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Valeriani E, Bartimoccia S, Pignatelli P, Pastori D. Aging and Antithrombotic Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023. [PMID: 37742116 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Several aging-related pathophysiological mechanisms have been described to contribute to increased thrombotic risk in the elderly, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet and coagulation cascade activation. Antithrombotic treatment in the elderly should be individualized. Recent Advances: Recent studies have clarified some pathophysiological mechanisms of enhanced oxidative stress and thrombotic alterations in older adults. In the last decade, randomized trials have evaluated different antithrombotic strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in these patients. Critical Issues: The proportion of elderly patients included in clinical trials is generally low, thus not reflecting the daily clinical practice. There is no consensus on the most appropriate antithrombotic treatment in the elderly, also considering that bleeding risk management may be challenging in this high-risk subgroup of patients. Routine antiplatelet treatment is not a valid strategy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events given the associated high risk of bleeding. In elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome, low-dose prasugrel or clopidogrel, shorter dual antiplatelet therapy, and no pretreatment before stent placement should be considered. Advanced age should not be the only reason for the underuse of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation, with direct oral anticoagulants preferred over warfarin for stroke prevention. Instead, a case-by-case clinical evaluation is warranted based on patient's bleeding risk also. Future Directions: There is a need for a structured tailored approach to manage thrombotic risk in elderly patients. The choice of the most appropriate antithrombotic treatment should balance efficacy and safety to reduce the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Valeriani
- Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialties and Organ Transplantation "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Infectious Disease Department, Umberto I Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Bartimoccia
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Zhao W, Xiong FJ, Feng SG, Li YM, Lei XH, Jia SJ. Oral Chinese patent medicines for acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31927. [PMID: 36482597 PMCID: PMC9726348 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious and fatal heart disease with one of the highest mortality rates in the world. In some countries, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy after AMI, but it cannot achieve safe and effective treatment of AMI after PCI remains a challenging clinical problem. The potential of oral Chinese patent medicines to treat AMI after PCI has been demonstrated, but which type of oral Chinese patent medicines may be preferred remains controversial. The aim of this network meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy and safety of multiple oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of AMI after PCI. METHODS We will conduct a literature search from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, formerly Chinese Biomedical Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Data, Chongqing VIP, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from their inception until to November 1, 2022, with language restricted to Chinese and English. Then, the study selection process will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-Analyses guideline, and the quality assessment will be conducted with Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Pairwise and network meta-analysis will be conducted using the WinBUGS V.1.4.3.37 and STATA V.13. Additionally, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, quality assessment, Small-study effects and publication bias will be performed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This work is based on published research and therefore does not require ethical approval. This review will be published in peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020188065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan-Jie Xiong
- Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Gui Feng
- Luzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ming Li
- Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Hua Lei
- Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Jian Jia
- Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Jian Jia, Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Chengdu Medical College, No.120 Xiangzhang Road, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610500, China (e-mail: )
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3
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Wang T, Zhou J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Jin K, Wang Y, Xu R, Yang G, Li W, Jiao L. X-box Binding Protein 1: An Adaptor in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Aging Dis 2022; 14:350-369. [PMID: 37008067 PMCID: PMC10017146 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), the formation of fibrofatty lesions in the vessel wall, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke and is closely associated with aging. Disrupted metabolic homeostasis is a primary feature of AS and leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is an abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins. By orchestrating signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress functions as a double-edged sword in AS, where adaptive UPR triggers synthetic metabolic processes to restore homeostasis, whereas the maladaptive response programs the cell to the apoptotic pathway. However, little is known regarding their precise coordination. Herein, an advanced understanding of the role of UPR in the pathological process of AS is reviewed. In particular, we focused on a critical mediator of the UPR, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and its important role in balancing adaptive and maladaptive responses. The XBP1 mRNA is processed from the unspliced isoform (XBP1u) to the spliced isoform of XBP1 (XBP1s). Compared with XBP1u, XBP1s predominantly functions downstream of inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and transcript genes involved in protein quality control, inflammation, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcification, which are critical for the pathogenesis of AS. Thus, the IRE1α/XBP1 axis is a promising pharmaceutical candidate against AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Ge Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. , Dr. Wenjing Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. ; Dr. Liqun Jiao, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .
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Liberale L, Camici GG. The Role of Vascular Aging in Atherosclerotic Plaque Development and Vulnerability. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3098-3111. [PMID: 31470777 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830175424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing demographical shift is leading to an unprecedented aging of the population. As a consequence, the prevalence of age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications is set to increase in the near future. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening characterize arterial aging and set the stage for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic plaques evolve over time, the extent to which these changes might affect their stability and predispose to sudden complications remains to be determined. Recent advances in imaging technology will allow for longitudinal prospective studies following the progression of plaque burden aimed at better characterizing changes over time associated with plaque stability or rupture. Oxidative stress and inflammation, firmly established driving forces of age-related CV dysfunction, also play an important role in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and rupture. Several genes involved in lifespan determination are known regulator of redox cellular balance and pre-clinical evidence underlines their pathophysiological roles in age-related cardiovascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to examine the impact of aging on arterial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. Furthermore, we report how molecular mechanisms of vascular aging might regulate age-related plaque modifications and how this may help to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate the increased risk of CV disease in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Feng C, Chen Q, Fan M, Guo J, Liu Y, Ji T, Zhu J, Zhao X. Platelet-derived microparticles promote phagocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein by macrophages, potentially enhancing foam cell formation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:477. [PMID: 31700913 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The interaction between platelets and macrophages plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). This study aimed to investigate the role of platelet microparticles (PMPs) in the development of foam cells. Methods PMPs are generated by activating platelets with thrombin and separated by ultracentrifugation. The macrophages were treated with PMPs, the phagocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and formation of foam cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively, and the inflammatory factors cytokines in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. Results PMPs significantly increase the phagocytosis of Ox-LDL and elevated foam cell formation of macrophages. IL-1β content in the supernatant of macrophages peaked around 2-4 h and declined to normal level after 6-8 h; IL-6 content peaked at 4 h and then decreased to normal level. TNF-α content peaked at 2-4 h. Conclusions The microparticles from activated platelets can increase the phagocytosis of Ox-LDL and the production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, which is related to the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tao Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Head T, Henn L, Andreev VP, Herderick EE, Deo SK, Daunert S, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis not explained by traditional risk factors in 13% of young individuals. Am Heart J 2019; 208:47-54. [PMID: 30544071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Most individuals who die of sudden cardiac death (SCD) display very advanced lesions of atherosclerosis in their coronary arteries. Thus, we sought to identify and characterize a putative subpopulation of young individuals exhibiting accelerated coronary artery atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE Our analysis of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study-which examined 2651 individuals, obtaining quantitative measurements of traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD)-aimed to identify individuals with advanced coronary artery lesions, and to determine whether risk factors could account for such rapid disease progression, or not. DESIGN Using the cross-sectional PDAY study data, an exploratory de facto analysis stratified the population by age and observed number of coronary raised lesions and examined these groups via Poisson regression modeling. A separate de novo approach utilized Poisson mixture modeling to generate low- and high-growth groups based on measurements of traditional risk factors, and identified factors contributing to disease progression. PARTICIPANTS Participants, n = 2651 individuals aged 15-34, who had died of non-cardiac death, were recruited post mortem. Tissues and other samples were harvested for analysis (details in previously published PDAY studies). Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s). Using quantitative measurements of raised coronary lesions and traditional risk factors of CHD, we sought to identify which risk factors account for disease progression. RESULTS A group of ~13% of the PDAY population exhibits accelerated coronary atherosclerosis despite their young age. Several traditional risk factors were associated with increased odds of inclusion in this subgroup, reflecting current understanding of these markers of disease. However, only age was a significant contributing factor to the observed coronary lesion burden. CONCLUSIONS While a range of traditional risk factors contribute to an individual's inclusion to the identified subgroup with accelerated atherosclerosis, these factors, with the exceptions of age, are not able to predict an individual's lesion burden. Moreover, unattributed variances in observations indicate the need to study novel risk factors. SHORT SUMMARY Hypothesis The extent of coronary atherosclerotic disease is limited and homogeneous within youth, and its progression can be accounted for by traditional risk factors in this population. FINDINGS A subpopulation (~13%) of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth cohort exhibited accelerated coronary artery atherosclerosis. While several traditional risk factors contribute to an individual's inclusion in this subgroup, these factors, with the exceptions of age, do not predict accurately an individual's lesions burden. Critically, unattributed variances in observations indicate the need for the identification of novel risk factors. MEANING Screening of the general population at a young age for high-risk group membership could provide opportunity for disease prevention and avoidance of the worse complications such as myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death later in life.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Albanese
