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Karagöl A, Karagöl T, Smorodina E, Zhang S. Structural bioinformatics studies of glutamate transporters and their AlphaFold2 predicted water-soluble QTY variants and uncovering the natural mutations of L->Q, I->T, F->Y and Q->L, T->I and Y->F. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0289644. [PMID: 38598436 PMCID: PMC11006163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporters play key roles in nervous physiology by modulating excitatory neurotransmitter levels, when malfunctioning, involving in a wide range of neurological and physiological disorders. However, integral transmembrane proteins including the glutamate transporters remain notoriously difficult to study, due to their localization within the cell membrane. Here we present the structural bioinformatics studies of glutamate transporters and their water-soluble variants generated through QTY-code, a protein design strategy based on systematic amino acid substitutions. These include 2 structures determined by X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, and 6 predicted by AlphaFold2, and their predicted water-soluble QTY variants. In the native structures of glutamate transporters, transmembrane helices contain hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine (L), isoleucine (I), and phenylalanine (F). To design water-soluble variants, these hydrophobic amino acids are systematically replaced by hydrophilic amino acids, namely glutamine (Q), threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y). The QTY variants exhibited water-solubility, with four having identical isoelectric focusing points (pI) and the other four having very similar pI. We present the superposed structures of the native glutamate transporters and their water-soluble QTY variants. The superposed structures displayed remarkable similarity with RMSD 0.528Å-2.456Å, despite significant protein transmembrane sequence differences (41.1%->53.8%). Additionally, we examined the differences of hydrophobicity patches between the native glutamate transporters and their QTY variants. Upon closer inspection, we discovered multiple natural variations of L->Q, I->T, F->Y and Q->L, T->I, Y->F in these transporters. Some of these natural variations were benign and the remaining were reported in specific neurological disorders. We further investigated the characteristics of hydrophobic to hydrophilic substitutions in glutamate transporters, utilizing variant analysis and evolutionary profiling. Our structural bioinformatics studies not only provided insight into the differences between the hydrophobic helices and hydrophilic helices in the glutamate transporters, but they are also expected to stimulate further study of other water-soluble transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Karagöl
- Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Karagöl
- Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eva Smorodina
- Laboratory for Computational and Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Architecture, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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2
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Abraham A, Yaghootkar H. Identifying obesity subtypes: A review of studies utilising clinical biomarkers and genetic data. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15226. [PMID: 37704218 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial condition that poses significant health risks. Recent advancements in our understanding of obesity have highlighted the heterogeneity within this disorder. Identifying distinct subtypes of obesity is crucial for personalised treatment and intervention strategies. This review paper aims to examine studies that have utilised clinical biomarkers and genetic data to identify clusters or subtypes of obesity. The findings of these studies may provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential targeted approaches for managing obesity-related health issues such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abraham
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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3
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Li J, Feng X, Wei X. Modeling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:232. [PMID: 35659761 PMCID: PMC9166443 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles in studying the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the poor availability of myocardial tissue samples at the early stages of disease development. This has been addressed by the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which allow us to differentiate patient-derived iPSCs into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) in vitro. In this review, we summarize different approaches to establishing iPSC models and the application of genome editing techniques in iPSC. Because iPSC-CMs cultured at the present stage are immature in structure and function, researchers have attempted several methods to mature iPSC-CMs, such as prolonged culture duration, and mechanical and electrical stimulation. Currently, many researchers have established iPSC-CM models of HCM and employed diverse methods for performing measurements of cellular morphology, contractility, electrophysiological property, calcium handling, mitochondrial function, and metabolism. Here, we review published results in humans to date within the growing field of iPSC-CM models of HCM. Although there is no unified consensus, preliminary results suggest that this approach to modeling disease would provide important insights into our understanding of HCM pathogenesis and facilitate drug development and safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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4
