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Wang Y, Luo M, Che L, Wu Q, Li J, Ma Y, Wang J, Liu C. Enhanced detection of ligand-PPARγ binding based on surface plasmon resonance through complexation with SRC1- or NCOR2-related polypeptide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131865. [PMID: 38670200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A previous study reported the use of a biosensing technique based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the ligand binding detection of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARγ). This detection was designed based on the structural properties of PPARγ. Because of cross-linked protein inactivation and the low molecular weight of conventional ligands, direct ligand binding detection based on SPR has low stability and repeatability. In this study, we report an indirect response methodology based on SPR technology in which anti-His CM5 chip binds fresh PPARγ every cycle, resulting in more stable detection. We developed a remarkable improvement in ligand-protein binding detectability in vitro by introducing two coregulator-related polypeptides into this system. In parallel, a systematic indirect response methodology can reflect the interaction relationship between ligands and proteins to some extent by detecting the changes in SA-SRC1 and GST-NCOR2 binding to PPARγ. Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist with strong affinity, is a potent insulin-sensitizing agent. Some ligands may be competitively exerted at the same sites of PPARγ (binding rosiglitazone). We demonstrated using indirect response methodology that selective PPARγ modulator (SPPARM) candidates of PPARγ can be found by competing for the binding of the rosiglitazone site on PPARγ, although they may have no effect on polypeptides and PPARγ binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Luo
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Che
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital Hainan Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qixin Wu
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Liu
- Experimental Research Center of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sestrin2 contributes to BRAF inhibitor resistance via reducing redox vulnerability of melanoma cells. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 109:52-60. [PMID: 36858850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment resistance often occurs with BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) therapy for melanoma, bringing in a great challenge to the treatment of melanoma patients harboring mutant BRAF gene. Recent studies revealed redox vulnerability constitutes a novel opportunity to overcome BRAFi resistance. Previously we found Sestrin2 provided protection to metastatic melanoma cells by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by anoikis, but its defensive role against redox stimuli elicited by BRAFi was unclear. OBJECTIVE In-depth explored the role of Sestrin2 in BRAFi-resistant melanoma. METHODS Vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells were established using 451Lu and UACC62 cell lines carrying BRAFV600E mutation. Mechanistic studies were subsequently performed by transfection of lentiviral vectors encoding an shRNA against SESN2 or embedded with the coding sequences of SESN2 cDNA. RESULTS Elevated Sestrin2 expression was found in vemurafenib-resistance melanoma cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells employ Sestrin2 to adapt to higher oxidative stress under vemurafenib exposure. It was also demonstrated that mTOR signaling was significantly activated following Sestrin2 knockdown. Given the known promoting role of active mTOR signaling in melanoma proliferation and survival, the effects of mTOR blocker and Sestrin2 ablation on BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells were further tested, and the combination was found to result in enhanced inhibition of melanoma cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the contribution of Sestrin2 to the development of BRAFi resistance and the fact that the combination of mTOR blocker assisted Sestrein2 ablation in eliminating BRAFi resistance of melanoma. Therefore, mTOR and Sestrin2 may be novel combinatorial therapeutic targets to overcome BRAFi resistance of melanoma.