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kashif Khan
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bianca Barratt
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hamood Al-Kindi
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adel Schwertani
- Division of Cardiology and Division of Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Head T, Daunert S, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. The Aging Risk and Atherosclerosis: A Fresh Look at Arterial Homeostasis. Front Genet 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 29312440 PMCID: PMC5735066 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable volume of research over the last decade has focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms for the progression of atherosclerosis-the underlying cause for the vast majority of all cardiovascular (CVD)-related complications. Aging is the dominant risk factor for clinically significant atherosclerotic lesion formation, yet the heightened impact of aging on the disease is not accounted for by changes in traditional risk factors, such as lack of physical activity, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes mellitus. This review will examine the pathological and biochemical processes of atherosclerotic plaque formation and growth, with particular focus on the aging risk vis-a-vis arterial homeostasis. Particular focus will be placed on the impact of a number of important contributors to arterial homeostasis including bone marrow (BM)-derived vascular progenitor cells, differential monocyte subpopulations, and the role of cellular senescence. Finally, this review will explore many critical observations in the way the disease process has been reassessed both by clinicians and researchers, and will highlight recent advances in this field that have provided a greater understanding of this aging-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trajen Head
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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9
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Violi F, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P, Pastori D. Atherothrombosis and Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms and Management in Elderly. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1083-1124. [PMID: 28816059 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The incidence of cardiovascular events (CVEs) increases with age, representing the main cause of death in an elderly population. Aging is associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may affect clotting and platelet activation, and impair endothelial function, thus predisposing elderly patients to thrombotic complications. Recent Advances: There is increasing evidence to suggest that aging is associated with an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Thus, upregulation of ROS-producing enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and myeloperoxidase, along with downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, occurs during aging. This imbalance may predispose to thrombosis by enhancing platelet and clotting activation and eliciting endothelial dysfunction. Recently, gut-derived products, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and lipopolysaccharide, are emerging as novel atherosclerotic risk factors, and gut microbiota composition has been shown to change by aging, and may concur with the increased cardiovascular risk in the elderly. CRITICAL ISSUES Antioxidant treatment is ineffective in patients at risk or with cardiovascular disease. Further, anti-thrombotic treatment seems to work less in the elderly population. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Interventional trials with antioxidants targeting enzymes implicated in aging-related atherothrombosis are warranted to explore whether modulation of redox status is effective in lowering CVEs in the elderly. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1083-1124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy .,2 Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pastori
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
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10
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Xue XH, Zhou XM, Wei W, Chen T, Su QP, Tao J, Chen LD. Alisol A 24-Acetate, a Triterpenoid Derived from Alisma orientale, Inhibits Ox-LDL-Induced Phenotypic Transformation and Migration of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Suppressing ERK1/2 Signaling. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:291-300. [PMID: 27924795 DOI: 10.1159/000448715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alisol A 24-acetate, a triterpenoid extracted from Alisma orientale, has shown antiatherosclerotic actions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibition of alisol A 24-acetate on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced phenotypic transformation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and to explore the underlying mechanisms. VSMCs were pretreated with alisol A 24-acetate and a specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, U0126, and then stimulated with 50 mg/l Ox-LDL in vitro. The expression of VSMC phenotypic marker SM22α was determined using immunocytochemistry, and the migration of VSMCs was detected using a scratch-wound healing assay. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and total ERK was determined. Ox-LDL treatment caused a reduction in SM22α expression, VSMC transformation to the synthetic phenotype, increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 synthesis, the extension of VSMC migration distance and the upregulation of pERK1/2 expression, while the addition of alisol A 24-acetate or U0126 resulted in the elevation of SM22α expression, VSMC transformation to the contractile phenotype, a reduction in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, the shortening of cell migration distance and decreased pERK1/2 expression. The results of this study demonstrate that alisol A 24-acetate effectively reverses the phenotypic transformation and inhibits the migration of VSMCs, which may be associated with the suppression of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie-Hua Xue
- Rehabilitation Hospital affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Souiden Y, Mallouli H, Meskhi S, Chaabouni Y, Rebai A, Chéour F, Mahdouani K. MnSOD and GPx1 polymorphism relationship with coronary heart disease risk and severity. Biol Res 2016; 49:22. [PMID: 27067415 PMCID: PMC4828869 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbance of the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anti-oxidants (AOX) has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis, the most common pathologic process underlying coronary heart disease (CHD). Thus, the defense systems against ROS are critical protecting blood vessel walls against oxidative damage. In this study, we investigate whether Ala16Val MnSOD and Pro198Leu GPx polymorphisms are associated with CHD susceptibility and/or severity. METHODS Both polymorphisms were genotyped in a sample of 203 controls and 164 patients. CHD risk and severity, antioxidant status (enzymatic and/or non enzymatic) and biochemical parameters were assessed and analysed by genotype. RESULTS A significant association of MnSOD variant to CHD risk was revealed in males. Males harboring the Val/Val genotype were approximately at twofold increased risk of CHD compared to controls (Ala carriers vs Val/Val, adjusted OR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.18‒3.42, p = 0.03). Significant decreases in SOD activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) were observed in Val carriers and by CHD status. Whereas, no association of GPx variant genotype (Leu/Leu) and activity to cardiopathy events was discerned. CHD severity, as demonstrated by the number of vessel stenosis, was associated with significantly higher frequency of Val allele and LDL levels in CHD subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a lack of association of Pro198Leu GPx polymorphism to CHD risk and severity. However, they suggest that Ala16Val MnSOD polymorphism and decreased antioxidant defences are likely contributed to CHD risk in Tunisian men. Furthermore, the Val encoding MnSOD allele and decreased SOD activity were significantly correlated with CHD stenosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Souiden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia. .,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the pollutants of the environment and products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Hela Mallouli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the pollutants of the environment and products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salah Meskhi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Chaabouni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Foued Chéour
- Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, 4119, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Kacem Mahdouani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the pollutants of the environment and products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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12
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Hiatt WR, Armstrong EJ, Larson CJ, Brass EP. Pathogenesis of the limb manifestations and exercise limitations in peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:1527-39. [PMID: 25908726 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with peripheral artery disease have a marked reduction in exercise performance and daily ambulatory activity irrespective of their limb symptoms of classic or atypical claudication. This review will evaluate the multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the exercise impairment in peripheral artery disease based on an evaluation of the current literature and research performed by the authors. Peripheral artery disease results in atherosclerotic obstructions in the major conduit arteries supplying the lower extremities. This arterial disease process impairs the supply of oxygen and metabolic substrates needed to match the metabolic demand generated by active skeletal muscle during walking exercise. However, the hemodynamic impairment associated with the occlusive disease process does not fully account for the reduced exercise impairment, indicating that additional pathophysiologic mechanisms contribute to the limb manifestations. These mechanisms include a cascade of pathophysiological responses during exercise-induced ischemia and reperfusion at rest that are associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidant stress, inflammation, and muscle metabolic abnormalities that provide opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions to address the complex pathophysiology of the exercise impairment in peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Hiatt
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (W.R.H., E.J.A.), CPC Clinical Research (W.R.H.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA (C.J.L.); and Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Torrance, CA (E.P.B.).
