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Nwokoye PN, Abilez OJ. Blood vessels in a dish: the evolution, challenges, and potential of vascularized tissues and organoids. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1336910. [PMID: 38938652 PMCID: PMC11210405 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1336910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathologies are prevalent in a broad spectrum of diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of vascular biology, particularly in overcoming the oxygen and nutrient diffusion limit in tissue constructs. The evolution of vascularized tissues signifies a convergence of multiple scientific disciplines, encompassing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into vascular cells, the development of advanced three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques, and the refinement of bioinks. These technologies are instrumental in creating intricate vascular networks essential for tissue viability, especially in thick, complex constructs. This review provides broad perspectives on the past, current state, and advancements in key areas, including the differentiation of hPSCs into specific vascular lineages, the potential and challenges of 3D bioprinting methods, and the role of innovative bioinks mimicking the native extracellular matrix. We also explore the integration of biophysical cues in vascularized tissues in vitro, highlighting their importance in stimulating vessel maturation and functionality. In this review, we aim to synthesize these diverse yet interconnected domains, offering a broad, multidisciplinary perspective on tissue vascularization. Advancements in this field will help address the global organ shortage and transform patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Nwokoye
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric CT Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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2
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Cornelius VA, Yacoub A, Kelaini S, Margariti A. Diabetic endotheliopathy: RNA-binding proteins as new therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 131:105907. [PMID: 33359016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Endotheliopathy is widely regarded as a principal contributor to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis in individuals with Diabetes mellitus. The endothelium, the innermost lining of blood vessels, consists of an extensive monolayer of endothelial cells. Previously regarded as an interface, the endothelium is now accepted as an organ system with critical roles in vascular health; its dysfunction therefore is detrimental. Endothelial dysfunction induces blood vessel damage resulting in a restriction of blood and oxygen supply to tissues, the central pathology of cardiovascular disease. Hyperglycemic conditions have repeatedly been isolated as a pivotal inducer of endothelial cell dysfunction. Numerous studies have since proven hyperglycemic conditions to significantly alter the gene expression profile of endothelial cells, with this being largely attributable to the post-transcriptional regulation of RNA-binding proteins. In particular, the RBP Quaking-7 has recently emerged as a crucial mediator of diabetic endotheliopathy, with great potential to become a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Cornelius
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andrew Yacoub
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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3
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Hahner F, Moll F, Schröder K. NADPH oxidases in the differentiation of endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:262-268. [PMID: 31393561 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells involves the modulation of highly interconnected metabolic and epigenetic processes. Therefore, the differentiation of endothelial cells is a tightly controlled process, which is adjusted at multiple levels, meaning that even the smallest variation can result in major consequences. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a group of second messengers that can interfere with both metabolic and epigenetic processes. Besides their generation by mitochondria, ROS are produced in a controlled manner by the family of NADPH oxidases. The different members of the NADPH oxidase family produce superoxide anions or hydrogen peroxide. Due to the specific sub-cellular localization of the different NADPH oxidases, ROS are produced at diverse sites in the cell, such as the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum. Once produced, ROS interfere with proteins, lipids, and DNA to modulate intracellular signal cascades. Accordingly, ROS represent a group of readily available and specifically localized modulators of the highly sophisticated signalling network that eventually leads to the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells. This review focuses on the role of NADPH oxidases in the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hahner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Moll
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Machine learning uncovers cell identity regulator by histone code. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2696. [PMID: 32483223 PMCID: PMC7264183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion between cell types, e.g., by induced expression of master transcription factors, holds great promise for cellular therapy. Our ability to manipulate cell identity is constrained by incomplete information on cell identity genes (CIGs) and their expression regulation. Here, we develop CEFCIG, an artificial intelligent framework to uncover CIGs and further define their master regulators. On the basis of machine learning, CEFCIG reveals unique histone codes for transcriptional regulation of reported CIGs, and utilizes these codes to predict CIGs and their master regulators with high accuracy. Applying CEFCIG to 1,005 epigenetic profiles, our analysis uncovers the landscape of regulation network for identity genes in individual cell or tissue types. Together, this work provides insights into cell identity regulation, and delivers a powerful technique to facilitate regenerative medicine.
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5
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Topography elicits distinct phenotypes and functions in human primary and stem cell derived endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119747. [PMID: 31951971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effective deployment of arterial (AECs), venous (VECs) and stem cell-derived endothelial cells (PSC-ECs) in clinical applications requires understanding of their distinctive phenotypic and functional characteristics, including their responses to microenvironmental cues. Efforts to mimic the in-vivo vascular basement membrane milieu have led to the design and fabrication of nano- and micro-topographical substrates. Although the basement membrane architectures of arteries and veins are different, investigations into the effects of substrate topographies have so far focused on generic EC characteristics. Thus, topographical modulation of arterial- or venous-specific EC phenotype and function remains unknown. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of 16 unique topographies on primary AECs, VECs and human PSC-ECs using a Multi Architectural (MARC) Chip. Gratings and micro-lenses augmented venous-specific phenotypes and depressed arterial functions in VECs; while AECs did not respond consistently to topography. PSC-ECs exhibited phenotypic and functional maturation towards an arterial subtype with increased angiogenic potential, NOTCH1 and Ac-LDL expression on gratings. Specific topographies could elicit different phenotypic and functional changes, despite similar morphological response in different ECs, demonstrating no direct correlation between the two responses.
