12-mo-old male rats and ovariectomized female rats with hydralazine, the antioxidant tempol, or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan restored HF remodeling and normalized arterial contractility in HF vessels. Thus, we found that FMR of resistance arteries remains efficient in 12-mo-old female rats compared with age-matched male rats. A balance between estrogens and vascular contractility might preserve FMR in mature female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tarhouni
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - M. L. Freidja
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - A. L. Guihot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
| | | | - L. Grimaud
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
| | - B. Toutain
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - F. Lenfant
- U858, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J. F. Arnal
- U858, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - L. Loufrani
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
- U1083, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
| | - D. Henrion
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
- U1083, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
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Overexpressed HIF-2α in Endothelial Cells Promotes Vascularization and Improves Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2014; 2:e132. [PMID: 25289325 PMCID: PMC4174206 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The local skin flap procedure is very useful for reconstruction. However, flap necrosis caused by circulatory failure can occur at its distal portion. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in endothelial cells (ECs) help to maintain ECs and promote vascularization, and HIF-2α is abundantly expressed in ECs. However, the mechanisms of action of HIF-2α in ECs are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of overexpression of HIF-2α in ECs on skin flap survival. METHODS A random pattern skin flap (1.0 × 3.0 cm) was elevated on the dorsum of transgenic mice (Tg mice) with EC-specific HIF-2α conditional overexpression and wild-type littermate control mice (n = 6). Flap survival was evaluated on postoperative day 7. Tissue samples from the skin flaps were harvested and analyzed using Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The HIF-2α mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in the Tg mice when compared with control mice. Tg mice had significantly increased skin flap survival areas (72.0% ± 2.7%) when compared with wild-type mice (45.7% ± 1.1%). Moreover, histological examination revealed an increase in the subcutaneous blood vessel counts in the Tg mice. CONCLUSIONS Specific overexpression of HIF-2α in ECs promoted vascularization and enhanced skin flap survival in vivo in a mouse model.
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Vasilenko T, Slezák M, Novotný M, Kováč I, Durkáč J, Tomková I, Torma N, Vrzgula A, Lenhardt L, Levkut M, Gál P. Pre- and/or postsurgical administration of estradiol benzoate increases skin flap viability in female rats. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013; 37:1003-9. [PMID: 23722351 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-013-0151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that estrogens have a protective effect with regard to tissue ischemia. Therefore, in this macroscopic and histological investigation, the effect of estradiol benzoate on skin flap viability was studied in sham-operated and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Three months prior to flap surgery a group of rats underwent ovariectomy, while the remaining animals underwent a sham operation. Subsequently, all rats had a 2 × 8-cm skin flap created on the dorsum. Rats were randomly divided into estradiol- or saline-treated groups. Treatment started either on the day of flap excision or 3 days prior to the surgery. RESULTS Our results showed that administration of estradiol benzoate prior to and after flap surgery significantly decreases skin flap necrosis in both sham-operated and ovariectomized rats, with the highest survival rate in animals where treatment started 3 days prior to flap surgery. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the observed protective effect of estradiol on skin flap viability could potentially be applied to plastic and reconstructive surgery in postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explain the exact underlying mechanism and to find the optimal treatment protocol for human clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Vasilenko
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Chiu DTW, Guerra S, Chung B. Pre- and/or postsurgical administration of estradiol benzoate increases rates of skin flap viability in female rats. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013; 37:1010-1. [PMID: 23943049 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-013-0152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T W Chiu
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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35
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Roche B, Vanden-Bossche A, Normand M, Malaval L, Vico L, Lafage-Proust MH. Validated Laser Doppler protocol for measurement of mouse bone blood perfusion - response to age or ovariectomy differs with genetic background. Bone 2013; 55:418-26. [PMID: 23571049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of bone vascularization in bone metabolism begins to be understood; however, its involvement in pathological situations remains poorly explored. Bone blood supply depends on both vascular density and blood flow. However, in mice, the specific evaluation of perfusion in bone suffers from a lack of easy-handling measurement tools. In the present study, we first developed a Laser Doppler Perfusion Measurement (LDPM) protocol in mouse tibia, which we validated with ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Then we carried out a study associating both structural (vascular quantitative histomorphometry) and functional (LDPM) approaches. We studied the effects of aging in 4, 7 and 17 month-old male mice and the early effects of ovariectomy in 4 month-old females. Both studies were carried out in inbred mice (C57BL/6) and in mice of mixed background (129sv/CD1). The significant differences we observed between strains in unchallenged 4 month-old animals concerned both perfusion and vascular density and depended on gender. Additionally, the age-related bone loss observed in male mice was not temporally associated with vascular changes in either strain. Between 7 and 17 months, we did not find any decrease in bone vascular density or perfusion. In contrast, ovariectomy triggered early vascular structural and functional adaptations which differed between genetic backgrounds. We observed that bone vessel density did not generally account for bone perfusion levels. In conclusion, we describe here a LDPM-based experimental protocol which provides a reproducible quantitative evaluation of bone perfusion in mouse tibia, hence allowing intergroup comparisons. This integrative structural and functional approach of bone vascularization showed that bone vascular adaptation occurs during aging or after ovariectomy and is affected by the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Roche
- INSERM U1059, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France.