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Lee HI, Rhim WK, Kang EY, Choi B, Kim JH, Han DK. A Multilayer Functionalized Drug-Eluting Balloon for Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:614. [PMID: 33922861 PMCID: PMC8146216 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-eluting balloons (DEBs) have been mostly exploited as an interventional remedy for treating atherosclerosis instead of cardiovascular stents. However, the therapeutic efficacy of DEB is limited due to their low drug delivery capability to the disease site. The aim of our study was to load drugs onto a balloon catheter with preventing drug loss during transition time and maximizing drug transfer from the surface of DEBs to the cardiovascular wall. For this, a multilayer-coated balloon catheter, composed of PVP/Drug-loaded liposome/PVP, was suggested. The hydrophilic property of 1st layer, PVP, helps to separate drug layer in hydrophilic blood vessel, and the 2nd layer with Everolimus (EVL)-loaded liposome facilitates drug encapsulation and sustained release to the targeted lesions during inflation time. Additionally, a 3rd layer with PVP can protect the inner layer during transition time for preventing drug loss. The deionized water containing 20% ethanol was utilized to hydrate EVL-loaded liposome for efficient coating processes. The coating materials showed negligible toxicity in the cells and did not induce pro-inflammatory cytokine in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs), even in case of inflammation induction through LPS. The results of hemocompatibility for coating materials exhibited that protein adsorption and platelet adhesion somewhat decreased with multilayer-coated materials as compared to bare Nylon tubes. The ex vivo experiments to confirm the feasibility of further applications of multilayer-coated strategy as a DEB system demonstrated efficient drug transfer of approximately 65% in the presence of the 1st layer, to the tissue in 60 s after treatment. Taken together, a functional DEB platform with such a multilayer coating approach would be widely utilized for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13488, Gyenggi, Korea; (H.-I.L.); (W.-K.R.); (E.-Y.K.); (B.C.); (J.-H.K.)
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Jinnouchi H, Guo L, Sakamoto A, Sato Y, Cornelissen A, Kawakami R, Mori M, Torii S, Kuntz S, Harari E, Mori H, Fuller D, Gadhoke N, Fernandez R, Paek KH, Surve D, Romero M, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Finn AV. Advances in mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitors: application to devices used in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1181-1195. [PMID: 32431177 PMCID: PMC7333590 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been applied to vascular coronary devices to avoid neointimal growth and have become the predominant pharmacological agents used to prevent restenosis. mTOR inhibitors can affect not only proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells but also endothelial cells and therefore can result in delayed healing of the vessel including endothelialization. Emerging evidence suggests accelerated atherosclerosis due to the downstream negative effects on endothelial barrier functional recovery. The development of neoatherosclerosis within the neointima of drug-eluting stents can result in late thrombotic events. This type of problematic healing response may open the way for specific mTOR kinase inhibitors, such as ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors. These inhibitors demonstrate a better healing profile than traditional limus-based drug-eluting stent and their clinical efficacy remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Jinnouchi
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Yu Sato
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anne Cornelissen
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rika Kawakami
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Masayuki Mori
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sho Torii
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Salome Kuntz
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Emanuel Harari
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Mori
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Daniela Fuller
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Neel Gadhoke
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Raquel Fernandez
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Ka Hyun Paek
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dipti Surve
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Maria Romero
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Frank D Kolodgie
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Renu Virmani
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Aloke V Finn
- Cardiovascular Department, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Siddique S, Risse J, Canaud G, Zuily S. Vascular Manifestations in Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): Is APS a Thrombophilia or a Vasculopathy? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:64. [PMID: 28871481 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is characterized primarily by thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Chronic vascular lesions can also occur. While the underlying mechanisms of these vascular lesions are not entirely known, there have been multiple theories describing the potential process of vasculopathy in APS and the various clinical manifestations associated with it. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, it has been demonstrated that endothelial proliferation in kidneys can be explained by the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) pathway by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). These data support the existence of an APS-related vasculopathy in different locations which can explain-in part-the different manifestations of APS. This review focuses on the various manifestations of APS as a result of APS-related vasculopathy, as well as pathophysiology, current screening, and treatment options for clinicians to be aware of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Siddique
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Jessie Risse
- CHRU de Nancy, Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center For Rare Vascular And Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Inserm U1116 at Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Canaud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Inserm U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades; Service de Néphrologie Transplantation Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Zuily
- CHRU de Nancy, Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center For Rare Vascular And Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Inserm U1116 at Lorraine University, Nancy, France
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Moderate Autophagy Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence to Stabilize Progressed Atherosclerotic Plaque via the mTORC1/ULK1/ATG13 Signal Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3018190. [PMID: 28713484 PMCID: PMC5497616 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3018190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of autophagy induced by rapamycin in the development of atherosclerosis plaque we established murine atherosclerosis model which was induced in ApoE−/− mice by high fat and cholesterol diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Rapamycin and 3-Methyladenine (MA) were used as autophagy inducer and inhibitor respectively. The plaque areas in aortic artery were detected with HE and Oil Red O staining. Immunohistochemical staining were applied to investigate content of plaque respectively. In contrast to control and 3-MA groups, rapamycin could inhibit atherosclerosis progression. Rapamycin was able to increase collagen content and a-SMA distribution relatively, as well as decrease necrotic core area. Then we used MOVAS and culture with ox-LDL for 72 h to induce smooth muscle-derived foam cell model in vitro. Rapamycin and 3-MA were cultured together respectively. Flow cytometry assay and SA-β-Gal staining experiments were performed to detect survival and senescence of VSMCs. Western blot analysis were utilized to analyze the levels of protein expression. We found that rapamycin could promote ox-LDL-induced VSMCs autophagy survival and alleviate cellular senescence, in comparison to control and 3-MA groups. Western blot analysis showed that rapamycin could upregulate ULK1, ATG13 and downregulate mTORC1 and p53 protein expression.