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Shinomiya H, Kato H, Kuramoto Y, Watanabe N, Tsuruda T, Arimura T, Miyashita Y, Miyasaka Y, Mashimo T, Takuwa A, Motooka D, Okuzaki D, Matsuoka K, Tsukamoto O, Hakui H, Yamada N, Lee JK, Kioka H, Kitakaze M, Takashima S, Sakata Y, Asano Y. Aberrant accumulation of TMEM43 accompanied by perturbed transmural gene expression in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21994. [PMID: 34674311 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100800r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) caused by TMEM43 p.S358L is a fully penetrant heart disease that results in impaired cardiac function or fatal arrhythmia. However, the molecular mechanism of ACM caused by the TMEM43 variant has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we generated knock-in (KI) rats harboring a Tmem43 p.S358L mutation and established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients based on the identification of TMEM43 p.S358L variant from a family with ACM. The Tmem43-S358L KI rats exhibited ventricular arrhythmia and fibrotic myocardial replacement in the subepicardium, which recapitulated the human ACM phenotype. The four-transmembrane protein TMEM43 with the p.S358L variant (TMEM43S358L ) was found to be modified by N-linked glycosylation in both KI rat cardiomyocytes and patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. TMEM43S358L glycosylation increased under the conditions of enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by pharmacological stimulation or age-dependent decline of the ER function. Intriguingly, the specific glycosylation of TMEM43S358L resulted from the altered membrane topology of TMEM43. Moreover, unlike TMEM43WT , which is mainly localized to the ER, TMEM43S358L accumulated at the nuclear envelope of cardiomyocytes with the increase in glycosylation. Finally, our comprehensive transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the regional differences in gene expression patterns between the inner and outer layers observed in the wild type myocardium were partially diminished in the KI myocardium prior to exhibiting histological changes indicative of ACM. Altogether, these findings suggest that the aberrant accumulation of TMEM43S358L underlies the pathogenesis of ACM caused by TMEM43 p.S358L variant by affecting the transmural gene expression within the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Shinomiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuramoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tsuruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Arimura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ayako Takuwa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsukamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hakui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Jong-Kook Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common valvular congenital heart disease, with a prevalence of 0.5 to 2% in the general population. Patients with BAV are at risk for developing cardiovascular complications, some of which are life-threatening. BAV has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from silent malformation to severe and even fatal cardiac events. Despite the significant burden on both the patients and the health systems, data are limited regarding pathophysiology, risk factors, and genetics. Family studies indicate that BAV is highly heritable, with autosomal dominant inheritance, incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity, and male predominance. Owing to its complex genetic model, including high genetic heterogenicity, only a few genes were identified in association with BAV, while the majority of BAV genetics remains obscure. Here, we review the different forms of BAV and the current data regarding its genetics. Given the clear heritably of BAV with the potential high impact on clinical outcome, the clinical value and cost effectiveness of cascade screening are discussed.
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RBM20 is a candidate gene for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:1751-1759. [PMID: 34333030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis of a considerable fraction of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) cases remains unknown. Whether the gene encoding RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 (RBM20) is implicated in HCM and the correlation of clinical characteristics of RBM20 heterozygotes with HCM remain unresolved. We aimed to investigate the association between RBM20 variants and HCM. METHODS We compared rare variants in the RBM20 gene by exome sequencing in 793 HCM patients and 414 healthy controls. Based on a case-control approach, we used SKAT-O to explore whether RBM20 is associated with HCM. The genetic distribution of RBM20 rare variants was then compared between HCM heterozygotes and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) heterozygotes. Clinical features and prognosis of RBM20 heterozygotes were compared with non-heterozygotes. RESULTS Gene-based association analysis implicated RBM20 as a susceptibility gene for developing HCM. Patients with RBM20 variants displayed a higher prevalence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) (6.7% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.001), increased sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk factor counts and impaired left ventricle systolic function. Further survival analysis revealed that RBM20 heterozygotes had higher incidences of resuscitated cardiac arrest, recurrent non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and malignant arrhythmias. Mendelian randomization suggested that RBM20 expression in left ventricle was causally associated with HCM and DCM with opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS This study identified RBM20 as a potential causal gene of HCM. RBM20 variants are associated with increased risk for SCA in HCM.