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6
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Chanda PK, Meng S, Lee J, Leung HE, Chen K, Cooke JP. Nuclear S-Nitrosylation Defines an Optimal Zone for Inducing Pluripotency. Circulation 2019; 140:1081-1099. [PMID: 31412725 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.042371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We found that cell-autonomous innate immune signaling causes global changes in the expression of epigenetic modifiers to facilitate nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency. A role of S-nitrosylation by inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, an important effector of innate immunity, has been previously described in the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to endothelial cells. Accordingly, we hypothesized that S-nitrosylation might also have a role in nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency. METHODS We used murine embryonic fibroblasts containing a doxycycline-inducible cassette encoding the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc), and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of inducible NO synthase together with the Tandem Mass Tag approach, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, site-directed mutagenesis, and micrococcal nuclease assay to determine the role of S-nitrosylation during nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency. RESULTS We show that an optimal zone of innate immune activation, as defined by maximal yield of induced pluripotent stem cells, is determined by the degree of activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO generation; S-nitrosylation of nuclear proteins; and DNA accessibility as reflected by histone markings and increased mononucleosome generation in a micrococcal nuclease assay. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of inducible NO synthase reduces DNA accessibility and suppresses induced pluripotent stem cell generation. The effect of NO on DNA accessibility is mediated in part by S-nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, including MTA3 (Metastasis Associated 1 Family Member 3), a subunit of NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex. S-Nitrosylation of MTA3 is associated with decreased NuRD activity. Overexpression of mutant MTA3, in which the 2 cysteine residues are replaced by alanine residues, impairs the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that DNA accessibility and induced pluripotent stem cell yield depend on the extent of cell-autonomous innate immune activation and NO generation. This "Goldilocks zone" for inflammatory signaling and epigenetic plasticity may have broader implications for cell fate and phenotypic fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas K Chanda
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (P.K.C., S.M., K.C., J.P.C.)
| | - Shu Meng
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (P.K.C., S.M., K.C., J.P.C.)
| | - Jieun Lee
- AgeX Therapeutics Inc, Alameda, CA (J.L.)
| | - Honchiu E Leung
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (H.E.L.)
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (P.K.C., S.M., K.C., J.P.C.)
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (P.K.C., S.M., K.C., J.P.C.)
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7
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Xing D, Wells JM, Giordano SS, Feng W, Gaggar A, Yan J, Hage FG, Li L, Chen YF, Oparil S. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:444-456. [PMID: 31295064 PMCID: PMC6732441 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CXCR1/2 and CCR2/5 play a critical role in neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to sites of injury and/or inflammation. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation and endothelial cell (EC) injury are unifying factors in the pathogenesis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study tested the hypothesis that systemic administration of rat-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived ECs (iPS-ECs) overexpressing CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5 attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Rat iPS-ECs were transduced with adenovirus containing cDNA of CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5. Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats (10 wk old) received intraperitoneal injection of LPS and intravenous infusion of 1) saline vehicle, 2) AdNull-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs transduced with empty adenoviral vector), 3) CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs overexpressing CXCR1/2), or 4) CCR2/5-iPS-ECs (iPS-ECs overexpressing CCR2/5) at 2 h post-LPS. Rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of saline served as sham controls. Later (4 h), proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA and protein levels were measured in total lung homogenates by real-time RT-PCR and Luminex multiplex assays, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in alveoli was measured by immunohistochemical staining. Pulmonary microvascular permeability was assessed by the Evans blue technique, and pulmonary edema was estimated by wet-to-dry lung weight ratios. Albumin levels and neutrophil counts were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 24 h post-LPS. Both CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs and CCR2/5-iPS-ECs significantly reduced LPS-induced proinflammatory mediator expression, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, pulmonary edema, and vascular permeability compared with controls. These provocative findings provide strong evidence that targeted delivery of iPS-ECs overexpressing CXCR1/2 or CCR2/5 prevents LPS-induced acute lung injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have developed a novel approach to address neutrophil-mediated inflammation and endothelial damage by targeted delivery of rat-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived endothelial cell (ECs)overexpressing chemokine receptors CXCR1/2 and CCR2/5 in injured lung tissue in a model of acute lung injury. We have demonstrated that intravenously transfused CXCR1/2-iPS-ECs and CCR2/5-iPS-ECs are recruited to lipopolysaccharide-injured lungs and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced parenchymal lung injury responses, including inflammatory mediator expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and vascular leakage compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xing
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samantha S Giordano
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenguang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Fadi G Hage
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Li Li
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yiu-Fai Chen
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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8