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A novel polymer-free ciglitazone-coated vascular stent: in vivo and ex vivo analysis of stent endothelialization in a rabbit iliac artery model. Oncotarget 2016; 7:57571-57580. [PMID: 27613845 PMCID: PMC5295373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARg) agonists have known pleiotropic cardiovascular effects with favourable properties in vascular remodeling, and specifically in suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. A novel vascular stent coating using the PPARg ligand ciglitazone (CCS) was investigated regarding its effects on endothelialization after 7 and 28 days. METHODS Microporous bare metal stents (BMS) were coated with ciglitazone by ultrasonic flux with a load of 255 μg ciglitazone/stent. SixteenNew Zealand white rabbits, fed a with high cholesterol diet, underwent stent implantation in both iliac arteries. Everolimus-eluting stents (EES) and BMS were comparators. Histology (CD 31 immunostaining, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, morphometry) was performed after 7 and 28 days and by OCT (optical coherence tomography) in vivo after 28 days. RESULTS Microscopy showed comparable results with near complete endothelialization in CCS and BMS (%CD31 above stent struts after 7 days: 67.92±36.35 vs. 84.48±23.86; p = 0.55; endothel % above stent struts: 77.22±27.9 vs. 83.89±27.91; p = 0.78). EES were less endothelialized with minimal fibrin deposition, not found in BMS and CCS (% CD 31 above struts after 28 days, BMS: 100.0±0.0 vs. EES: 95.9±3.57 vs. CCS: 100.0±0.0; p = 0.0292). OCT revealed no uncovered struts in all stents after 28 days. CONCLUSIONS Polymer-free coating with ciglitazone, a PPARg agonist is feasible and stable over time. Our data prove unimpaired endothelial coverage of a ciglitazone-coated vascular stent system by histology and OCT. Thus, this PPARg agonist coating deserves further investigation to evaluate its potency on local neointimal suppression.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatment strategies aimed at treating the symptoms and consequences of obstructive vascular disease have embraced both optimal medical therapy and catheter-based percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Drug-eluting stents elute antiproliferative drugs inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, which occurs in response to injury and thus prevents restenosis. However, all drugs currently approved for use in drug-eluting stents do not discriminate between proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, thus delaying re-endothelialization and subsequent vascular healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer Habib
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aloke Virmani Finn
- CVPath Institute Inc, 19 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Akahori H, Karmali V, Polavarapu R, Lyle AN, Weiss D, Shin E, Husain A, Naqvi N, Van Dam R, Habib A, Choi CU, King AL, Pachura K, Taylor WR, Lefer DJ, Finn AV. CD163 interacts with TWEAK to regulate tissue regeneration after ischaemic injury. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7792. [PMID: 26242746 PMCID: PMC4918310 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an essential component of the immune response to ischaemic injury and play an important role in promoting inflammation and its resolution, which is necessary for tissue repair. The type I transmembrane glycoprotein CD163 is exclusively expressed on macrophages, where it acts as a receptor for haemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes. An extracellular portion of CD163 circulates in the blood as a soluble protein, for which no physiological function has so far been described. Here we show that during ischaemia, soluble CD163 functions as a decoy receptor for TWEAK, a secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine of the tumour necrosis factor family, to regulate TWEAK-induced activation of canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Notch signalling necessary for myogenic progenitor cell proliferation. Mice with deletion of CD163 have transiently elevated levels of TWEAK, which stimulate muscle satellite cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in their ischaemic and non-ischaemic limbs. These results reveal a role for soluble CD163 in regulating muscle regeneration after ischaemic injury. CD163 is a glycoprotein receptor expressed on the surface of macrophages. Here, the authors demonstrate that a soluble form of CD163 can act as a decoy receptor for the pro inflammatory cytokine TWEAK, thereby revealing a new mechanism for the regulation of tissue repair after ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokuni Akahori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Vinit Karmali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alicia N Lyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ahsan Husain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nawazish Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Richard Van Dam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Anwer Habib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Cheol Ung Choi
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Adrienne L King
- Kennesaw State University Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