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Kim KH, Pereira NL. Genetics of Cardiomyopathy: Clinical and Mechanistic Implications for Heart Failure. Korean Circ J 2021; 51:797-836. [PMID: 34327881 PMCID: PMC8484993 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2021.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic cardiomyopathies are an important cause of sudden cardiac death across all age groups. Genetic testing in heart failure clinics is useful for family screening and providing individual prognostic insight. Obtaining a family history of at least three generations, including the creation of a pedigree, is recommended for all patients with primary cardiomyopathy. Additionally, when appropriate, consultation with a genetic counsellor can aid in the success of a genetic evaluation. Clinical screening should be performed on all first-degree relatives of patients with genetic cardiomyopathy. Genetics has played an important role in the understanding of different cardiomyopathies, and the field of heart failure (HF) genetics is progressing rapidly. Much research has also focused on distinguishing markers of risk in patients with cardiomyopathy using genetic testing. While these efforts currently remain incomplete, new genomic technologies and analytical strategies provide promising opportunities to further explore the genetic architecture of cardiomyopathies, afford insight into the early manifestations of cardiomyopathy, and help define the molecular pathophysiological basis for cardiac remodeling. Cardiovascular physicians should be fully aware of the utility and potential pitfalls of incorporating genetic test results into pre-emptive treatment strategies for patients in the preliminary stages of HF. Future work will need to be directed towards elucidating the biological mechanisms of both rare and common gene variants and environmental determinants of plasticity in the genotype-phenotype relationship. This future research should aim to further our ability to identify, diagnose, and treat disorders that cause HF and sudden cardiac death in young patients, as well as prioritize improving our ability to stratify the risk for these patients prior to the onset of the more severe consequences of their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Incheon Sejong General Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Naveen L Pereira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Eichstaedt CA, Benjamin N, Grünig E. Genetics of pulmonary hypertension and high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1432-1438. [PMID: 32324476 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00113.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene and/or genes of its signaling pathway in ~85% of patients. A genetic predisposition to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) has long been suspected because of familial HAPE cases, but very few possibly disease-causing mutations have been identified to date. This minireview provides an overview of genetic analyses investigating common polymorphisms in HAPE-susceptible patients and the directed identification of disease-causing mutations in PAH patients. Increased pulmonary artery pressure is highlighted as an overlapping clinical feature of the two diseases. Moreover, studies showing increased pulmonary artery pressures in HAPE-susceptible patients during exercise or hypoxia as well as in healthy BMPR2 mutation carriers are illustrated. Finally, high-altitude pulmonary hypertension is introduced and future research perspectives outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Eichstaedt
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg Germany.,Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Benjamin
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Horwood PF, Tarantola A, Goarant C, Matsui M, Klement E, Umezaki M, Navarro S, Greenhill AR. Health Challenges of the Pacific Region: Insights From History, Geography, Social Determinants, Genetics, and the Microbiome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2184. [PMID: 31572391 PMCID: PMC6753857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pacific region, also referred to as Oceania, is a geographically widespread region populated by people of diverse cultures and ethnicities. Indigenous people in the region (Melanesians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians) are over-represented on national, regional, and global scales for the burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Although social and environmental factors such as poverty, education, and access to health-care are assumed to be major drivers of this disease burden, there is also developing evidence that genetic and microbiotic factors should also be considered. To date, studies investigating genetic and/or microbiotic links with vulnerabilities to infectious and non-communicable diseases have mostly focused on populations in Europe, Asia, and USA, with uncertain associations for other populations such as indigenous communities in Oceania. Recent developments in personalized medicine have shown that identifying ethnicity-linked genetic vulnerabilities can be important for medical management. Although our understanding of the impacts of the gut microbiome on health is still in the early stages, it is likely that equivalent vulnerabilities will also be identified through the interaction between gut microbiome composition and function with pathogens and the host immune system. As rapid economic, dietary, and cultural changes occur throughout Oceania it becomes increasingly important that further research is conducted within indigenous populations to address the double burden of high rates of infectious diseases and rapidly rising non-communicable diseases so that comprehensive development goals can be planned. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the impact of nutrition, genetics, and the gut microbiome on infectious diseases in indigenous people of the Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Cyrille Goarant