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Arora S, Yim EKF, Toh YC. Environmental Specification of Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Endothelial Cells Toward Arterial and Venous Subtypes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31259171 PMCID: PMC6587665 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are required for a multitude of cardiovascular clinical applications, such as revascularization of ischemic tissues or endothelialization of tissue engineered grafts. Patient derived primary ECs are limited in number, have donor variabilities and their in vitro phenotypes and functions can deteriorate over time. This necessitates the exploration of alternative EC sources. Although there has been a recent surge in the use of pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells (PSC-ECs) for various cardiovascular clinical applications, current differentiation protocols yield a heterogeneous EC population, where their specification into arterial or venous subtypes is undefined. Since arterial and venous ECs are phenotypically and functionally different, inappropriate matching of exogenous ECs to host sites can potentially affect clinical efficacy, as exemplified by venous graft mismatch when placed into an arterial environment. Therefore, there is a need to design and employ environmental cues that can effectively modulate PSC-ECs into a more homogeneous arterial or venous phenotype for better adaptation to the host environment, which will in turn contribute to better application efficacy. In this review, we will first give an overview of the developmental and functional differences between arterial and venous ECs. This provides the foundation for our subsequent discussion on the different bioengineering strategies that have been investigated to varying extent in providing biochemical and biophysical environmental cues to mature PSC-ECs into arterial or venous subtypes. The ability to efficiently leverage on a combination of biochemical and biophysical environmental cues to modulate intrinsic arterio-venous specification programs in ECs will greatly facilitate future translational applications of PSC-ECs. Since the development and maintenance of arterial and venous ECs in vivo occur in disparate physio-chemical microenvironments, it is conceivable that the application of these environmental factors in customized combinations or magnitudes can be used to selectively mature PSC-ECs into an arterial or venous subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seep Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Filonov D, Tice R, Luo R, Grotegut C, Van Kanegan MJ, Ludlow JW, Il'yasova D, Kinev A. Initial Assessment of Variability of Responses to Toxicants in Donor-Specific Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Front Public Health 2018; 6:369. [PMID: 30622937 PMCID: PMC6308159 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increased interest in using high throughput in vitro assays to characterize human population variability in response to toxicants and drugs. Utilizing primary human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) isolated from blood would be highly useful for this purpose because these cells are involved in neonatal and adult vasculogenesis. We characterized the cytotoxicity of four known toxic chemicals (NaAsO2, CdCl2, tributyltin [TBT], and menadione) and their four relatively nontoxic counterparts (Na2HAsO4, ZnCl2, SnCl2, and phytonadione, respectively) in eight ECFC clones representing four neonatal donors (2 male and 2 female donors, 2 clones per donor). ECFCs were exposed to 9 concentrations of each chemical in duplicate; cell viability was evaluated 48 h later using the fluorescent vital dye fluorescent dye 5-Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate (CFDA), yielding concentration-effect curves from each experiment. Technical (day-to-day) variability of the assay, assessed from three independent experiments, was low: p-values for the differences of results were 0.74 and 0.64 for the comparison of day 2 vs. day 1 and day 3 vs. day 1, respectively. The statistical analysis used to compare the entire concentration-effect curves has revealed significant differences in levels of cytotoxicity induced by the toxic and relatively nontoxic chemical counterparts, demonstrating that donor-specific ECFCs can clearly differentiate between these two groups of chemicals. Partitioning of the total variance in the nested design assessed the contributions of between-clone and between-donor variability for different levels of cytotoxicity. Individual ECFC clones demonstrated highly reproducible responses to the chemicals. The most toxic chemical was TBT, followed by NaAsO2, CdCl2, and Menadione. Nontoxic counterparts exhibited low cytotoxicity at the higher end of concentration ranges tested. Low variability was observed between ECFC clones obtained from the same donor or different donors for CdCl2, NaAsO2, and TBT, but for menadione, the between-donor variability was much greater than the between-clone variability. The low between-clone variability indicates that an ECFC clone may represent an individual donor in cell-based assays, although this finding must be confirmed using a larger number of donors. Such confirmation would demonstrate that an in vitro ECFC-based testing platform can be used to characterize the inter-individual variability of neonatal ECFCs exposed to drugs and/or environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Tice
- Creative Scientist, Inc.Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ruiyan Luo
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chad Grotegut
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Dora Il'yasova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Tsifaki M, Kelaini S, Caines R, Yang C, Margariti A. Regenerating the Cardiovascular System Through Cell Reprogramming; Current Approaches and a Look Into the Future. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 30177971 PMCID: PMC6109758 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), despite the advances of the medical field, remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Discovering novel treatments based on cell therapy or drugs is critical, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS Cells) technology has made it possible to design extensive disease-specific in vitro models. Elucidating the differentiation process challenged our previous knowledge of cell plasticity and capabilities and allows the concept of cell reprogramming technology to be established, which has inspired the creation of both in vitro and in vivo techniques. Patient-specific cell lines provide the opportunity of studying their pathophysiology in vitro, which can lead to novel drug development. At the same time, in vivo models have been designed where in situ transdifferentiation of cell populations into cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells (ECs) give hope toward effective cell therapies. Unfortunately, the efficiency as well as the concerns about the safety of all these methods make it exceedingly difficult to pass to the clinical trial phase. It is our opinion that creating an ex vivo model out of patient-specific cells will be one of the most important goals in the future to help surpass all these hindrances. Thus, in this review we aim to present the current state of research in reprogramming toward the cardiovascular system's regeneration, and showcase how the development and study of a multicellular 3D ex vivo model will improve our fighting chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tsifaki
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Caines
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chunbo Yang
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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11
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Kelaini S, Vilà-González M, Caines R, Campbell D, Eleftheriadou M, Tsifaki M, Magee C, Cochrane A, O'neill K, Yang C, Stitt AW, Zeng L, Grieve DJ, Margariti A. Follistatin-Like 3 Enhances the Function of Endothelial Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells by Facilitating β-Catenin Nuclear Translocation Through Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Activity. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1033-1044. [PMID: 29569797 PMCID: PMC6099345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fight against vascular disease requires functional endothelial cells (ECs) which could be provided by differentiation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells) in great numbers for use in the clinic. However, the great promise of the generated ECs (iPS-ECs) in therapy is often restricted due to the challenge in iPS-ECs preserving their phenotype and function. We identified that Follistatin-Like 3 (FSTL3) is highly expressed in iPS-ECs, and, as such, we sought to clarify its possible role in retaining and improving iPS-ECs function and phenotype, which are crucial in increasing the cells' potential as a therapeutic tool. We overexpressed FSTL3 in iPS-ECs and found that FSTL3 could induce and enhance endothelial features by facilitating β-catenin nuclear translocation through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity and induction of Endothelin-1. The angiogenic potential of FSTL3 was also confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. When iPS-ECs overexpressing FSTL3 were subcutaneously injected in in vivo angiogenic model or intramuscularly injected in a hind limb ischemia NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl SCID mice model, FSTL3 significantly induced angiogenesis and blood flow recovery, respectively. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that FSTL3 can greatly enhance the function and maturity of iPS-ECs. It advances our understanding of iPS-ECs and identifies a novel pathway that can be applied in cell therapy. These findings could therefore help improve efficiency and generation of therapeutically relevant numbers of ECs for use in patient-specific cell-based therapies. In addition, it can be particularly useful toward the treatment of vascular diseases instigated by EC dysfunction. Stem Cells 2018;36:1033-1044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kelaini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vilà-González