| | - Ehrin J Armstrong
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (W.R.H., E.J.A.), CPC Clinical Research (W.R.H.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA (C.J.L.); and Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Torrance, CA (E.P.B.)
| | - Christopher J Larson
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (W.R.H., E.J.A.), CPC Clinical Research (W.R.H.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA (C.J.L.); and Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Torrance, CA (E.P.B.)
| | - Eric P Brass
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (W.R.H., E.J.A.), CPC Clinical Research (W.R.H.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA (C.J.L.); and Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Torrance, CA (E.P.B.)
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13
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Mackesy DZ, Goalstone ML. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5: Novel mediator of insulin and tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vascular cells. J Diabetes 2014; 6:595-602. [PMID: 24460840 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis may be stimulated by the increased presence of insulin and tumor necrosis-factor-α (TNFα) with subsequent expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We hypothesized that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (ERK5) plays an important role in insulin and TNFα-stimulated total and cell surface VCAM-1 expression. METHODS Rat aorta vascular endothelial cells were first transfected with either no inhibitory RNA, inactive (scrambled) inhibitory ERK5 RNA (scERK5) or active inhibitory ERK5 RNA (siERK5) and then treated with either (i) no analog; (ii) insulin (1 nM), or TNFα (1 ng/mL) alone, or (iii) insulin plus TNFα for 6 h. Thereafter either total VCAM-1 protein or surface VCAM-1 protein was determined. RESULTS Genetic inhibition of ERK5 decreased TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression by 57% and surface expression by 27%. In contrast, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin-stimulated total or surface VCAM-1 expression. Interestingly, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total VCAM-1 expression, but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased insulin plus TNFα-stimulated surface VCAM-1 expression 41%. CONCLUSIONS We report here that ERK5 plays a minor role in insulin-stimulation of VCAM-1, but plays a significant role in TNFα-stimulation of both total and cell surface VCAM-1 protein expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that not only does ERK5 have differential mediation of insulin and TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 expression, but also has differential regulation of insulin plus TNFα-stimulated total and surface VCAM-1 expression, suggesting that other intermediates of the insulin and TNFα intracellular pathways are contributing to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Mackesy
- Research Department, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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14
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Najafi M, Ghasemi H, Roustazadeh A, Farajollahi M. Lack of association between glutathione peroxidase1 (GPx1) activity, Pro198Leu polymorphism and stenosis of coronary arteries: A population-based prediction. Meta Gene 2014; 2:722-9. [PMID: 25606455 PMCID: PMC4287826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the association between erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase1 (GPx1) activity and rs1050450 (Pro198Leu) site with the stenosis of coronary arteries and, evaluated the Pro/Leu position within the predicted tertiary structure. METHODS Subjects were recruited from who underwent coronary angiography (controls; n = 55, Stenosis < 5% and Patients; n = 95, Stenosis ≥ 50%). The GPx1 activity and rs1050450 C/T variants were determined using enzyme assay and RFLP-PCR techniques, respectively. The conserved regions and GPx1 tertiary structure were predicted using bioinformatics tools. RESULTS We did not find significant association between GPx1 activity (P = 0.96), rs1050450 genotype distribution and coronary artery disease (adjusted OR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.28-2.2, P = 0.6). The polymorphic variants were not located at the predicted structural and functional domains so that it had not the significant role on the GPx1stability and function. CONCLUSIONS In agreement with the results predicted from bioinformatics tools, we suggested that the GPx1 activity and rs1050450 (Pro198Leu) site are not involved in the development of stenosis of coronary arteries in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Najafi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: + 98 2188622742.
| | - Hassan Ghasemi
- Biochemistry Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abazar Roustazadeh
- Biochemistry Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farajollahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medical Biotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Age-related inflammation and insulin resistance: a review of their intricate interdependency. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1507-14. [PMID: 25239110 PMCID: PMC4246128 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor underlying aging and the associated diseases of aging; of particular interest is insulin resistance during aging. Chronic inflammation impairs normal lipid accumulation, adipose tissue function, mitochondrial function, and causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which lead to insulin resistance. However, some studies show that insulin resistance itself amplifies chronic inflammation. The activity of the insulin-dependent Akt signaling pathway is highlighted because of its decrease in insulin-sensitive organs, like liver and muscle, which may underlie insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and its increased levels in non-metabolic organs, such as kidney and aorta. In that the prevalence of obesity has increased substantially for all age groups in recent years, our review summarizes the data showing the involvement of chronic inflammation in obesity-induced insulin resistance, which perpetuates reciprocal interactions between the chronic inflammatory process and increased adiposity, thereby accelerating the aging process.