| | - Kimberly Pachura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA [3] Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - David J Lefer
- LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Aloke V Finn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Spira D, Grözinger G, Domschke N, Bantleon R, Schmehl J, Wiskirchen J, Wiesinger B. Cell Cycle Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cells--Searching for Inhibitors of Neointima Formation: Is Combretastatin A4 an Alternative to Sirolimus and Paclitaxel? J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015; 26:1388-95. [PMID: 26169455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of sirolimus, paclitaxel, and combretastatin A4 (CA4) on regulatory proteins of the cell cycle in proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human aortic SMCs were treated with sirolimus, paclitaxel, and CA4 at 5 × 10(-9) mol/L. After 1 day, half of the cells were harvested (DAY1 group). The treatment medium of the other half was replaced with culture medium on day 4, and those cells were harvested on day 5 (DAY5 group). Cyclins D1, D2, E, and A and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16, p21, and p27 were detected by Western blot technique. Quantification was performed by scanning densitometry of the specific bands. RESULTS In the DAY1 group, treatment with sirolimus resulted in decreased intracellular levels of cyclins D2 and A (P < .05). Increased D cyclins and reduced levels of cyclins E and A (P < .05) in the DAY5 group indicated a permanent G1/S block by sirolimus. Paclitaxel led to only slight alterations of cyclin and CDK inhibitor expression (P > .05). In the DAY1 group, CA4 decreased intracellular levels of cyclins D2, E, and A (P < .05). Despite recovery effects in the DAY5 group (increase of cyclins D1, D2, and A compared with DAY1 group; P < .05), the upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p21, increased D cyclins, and decreased cyclins E and A (P < .05) are compatible with a G1 arrest. CONCLUSIONS CA4 is a stronger inhibitor of the SMC cycle than sirolimus or paclitaxel and may represent an alternative for drug-eluting stents in atherosclerotic luminal stenosis. The effect of CA4 on neointima formation should be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spira
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Gerd Grözinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Domschke
- Department of Internal Medicine, SRH Hospital Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bantleon
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmehl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Wiskirchen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Franziskus Hospital, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wiesinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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Habib A, Karmali V, John MC, Polavarapu R, Nakazawa G, Pachura K, Davis T, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Finn AV. Everolimus-eluting stents improve vascular response in a diabetic animal model. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 7:526-32. [PMID: 24915972 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.113.001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evaluation of the vascular response of drug-eluting stents is limited especially in the setting of diabetes mellitus preventing the evaluation of changes in drug-eluting stent design and eluted drugs after clinical use. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured human aortic endothelial cells were used to assess the differences between sirolimus and its analog, everolimus, in the setting of hyperglycemia on various cellular functions necessary for endothelial recovery. A diabetic rabbit model of iliac artery stenting was used to compare histological and morphometric characteristics of the vascular response to everolimus-eluting, sirolimus-eluting, and bare metal stent placement. Under hyperglycemic conditions, sirolimus impaired human aortic endothelial cell barrier function, migration, and proliferation to a greater degree compared with everolimus. In our in vivo model of diabetes mellitus, endothelialization at 28 days was significantly lower and endothelial integrity was impaired in sirolimus-eluting stent compared with both everolimus-eluting and bare metal stents. Neointimal area, uncovered struts, and fibrin deposition were significantly higher in sirolimus-eluting compared with everolimus-eluting and bare metal stents. CONCLUSIONS Use of everolimus-eluting stent results in improved vascular response in our preclinical models of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer Habib
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Vinit Karmali
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Michael C John
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Gaku Nakazawa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Kim Pachura
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Talina Davis
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Frank D Kolodgie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
| | - Renu Virmani
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.).
| | - Aloke V Finn
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.H., V.K., M.C.J., R.P., K.P., T.D., A.V.F.); and CVPath Institute, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD (G.N., F.D.K., R.V.)