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Caines
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Campbell
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marianna Tsifaki
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Magee
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Cochrane
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Karla O'neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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12
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Kurokawa YK, Yin RT, Shang MR, Shirure VS, Moya ML, George SC. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Three-Dimensional Microphysiological Systems. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018. [PMID: 28622076 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), or "organ-on-a-chip" platforms, aim to recapitulate in vivo physiology using small-scale in vitro tissue models of human physiology. While significant efforts have been made to create vascularized tissues, most reports utilize primary endothelial cells that hinder reproducibility. In this study, we report the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPS-ECs) in developing three-dimensional (3D) microvascular networks. We established a CDH5-mCherry reporter iPS cell line, which expresses the vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin fused to mCherry. The iPS-ECs demonstrate physiological functions characteristic of primary endothelial cells in a series of in vitro assays, including permeability, response to shear stress, and the expression of endothelial markers (CD31, von Willibrand factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase). The iPS-ECs form stable, perfusable microvessels over the course of 14 days when cultured within 3D microfluidic devices. We also demonstrate that inhibition of TGF-β signaling improves vascular network formation by the iPS-ECs. We conclude that iPS-ECs can be a source of endothelial cells in MPS providing opportunities for human disease modeling and improving the reproducibility of 3D vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke K Kurokawa
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rose T Yin
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael R Shang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Venktesh S Shirure
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Monica L Moya
- 2 Center for Micro and Nano Technology, Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Steven C George
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- 3 Department of Energy, Environment, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Starokozhko V, Groothuis GMM. Challenges on the road to a multicellular bioartificial liver. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e227-e236. [PMID: 27943623 DOI: 10.1002/term.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the progress in the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) as an extracorporeal device or as a tissue engineered transplantable organ has been immense. However, many important BAL characteristics that are necessary to meet clinical demands have not been sufficiently addressed. This review describes the existing challenges in the development of a BAL for clinical applications, highlighting multicellularity and sinusoidal microarchitecture as crucial BAL characteristics to fulfil various liver functions. Currently available sources of nonparenchymal liver cells, such as endothelial cells, cholangiocytes and macrophages, used in BAL development are defined. Also, we discuss the recent studies on the reconstruction of the complex liver sinusoid microarchitecture using various liver cell types. Moreover, we highlight some other aspects of a BAL, such as liver zonation and formation of a vascular as well as biliary network for an adequate delivery, biotransformation and removal of substrates and waste products. Finally, the benefits of a multicellular BAL for the pharmaceutical industry are briefly described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Clayton ZE, Yuen GS, Sadeghipour S, Hywood JD, Wong JW, Huang NF, Ng MK, Cooke JP, Patel S. A comparison of the pro-angiogenic potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells and induced endothelial cells in a murine model of peripheral arterial disease. Int J Cardiol 2017; 234:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Wong WT, Matrone G, Tian X, Tomoiaga SA, Au KF, Meng S, Yamazoe S, Sieveking D, Chen K, Burns DM, Chen JK, Blau HM, Cooke JP. Discovery of novel determinants of endothelial lineage using chimeric heterokaryons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28323620 PMCID: PMC5391207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We wish to identify determinants of endothelial lineage. Murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) were fused with human endothelial cells in stable, non-dividing, heterokaryons. Using RNA-seq, it is possible to discriminate between human and mouse transcripts in these chimeric heterokaryons. We observed a temporal pattern of gene expression in the ESCs of the heterokaryons that recapitulated ontogeny, with early mesodermal factors being expressed before mature endothelial genes. A set of transcriptional factors not known to be involved in endothelial development was upregulated, one of which was POU class 3 homeobox 2 (Pou3f2). We confirmed its importance in differentiation to endothelial lineage via loss- and gain-of-function (LOF and GOF). Its role in vascular development was validated in zebrafish embryos using morpholino oligonucleotides. These studies provide a systematic and mechanistic approach for identifying key regulators in directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to somatic cell lineages. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23588.001 Endothelial cells form the inner surface of blood vessels, acting like a non-stick coating. In addition to making substances that keep blood from sticking to the vessel wall, endothelial cells generate compounds that relax the vessel, and prevent it from thickening. Endothelial cells also form capillaries, the smallest vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients for all tissues. A regenerating organ, or a bioengineered tissue, requires a system of capillaries and other microvessels. Thus, regenerative medicine could benefit from a knowledge of how to generate endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells – cells that can “differentiate” to form almost any type of cell in the body. Wong, Matrone et al. have now used a cell fusion model (named heterokaryon) to track the changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent stem cell differentiates to ultimately become an endothelial cell. In this model, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are fused to human endothelial cells. Over time the human endothelial cells drive gene expression in the ESCs toward that of endothelial cells. Wong, Matrone et al. discovered changes in gene expression in many genes that have not previously been described as involved in the differentiation of endothelial cells. When one of these genes – named Pou3f2 – was inactivated in ESCs, they could not be differentiated into endothelial cells. The absence of Pou3f2 also drastically impaired how blood vessels developed in zebrafish embryos. Thus the heterokaryon model can generate important information regarding the dynamic changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent cell differentiates to become an endothelial cell. This model may also be useful for discovering other genes that control the differentiation of other cell types. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23588.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Tak Wong