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Mariko Matsui
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Elise Klement
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Territorial, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Masahiro Umezaki
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Severine Navarro
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia
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10
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Counting Oceanians of Non-European, Non-Asian Descent (ONENA) in the South Pacific to Make Them Count in Global Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030114. [PMID: 31405081 PMCID: PMC6789437 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diseases and vulnerabilities associated with genetic or microbial factors are more frequent among populations of Oceanian, Non-European, Non-Asian descent (ONENA). ONENA are specific and have long been isolated geographically. To our knowledge, there are no published official, quantitative, aggregated data on the populations impacted by these excess vulnerabilities in Oceania. We searched official census reports for updated estimates of the total population for each of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (including Australia) and the US State of Hawaii, privileging local official statistical or censual sources. We multiplied the most recent total population estimate by the cumulative percentage of the ONENA population as determined in official reports. Including Australia and the US State of Hawaii, Oceania counts 27 countries and territories, populated in 2016 by approximately 41 M inhabitants (17 M not counting Australia) among which approximately 12.5 M (11.6 M not counting Australia) consider themselves of entire or partial ONENA ancestry. Specific genetic and microbiome traits of ONENA may be unique and need further investigation to adjust risk estimates, risk prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, to the benefit of populations in the Pacific and beyond.
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11
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Park J, Levin MG, Haggerty CM, Hartzel DN, Judy R, Kember RL, Reza N, Ritchie MD, Owens AT, Damrauer SM, Rader DJ. A genome-first approach to aggregating rare genetic variants in LMNA for association with electronic health record phenotypes. Genet Med 2019; 22:102-111. [PMID: 31383942 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE "Genome-first" approaches, in which genetic sequencing is agnostically linked to associated phenotypes, can enhance our understanding of rare variants' contributions to disease. Loss-of-function variants in LMNA cause a range of rare diseases, including cardiomyopathy. METHODS We leveraged exome sequencing from 11,451 unselected individuals in the Penn Medicine Biobank to associate rare variants in LMNA with diverse electronic health record (EHR)-derived phenotypes. We used Rare Exome Variant Ensemble Learner (REVEL) to annotate rare missense variants, clustered predicted deleterious and loss-of-function variants into a "gene burden" (N = 72 individuals), and performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Major findings were replicated in DiscovEHR. RESULTS The LMNA gene burden was significantly associated with primary cardiomyopathy (p = 1.78E-11) and cardiac conduction disorders (p = 5.27E-07). Most patients had not been clinically diagnosed with LMNA cardiomyopathy. We also noted an association with chronic kidney disease (p = 1.13E-06). Regression analyses on echocardiography and serum labs revealed that LMNA variant carriers had dilated cardiomyopathy and primary renal disease. CONCLUSION Pathogenic LMNA variants are an underdiagnosed cause of cardiomyopathy. We also find that LMNA loss of function may be a primary cause of renal disease. Finally, we show the value of aggregating rare, annotated variants into a gene burden and using PheWAS to identify novel ontologies for pleiotropic human genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Park
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael G Levin
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Haggerty
- Department of Imaging Science and Innovation and The Heart Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA.,Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Dustin N Hartzel
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Renae Judy
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nosheen Reza