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Contrasting roles of E2F2 and E2F3 in cardiac neovascularization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65755. [PMID: 23799044 PMCID: PMC3683051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient neovascularization, characterized by poor endothelial cell (EC) growth, contributes to the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease and limits cardiac tissue preservation and regeneration. The E2F family of transcription factors are critical regulators of the genes responsible for cell-cycle progression and growth; however, the specific roles of individual E2Fs in ECs are not well understood. Here we investigated the roles of E2F2 and E2F3 in EC growth, angiogenesis, and their functional impact on myocardial infarction (MI). An endothelial-specific E2F3-deficient mouse strain VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) was generated, and MI was surgically induced in VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) and E2F2-null (E2F2 KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, VE-Cre; E2F3(+/+) and E2F2 WT, respectively. The cardiac function, infarct size, and vascular density were significantly better in E2F2 KO mice and significantly worse in VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) mice than in their WT littermates. The loss of E2F2 expression was associated with an increase in the proliferation of ECs both in vivo and in vitro, while the loss of E2F3 expression led to declines in EC proliferation. Thus, E2F3 promotes while E2F2 suppresses ischemic cardiac repair through corresponding changes in EC proliferation; and differential targeting of specific E2F members may provide a novel strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis of ischemic heart disease.
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Tarhouni K, Guihot AL, Freidja ML, Toutain B, Henrion B, Baufreton C, Pinaud F, Procaccio V, Grimaud L, Ayer A, Loufrani L, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Key role of estrogens and endothelial estrogen receptor α in blood flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:605-11. [PMID: 23288162 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flow- (shear stress-)mediated outward remodeling of resistance arteries is involved in collateral growth during postischemic revascularization. As this remodeling is especially important during pregnancy, we hypothesized that estrogens may be involved. A surgical model eliciting a local increase in blood flow in 1 mesenteric resistance artery was used in 3-month-old ovariectomized female rats either treated with 17-β-estradiol (E2) or left untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS After 14 days, arterial diameter was greater in high-flow arteries than in normal-flow vessels. An ovariectomy suppressed high-flow remodeling, while E2 restored it. High-flow remodeling was absent in mice lacking the estrogen receptor α but not estrogen receptor β. The kinetics of inflammatory marker expression, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and metaloproteinases expression were not altered by the absence of E2 after 2 and 4 days, that is, during remodeling. Nevertheless, E2 was required for the increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation at day 4 when diameter expansion occurs. Finally, the impact of E2 on the endothelium appeared crucial for high-flow remodeling, as this E2 action was abrogated in mice lacking endothelial NOS, as well as in Tie2-Cre(+) ERα(f/f) mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the essential role of E2 and endothelial estrogen receptor α in flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tarhouni
- LUNAM Université and Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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Shafighi M, Fathi AR, Brun C, Huemer GM, Wirth R, Hunger R, Banic A, Constantinescu MA. Topical application of 17β-estradiol (E2) improves skin flap survival through activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rats. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:740-7. [PMID: 22805596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of 17β-estradiol (E2) on nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cell cultures and the effect of topical E2 on the survival of skin flap transplants in a rat model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with three different E2 concentrations and nitrite (NO2) concentrations, as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expressions were analyzed. In vivo, random-pattern skin flaps were raised in female Wistar rats 14 days following ovariectomy and treated with placebo ointment (group 1), E2 as gel (group 2), and E2 via plaster (group 3). Flap perfusion, survival, and NO2 levels were measured on postoperative day 7. In vitro, E2 treatment increased NO2 concentration in cell supernatant and eNOS expression in cell lysates (p < 0.05). In vivo, E2 treated (gel and plaster groups) demonstrated significantly increased skin flap survival compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). E2 plaster-treated animals exhibited higher NO2 blood levels than placebo (p < 0.05) paralleling the in vitro observations. E2 increases NO production in endothelial cells via eNOS activation. Topical E2 application can significantly increase survival of ischemically challenged skin flaps in a rat model and may augment wound healing in other ischemic situations via activation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Shafighi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, University of Berne, Inselspital, Switzerland.