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Gianfranco Matrone
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - XiaoYu Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Simion Alin Tomoiaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Kin Fai Au
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Sayumi Yamazoe
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel Sieveking
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - David M Burns
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
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16
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Cochrane A, Kelaini S, Tsifaki M, Bojdo J, Vilà-González M, Drehmer D, Caines R, Magee C, Eleftheriadou M, Hu Y, Grieve D, Stitt AW, Zeng L, Xu Q, Margariti A. Quaking Is a Key Regulator of Endothelial Cell Differentiation, Neovascularization, and Angiogenesis. Stem Cells 2017; 35:952-966. [PMID: 28207177 PMCID: PMC5396345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The capability to derive endothelial cell (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds huge therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease. This study elucidates the precise role of the RNA‐binding protein Quaking isoform 5 (QKI‐5) during EC differentiation from both mouse and human iPSCs (hiPSCs) and dissects how RNA‐binding proteins can improve differentiation efficiency toward cell therapy for important vascular diseases. iPSCs represent an attractive cellular approach for regenerative medicine today as they can be used to generate patient‐specific therapeutic cells toward autologous cell therapy. In this study, using the model of iPSCs differentiation toward ECs, the QKI‐5 was found to be an important regulator of STAT3 stabilization and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activation during the EC differentiation process. QKI‐5 was induced during EC differentiation, resulting in stabilization of STAT3 expression and modulation of VEGFR2 transcriptional activation as well as VEGF secretion through direct binding to the 3′ UTR of STAT3. Importantly, mouse iPS‐ECs overexpressing QKI‐5 significantly improved angiogenesis and neovascularization and blood flow recovery in experimental hind limb ischemia. Notably, hiPSCs overexpressing QKI‐5, induced angiogenesis on Matrigel plug assays in vivo only 7 days after subcutaneous injection in SCID mice. These results highlight a clear functional benefit of QKI‐5 in neovascularization, blood flow recovery, and angiogenesis. Thus, they provide support to the growing consensus that elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying EC differentiation will ultimately advance stem cell regenerative therapy and eventually make the treatment of cardiovascular disease a reality. The RNA binding protein QKI‐5 is induced during EC differentiation from iPSCs. RNA binding protein QKI‐5 was induced during EC differentiation in parallel with the EC marker CD144. Immunofluorescence staining showing that QKI‐5 is localized in the nucleus and stained in parallel with CD144 in differentiated ECs (scale bar = 50 µm). stemcells2017 Stem Cells2017;35:952–966
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cochrane
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Tsifaki
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James Bojdo
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vilà-González
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daiana Drehmer
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Caines
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Magee
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalini Eleftheriadou
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Grieve
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Stitt
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
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17
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Wallet MA, Santostefano KE, Terada N, Brusko TM. Isogenic Cellular Systems Model the Impact of Genetic Risk Variants in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 29093700 PMCID: PMC5651267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 57 independent loci within the human genome confer varying degrees of risk for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The majority of these variants are thought to contribute to overall genetic risk by modulating host innate and adaptive immune responses, ultimately resulting in a loss of immunological tolerance to β cell antigens. Early efforts to link specific risk variants with functional alterations in host immune responses have employed animal models or genotype-selected individuals from clinical bioresource banks. While some notable genotype:phenotype associations have been described, there remains an urgent need to accelerate the discovery of causal variants and elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which susceptible alleles alter immune functions. One significant limitation has been the inability to study human T1D risk loci on an isogenic background. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome-editing technologies have made it possible to address a number of these outstanding questions. Specifically, the ability to drive multiple cell fates from iPSC under isogenic conditions now facilitates the analysis of causal variants in multiple cellular lineages. Bioinformatic analyses have revealed that T1D risk genes cluster within a limited number of immune signaling pathways, yet the relevant immune cell subsets and cellular activation states in which candidate risk genes impact cellular activities remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the functional impact of several candidate risk variants on host immunity in T1D and present an isogenic disease-in-a-dish model system for interrogating risk variants, with the goal of expediting precision therapeutics in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katherine E. Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Todd M. Brusko,
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18
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Laminin-guided highly efficient endothelial commitment from human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35680. [PMID: 27804979 PMCID: PMC5090224 DOI: 10.1038/srep35680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining highly purified differentiated cells via directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is an essential step for their clinical application. Among the various conditions that should be optimized, the precise role and contribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during differentiation are relatively unclear. Here, using a short fragment of laminin 411 (LM411-E8), an ECM predominantly expressed in the vascular endothelial basement membrane, we demonstrate that the directed switching of defined ECMs robustly yields highly-purified (>95%) endothelial progenitor cells (PSC-EPCs) without cell sorting from hPSCs in an integrin-laminin axis-dependent manner. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed that LM411-E8 resolved intercellular transcriptional heterogeneity and escorted the progenitor cells to the appropriate differentiation pathway. The PSC-EPCs gave rise to functional endothelial cells both in vivo and in vitro. We therefore propose that sequential switching of defined matrices is an important concept for guiding cells towards desired fate.