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anjali T Owens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Placek K, Schultze JL, Aschenbrenner AC. Epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in injury, repair, and resolution. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2994-3005. [PMID: 31329166 DOI: 10.1172/jci124619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are pivotal in the reaction to injury, whereupon, under ideal conditions, repair and resolution phases restore homeostasis following initial acute inflammation. Immune cell activation and reprogramming require transcriptional changes that can only be initiated if epigenetic alterations occur. Recently, accelerated deciphering of epigenetic mechanisms has extended knowledge of epigenetic regulation, including long-distance chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and involvement of small and long noncoding RNAs. Epigenetic changes have been linked to aspects of immune cell development, activation, and differentiation. Furthermore, genome-wide epigenetic landscapes have been established for some immune cells, including tissue-resident macrophages, and blood-derived cells including T cells. The epigenetic mechanisms underlying developmental steps from hematopoietic stem cells to fully differentiated immune cells led to development of epigenetic technologies and insights into general rules of epigenetic regulation. Compared with more advanced research areas, epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in injury remains in its infancy. While the early epigenetic mechanisms supporting activation of the immune response to injury have been studied, less is known about resolution and repair phases and cell type-specific changes. We review prominent recent findings concerning injury-mediated epigenetic reprogramming, particularly in stroke and myocardial infarction. Lastly, we illustrate how single-cell technologies will be crucial to understanding epigenetic reprogramming in the complex sequential processes following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Placek
- Immunology and Metabolism, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna C Aschenbrenner
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Goltermann J, Redlich R, Dohm K, Zaremba D, Repple J, Kaehler C, Grotegerd D, Förster K, Meinert S, Enneking V, Schlaghecken E, Fleischer L, Hahn T, Kugel H, Jansen A, Krug A, Brosch K, Nenadic I, Schmitt S, Stein F, Meller T, Yüksel D, Fischer E, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Forstner AJ, Nöthen MM, Kircher T, Thalamuthu A, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Opel N. Apolipoprotein E Homozygous ε4 Allele Status: A Deteriorating Effect on Visuospatial Working Memory and Global Brain Structure. Front Neurol 2019; 10:552. [PMID: 31191441 PMCID: PMC6545528 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical background: The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype is known to be one of the strongest single-gene predictors for Alzheimer disease, which is characterized by widespread brain structural degeneration progressing along with cognitive impairment. The ε4 allele status has been associated with brain structural alterations and lower cognitive ability in non-demented subjects. However, it remains unclear to what extent the visuospatial cognitive domain is affected, from what age onward changes are detectable and if alterations may interact with cognitive deficits in major depressive disorder (MDD). The current work investigated the effect of APOE ε4 homozygosity on visuospatial working memory (vWM) capacity, and on hippocampal morphometry. Furthermore, potential moderating roles of age and MDD were assessed. Methods: A sample of n = 31 homozygous ε4 carriers was contrasted with n = 31 non-ε4 carriers in a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of non-demented, young to mid-age participants (mean age = 34.47; SD = 13.48; 51.6% female). Among them were n = 12 homozygous ε4 carriers and n = 12 non-ε4 carriers suffering from MDD (39%). VWM was assessed using the Corsi block-tapping task. Region of interest analyses of hippocampal gray matter density and volume were conducted using voxel-based morphometry (CAT12), and Freesurfer, respectively. Results: Homozygous ε4 carriers showed significantly lower Corsi span capacity than non-ε4 carriers did, and Corsi span capacity was associated with higher gray matter density of the hippocampus. APOE group differences in hippocampal volume could be detected but were no longer present when controlling for total intracranial volume. Hippocampal gray matter density did not differ between APOE groups. We did not find any interaction effects of age and MDD diagnosis on hippocampal morphometry. Conclusion: Our results point toward a negative association of homozygous ε4 allele status with vWM capacity already during mid-adulthood, which emerges independently of MDD diagnosis and age. APOE genotype seems to be associated with global brain structural rather than hippocampus specific alterations in young- to mid-age participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Goltermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Dohm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dario Zaremba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claas Kaehler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne Meinert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Enneking
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Lara Fleischer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Core-Facility BrainImaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dilara Yüksel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Marian AJ. The Case of "Missing Causal Genes" and the Practice of Medicine: A Sherlock Holmes Approach of Deductive Reasoning. Circ Res 2018; 119:21-4. [PMID: 27340268 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Texas Heart Institute, Houston.