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16
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Cai X. Regulation of smooth muscle cells in development and vascular disease: current therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:789-800. [PMID: 17173496 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit extensive phenotypic diversity and rapid growth during embryonic development, but maintain a quiescent, differentiated state in adult. The pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases involves the proliferation and migration of medial vascular SMCs into the vessel intima, possibly reinstating their embryonic gene expression programs. Multiple mitogenic stimuli induce vascular SMC proliferation through cell cycle progression. Therapeutic strategies targeting cell cycle progression and mitogenic stimuli have been developed and evaluated in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury, and several clinical studies. Recent discoveries on the recruitment of vascular progenitor cells to the sites of vascular injury suggest new therapeutic potentials of progenitor cell-based therapies to accelerate re-endothelialization and prevent engraftment of SMC-lineage progenitor cells. Owing to the complex and multifactorial nature of SMC regulation, combinatorial antiproliferative approaches are likely to be used in the future in order to achieve maximal efficacy and reduce toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Progression
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Stents
- Vascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) & Cell Biology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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17
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C. Chan LW, Sun Y, Benzie IFF. Discrimination and stratification tests of cardiovascular disease risk assessment models against ultrasound detection of carotid plaques in type 2 diabetics. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.57a1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Schneeweis C, Schnackenburg B, Stuber M, Berger A, Schneider U, Yu J, Gebker R, Weiss RG, Fleck E, Kelle S. Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the coronary artery wall in takayasu arteritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50655. [PMID: 23236382 PMCID: PMC3517571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare form of chronic inflammatory granulomatous arteritis of the aorta and its major branches. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated its value for the detection of vessel wall alterations in TA. The aim of this study was to assess LGE of the coronary artery wall in patients with TA compared to patients with stable CAD. METHODS We enrolled 9 patients (8 female, average age 46±13 years) with proven TA. In the CAD group 9 patients participated (8 male, average age 65±10 years). Studies were performed on a commercial 3T whole-body MR imaging system (Achieva; Philips, Best, The Netherlands) using a 3D inversion prepared navigator gated spoiled gradient-echo sequence, which was repeated 34-45 minutes after low-dose gadolinium administration. RESULTS No coronary vessel wall enhancement was observed prior to contrast in either group. Post contrast, coronary LGE on IR scans was detected in 28 of 50 segments (56%) seen on T2-Prep scans in TA and in 25 of 57 segments (44%) in CAD patients. LGE quantitative assessment of coronary artery vessel wall CNR post contrast revealed no significant differences between the two groups (CNR in TA: 6.0±2.4 and 7.3±2.5 in CAD; p = 0.474). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that LGE of the coronary artery wall seems to be common in patients with TA and similarly pronounced as in CAD patients. The observed coronary LGE seems to be rather unspecific, and differentiation between coronary vessel wall fibrosis and inflammation still remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schneeweis
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Stuber
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Yu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rolf Gebker
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert G. Weiss
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eckart Fleck
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kelle
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Dong C, Seo DM, Velazquez OC. Atherosclerosis, inflammation, genetics, and stem cells: 2012 update. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012; 14:201-10. [PMID: 22476914 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a peculiar form of inflammation triggered by cholesterol-rich lipoproteins and other noxious factors such as cigarette smoke, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Genetics also play an important role in the disease, accounting for about 40% of the risk. Of surprise in recent years of post-human genome sequencing, atherosclerosis-relevant genes discovered by non-biased techniques (ie, genome-wide association studies), did not rehash previously suspected pathways of lipid metabolism, diabetes, or hypertension. Instead these studies highlighted genes relevant to mechanisms of inflammation and stem cell biology. Only a minority of implicated genes were linked to lipid and other cardiac risk factor genes. Although such findings do not contradict the fact that atherosclerosis is triggered and exacerbated by elevated lipids, atherosclerosis "new genes" suggest that the mechanism responsible for the development of arterial lesions is more complex than a simple response to injury, where injury is necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
The close, bidirectional relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease is well established. Major depression is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and acute cardiovascular sequelae, such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and isolated systolic hypertension. Morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease and depression are significantly higher than in patients with cardiovascular disease who are not depressed. Various pathophysiological mechanisms might underlie the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with depression: increased inflammation; increased susceptibility to blood clotting (owing to alterations in multiple steps of the clotting cascade, including platelet activation and aggregation); oxidative stress; subclinical hypothyroidism; hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; reductions in numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and associated arterial repair processes; decreased heart rate variability; and the presence of genetic factors. Early identification of patients with depression who are at risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as prevention and appropriate treatment of cardiovascular disease in these patients, is an important and attainable goal. However, adequately powered studies are required to determine the optimal treatment regimen for patients with both depression and cardiovascular disorders.
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21
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Liu ZJ, Tan Y, Beecham GW, Seo DM, Tian R, Li Y, Vazquez-Padron RI, Pericak-Vance M, Vance JM, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Livingstone AS, Velazquez OC. Notch activation induces endothelial cell senescence and pro-inflammatory response: implication of Notch signaling in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:296-303. [PMID: 23078884 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Notch signaling plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. However, little is known about its role in atherosclerosis. We sought to investigate the potential involvement of the Notch signaling in atherosclerosis. METHODS Expression of Notch pathway components in mouse and human aorta with or without atherosclerosis plaque was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of Notch target genes in young versus aged human endothelial cells (EC) was examined by PCRArray and immunoblot. In vitro loss- and gain-of-function approaches were utilized to evaluate the role of Notch signaling in inducing EC senescence and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by ProteinArray. Notch gene profile was studied in 1054 blood samples of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Genotyping was performed using the Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Array. RESULTS Notch pathway components were upregulated in luminal EC at atherosclerotic lesions from mouse and human aortas. In addition, the Notch pathway was activated in aged but not young human EC. Enforced Notch activation resulted in EC senescence and significantly upregulated expression of several molecules implicated in the inflammatory response (IL-6/IL-8/IL-1α/RANTES/ICAM-1). The upregulated IL-6 was partially responsible for mediating leukocyte transendothelial migration. Genetic association analysis detected, of 82 SNPs across 6 Notch pathway genes analyzed, 4 SNPs with nominal association with CAD burden. CONCLUSION Notch pathway is activated in luminal EC at atherosclerotic plaques and results in pro-inflammatory response and senescence of EC. Notch signaling may be linked to human CAD risk. These findings implicate a potential involvement of Notch signaling in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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22
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Breviscapine inhibits high glucose-induced proliferation and migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rats via suppressing the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:606-14. [PMID: 22465949 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influences of breviscapine, a flavonoid extracted from Erigeron breviscapus, on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) cultured in a high glucose medium and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS VSMCs were isolated from thoracic aortas of male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation was evaluated using Counting Kit-8 cell viability assay. Cell migration was evaluated using transwell migration assay and in vitro scratch assay. The expression and activity of protein kinase C-β2 (PKC-β2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK) were measured with Western blotting. RESULTS Exposure of VSMCs to a high glucose (25 mmol/L) medium significantly increased the proliferation and migration potential as compared to the control group. Pretreatment with breviscapine (65 μmol/L and 108 μmol/L) attenuated high glucose-enhanced proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Exposure of VSMCs to the high glucose medium activated both the PKC-β2 and ERK1/2 MAPK, but not the p38 and JNK MAPK. Pretreatment with breviscapine (65 μmol/L and 108 μmol/L) blocked high glucose-induced increase of the ERK1/2 activity, but not that of the PKC-β2 activity. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that breviscapine ameliorates high glucose-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs via inhibiting ERK1/2 MAPK signaling.
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23
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Wilding PM. Cardiovascular disease, statins and vitamin D. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2012; 21:214-220. [PMID: 22398934 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2012.21.4.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the UK, causing more than 50 000 premature deaths per year, at a cost of over £30 billion to the economy (British Heart Foundation, 2010). Reducing this burden is a priority of the Government and health professionals (Department of Health, 2000). The aim of this paper is to inform and update nurses on four aspects. Firstly, to examine a more accurate test than cholesterol to predict cardiovascular risk that used C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, called the Reynold's Risk Score. Use of this score reclassified almost half of women, and one-fifth of men, into lower or higher risk categories, more accurately compared to conventional tools (Ridker et al, 2007; Ridker et al, 2008b). Secondly, to highlight a potential change to the indications for statin-therapy; an indication for those who ordinarily would not receive a statin: healthy middle-aged adults with normal or low cholesterol, but elevated CRP. This includes discussion of the JUPITER trial and its sub-analyses. This large, multicentre, double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial in apparently healthy men over the age of 50 years and women over 60 years, with normal or low cholesterol but elevated CRP, demonstrated significant benefit. Rosuvastatin 20 mg per day compared to a placebo reduced myocardial infarction and stroke by half, and reduced venous thromboembolism by almost half (Ridker et al, 2008a; Glynn et al. 2009; Everett, et al, 2010). Thirdly, to discuss the pleiotropic effects of statins, which include reduction of CRP (Ridker et al, 2008a), increases in endothelial repair cells (Spiel, et al, 2008), alteration of clotting factors (Glynn, et al, 2009), and enhancement of vitamin D metabolism (Yavuz et al, 2009). Fourthly, to discuss evidence that the pleiotropic effects of statins may be attributable to the vitamin D effect. This paper therefore evaluates the evidence suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may attain the same benefit as statins (Grimes, 2006), in addition to reducing statinassociated side-effects when co-administered (Ahmed et al, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mark Wilding
- Rheumatology Infusion Nurse, Lincoln County Hospital Rheumatology Unit, Lincoln.