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Shafighi M, Olariu R, Brun C, Fathi AR, Djafarzadeh S, Jakob SM, Hunger RE, Banic A, Constantinescu MA. The role of androgens on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-induced angiogenesis and on the survival of ischemically challenged skin flaps in a rat model. Microsurgery 2012; 32:475-81. [PMID: 22707412 DOI: 10.1002/micr.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of androgens on angiogenesis are controversial. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α promotes expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that stimulates angiogenesis. PURPOSE This study investigates whether androgens stabilize HIF-1α in endothelial cells, and androgen depletion decreases VEGF concentrations and skin flap survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and HIF-1α expression was measured. In male Wistar rats, standardized proximally based random pattern dorsal skin flaps (3 × 9 cm) were raised 4 weeks after orchiectomy and sham operation, respectively (n = 10, each). Flap VEGF concentrations (immunohistochemistry), perfusion (Laser Doppler), and viability (digital planimetry) were measured. RESULTS DHT induced HIF-1α expression in HUVECs. Androgen depletion induced decreased VEGF expression (P = 0.003), flap perfusion (P < 0.05), and survival (44.4% ± 5.2%) compared to controls (35.5% ± 4.5%; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION In vitro, androgens may stimulate HIF-1α under normoxic conditions. In rats, androgen depletion decrease VEGF expression and flap survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Shafighi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Cheng CC, Lian WS, Hsiao FSH, Liu IH, Lin SP, Lee YH, Chang CC, Xiao GY, Huang HY, Cheng CF, Cheng WTK, Wu SC. Isolation and characterization of novel murine epiphysis derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36085. [PMID: 22558340 PMCID: PMC3338631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While bone marrow (BM) is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), previous studies have shown that MSCs derived from mouse BM (BMMSCs) were difficult to manipulate as compared to MSCs derived from other species. The objective of this study was to find an alternative murine MSCs source that could provide sufficient MSCs. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we described a novel type of MSCs that migrates directly from the mouse epiphysis in culture. Epiphysis-derived MSCs (EMSCs) could be extensively expanded in plastic adherent culture, and they had a greater ability for clonogenic formation and cell proliferation than BMMSCs. Under specific induction conditions, EMSCs demonstrated multipotency through their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. Immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that EMSCs were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105, CD166, Sca-1 and SSEA-4, while negative for CD11b, CD31, CD34 and CD45. Notably, EMSCs did not express major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) or MHC II under our culture system. EMSCs also successfully suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes triggered by concanavalin A (Con A) or allogeneic splenocytes, and decreased the expression of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in Con A-stimulated splenocytes suggesting their anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, EMSCs enhanced fracture repair, ameliorated necrosis in ischemic skin flap, and improved blood perfusion in hindlimb ischemia in the in vivo experiments. Conclusions/Significances These results indicate that EMSCs, a new type of MSCs established by our simple isolation method, are a preferable alternative for mice MSCs due to their better growth and differentiation potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shiung Lian
- Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Xiao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi General Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston Teng-Kuei Cheng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chih Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Suppa M, Elliott F, Mikeljevic JS, Mukasa Y, Chan M, Leake S, Karpavicius B, Haynes S, Bakker E, Peris K, Barrett JH, Bishop DT, Newton Bishop JA. The determinants of periorbital skin ageing in participants of a melanoma case-control study in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2012; 165:1011-21. [PMID: 21787368 PMCID: PMC3202027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing is said to be caused by multiple factors. The relationship with sun exposure is of particular interest because the detrimental cutaneous effects of the sun may be a strong motivator to sun protection. We report a study of skin ageing in participants of an epidemiological study of melanoma. OBJECTIVES To determine the predictors of periorbital cutaneous ageing and whether it could be used as an objective marker of sun exposure. METHODS Photographs of the periorbital skin in 1341 participants were graded for wrinkles, degree of vascularity and blotchy pigmentation