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19
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Jiang B, Suen R, Wang JJ, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Ameer GA. Mechanocompatible Polymer-Extracellular-Matrix Composites for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1594-605. [PMID: 27109033 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201501003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small-diameter vascular grafts developed from vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) can potentially be used for bypass surgeries and other vascular reconstruction and repair procedures. The addition of heparin to the ECM improves graft hemocompatibility but often involves chemical cross-linking, which increases ECM mechanical stiffness compared to native arteries. Herein, the importance of maintaining ECM mechanocompatibility is demonstrated, and a mechanocompatible strategy to immobilize heparin onto the ECM via a biodegradable elastomer is described. Specifically, poly(1,8-octamethylene citrate)-co-cysteine is hybridized to the ECM, forming a polymer-ECM composite that allows for heparin immobilization via maleimide-thiol "click" chemistry. Heparinized composites reduce platelet adhesion by >60% in vitro, without altering the elastic modulus of the ECM. In a rat abdominal aortic interposition model, intimal hyperplasia in heparinized mechanocompatible grafts is 65% lower when compared to ECM-only control grafts at four weeks. In contrast, grafts that are heparinized with carbodiimide chemistry exhibit increased intimal hyperplasia (4.2-fold) and increased macrophage infiltration (3.5-fold) compared to ECM-only control grafts. All grafts show similar, partial endothelial cell coverage and little to no ECM remodeling. Overall, a mechanocompatible strategy to improve ECM thromboresistance is described and the importance of ECM mechanical properties for proper in vivo graft performance is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Rachel Suen
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Jason A. Wertheim
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Department of Surgery; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago IL 60612 USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA. Simpson Querrey Institute; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Surgery; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; Northwestern University; Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute; Northwestern University; Chicago IL 60611 USA
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20
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Patterns of expression of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor by endothelial cell subsets in vivo. Blood 2016; 128:104-9. [PMID: 27207787 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-684688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Circulating factor VIII (FVIII) is derived from liver and from extrahepatic sources probably of endothelial origin, but the vascular sites of FVIII production remain unclear. Among organs profiled, only liver and lymph nodes (LNs) show abundant expression of F8 messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptomic profiling of subsets of stromal cells, including endothelial cells (ECs) from mouse LNs and other tissues, showed that F8 mRNA is expressed by lymphatic ECs (LECs) but not by capillary ECs (capECs), fibroblastic reticular cells, or hematopoietic cells. Among blood ECs profiled, F8 expression was seen only in fenestrated ECs (liver sinusoidal and renal glomerular ECs) and some high endothelial venules. In contrast, von Willebrand factor mRNA was expressed in capECs but not in LECs; it was coexpressed with F8 mRNA in postcapillary high endothelial venules. Purified LECs and liver sinusoidal ECs but not capECs from LNs secrete active FVIII in culture, and human and mouse lymph contained substantial FVIII C activity. Our results revealed localized vascular expression of FVIII and von Willebrand factor and identified LECs as a major cellular source of FVIII in extrahepatic tissues.
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21
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Chen T, Margariti A, Kelaini S, Cochrane A, Guha ST, Hu Y, Stitt AW, Zhang L, Xu Q. MicroRNA-199b Modulates Vascular Cell Fate During iPS Cell Differentiation by Targeting the Notch Ligand Jagged1 and Enhancing VEGF Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1405-18. [PMID: 25535084 PMCID: PMC4737258 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent ability to derive endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells holds a great therapeutic potential for personalized medicine and stem cell therapy. We aimed that better understanding of the complex molecular signals that are evoked during iPS cell differentiation toward ECs may allow specific targeting of their activities to enhance cell differentiation and promote tissue regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have generated mouse iPS cells from fibroblasts using established protocol. When iPS cells were cultivated on type IV mouse collagen-coated dishes in differentiation medium, cell differentiation toward vascular lineages were observed. To study the molecular mechanisms of iPS cell differentiation, we found that miR-199b is involved in EC differentiation. A step-wise increase in expression of miR-199 was detected during EC differentiation. Notably, miR-199b targeted the Notch ligand JAG1, resulting in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcriptional activation and secretion through the transcription factor STAT3. Upon shRNA-mediated knockdown of the Notch ligand JAG1, the regulatory effect of miR-199b was ablated and there was robust induction of STAT3 and VEGF during EC differentiation. Knockdown of JAG1 also inhibited miR-199b-mediated inhibition of iPS cell differentiation toward smooth muscle markers. Using the in vitro tube formation assay and implanted Matrigel plugs, in vivo, miR-199b also regulated VEGF expression and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates a novel role for miR-199b as a regulator of the phenotypic switch during vascular cell differentiation derived from iPS cells by regulating critical signaling angiogenic responses. Stem Cells 2015;33:1405-1418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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22
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Hong X, Le Bras A, Margariti A, Xu Q. Reprogramming towards endothelial cells for vascular regeneration. Genes Dis 2016; 3:186-197. [PMID: 30258888 PMCID: PMC6147164 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial damage and dysfunction are implicated in cardiovascular pathological changes and the development of vascular diseases. In view of the fact that the spontaneous endothelial cell (EC) regeneration is a slow and insufficient process, it is of great significance to explore alternative cell sources capable of generating functional ECs to repair damaged endothelium. Indeed, recent achievements of cell reprogramming to convert somatic cells to other cell types provide new powerful approaches to study endothelial regeneration. Based on progress in the research field, the present review aims to summarize the strategies and mechanisms of generating endothelial cells through reprogramming from somatic cells, and to examine what this means for the potential application of cell therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechong Hong
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Le Bras
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, UK
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23