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24
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Mackesy DZ, Goalstone ML. Insulin augments tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in vascular endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 22093181 PMCID: PMC3248376 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that is marked by increased presence of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα), increased expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), increased presence of serum monocytes and activation of the canonical inflammatory molecule, Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NFκB). Hyperinsulinemia is a hallmark of insulin resistance and may play a key role in this inflammatory process. METHODS Using Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and biochemical inhibitors, we measured changes in VCAM-1 protein expression and NFκB translocation in vascular endothelial cells in the presence of TNFα and/or hyperinsulinemia and in the absence or presence of kinase pathway inhibitors. RESULTS We report that hyperinsulinemia augmented TNFα stimulated increases in VCAM-1 protein greater than seen with TNFα alone and decreased the time in which VCAM-1 translocated to the cell surface. We also observed that in the presence of Wortmannin, a biochemical inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (a hallmark of insulin resistance), VCAM-1 expression was greater in the presence of TNFα plus insulin as compared to that seen with insulin or TNFα alone. Additionally, nuclear import of NFκB occurred sooner in the presence of insulin and TNFα together as compared to each alone, and in the presence of Wortmannin, nuclear import of NFκB was greater than that seen with insulin and TNFα alone. CONCLUSIONS hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance appear to augment the inflammatory effects of TNFα on VCAM-1 expression and NFκB translocation, both of which are markers of inflammation in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Mackesy
- Department of Research Service, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, 80220, USA.
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Aversa A, Bruzziches R, Francomano D, Natali M, Lenzi A. Testosterone and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors: new strategy for preventing endothelial damage in internal and sexual medicine? Ther Adv Urol 2011; 1:179-97. [PMID: 21789066 DOI: 10.1177/1756287209344992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal vascular endothelium is essential for the synthesis and release of substances affecting vascular tone (e.g. nitric oxide; NO), cell adhesion (e.g. endothelins, interleukins), and the homeostasis of clotting and fibrinolysis (e.g. plasminogen inhibitors, von Willebrand factor). The degeneration of endothelial integrity promotes adverse events (AEs) leading to increased atherogenesis and to the development of vascular systemic and penile end-organ disease. Testosterone (T) is an important player in the regulation of vascular tone through non-genomic actions exerted via blockade of extracellular-calcium entry or activation of potassium channels; also, adequate T concentrations are paramount for the regulation of phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) expression and finally, for the actions exerted by hydrogen sulphide, a gas involved in the alternative pathway controlling vasodilator responses in penile tissue. It is known that an age-related decline of serum T is reported in approximately 20 to 30% of men whereas T deficiency is reported in up to 50% of men with metabolic syndrome or diabetes. A number of laboratory and human studies have shown the combination of T and other treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED), such as PDE5 inhibitors, to be more beneficial in patients with ED and hypogonadism, who fail monotherapy for sexual disturbances.The aim of this review is to show evidence on the role of T and PDE5 inhibitors, alone or in combination, as potential boosters of endothelial function in internal medicine diseases associated with reduced T or NO bioavailability, i.e. metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, that share common risk factors with ED. Furthermore, the possibility of such a strategy to prevent endothelial dysfunction in men at increased cardiovascular risk is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aversa
- Dip.to Fisiopatologia Medica, Room 37, Viale Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome Italy
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26
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Luo H, Chen Y, Wang J. Effects of positive acceleration on the metabolism of endogenous carbon monoxide and serum lipid in atherosclerotic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2011; 1:75-80. [PMID: 20877690 PMCID: PMC2945201 DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.64439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (AS) is caused mainly due to the increase in the serum lipid, thrombosis, and injuries of the endothelial cells. During aviation, the incremental load of positive acceleration that leads to dramatic stress reactions and hemodynamic changes may predispose pilots to functional disorders and even pathological changes of organs. However, much less is known on the correlation between aviation and AS pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 32 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 rabbits in each group. The control group was given a high cholesterol diet but no acceleration exposure, whereas the other 3 experimental groups were treated with a high cholesterol diet and acceleration exposure for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. In each group, samples of celiac vein blood and the aorta were collected after the last exposure for the measurement of endogenous CO and HO-1 activities, as well as the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). As compared with the control group, the endocardial CO content and the HO-1 activity in aortic endothelial cells were significantly elevated at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weekend, respectively (P < 0.05 or <0.01). And these measures tended upward as the exposure time was prolonged. Levels of TC and LDL-C in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group, presenting an upward tendency. Levels of TG were found significantly increased in the 8-week-exposure group, but significantly declined in the 12-week-exposure group (still higher than those in the control group). Levels of the HDL-C were increased in the 4-week-exposure group, declined in the 8-week-exposure group, and once more increased in the 12-week-exposure group, without significant differences with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Positive acceleration exposure may lead to a significant increase of endogenous CO content and HO-1 activity and a metabolic disorder of serum lipid in high-cholesterol diet-fed rabbits, which implicates that the acceleration exposure might accelerate the progression of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Luo
- General Hospital of Air Forces, Beijing, PRC
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27
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Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:792393. [PMID: 20634940 PMCID: PMC2903979 DOI: 10.1155/2010/792393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. The imbalance in repair and injury (hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia) results in microvascular changes, including apoptosis of microvascular cells, ultimately leading to diabetes related complications. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the interplay between endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis may cause (micro)vascular damage in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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28
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Wang F, Xue J, Wang D, Wang X, Lu S, Tan M. Treatment of Atherosclerosis by Transplantation of Bone Endothelial Progenitor Cells Over-Expressed Paraoxonase-1 Gene by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus in Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1806-13. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University
- Shenzhen Institute of Xiangya Biomedicine
| | - Jinfeng Xue
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University
- Shenzhen Institute of Xiangya Biomedicine
| | | | - Xianyou Wang
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | | | - Mengqun Tan
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University
- Shenzhen Institute of Xiangya Biomedicine
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29
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Kai H. Novel non-invasive approach for visualizing inflamed atherosclerotic plaques using fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Habets KLL, van Puijvelde GHM, van Duivenvoorde LM, van Wanrooij EJA, de Vos P, Tervaert JWC, van Berkel TJC, Toes REM, Kuiper J. Vaccination using oxidized low-density lipoprotein-pulsed dendritic cells reduces atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:622-30. [PMID: 19819882 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Modification of lipoproteins plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has a number of pro-inflammatory effects, whereas immunization with various forms of oxLDL is able to reduce atherosclerosis. The uptake of modified LDL by dendritic cells (DCs) and the presentation of epitopes thereof may form an important step in the immunomodulatory effects of LDL. In this study, we transferred oxLDL-pulsed mature DCs (mDCs) to LDL receptor-null (LDLr(-/-)) mice and examined the effects on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Bone marrow-derived DCs were cultured for 10 days in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Immature DCs were matured by lipopolysaccharide and pulsed with copper-oxidized LDL. These mDCs were transferred three times to LDLr(-/-) mice before the induction of atherosclerosis by Western-type diet feeding. The transfer of oxLDL-pulsed mDCs resulted in an 87% reduction in carotid artery lesion size (P < 0.001) with a concurrent increase in plaque stability, whereas treatment using mDCs pulsed with the atherosclerosis-irrelevant antigen, ovalbumin, did not influence lesion size or stability. Furthermore, the vaccination procedure resulted in the induction of oxLDL-specific T cells with a reduced Th1 profile and an increase in oxLDL-specific IgG levels, which contributed to a reduction in foam cell formation. CONCLUSION These data indicate that vaccination with oxLDL-pulsed mDCs provides a novel and powerful strategy for the immunomodulation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L L Habets