and the resultant data assessed in relation to reported sun exposure, sunscreen use, body mass index (BMI), smoking and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene status. Data were analysed using proportional odds regression. RESULTS Wrinkling was associated with age and heavy smoking. Use of higher sun-protection factor sunscreen was protective (P = 0·01). Age, male sex, MC1R variants ('r', P=0·01; 'R', P=0·02), higher reported daily sun exposure (P=0·02), increased BMI (P=0·01) and smoking (P=0·02) were risk factors for hypervascularity. Blotchy pigmentation was associated with age, male sex, higher education and higher weekday sun exposure (P=0·03). More frequent sunscreen use (P=0·02) and MC1R variants ('r', P=0·03; 'R', P=0·001) were protective. CONCLUSIONS Periorbital wrinkling is a poor biomarker of reported sun exposure. Vascularity is a better biomarker as is blotchy pigmentation, the latter in darker-skinned individuals. In summary, male sex, sun exposure, smoking, obesity and MC1R variants were associated with measures of cutaneous ageing. Sunscreen use showed some evidence of being protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suppa
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Cancer Research UK.
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Riede F, Koenen W, Goerdt S, Ehmke H, Faulhaber J. Medicinal leeches for the treatment of venous congestion and hematoma after plastic reconstructive surgery. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 8:881-8. [PMID: 21182735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leeches were used for medical purposes as long as 2 000 years ago in ancient Egypt. In recent years the use of medicinal leeches became rather popular again, e. g. to improve blood circulation in ischemic tissue after reconstructive plastic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a single center, retrospective study 23 consecutive cases were analyzed in which medicinal leeches had been used therapeutically after plastic reconstructive surgery. All cases were categorized regarding the indication for leech therapy, the onset, the duration, the number of leeches and the number of sessions. RESULTS Among the group of patients there were 7 female and 16 male patients with a mean age of 73 ± 14 years (48-94 years) altogether. The main indications were venous congestion (12/23; 52 %) and hematoma (9/23; 39 %). Two cases were diagnosed with a necrosis of the tip of the flap and therefore received leech therapy (2/23; 9 %). The average number of leeches was 2.6 leeches/session, the number of sessions was 1.7 ± 0.8. 20/23 patients (87 %) showed a restitutio ad integrum after leech therapy, in 3/23 patients (13 %) a necrosis of the tip of the flap could not be prevented. A clinical improvement was noticed after an average of 1.1 ± 0.3 days. CONCLUSIONS The early application of medicinal leeches can improve local hemodynamic conditions. Leech therapy is a simple and effective method; the cost efficiency of the treatment is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Riede
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University of Heidelberg, University Medicine Mannheim, Germany
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Emmerson E, Hardman MJ. The role of estrogen deficiency in skin ageing and wound healing. Biogerontology 2011; 13:3-20. [PMID: 21369728 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The links between hormonal signalling and lifespan have been well documented in a range of model organisms. For example, in C. elegans or D. melanogaster, lifespan can be modulated by ablating germline cells, or manipulating reproductive history or pregnenolone signalling. In mammalian systems, however, hormonal contribution to longevity is less well understood. With increasing age human steroid hormone profiles change substantially, particularly following menopause in women. This article reviews recent links between steroid sex hormones and ageing, with special emphasis on the skin and wound repair. Estrogen, which substantially decreases with advancing age in both males and females, protects against multiple aspects of cellular ageing in rodent models, including oxidative damage, telomere shortening and cellular senescence. Estrogen's effects are particularly pronounced in the skin where cutaneous changes post-menopause are well documented, and can be partially reversed by classical Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Our research shows that while chronological ageing has clear effects on skin wound healing, falling estrogen levels are the principle mediator of these effects. Thus, both HRT and topical estrogen replacement substantially accelerate healing in elderly humans, but are associated with unwanted deleterious effects, particularly cancer promotion. In fact, much current research effort is being invested in exploring the therapeutic potential of estrogen signalling manipulation to reverse age-associated pathology in peripheral tissues. In the case of the skin the differential targeting of estrogen receptors to promote healing in aged subjects is a real therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Manchester, UK
