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Mohmmad‐Rezaei M, Arefnezhad R, Ahmadi R, Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh M, Mirzaei Y, Arjmand M, Ferns GA, Bashash D, Bagheri N. An overview of the innate and adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohmmad‐Rezaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Reza Arefnezhad
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA Tehran Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | | | - Yousef Mirzaei
- Department of Biogeosciences, Scientific Research Center Soran University Soran Iraq
| | - Mohammad‐Hassan Arjmand
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
- Cancer Research Center Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education Sussex United Kingdom
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord Iran
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2
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Watanabe R, Maeda T, Zhang H, Berry GJ, Zeisbrich M, Brockett R, Greenstein AE, Tian L, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. MMP (Matrix Metalloprotease)-9-Producing Monocytes Enable T Cells to Invade the Vessel Wall and Cause Vasculitis. Circ Res 2019; 123:700-715. [PMID: 29970365 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Giant cell arteritis (GCA)-a primary vasculitis of medium and large arteries-is associated with vessel wall damage, elastic membrane fragmentation, and vascular remodeling. Proteinases are believed to contribute to pathogenesis by degrading extracellular matrix and causing tissue injury. OBJECTIVE The MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-9-a type IV collagenase-is produced in the vasculitic lesions of GCA. It is unknown which pathogenic processes are MMP-9 dependent. METHODS AND RESULTS The tissue transcriptome of GCA-affected temporal arteries contained high amounts of MMP-9 transcripts, and immunostaining for pro-MMP-9 localized the enzyme to wall-infiltrating macrophages. MMP-2 and MMP-9 transcripts were also abundant in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with GCA. Patient-derived monocytes outperformed healthy monocytes in passing through engineered basement membranes. GCA CD (cluster of differentiation) 4+ T cells required MMP-9-producing monocytes to penetrate through matrix built from type IV collagen. In vivo functions of MMP-9 were tested in a human artery-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) chimera model by blocking enzyme activity with a highly specific monoclonal antibody or by injecting rMMP-9 (recombinant MMP-9). Inhibiting MMP-9 activity profoundly suppressed vascular injury, decreased the density of inflammatory infiltrates ( P<0.001), reduced intramural neoangiogenesis ( P<0.001), and prevented intimal layer hyperplasia ( P<0.001). rMMP-9 amplified all domains of vasculitic activity, promoted assembly of T-cell infiltrates ( P<0.05), intensified formation of new microvessels ( P<0.001), and worsened intimal thickening ( P<0.001). Systemic delivery of N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline-a matrikine produced by MMP-9-mediated gelatinolysis-had limited vasculitogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS In large vessel vasculitis, MMP-9 controls the access of monocytes and T cells to the vascular wall. T cells depend on MMP-9-producing monocytes to pass through collagen IV-containing basement membrane. Invasion of vasculitogenic T cells and monocytes, formation of neoangiogenic networks, and neointimal growth all require the enzymatic activity of MMP-9, identifying this protease as a potential therapeutic target to restore the immunoprivilege of the arterial wall in large vessel vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Watanabe
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
| | - Toshihisa Maeda
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
| | | | - Markus Zeisbrich
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
| | | | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (L.T.)
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- From the Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (R.W., T.M., H.Z., M.Z., J.J.G., C.M.W.)
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3
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Sorrentino R, Yilmaz A, Schubert K, Crother TR, Pinto A, Shimada K, Arditi M, Chen S. A single infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is sufficient to exacerbate atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:25-32. [PMID: 25666507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a strong link between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) infection and atherosclerosis progression/exacerbation. Here, we try to understand whether a single administration of Cp could exacerbate atherosclerosis. Apoe(-/-) mice were intranasally infected with Cp followed by a high fat diet. Mice were sacrificed at different time points after Cp infection to monitor the development of the atheroma. Cp infection increased lipid content in the aortic sinus of Apoe(-/-) mice starting from 8 weeks. This was associated with increased numbers of active myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid DCs which were co-localized with T-cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. The serum levels of IFN-γ showed a Th1-like environment typical of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that one dose of Cp could exacerbate atherosclerotic lesion development, triggering innate immune cell accumulation early on that allowed the involvement of Th1-like cells in the exacerbation of the atherosclerotic plaque at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Sorrentino
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, FARMABIOMED, University of Salerno, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Atilla Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, FARMABIOMED, University of Salerno, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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4
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Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Platt AM, Brewer JM, Garside P, Maffia P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis? Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:172-82. [PMID: 23059425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a unique subset of dendritic cells that play distinct and critical roles in the immune response. Importantly, pDCs play a pivotal role in several chronic autoimmune diseases strongly characterized by an increased risk of vascular pathology. Clinical studies have shown that pDCs are detectable in atherosclerotic plaques and others have suggested an association between reduced numbers of circulating pDCs and cardiovascular events. Although the causal relationship between pDCs and atherosclerosis is still uncertain, recent results from mouse models are starting to define the specific role(s) of pDCs in the disease process. In this review, we will discuss the role of pDCs in innate and adaptive immunity, the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of pDCs to vascular pathology and we will consider the possible impact of pDCs on the acceleration of atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Finally, we will discuss how pDCs could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grassia
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from heart to vessels. Int J Vasc Med 2010; 2010:430318. [PMID: 21152192 PMCID: PMC2989744 DOI: 10.1155/2010/430318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, formerly only attributed to the alterations of the stromal component, are now recognized as immune-based pathologies. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) are important immune orchestrators in heart and vessels. They highly produce IFN type I that promote the polarization of T cells towards a Th1 phenotype; however, pDCs can also participate to suppressive networks via the recruitment of T regulatory cells that downmodulate proinflammatory responses. pDCs populate the vessel wall layers during pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. It is thus clear that a better identification of pDCs activity in cardiovascular diseases can not only elucidate pathological mechanisms but also lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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6
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Niessner A, Weyand CM. Dendritic cells in atherosclerotic disease. Clin Immunol 2009; 134:25-32. [PMID: 19520615 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been considered a syndrome of dysregulated lipid storage until recent evidence has emphasized the critical contribution of the immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) are positioned at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recognition of danger signals in atheromas leads to DC activation. Activated DC regulate effector T cells which can kill plaque-resident cells and damage the plaque structure. Two types of DC have been identified in atherosclerotic lesions; classical myeloid DC (mDC) which mainly recognize bacterial signatures and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) which specialize in sensing viral fragments and have the unique potential of producing large amounts of type I interferon (IFN). In human atheromas, type I IFN upregulates expression of the cytotoxic molecule TRAIL which leads to apoptosis of plaque-resident cells. This review will elucidate the role of DC in atherogenesis and particularly in plaque rupture, the underlying pathophysiologic cause of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Niessner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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