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Dunn LL, Midwinter RG, Ni J, Hamid HA, Parish CR, Stocker R. New insights into intracellular locations and functions of heme oxygenase-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1723-42. [PMID: 24180287 PMCID: PMC3961787 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) plays a critical role in the protection of cells, and the inducible enzyme is implicated in a spectrum of human diseases. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities, for which current treatment approaches are not optimal, emphasizes the necessity to better understand key players such as HMOX1 that may be therapeutic targets. RECENT ADVANCES HMOX1 is a dynamic protein that can undergo post-translational and structural modifications which modulate HMOX1 function. Moreover, trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cellular compartments, including the nucleus, highlights that HMOX1 may play roles other than the catabolism of heme. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of HMOX1 to be induced by a variety of stressors, in an equally wide variety of tissues and cell types, represents an obstacle for the therapeutic exploitation of the enzyme. Any capacity to modulate HMOX1 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases should be tempered with an appreciation that HMOX1 may have an impact on cancer. Moreover, the potential for heme catabolism end products, such as carbon monoxide, to amplify the HMOX1 stress response should be considered. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A more complete understanding of HMOX1 modifications and the properties that they impart is necessary. Delineating these parameters will provide a clearer picture of the opportunities to modulate HMOX1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L. Dunn
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jun Ni
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hafizah A. Hamid
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Habib A, Karmali V, Polavarapu R, Akahori H, Nakano M, Yazdani S, Otsuka F, Pachura K, Davis T, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Finn AV. Metformin impairs vascular endothelial recovery after stent placement in the setting of locally eluted mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors via S6 kinase-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:971-80. [PMID: 23449430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the effect of oral metformin (Mf) therapy on endothelialization in the setting of drug-eluting stents (DES). BACKGROUND Mf is a commonly used therapy in diabetic patients receiving DES. Mf and locally eluted mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used in DES have convergent molecular signaling; however, the impact of this drug interaction on stent endothelialization is unknown. METHODS We examined human endothelial aortic cells (HAECs) and a rabbit model of stenting to determine points on molecular convergence between these 2 agents and their impact on stent endothelialization. RESULTS Western blotting of HAECs treated with Mf and the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and 14-day rabbit iliacs treated with the combination of zotarolimus-eluting stents (ZES) and oral Mf demonstrated greater inhibition of S6 kinase (S6K), a downstream effector of mTOR complex 1, than either treatment alone. HAEC proliferation was significantly inhibited by Mf or sirolimus treatments alone and further reduced when they were combined. Knockdown of S6K via short interfering RNA in HAECs impaired cell proliferation via a cyclin D1-dependent mechanism, whereas its overexpression rescued the antiproliferative effects of both agents. Last, endothelialization and endothelial cell proliferation at 14 days were assessed in rabbits receiving ZES or bare-metal stents and Mf or placebo by scanning electron microscopy and bromodeoxyuridine/CD31 labeling, respectively. Both endpoints were inhibited by ZES treatment alone and were further reduced by the combination of Mf and ZES. CONCLUSIONS Significant convergence of signaling occurs between Mf and locally delivered mTOR inhibitors at S6K. This further impairs endothelial recovery/proliferation via an S6K-dependent mechanism. Patients receiving Mf in combination with stents that elute mTOR inhibitors are potentially at increased risk of delayed endothelial healing and stent thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwer Habib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Schmehl J, von der Ruhr J, Dobratz M, Kehlbach R, Braun I, Greiner TO, Claussen CD, Behnisch B. Balloon coating with rapamycin using an on-site coating device. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36:756-63. [PMID: 23435745 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of drug-eluting balloons has been demonstrated in clinical trials. The drug predominantly used is paclitaxel because of its lipophilic properties and the rapid onset of action. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an alternative balloon coating with rapamycin that can be applied on site. METHODS The balloon coating (3.0/18 and 3.0/12 mm, Cathy No. 4, Translumina GmbH) with rapamycin was conducted with a coating machine (Translumina GmbH). Concentrations were 2, 2 × 2, 3, and 4 %. Measurements regarding the amount of substance released to the vessel wall were carried out on explanted porcine coronaries by means of ultraviolet and visible-light spectroscopy. Inflation time varied between 30 and 120 s. The biological effect of the coating was evaluated in a porcine peripheral overstretch and stent implantation model. RESULTS The amount of rapamycin on the balloon surface ranged from 558 ± 108 μg for the 2 % solution to 1,441 ± 228 μg in the 4 % solution. An amount of 95 ± 63-193 ± 113 μg was released into the vessel wall. The quantitative measurements of the angiographic examinations 4 weeks after treatment revealed a reduction of diameter stenosis from 20.6 ± 17.4 % in the control group to 11.6 ± 5.5 % in the drug-eluting balloon group. CONCLUSION A balloon coating with rapamycin omitting an excipient is possible with a dose-adjustable coating machine. However, the biological effects are moderate, which make further optimization of the coating process and evaluation of appropriate excipients necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schmehl
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Khurana S, Bruggeman LA, Kao HY. Nuclear hormone receptors in podocytes. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:33. [PMID: 22995171 PMCID: PMC3543367 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are a family of ligand-activated, DNA sequence-specific transcription factors that regulate various aspects of animal development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. The physiological roles of nuclear receptors and their ligands have been intensively studied in cancer and metabolic syndrome. However, their role in kidney diseases is still evolving, despite their ligands being used clinically to treat renal diseases for decades. This review will discuss the progress of our understanding of the role of nuclear receptors and their ligands in kidney physiology with emphasis on their roles in treating glomerular disorders and podocyte injury repair responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and the Comprehensive Cancer Center of CWRU, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Ban K, Kozar RA. Protective role of p70S6K in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41584. [PMID: 22848534 PMCID: PMC3407246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, survival and in directing immune responses. As the intestinal epithelium displays rapid cell growth and differentiation and is an important immune regulatory organ, we hypothesized that mTOR may play an important role in the protection against intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which the mTOR pathway is altered by intestinal I/R, p70S6K, the major effector of the mTOR pathway, was investigated along with the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR and an immunosuppressant agent used clinically in transplant patients. In vitro experiments using an intestinal epithelial cell line and hypoxia/reoxygenation demonstrated that overexpression of p70S6K promoted cell growth and migration, and decreased cell apoptosis. Inhibition of p70S6K by rapamycin reversed these protective effects. In a mouse model of gut I/R, an increase of p70S6K activity was found by 5 min and remained elevated after 6 h of reperfusion. Inhibition of p70S6K by rapamycin worsened gut injury, promoted inflammation, and enhanced intestinal permeability. Importantly, rapamycin treated animals had a significantly increased mortality. These novel results demonstrate a key role of p70S6K in protection against I/R injury in the intestine and suggest a potential danger in using mTOR inhibitors in patients at risk for gut hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechen Ban
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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Hua X, Deuse T, Michelakis ED, Haromy A, Tsao PS, Maegdefessel L, Erben RG, Bergow C, Behnisch BB, Reichenspurner H, Robbins RC, Schrepfer S. Human internal mammary artery (IMA) transplantation and stenting: a human model to study the development of in-stent restenosis. J Vis Exp 2012:e3663. [PMID: 22617624 DOI: 10.3791/3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches (1,2). The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs (3-5). However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models (6,7). In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents. This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Hua
- University Heart Center Hamburg, TSI-Lab, Germany
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Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after drug-eluting stent implantation: a retrospective cohort study using the national health insurance database in Taiwan. Clin Ther 2012; 34:885-93. [PMID: 22440193 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) may reduce in-stent restenosis and improve clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients after bare-metal stent implantation. However, it is still unknown whether diabetic patients with drug-eluting stents (DESs) could benefit from treatment with TZDs. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of TZDs in type 2 diabetic patients within 1 year of receiving DESs. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was performed in 1743 Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients (1137 men; 606 women) who received DESs between December 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007. Patients were classified into TZD (n = 268) or non-TZD groups (n = 1,475) using medication records within 3 months of the index hospitalization. Follow-up data were available through December 31, 2008. Clinical outcome measurements included death, myocardial infarction (MI), and repeat revascularization within 1 year after the index date of hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards model and other analyses were performed for the study. RESULTS For the TZD and non-TZD groups, the mean ages were 65.07 and 66.09 years, respectively, for those with limus-eluting stents (LESs) and 65.61 and 65.81 years, respectively, for those with paclitaxel-eluting stents (PESs). With or without TZD medication, there were no significant differences in the adjusted hazard ratios of death, MI, or repeat revascularization for diabetic patients who received LESs or PESs. TZD treatment in patients who received LESs and had a history of MI was associated with a higher risk of MI (hazard ratio = 5.292; 95% CI, 1.028-27.232). CONCLUSIONS TZDs did not improve the clinical outcomes in Taiwanese type 2 diabetes patients who received DESs. TZDs might have been a contributor to higher risk of MI in patients with LESs and a history of MI. Larger clinical trials are still needed to study this issue further.
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Saeed O, Otsuka F, Polavarapu R, Karmali V, Weiss D, Davis T, Rostad B, Pachura K, Adams L, Elliott J, Taylor WR, Narula J, Kolodgie F, Virmani R, Hong CC, Finn AV. Pharmacological suppression of hepcidin increases macrophage cholesterol efflux and reduces foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:299-307. [PMID: 22095982 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.240101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently reported that lowering of macrophage free intracellular iron increases expression of cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 by reducing generation of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we explored whether reducing macrophage intracellular iron levels via pharmacological suppression of hepcidin can increase macrophage-specific expression of cholesterol efflux transporters and reduce atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS To suppress hepcidin, increase expression of the iron exporter ferroportin, and reduce macrophage intracellular iron, we used a small molecule inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, LDN 193189 (LDN). LDN (10 mg/kg IP b.i.d.) was administered to mice, and its effects on atherosclerosis, intracellular iron, oxidative stress, lipid efflux, and foam cell formation were measured in plaques and peritoneal macrophages. Long-term LDN administration to apolipoprotein E-/- mice increased ABCA1 immunoreactivity within intraplaque macrophages by 3.7-fold (n=8; P=0.03), reduced Oil Red O-positive lipid area by 50% (n=8; P=0.02), and decreased total plaque area by 43% (n=8; P=0.001). LDN suppressed liver hepcidin transcription and increased macrophage ferroportin, lowering intracellular iron and hydrogen peroxide production. LDN treatment increased macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, significantly raised cholesterol efflux to ApoA-1, and decreased foam cell formation. All preceding LDN-induced effects on cholesterol efflux were reversed by exogenous hepcidin administration, suggesting modulation of intracellular iron levels within macrophages as the mechanism by which LDN triggers these effects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that pharmacological manipulation of iron homeostasis may be a promising target to increase macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and limit atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Saeed
- Emory University Hospital Midtown, 550 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
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Sussman MA, Völkers M, Fischer K, Bailey B, Cottage CT, Din S, Gude N, Avitabile D, Alvarez R, Sundararaman B, Quijada P, Mason M, Konstandin MH, Malhowski A, Cheng Z, Khan M, McGregor M. Myocardial AKT: the omnipresent nexus. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1023-70. [PMID: 21742795 PMCID: PMC3674828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest examples of integrated signal transduction is revealed by examination of effects mediated by AKT kinase in myocardial biology. Positioned at the intersection of multiple afferent and efferent signals, AKT exemplifies a molecular sensing node that coordinates dynamic responses of the cell in literally every aspect of biological responses. The balanced and nuanced nature of homeostatic signaling is particularly essential within the myocardial context, where regulation of survival, energy production, contractility, and response to pathological stress all flow through the nexus of AKT activation or repression. Equally important, the loss of regulated AKT activity is primarily the cause or consequence of pathological conditions leading to remodeling of the heart and eventual decompensation. This review presents an overview compendium of the complex world of myocardial AKT biology gleaned from more than a decade of research. Summarization of the