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Lenfant F, Trémollières F, Gourdy P, Arnal JF. Timing of the vascular actions of estrogens in experimental and human studies: why protective early, and not when delayed? Maturitas 2010; 68:165-73. [PMID: 21167666 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens, and in particular 17β-estradiol (E2), play a pivotal role in sexual development and reproduction and are also implicated in a large number of physiological processes including the cardiovascular system. Although epidemiological studies and Nurses' Health Study suggested, and all animal models of early atheroma clearly demonstrated a vasculoprotective action of both endogenous and exogenous estrogens, the Women's Health Initiative did not confirm the preventive action of estrogens against coronary heart disease (CHD). However, women who initiated hormone therapy closer to menopause tended to have reduced CHD risk compared with increased CHD risk among women more distant from menopause. Thus, it is now mandatory to try to understand the mechanisms that could have influenced the actions of estrogens at various stages of atherosclerosis and/or of life. In this current review, we will summarize our understanding of the potential cellular targets and mechanisms of the vasculoprotective actions of estrogens, as well as of the lack of action of estrogens when administered after a period of hormonal deprivation. The mechanisms of the aggravating role of progestogens such as medroxyprogesterone acetate will be considered. Finally, we will analyze the possibilities to uncouple some beneficial from other undesirable actions following the partial/selective activation of estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1048-I2MC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Toulouse III et CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Favre J, Gao J, Henry JP, Remy-Jouet I, Fourquaux I, Billon-Gales A, Thuillez C, Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Richard V. Endothelial Estrogen Receptor α Plays an Essential Role in the Coronary and Myocardial Protective Effects of Estradiol in Ischemia/Reperfusion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2562-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Ji Gao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Jean-Paul Henry
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Isabelle Remy-Jouet
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Isabelle Fourquaux
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Audrey Billon-Gales
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Christian Thuillez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
| | - Vincent Richard
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U644 and Rouen University Hospital (J.F., J.G., J.-P.H., I.R.-J., C.T., and V.R.), Institute for Biomedical Research Institut Fédératif de Recherches, University of Rouen, France; INSERM U858 (J.F., A.B.-G., J.-F.A., and F.L.), Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (I.F.), Faculty of
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Campbell L, Emmerson E, Davies F, Gilliver SC, Krust A, Chambon P, Ashcroft GS, Hardman MJ. Estrogen promotes cutaneous wound healing via estrogen receptor beta independent of its antiinflammatory activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1825-33. [PMID: 20733032 PMCID: PMC2931162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Post-menopausal women have an increased risk of developing a number of degenerative pathological conditions, linked by the common theme of excessive inflammation. Systemic estrogen replacement (in the form of hormone replacement therapy) is able to accelerate healing of acute cutaneous wounds in elderly females, linked to its potent antiinflammatory activity. However, in contrast to many other age-associated pathologies, the detailed mechanisms through which estrogen modulates skin repair, particularly the cell type–specific role of the two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, has yet to be determined. Here, we use pharmacological activation and genetic deletion to investigate the role of both ERα and ERβ in cutaneous tissue repair. Unexpectedly, we report that exogenous estrogen replacement to ovariectomised mice in the absence of ERβ actually delayed wound healing. Moreover, healing in epidermal-specific ERβ null mice (K14-cre/ERβL2/L2) largely resembled that in global ERβ null mice. Thus, the beneficial effects of estrogen on skin wound healing are mediated by epidermal ERβ, in marked contrast to most other tissues in the body where ERα is predominant. Surprisingly, agonists to both ERα and ERβ are potently antiinflammatory during skin repair, indicating clear uncoupling of inflammation and overall efficiency of repair. Thus, estrogen-mediated antiinflammatory activity is not the principal factor in accelerated wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campbell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Werner
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany
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