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15
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Wolff SB, Ölveczky BP. The promise and perils of causal circuit manipulations. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 49:84-94. [PMID: 29414070 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of increasingly sophisticated methods for recording and manipulating neural activity is revolutionizing neuroscience. By probing how activity patterns in different types of neurons and circuits contribute to behavior, these tools can help inform mechanistic models of brain function and explain the roles of distinct circuit elements. However, in systems where functions are distributed over large networks, interpreting causality experiments can be challenging. Here we review common assumptions underlying circuit manipulations in behaving animals and discuss the strengths and limitations of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Be Wolff
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bence P Ölveczky
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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16
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Marian AJ, Braunwald E. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circ Res 2017; 121:749-770. [PMID: 28912181 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy unexplained by secondary causes and a nondilated left ventricle with preserved or increased ejection fraction. It is commonly asymmetrical with the most severe hypertrophy involving the basal interventricular septum. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is present at rest in about one third of the patients and can be provoked in another third. The histological features of HCM include myocyte hypertrophy and disarray, as well as interstitial fibrosis. The hypertrophy is also frequently associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In the majority of patients, HCM has a relatively benign course. However, HCM is also an important cause of sudden cardiac death, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, syncope, a family history of sudden cardiac death, and severe cardiac hypertrophy are major risk factors for sudden cardiac death. This complication can usually be averted by implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in appropriate high-risk patients. Atrial fibrillation is also a common complication and is not well tolerated. Mutations in over a dozen genes encoding sarcomere-associated proteins cause HCM. MYH7 and MYBPC3, encoding β-myosin heavy chain and myosin-binding protein C, respectively, are the 2 most common genes involved, together accounting for ≈50% of the HCM families. In ≈40% of HCM patients, the causal genes remain to be identified. Mutations in genes responsible for storage diseases also cause a phenotype resembling HCM (genocopy or phenocopy). The routine applications of genetic testing and preclinical identification of family members represents an important advance. The genetic discoveries have enhanced understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCM and have stimulated efforts designed to identify new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (A.J.M.); and TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.).
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston (A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (A.J.M.); and TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.B.)
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17
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Marian AJ, van Rooij E, Roberts R. Genetics and Genomics of Single-Gene Cardiovascular Diseases: Common Hereditary Cardiomyopathies as Prototypes of Single-Gene Disorders. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:2831-2849. [PMID: 28007145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of 2 review papers on genetics and genomics appearing as part of the series on "omics." Genomics pertains to all components of an organism's genes, whereas genetics involves analysis of a specific gene or genes in the context of heredity. The paper provides introductory comments, describes the basis of human genetic diversity, and addresses the phenotypic consequences of genetic variants. Rare variants with large effect sizes are responsible for single-gene disorders, whereas complex polygenic diseases are typically due to multiple genetic variants, each exerting a modest effect size. To illustrate the clinical implications of genetic variants with large effect sizes, 3 common forms of hereditary cardiomyopathies are discussed as prototypic examples of single-gene disorders, including their genetics, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment. The genetic basis of complex traits is discussed in a separate paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
| | - Eva van Rooij
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Roberts
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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18
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Gall T, Valkanas E, Bello C, Markello T, Adams C, Bone WP, Brandt AJ, Brazill JM, Carmichael L, Davids M, Davis J, Diaz-Perez Z, Draper D, Elson J, Flynn ED, Godfrey R, Groden C, Hsieh CK, Fischer R, Golas GA, Guzman J, Huang Y, Kane MS, Lee E, Li C, Links AE, Maduro V, Malicdan MCV, Malik FS, Nehrebecky M, Park J, Pemberton P, Schaffer K, Simeonov D, Sincan M, Smedley D, Valivullah Z, Wahl C, Washington N, Wolfe LA, Xu K, Zhu Y, Gahl WA, Tifft CJ, Toro C, Adams DR, He M, Robinson PN, Haendel MA, Zhai RG, Boerkoel CF. Defining Disease, Diagnosis, and Translational Medicine within a Homeostatic Perturbation Paradigm: The National Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases Program Experience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:62. [PMID: 28603714 PMCID: PMC5445140 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the use of genomic information for personalized medical decisions relies on prior discovery and validation of genotype-phenotype associations. This approach constrains care for patients presenting with undescribed problems. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP) hypothesized that defining disease as maladaptation to an ecological niche allows delineation of a logical framework to diagnose and evaluate such patients. Herein, we present the philosophical bases, methodologies, and processes implemented by the NIH UDP. The NIH UDP incorporated use of the Human Phenotype Ontology, developed a genomic alignment strategy cognizant of parental genotypes, pursued agnostic biochemical analyses, implemented functional validation, and established virtual villages of global experts. This systematic approach provided a foundation for the diagnostic or non-diagnostic answers provided to patients and serves as a paradigm for scalable translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Gall
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elise Valkanas
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christofer Bello
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William P. Bone
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexander J. Brandt
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Brazill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Mariska Davids
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joie Davis
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zoraida Diaz-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - David Draper
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Elise D. Flynn
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rena Godfrey
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Groden
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Roxanne Fischer
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gretchen A. Golas
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Guzman
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yan Huang
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan S. Kane
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Amanda E. Links
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Valerie Maduro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fayeza S. Malik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michele Nehrebecky
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul Pemberton
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katherine Schaffer
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dimitre Simeonov
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Murat Sincan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Damian Smedley
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Valivullah
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Colleen Wahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Washington
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lynne A. Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karen Xu
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - William A. Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Camillo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David R. Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Miao He
- Palmieri Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter N. Robinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Melissa A. Haendel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - R. Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cornelius F. Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Marian AJ. Challenges in the Diagnosis of Anderson-Fabry Disease: A Deceptively Simple and Yet Complicated Genetic Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:1051-3. [PMID: 27585510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
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20
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Abstract
During the past 20 years, the studies on genetics or pharmacogenomics of primary hypertension provided interesting results supporting the role of genetics, but no actionable finding ready to be translated into personalized medicine. Two types of approaches have been applied: a "hypothesis-driven" approach on the candidate genes, coding for proteins involved in the biochemical machinery underlying the regulation of BP, and an "unbiased hypothesis-free" approach with GWAS, based on the randomness principles of frequentist statistics. During the past 10-15 years, the application of the latter has overtaken the application of the former leading to an enlargement of the number of previously unknown candidate loci or genes but without any actionable result for the therapy of hypertension. In the present review, we summarize the results of our hypothesis-driven approach based on studies carried out in rats with genetic hypertension and in humans with essential hypertension at the pre-hypertensive and early hypertensive stages. These studies led to the identification of mutant adducin and endogenous ouabain as candidate genetic-molecular mechanisms in both species. Rostafuroxin has been developed for its ability to selectively correct Na(+) pump abnormalities sustained by the two abovementioned mechanisms and to selectively reduce BP in rats and in humans carrying the gene variants underlying the mutant adducin and endogenous ouabain (EO) effects. A clinical trial is ongoing to substantiate these findings. Future studies should apply both the candidate gene and GWAS approaches to fully exploit the potential of genetics in optimizing the personalized therapy.
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21
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Marian AJ. Genetic Causality in Complex Traits: The Case of Uric Acid. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:417-419. [PMID: 26821630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas.