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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31
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Circulating angiopoietin-2 in essential hypertension: relation to atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, and treatment with olmesartan/pravastatin. J Hypertens 2009; 27:1641-7. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832be575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Moreno PR, Sanz J, Fuster V. Promoting mechanisms of vascular health: circulating progenitor cells, angiogenesis, and reverse cholesterol transport. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53:2315-23. [PMID: 19539140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand and promote vascular health, we must reduce the aggression to the vessel wall and enhance the physiologic mechanisms leading to restoration of vessel wall function. Three main defense mechanisms are responsible for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis: the regenerative production of endothelial progenitor cells, vessel wall angiogenesis, and macrophage-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. Endothelial progenitor cells can restore vessel wall function and reduce atherosclerosis. In patients with risk factors, high levels of circulating progenitor cells increase event-free survival from cardiovascular events. Mobilization of progenitor cells includes physical and pharmacological approaches, of which exercise and statin therapy have great potential. Angiogenesis is a pivotal defense mechanism to counteract hypoxia and is needed for plaque regression. However, neovessels are susceptible for intraplaque hemorrhage, particularly in diabetes mellitus. In these patients, the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is the more affected, and may benefit from an antioxidant approach. Finally, the reverse cholesterol transport system is the main mechanism for plaque regression. In addition to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I therapies and the promotion of cholesterol efflux from macrophages by the ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporter systems hold great promise and may be available for therapeutic application in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Moreno
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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33
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Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Heterogeneous in vivo behavior of monocyte subsets in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1424-32. [PMID: 19372462 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.180521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play active roles in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that is a leading cause of death in the developed world. The prevailing paradigm states that, during human atherogenesis, monocytes accumulate in the arterial intima and differentiate into macrophages, which then ingest oxidized lipoproteins, secrete a diverse array of proinflammatory mediators, and eventually become foam cells, the key constituents of a vulnerable plaque. Yet monocytes are heterogeneous. In the mouse, one subset (Ly-6C(hi)) promotes inflammation, expands in hypercholesterolemic conditions, and selectively gives rise to macrophages in atheromata. A different subset (Ly-6C(lo)) attenuates inflammation and promotes angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation in models of tissue injury, but its role in atherosclerosis is largely unknown. In the human, monocyte heterogeneity is preserved but it is still unresolved how subsets correspond functionally. The contradistinctive properties of these cells suggest commitment for specific function before infiltrating tissue. Such commitment argues for discriminate targeting of deleterious subsets while sparing host defense and repair mechanisms. In addition to advancing our understanding of atherosclerosis, the ability to target and image monocyte subsets would allow us to evaluate drugs designed to selectively inhibit monocyte subset recruitment or function, and to stratify patients at risk for developing complications such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In this review we summarize recent advances of our understanding of the behavioral heterogeneity of monocytes during disease progression and outline emerging molecular imaging approaches to address key questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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34
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Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein prize in cardiovascular science: predicting cardiovascular illnesses for the 21(st) century, and the unpredictable.. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:401-6. [PMID: 19035844 PMCID: PMC2933575 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in our society such as the increasing cost of retirement and age redistribution toward a larger elderly population will require humans to remain highly functional until an advanced age. As a consequence, chronic illnesses that are primarily responsible for reducing functionality and life expectancy will require improved prevention and therapeutic strategies. In a global way, cardiovascular disease and cancer represent the most challenging disorders to maintaining the functional integrity of our fellow humans. A new theory has been derived from recent progress in our understanding of atherosclerosis as a key mechanism for cardiovascular disease and of cancer. Instructively, this theory provides a bridge at the stem cell level, linking most chronic disorders.
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35
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Strategies to Improve Endothelial Function and its Clinical Relevance to Erectile Dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Ajijola OA, Dong C, Herderick EE, Ma Q, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Yan Z. Voluntary running suppresses proinflammatory cytokines and bone marrow endothelial progenitor cell levels in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:15-23. [PMID: 18837653 PMCID: PMC2933158 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exercise is associated with reduced atherosclerotic burden, inflammation, and enhanced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) levels in mice. Infusion of progenitor cells in mice decreases atherosclerosis and suppresses inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether exercise-induced enhancement of EPCs is associated with reduced atherosclerosis and inflammation. To study this, 20-week old ApoE(-/-) mice with advanced atherosclerotic lesions (n = 12/group) were randomized to voluntary running or no running for 8 weeks. Exercise led to a potent suppression of elevated circulating proinflammatory cytokines without significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesions. When repeated in ApoE(-/-) mice with early atherosclerotic disease, exercise led to a 62% (p = 0.017) reduction in lesion thickness (intima-to-media ratio) at the aortic root. Interestingly, BM-EPC levels were significantly elevated under proinflammatory conditions seen in ApoE(-/-) mice and decreased in response to exercise, independent of the degree of atherosclerosis. Under early atherosclerotic conditions, long-term exercise reduces atherosclerotic plaque burden and is associated with reduced systemic inflammation. Elevated BM-EPCs seen in atherosclerotic conditions may be a marker of generalized vascular inflammation or injury, and decrease in response to exercise, along with other markers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujimi A. Ajijola
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chunming Dong
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Qi Ma
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Zhen Yan
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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37
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Ma ZL, Mai XL, Sun JH, Ju SH, Yang X, Ni Y, Teng GJ. Inhibited atherosclerotic plaque formation by local administration of magnetically labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in a rabbit model. Atherosclerosis 2008; 205:80-6. [PMID: 19111830 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether atherosclerosis can be prevented by magnetically labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS EPCs derived from rabbit periphery blood were labeled with a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) agent Fe(2)O(3)-poly-L-lysine (Fe(2)O(3)-PLL). Rabbit atherosclerosis was induced by high-cholesterol-diet following balloon injury via catheterization of right common carotid artery (RCCA). Fe(2)O(3)-PLL labeled EPCs (2 x 10(6)) and media were allowed to interact with the RCCA for 25 min in EPC-treated rabbits (n=14) and control rabbits (n=7) animals respectively. MRI was performed with a 1.5T-magnet to measure RCCA signal intensity (SI) and caliber at week 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 15 with animals euthanized in groups for histopathology. RESULTS In EPC-treated rabbits, T(2)(*)-weighted MRI showed SI loss in RCCA at week 1 and 2 followed by normalization after week 3. MRI outcomes corresponded well to findings of Prussian blue staining. MRI at week 6, 12 and 15 showed little stenosis of RCCA in EPC-treated rabbits, but moderate to severe stenoses in control rabbits. Histology at week 15 revealed significantly thinner RCCA wall (277.62 microm vs. 382.95 microm, P=0.026), greater internal diameter (913.33 microm vs. 789.64 microm, P=0.037) and smaller plaque (398.60mm(2) vs. 597.70 mm(2), P=0.047) in EPC-treated rabbits relative to control rabbits. CONCLUSION Atherosclerosis at RCCA was inhibited by SPIO-labeled EPCs, which was depicted with a clinical MRI scanner over 2 weeks after cell administration, suggesting that EPCs may play a role in restoration of endothelial injury and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Long Ma
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Zhong-Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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38