widespread influence that AKT exerts upon myocardial responses leaves no doubt that the participation of AKT in molecular signaling will need to be reckoned with as a seemingly omnipresent regulator of myocardial molecular biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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Witzenbichler B, Wöhrle J, Guagliumi G, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, Dudek D, Kornowski R, Hartmann F, Hood KL, Parise H, Lansky AJ, Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Stone GW. Paclitaxel-eluting stents compared with bare metal stents in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:130-8. [PMID: 21364152 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.110.960245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the prospective, randomized Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial, implantation of paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) safely reduced the rates of ischemic target lesion revascularization (TLR) compared with bare metal stents (BMS) in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous intervention. Diabetes mellitus is a known predictor of adverse outcomes after percutaneous intervention in STEMI. We therefore sought to assess the impact of PES in diabetic patients with STEMI from the HORIZONS-AMI trial. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 478 patients with diabetes and 2527 without diabetes were randomly assigned to receive PES versus BMS. The 12-month rates of ischemic TLR were significantly reduced by PES compared with BMS in both diabetic (11.2% versus 5.2%; hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=0.45 [0.21 to 0.93]; P=0.03) and nondiabetic (6.8% versus 4.3%, hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=0.63 [0.44 to 0.92]; P=0.02) patients. In patients with insulin-treated diabetes, PES compared with BMS reduced the 12-month TLR rate from 21.4% to 7.3% (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=0.35 [0.12 to 1.03]; P=0.046). Angiographic late loss and binary restenosis at 13 months were also significantly reduced in PES-treated diabetic patients. There were no significant differences between the BMS and PES groups in the 12-month rates of death, reinfarction, stroke, or stent thrombosis in either diabetic or nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS In the large-scale, prospective, randomized HORIZONS-AMI trial, implantation of PES compared with BMS in patients with STEMI and diabetes mellitus resulted in significant reductions in ischemia-driven TLR and angiographic restenosis at 1 year, with comparable safety outcomes, including stent thrombosis. These results suggest that PES can safely be used to reduce restenosis in high-risk diabetic patients presenting with STEMI. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00433966.
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Wang N, Yin R, Liu Y, Mao G, Xi F. Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-.GAMMA. in Atherosclerosis - An Update -. Circ J 2011; 75:528-35. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanping Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences at Peking University
| | - Ruiying Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences at Peking University
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences at Peking University
| | - Guangmei Mao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences at Peking University
| | - Fang Xi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Peking University Health Science Center
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences at Peking University
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Role of heme oxygenase in inflammation, insulin-signalling, diabetes and obesity. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:359732. [PMID: 20508722 PMCID: PMC2872759 DOI: 10.1155/2010/359732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are chronic conditions associated with elevated oxidative/inflammatory activities with a continuum of tissue insults leading to more severe cardiometabolic and renal complications including myocardial infarction and end-stage-renal damage. A common denominator of these chronic conditions is the enhanced the levels of cytokines like tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), IL-1β and resistin, which in turn activates the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways, creating a vicious cycle that exacerbates insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and related complications. Emerging evidence indicates that heme oxygenase (HO) inducers are endowed with potent anti-diabetic and insulin sensitizing effects besides their ability to suppress immune/inflammatory response. Importantly, the HO system abates inflammation through several mechanisms including the suppression of macrophage-infiltration and abrogation of oxidative/inflammatory transcription factors like NF-κB, JNK and activating protein-1. This review highlights the mechanisms by which the HO system potentiates insulin signalling, with particular emphasis on HO-mediated suppression of oxidative and inflammatory insults. The HO system could be explored in the search for novel remedies against cardiometabolic diseases and their complications.
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