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Turner EC, Huang CL, Sawhney N, Govindarajan K, Clover AJP, Martin K, Browne TC, Whelan D, Kumar AHS, Mackrill JJ, Wang S, Schmeckpeper J, Stocca A, Pierce WG, Leblond AL, Cai L, O'Sullivan DM, Buneker CK, Choi J, MacSharry J, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ, Caplice NM. A Novel Selectable Islet 1 Positive Progenitor Cell Reprogrammed to Expandable and Functional Smooth Muscle Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1354-68. [PMID: 26840832 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disorders affecting smooth muscle structure/function may require technologies that can generate large scale, differentiated and contractile smooth muscle cells (SMC) suitable for cell therapy. To date no clonal precursor population that provides large numbers of differentiated SMC in culture has been identified in a rodent. Identification of such cells may also enhance insight into progenitor cell fate decisions and the relationship between smooth muscle precursors and disease states that implicate differentiated SMC. In this study, we used classic clonal expansion techniques to identify novel self-renewing Islet 1 (Isl-1) positive primitive progenitor cells (PPC) within rat bone marrow that exhibited canonical stem cell markers and preferential differentiation towards a smooth muscle-like fate. We subsequently used molecular tagging to select Isl-1 positive clonal populations from expanded and de novo marrow cell populations. We refer to these previously undescribed cells as the PPC given its stem cell marker profile, and robust self-renewal capacity. PPC could be directly converted into induced smooth muscle cells (iSMC) using single transcription factor (Kruppel-like factor 4) knockdown or transactivator (myocardin) overexpression in contrast to three control cells (HEK 293, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells) where such induction was not possible. iSMC exhibited immuno- and cytoskeletal-phenotype, calcium signaling profile and contractile responses similar to bona fide SMC. Passaged iSMC could be expanded to a scale sufficient for large scale tissue replacement. PPC and reprogramed iSMC so derived may offer future opportunities to investigate molecular, structure/function and cell-based replacement therapy approaches to diverse cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary diseases that have as their basis smooth muscle cell functional aberrancy or numerical loss. Stem Cells 2016;34:1354-1368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Turner
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Neha Sawhney
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kalaimathi Govindarajan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony J P Clover
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Martin
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tara C Browne
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Derek Whelan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Arun H S Kumar
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Biosciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alessia Stocca
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - William G Pierce
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Biosciences Institute, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne-Laure Leblond
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Liquan Cai
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Donnchadh M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chirlei K Buneker
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Janet Choi
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology (CRVB), Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Wilson HK, Canfield SG, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Concise review: tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3037-45. [PMID: 25070152 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial cells (ECs) display significant heterogeneity across tissue types, playing an important role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Recent work demonstrating the derivation of tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells (TS-MVECs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has ignited the potential to generate tissue-specific models which may be applied to regenerative medicine and in vitro modeling applications. Here, we review techniques by which hPSC-derived TS-MVECs have been made to date and discuss how current hPSC-EC differentiation protocols may be directed toward tissue-specific fates. We begin by discussing the nature of EC tissue specificity in vivo and review general hPSC-EC differentiation protocols generated over the last decade. Finally, we describe how specificity can be integrated into hPSC-EC protocols to generate hPSC-derived TS-MVECs in vitro, including EC and parenchymal cell coculture, directed differentiation, and direct reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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25
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Zhao Z, Xu M, Wu M, Tian X, Zhang C, Fu X. Transdifferentiation of Fibroblasts by Defined Factors. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:151-9. [PMID: 26053515 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is usually considered to be an irreversible process during development due to robust lineage commitment. Feedback and feed-forward loops play a significant role in maintaining lineage-specific gene expression processes in various cell types, and, in turn, factors secreted by cells may regulate the homeostatic balance of these cycles during development and differentiation. The output of biological responses is controlled by such mechanisms in many regulatory pathways through gene networks involved in transcription, RNA metabolism, signal transduction, micromolecular synthesis, and degradation. The pluripotent stage during cellular conversion may be avoided through ectopic expression of lineage-specific factors. Lineage-specific transcription factors produced during development may strengthen cell type-specific gene expression patterns. Cellular phenotypes are further stabilized by epigenetic modifications. This reprogramming approach could have important implications for disease modeling and regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhao
- 1 Would Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 10853, PR China .,2 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps , Beijing 100088, PR China .,6 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mengyao Xu
- 3 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region , Shenyang 110000, PR China .,6 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meng Wu
- 4 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Xiaocheng Tian
- 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of The Second Artillery Corps , Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- 5 Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- 5 Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration of PLA, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA , Beijing 100048, PR China
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26
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LI ZHOUBIN, MARGARITI ANDRIANA, WU YUTAO, YANG FENG, HU JIAN, ZHANG LI, CHEN TING. MicroRNA-199a induces differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells by targeting sirtuin 1. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3711-3717. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Cooke JP, Losordo DW. Modulating the vascular response to limb ischemia: angiogenic and cell therapies. Circ Res 2015; 116:1561-78. [PMID: 25908729 PMCID: PMC4869986 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the US population has been estimated to approach 12%. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease include pain on walking (claudication), pain at rest, and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs; the latter may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. Surgical bypass techniques and percutaneous catheter-based interventions may successfully reperfuse the limbs of certain patients with peripheral arterial disease. In many patients, however, the anatomic extent and distribution of arterial occlusion is too severe to permit relief of pain and healing of ischemic ulcers. No effective medical therapy is available for the treatment of such patients, for many of whom amputation represents the only hope for alleviation of symptoms. The ultimate failure of medical treatment and procedural revascularization in significant numbers of patients has led to attempts to develop alternative therapies for ischemic disease. These strategies include administration of angiogenic cytokines, either as recombinant protein or as gene therapy, and more recently, to investigations of stem/progenitor cell therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the preclinical basis for angiogenic and stem cell therapies, review the clinical research that has been done, summarize the lessons learned, identify gaps in knowledge, and suggest a course toward successfully addressing an unmet medical need in a large and growing patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and NeoStem Inc, New York, NY (D.W.L.).
| | - Douglas W Losordo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and NeoStem Inc, New York, NY (D.W.L.).