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22
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Identification of a mutation causing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using whole exome sequencing: A proof-of-concept. J Cardiol 2016; 67:131-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marian AJ. Clinical applications of molecular genetic discoveries. Transl Res 2016; 168:6-14. [PMID: 26548329 PMCID: PMC4718781 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of complex traits have mapped >15,000 common single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Likewise, applications of massively parallel nucleic acid sequencing technologies often referred to as next-generation sequencing to molecular genetic studies of complex traits have catalogued a large number of rare variants (population frequency of <0.01) in cases with complex traits. Moreover, high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing, variant burden analysis, and linkage studies are illuminating the presence of large number of SNVs in cases and families with single-gene disorders. The plethora of the genetic variants has exposed the formidable challenge of identifying the causal and pathogenic variants from the enormous number of innocuous common and rare variants that exist in the population and in an individual genome. The arduous task of identifying the causal and pathogenic variants is further compounded by the pleiotropic effects of the variants, complexity of cis and trans interactions in the genome, variability in phenotypic expression of the disease, as well as phenotypic plasticity, and the multifarious determinants of the phenotype. Population genetic studies offer the initial roadmaps and have the potential to elucidate novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the genome of an individual is unique, rendering unambiguous identification of the causal or pathogenic variant in a single individual exceedingly challenging. Yet, the focus of the practice of medicine is on the individual, as Sir William Osler elegantly expressed in his insightful quotation: "The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the patient who has the disease." The daunting task facing physicians, patients, and researchers alike is to apply the modern genetic discoveries to care of the individual with or at risk of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex; Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex.
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24
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Marian AJ. The Bottleneck in Genetic Testing. Circ Res 2015; 117:586-8. [PMID: 26358106 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Genetic Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston.
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26
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Franaszczyk M, Bilinska ZT, Sobieszczańska-Małek M, Michalak E, Sleszycka J, Sioma A, Małek ŁA, Kaczmarska D, Walczak E, Włodarski P, Hutnik Ł, Milanowska B, Dzielinska Z, Religa G, Grzybowski J, Zieliński T, Ploski R. The BAG3 gene variants in Polish patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: four novel mutations and a genotype-phenotype correlation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:192. [PMID: 25008357 PMCID: PMC4105391 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BAG3 gene mutations have been recently implicated as a novel cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of BAG3 mutations in Polish patients with DCM and to search for genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS We studied 90 unrelated probands by direct sequencing of BAG3 exons and splice sites. Large deletions/insertions were screened for by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS We found 5 different mutations in 6 probands and a total of 21 mutations among their relatives: the known p.Glu455Lys mutation (2 families), 4 novel mutations: p.Gln353ArgfsX10 (c.1055delC), p.Gly379AlafsX45 (c.1135delG), p.Tyr451X (c.1353C>A) and a large deletion of 17,990 bp removing BAG3 exons 3-4. Analysis of mutation positive relatives of the probands from this study pooled with those previously reported showed higher DCM prevalence among those with missense vs. truncating mutations (OR = 8.33, P = 0.0058) as well as a difference in age at disease onset between the former and the latter in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (P = 0.006). Clinical data from our study suggested that in BAG3 mutation carriers acute onset DCM with hemodynamic compromise may be triggered by infection. CONCLUSIONS BAG3 point mutations and large deletions are relatively frequent cause of DCM. Delayed DCM onset associated with truncating vs. non-truncating mutations may be important for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Franaszczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Zofia T Bilinska
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Michalak
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Justyna Sleszycka
- Department of Cardiomyopathies, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sioma
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Łukasz A Małek
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Dorota Kaczmarska
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Ewa Walczak
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Spartańska 1 02-637, Poland
| | - Paweł Włodarski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5 02-004, Poland
| | - Łukasz Hutnik
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5 02-004, Poland
| | - Blanka Milanowska
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Zofia Dzielinska
- Department of Structural Heart Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Religa
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Jacek Grzybowski
- Department of Cardiomyopathies, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zieliński
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Alpejska 42 04-628, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Pawinskiego 3C 02-106, Poland
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Ingles J, Semsarian C. Conveying a probabilistic genetic test result to families with an inherited heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:1073-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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