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Lee SJ, On YK, Lee EJ, Choi JY, Kim BT, Lee KH. Reversal of vascular 18F-FDG uptake with plasma high-density lipoprotein elevation by atherogenic risk reduction. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1277-82. [PMID: 18632820 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.052233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vascular 18F-FDG uptake marker represents inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, but whether inflammation can be reversed by risk-modifying interventions has not, to our knowledge, been demonstrated. In this study, we evaluated the change of vascular 18F-FDG uptake in response to lifestyle intervention on serial PET/CT scans and further assessed how the findings relate to atherogenic risk reduction. METHODS A total of 60 healthy adults underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans and atherogenic risk-factor assessment at baseline and again after 17.1 +/- 8.3 mo of practicing lifestyle modification. The PET/CT images were evaluated for the presence of vascular 18F-FDG lesions, and vessel-to-blood-pool 18F-FDG ratios were measured. Indices from summed ratios of positive lesions were compared and correlated to atherogenic risk factors. RESULTS At follow-up, significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.05), and low-density lipoprotein level (P < 0.05) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P < 0.0001) were demonstrated. On the initial PET/CT scan, 50 of 60 subjects showed 1 or more 18F-FDG-positive lesions (5.9 +/- 5.0/subject), leading to a total of 352 vascular sites. On follow-up, 18F-FDG-positive lesions were significantly reduced to 2.1 +/- 2.2 sites per subject (P < 0.0001) and a total of 124 sites (64.8% reduction). Follow-up 18F-FDG-positive rates were significantly reduced for the aorta and iliac arteries. In addition, significant reductions in the whole-body 18F-FDG index from 1.39 +/- 1.23 to 0.53 +/- 0.59 (P < 0.0001) and carotid 18F-FDG index from 0.08 +/- 0.16 to 0.03 +/- 0.06 (P = 0.01) were shown. The whole-body 18F-FDG index correlated with total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and HDL level (P < 0.05), and the magnitude of reduction in the 18F-FDG index closely correlated to the amount of increase in plasma HDL level (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that vascular 18F-FDG uptake is reversed in response to atherogenic risk reduction by lifestyle intervention and that the magnitude of improvement correlates to increases in plasma HDL levels. Thus, serial 18F-FDG PET/CT may be useful for monitoring improvements in the inflammatory component of atherosclerotic lesions in response to risk modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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39
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Ma ZL, Teng GJ, Chen J, Zhang HY, Cao AH, Ni Y. A rabbit model of atherosclerosis at carotid artery: MRI visualization and histopathological characterization. Eur Radiol 2008; 18:2174-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Gawaz M, Stellos K, Langer HF. Platelets modulate atherogenesis and progression of atherosclerotic plaques via interaction with progenitor and dendritic cells. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:235-42. [PMID: 18088342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Platelets not only play a role in the late complications of atherosclerosis, but are also essential in its initiation, interacting with endothelial cells and leukocytes. Platelet adhesion to injured or atherosclerotic vessels is critical for the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation in vivo. Increasing evidence has recently highlighted the role of progenitor cells in inflammation, atherogenesis, and atheroprogression. Recruitment of progenitor and dendritic cells to sites of vascular injury is poorly understood so far. Both human progenitor and dendritic cells significantly adhere to platelets, indicating that platelets adherent to collagen or to endothelial cells can serve as a bridging mechanism directing circulating progenitor and dendritic cells to sites of impaired vasculature. Moreover, platelets regulate differentiation of progenitor cells to endothelial cells or macrophages and foam cells and modulate essential functions of dendritic cells, including their activation, differentiation and apoptosis in vitro. This review describes recent findings on platelet interaction with progenitor cells or dendritic cells and discusses potential consequences of this interaction in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gawaz
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinik für Kardiologie und Kreislauferkrankungen, Eberhard Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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41
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GAWAZ M, STELLOS K, LANGER HF. Platelets modulate atherogenesis and progression of atherosclerotic plaques via interaction with progenitor and dendritic cells. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:235-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation 2007; 116:1832-44. [PMID: 17938300 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.676890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The key initiating process in atherogenesis is the subendothelial retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Local biological responses to these retained lipoproteins, including a chronic and maladaptive macrophage- and T-cell-dominated inflammatory response, promote subsequent lesion development. The most effective therapy against atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease to date--low density lipoprotein-lowering drugs--is based on the principle that decreasing circulating apolipoprotein B lipoproteins decreases the probability that they will enter and be retained in the subendothelium. Ongoing improvements in this area include more aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein and other atherogenic lipoproteins in the plasma and initiation of low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy at an earlier age in at-risk individuals. Potential future therapeutic approaches include attempts to block the interaction of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins with the specific subendothelial matrix molecules that mediate retention and to interfere with accessory molecules within the arterial wall that promote retention such as lipoprotein lipase, secretory sphingomyelinase, and secretory phospholipase A2. Although not the primary focus of this review, therapeutic strategies that target the proatherogenic responses to retained lipoproteins and that promote the removal of atherogenic components of retained lipoproteins also hold promise. The finding that certain human populations of individuals who maintain lifelong low plasma levels of apolipoprotein B lipoproteins have an approximately 90% decreased risk of coronary artery disease gives hope that our further understanding of the pathogenesis of this leading killer could lead to its eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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43
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Nelson WD, Zenovich AG, Ott HC, Stolen C, Caron GJ, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Barnes SA, Xin X, Taylor DA. Sex-Dependent Attenuation of Plaque Growth After Treatment With Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells. Circ Res 2007; 101:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.155564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are clinically relevant differences in symptomatology, risk stratification, and efficacy of therapies between men and women with coronary artery disease. Sex-based differences in plaque attenuation after administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) are unknown. Forty-five male and 57 female apolipoprotein-E knockout (apoE
−/−
) mice were fed a high-fat diet. At 14 weeks of age, animals received 4 biweekly intravenous sex-matched (males, n=11; females, n=13) or -mismatched (males, n=12; females, n=14) BMNCs obtained from C57BL6/J mice. The rest of the apoE
−/−
mice were vehicle treated (males, n=13; females, n=20) or were age-matched untreated controls (males, n=9; females, n=10). Aortic plaque burden, progenitor cell profiles in bone marrow (BM) and 22 circulating cytokines/chemokines were examined 1 week following the final injection. Only female BMNCs infused into male apoE
−/−
recipients significantly decreased plaque formation (
P
<0.001). This reparative response univariately correlated with increased CD34
+
(
P
=0.02), CD45
+
(
P
=0.0001), and AC133
+
/CD34
+
(
P
=0.001) cell percentages in the BM of recipients but not with total serum cholesterol or percentage of BM-CD31
+
/CD45
low
cells. In a multivariate analysis, BM-AC133
+
/CD34
+
and BM-CD45
+
percentage counts correlated with a lower plaque burden (
P
<0.05). Increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels highly correlated with plaque attenuation (
r
=−0.86,
P
=0.0004). In untreated apoE
−/−
mice of either sex, BM-AC133
+
/CD34
+
cells rose initially and then fell as plaque accumulated; however, BM-AC133
+
/CD34
+
percentages were higher in females at all times (
P
≤0.01). We have demonstrated an atheroprotective effect of female-derived BMNCs administered to male atherosclerotic apoE
−/−
mice; this reparative response correlated with the upregulation of BM-AC133
+
/CD34
+
and CD45
+
cells and of circulating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Atherosclerotic female apoE
−/−
mice did not exhibit atheroprotection after BMNCs of either sex. Our findings may have implications for clinical cell therapy trials for coronary artery disease. Further exploration of sex-based differences in atheroprotection and vascular repair is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D. Nelson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Andrey G. Zenovich
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Harald C. Ott
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Craig Stolen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Gabriel J. Caron
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Samuel A. Barnes
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Xiangrong Xin
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
| | - Doris A. Taylor
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Repair (A.G.Z., G.J.C., D.A.T.), Department of Pediatrics (A.P.M.), and the School of Mathematics and Department of Biomedical Engineering (X.X.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; R&D Systems (W.D.N.), Minneapolis, Minn; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.C.O.), Boston; Boston Scientific Corporation (G.S.), Natick, Mass; and the School of Nursing (S.A.B.), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