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Xia J, Fang M, Wu X, Yang Y, Yu L, Xu H, Kong H, Tan Q, Wang H, Xie W, Xu Y. A2b adenosine signaling represses CIITA transcription via an epigenetic mechanism in vascular smooth muscle cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:665-76. [PMID: 25765819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), by expressing and presenting major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) molecules, help recruit T lymphocyte and initiate the inflammatory response within the vasculature. We have previously shown that VSMCs isolated from mice with deficient adenosine A2b receptor (A2b-null) exhibit higher expression of class II transactivator (CIITA), the master regulator of MHC II transcription, compared to wild type littermates. Here we report that activation of A2b adenosine signaling suppresses CIITA expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Down-regulation of CIITA expression was largely attributable to transcriptional repression of type III and IV promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses revealed that A2b signaling repressed CIITA transcription by attenuating specific histone modifications on the CIITA promoters in a STAT1-dependent manner. STAT1 interacted with PCAF/GCN5, histone H3K9 acetyltransferases, and WDR5, a key component of the mammalian H3K4 methyltransferase complex, to activate CIITA transcription. A2b signaling prevented recruitment of PCAF/GCN5 and WDR5 to the CIITA promoters in a STAT1-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data suggest that adenosine A2b signaling represses CIITA transcription in VSMCs by manipulating the interaction between STAT1 and the epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China; Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yuyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, China.
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Kelaini S, Cochrane A, Margariti A. Direct reprogramming of adult cells: avoiding the pluripotent state. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:19-29. [PMID: 24627642 PMCID: PMC3931695 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s38006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The procedure of using mature, fully differentiated cells and inducing them toward other cell types while bypassing an intermediate pluripotent state is termed direct reprogramming. Avoiding the pluripotent stage during cellular conversions can be achieved either through ectopic expression of lineage-specific factors (transdifferentiation) or a direct reprogramming process that involves partial reprogramming toward the pluripotent stage. Latest advances in the field seek to alleviate concerns that include teratoma formation or retroviral usage when it comes to delivering reprogramming factors to cells. They also seek to improve efficacy and efficiency of cellular conversion, both in vitro and in vivo. The final products of this reprogramming approach could be then directly implemented in regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kelaini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Amy Cochrane
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Belfast, UK
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Gui L, Niklason LE. Vascular Tissue Engineering: Building Perfusable Vasculature for Implantation. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2014; 3:68-74. [PMID: 24533306 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue and organ replacement is required when there are no alternative therapies available. Although vascular tissue engineering was originally developed to meet the clinical demands of small-diameter vascular conduits as bypass grafts, it has evolved into a highly advanced field where perfusable vasculatures are generated for implantation. Herein, we review several cutting-edge techniques that have led to implantable human blood vessels in clinical trials, the novel approaches that build complex perfusable microvascular networks in functional tissues, the use of stem cells to generate endothelial cells for vascularization, as well as the challenges in bringing vascular tissue engineering technologies into the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT ; The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT ; The Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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Ramos-Casals M. The ill endothelium: how atherosclerosis begins in lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:583-5. [PMID: 24446470 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Marchand M, Anderson EK, Phadnis SM, Longaker MT, Cooke JP, Chen B, Reijo Pera RA. Concurrent generation of functional smooth muscle and endothelial cells via a vascular progenitor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:91-7. [PMID: 24311701 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are typically derived separately, with low efficiencies, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The concurrent generation of these cell types might lead to potential applications in regenerative medicine to model, elucidate, and eventually treat vascular diseases. Here we report a robust two-step protocol that can be used to simultaneously generate large numbers of functional SMCs and ECs from a common proliferative vascular progenitor population via a two-dimensional culture system. We show here that coculturing hPSCs with OP9 cells in media supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein 4 yields a higher percentage of CD31(+)CD34(+) cells on day 8 of differentiation. Upon exposure to endothelial differentiation media and SM differentiation media, these vascular progenitors were able to differentiate and mature into functional endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, respectively. Furthermore, we were able to expand the intermediate population more than a billion fold to generate sufficient numbers of ECs and SMCs in parallel for potential therapeutic transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Marchand
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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34
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Recent Developments in Cardiovascular Genetics. Circ Res 2013; 113:e88-91. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Circulation Research Thematic Synopsis: stem cells & cardiac progenitor cells. Circ Res 2013; 113:e10-29. [PMID: 23833297 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li J, Huang NF, Zou J, Laurent TJ, Lee JC, Okogbaa J, Cooke JP, Ding S. Conversion of human fibroblasts to functional endothelial cells by defined factors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1366-75. [PMID: 23520160 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to endothelial cells (ECs) may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for diseases, including ischemia and fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate that human fibroblasts can be transdifferentiated into functional ECs by using only 2 factors, Oct4 and Klf4, under inductive signaling conditions. APPROACH AND RESULTS To determine whether human fibroblasts could be converted into ECs by transient expression of pluripotency factors, human neonatal fibroblasts were transduced with lentiviruses encoding Oct4 and Klf4 in the presence of soluble factors that promote the induction of an endothelial program. After 28 days, clusters of induced endothelial (iEnd) cells seemed and were isolated for further propagation and subsequent characterization. The iEnd cells resembled primary human ECs in their transcriptional signature by expressing endothelial phenotypic markers, such as CD31, vascular endothelial-cadherin, and von Willebrand Factor. Furthermore, the iEnd cells could incorporate acetylated low-density lipoprotein and form vascular structures in vitro and in vivo. When injected into the ischemic limb of mice, the iEnd cells engrafted, increased capillary density, and enhanced tissue perfusion. During the transdifferentiation process, the endogenous pluripotency network was not activated, suggesting that this process bypassed a pluripotent intermediate step. CONCLUSIONS Pluripotent factor-induced transdifferentiation can be successfully applied for generating functional autologous ECs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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37
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Circulation Research
Thematic Synopsis. Circ Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.281113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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