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Quarta G, Stanzione R, Evangelista A, Zanda B, Sciarretta S, Di Angelantonio E, Marchitti S, Di Murro D, Volpe M, Rubattu S. A protective role of a cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene variant towards ischaemic stroke in Sardinians. J Intern Med 2007; 262:555-61. [PMID: 17949364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), a strong, inverse, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We sought to investigate the relationship between a common variant of CETP gene, the Taq1 B polymorphism, that has been previously associated with CETP blood concentrations, and the risk of ischaemic stroke in a genetically homogenous population from the Sardinia island, Italy. This population has been previously shown to be a highly conservative sample. DESIGN A total of 215 cases of ischaemic stroke and 236 controls were selected and characterized for the CETP Taq1 B polymorphism. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared amongst cases and controls. RESULTS Age, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were independent risk factors for stroke in this cohort. We found that presence of the CETP Taq1 B2 allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ischaemic stroke when assuming a recessive mode of inheritance (OR 0.55, 95% CI = 0.34-0.90, P = 0.017). This result was confirmed by multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, presence of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia (OR 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.88, P = 0.014). By performing separate analysis for gender we found that the effect was present in females but not in males, with a significant sex-CETP gene variant interaction for both recessive (P = 0.005) and additive (P = 0.029) modes of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the Taq1 B2 allelic variant of the CETP gene may be associated, as a protective factor, with occurrence of ischaemic stroke. Further studies are needed to further elucidate the clinical implications of our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Quarta
- Department of Cardiology, IInd School of Medicine, University La Sapienza, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
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Cubbon RM, Rajwani A, Wheatcroft SB. The impact of insulin resistance on endothelial function, progenitor cells and repair. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4:103-11. [PMID: 17654443 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis. Insulin resistance, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is thought to promote atherosclerosis through a reciprocal relationship with endothelial dysfunction. In health, cumulative damage to endothelial cells incurred by exposure to risk factors is mitigated by endogenous reparative processes. Disruption of the balance between endothelial damage and repair may mediate atherosclerotic progression. Bone marrow-derived 'endothelial progenitor cells' (EPC) have been identified as significant contributors to endogenous vascular repair. Insulin resistance is associated with a spectrum of biochemical abnormalities which have the potential to reduce the availability of EPCs and diminish their capacity for vascular repair. Many lifestyle and pharmacological interventions which improve insulin resistance also increase the numbers and functionality of EPCs. Cell-based therapies may also hold promise for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cubbon
- The Academic Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, The LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK
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46
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Zenovich AG, Taylor DA. Cell Therapy in Kidney Disease: Cautious Optimism … But Optimism Nonetheless. Perit Dial Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702702s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered therapeutic potential of stem or progenitor cells has initiated development of novel treatments in a number of diseases—treatments that could not only improve patients’ quality of life, but also halt or even prevent disease progression. Hypertension; fluctuations in glycemia, electrolytes, nutrient levels, and circulating volume; and frequent infections and the associated inflammation all greatly impair the endothelium in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. As our understanding of the regulatory function of the endothelium advances, focus is increasingly being placed on endothelial repair in acute and chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. The potential of progenitor cells to repair damaged endothelium and to reduce inflammation in patients with renal failure remains unexamined; however, a successful cell therapy could reduce morbidity and mortality in kidney disease. Important contributions have been made in identifying progenitor cell populations in the kidney, and further investigations into the relationships of these cells with the pathophysiology of the disease are underway. As the kidney disease field prepares for the first human trials of progenitor cell therapies, we deemed it important to review representative original research, and to share our perspectives and lessons learned from clinical trials of progenitor cell–based therapies that have commenced in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Zenovich
- Center for Cardiovascular Repair, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Doris A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Repair, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Franco OH, Kirkwood TBL, Powell JR, Catt M, Goodwin J, Ordovas JM, van der Ouderaa F. Ten commandments for the future of ageing research in the UK: a vision for action. BMC Geriatr 2007; 7:10. [PMID: 17477869 PMCID: PMC1868025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in longevity resulting from improvements in health care and living conditions together with a decrease in fertility rates have contributed to a shift towards an aged population profile. For the first time the UK has more people over age 60 than below 16 years of age. The increase in longevity has not been accompanied by an increase in disease-free life expectancy and research into ageing is required to improve the health and quality of life of older people. However, as the House of Lords reported, ageing research in the UK is not adequately structured and a clear vision and plan are urgently required. Hence, with the aim of setting a common vision for action in ageing research in the UK, a 'Spark Workshop' was organised. International experts from different disciplines related to ageing research gathered to share their perspectives and to evaluate the present status of ageing research in the UK. A detailed assessment of potential improvements was conducted and the prospective secondary gains were considered, which were subsequently distilled into a list of 'ten commandments'. We believe that these commandments, if followed, will help to bring about the necessary implementation of an action plan for ageing research in the UK, commensurate with the scale of the challenge, which is to transform the manifold opportunities of increased longevity into actual delivery of a society living not only for longer, but also healthier, wealthier and happier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Franco
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | - Thomas BL Kirkwood
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathan R Powell
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | - Michael Catt
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK441LQ, UK
| | | | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Fuster V, Sanz J. Gene therapy and stem cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases today: a model for translational research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4 Suppl 1:S1-8. [PMID: 17230204 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials looking at ways to promote myocardial regeneration have reported that the administered therapies have either neutral effects or modest benefits of questionable impact. These somewhat disappointing results should emphasize the need for translational research, with bidirectional feedback between the basic research laboratory and the clinical arena. Such a translational pathway is illustrated by the quest to find an effective therapy for restenosis, which culminated in the development of sirolimus. At this point a move away from the bedside and a return to the bench seems necessary to better understand the mechanisms of action of progenitor cells and stimulating factors. Without such basic knowledge research might be prematurely discouraged and the opportunity to fully understand the true potential of cardiovascular regenerative therapy might be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Fuster
- The Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and The Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes evidence for several functions of neovascularization in plaque growth that sustain perfusion beyond limits of diffusion from the artery lumen and outer adventitial vasa vasorum, deposit proatherogenic plasma molecules, recruit immune cells and progenitors, and promote intraplaque hemorrhage. Recent approvals of antiangiogenesis drugs for clinical use in cancer and macular degeneration improve the feasibility of testing whether such agents inhibit plaque angiogenesis and incidental atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Improvements in large and small animal models of atherosclerosis and knowledge of the molecular regulation of angiogenesis in development and disease have advanced understanding of plaque angiogenesis. Genetic modifications of angiogenesis molecules in mouse strains susceptible to atherosclerosis provide experimental means to identify native molecules that regulate plaque angiogenesis. Studies of plaque angiogenesis are aided by micro-computed tomography techniques that image vasa vasorum anatomy in relation to the atheroma. SUMMARY Greater knowledge of plaque angiogenesis regulation is needed to design treatments that target the most critical regulatory pathways. Evolutions in angiogenesis inhibitor treatments for cancer and other diseases call for a need to understand the distinct cardiovascular profiles of different agents to rationally combine agents for optimal selectivity and efficacy in the intended vascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Moulton
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Karp Family Research Building 11.212, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Davidson J, Rotondo D. Atherosclerosis; cell biology and lipoproteins: lipid metabolism, eicosanoids, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and the atherogenic process. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:489-91. [PMID: 16832175 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000236377.65625.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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