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Gutsol AA, Hale TM, Thibodeau JF, Holterman CE, Nasrallah R, Correa JWN, Touyz RM, Kennedy CRJ, Burger D, Hébert RL, Burns KD. Comparative Analysis of Hypertensive Tubulopathy in Animal Models of Hypertension and Its Relevance to Human Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:160-175. [PMID: 37632371 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231191128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of hypertensive tubulopathy for more than fifty animal models of hypertension in experimental pathology employs criteria that do not correspond to lesional descriptors for tubular lesions in clinical pathology. We provide a critical appraisal of experimental hypertension with the same approach used to estimate hypertensive renal tubulopathy in humans. Four models with different pathogenesis of hypertension were analyzed-chronic angiotensin (Ang) II-infused and renin-overexpressing (TTRhRen) mice, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and Goldblatt two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) rats. Mouse models, SHR, and the nonclipped kidney in 2K1C rats had no regular signs of hypertensive tubulopathy. Histopathology in animals was mild and limited to variations in the volume density of tubular lumen and epithelium, interstitial space, and interstitial collagen. Affected kidneys in animals demonstrated lesion values that are significantly different compared with healthy controls but correspond to mild damage if compared with hypertensive humans. The most substantial human-like hypertensive tubulopathy was detected in the clipped kidney of 2K1C rats. For the first time, our study demonstrated the regular presence of chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) in relatively young mice and rats with induced hypertension. Because CPN may confound the assessment of rodent models of hypertension, proliferative markers should be used to verify nonhypertensive tubulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Gutsol
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taben M Hale
- The University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris R J Kennedy
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Liu Y, Liang S, Shi D, Zhang Y, Bai C, Ye RD. A predicted structure of NADPH Oxidase 1 identifies key components of ROS generation and strategies for inhibition. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285206. [PMID: 37134122 PMCID: PMC10155968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) is primarily expressed in epithelial cells and responsible for local generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). By specifically manipulating the local redox microenvironment, NOX1 actively engages in epithelial immunity, especially in colorectal and pulmonary epithelia. To unravel the structural basis of NOX1 engaged epithelial immune processes, a predicted structure model was established using RaptorX deep learning models. The predicted structure model illustrates a 6-transmembrane domain structure, a FAD binding domain, and an NADPH binding/NOXO1 interacting region. The substrate/cofactor binding scheme with respect to this proposed model highly correlates with published reports and is verified in our site-directed mutagenesis assays. An electron transport chain, from NADPH to FAD and the two heme groups, was well supported by the predicted model. Through molecular docking analysis of various small molecule NOX1 inhibitors and subsequent experimental validation, we identified pronounced active sites for potent NOX1 inhibition. Specifically, LEU60, VAL71, MET181, LEU185, HIS208, PHE211, TYR214, and TYR280 in the transmembrane domain form an active pocket for insertion of the small molecule inhibitors to inhibit electron transfer between the heme groups, thus affecting extracellular ROS generation. Altogether, our study provides structural information to help elucidate the role of NOX1 in epithelial generation of ROS and sheds light on the development of therapeutics for NOX1 related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhou Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyu Liang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- Warshel Institute of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Warshel Institute of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Bai
- Warshel Institute of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Vendrov AE, Stevenson MD, Lozhkin A, Hayami T, Holland NA, Yang X, Moss N, Pan H, Wickline SA, Stockand JD, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR, Arendshorst WJ. Renal NOXA1/NOX1 Signaling Regulates Epithelial Sodium Channel and Sodium Retention in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:550-566. [PMID: 34714114 PMCID: PMC8978567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aims: NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients. Genetic deletion of NOX activator 1 (Noxa1) subunit of NOX1 decreases ROS under pathophysiological conditions. Here, we investigated the role of NOXA1-dependent NOX1 activity in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension (AIH) and possible involvement of abnormal renal function. Results: NOXA1 is present in epithelial cells of Henle's thick ascending limb and distal nephron. Telemetry showed lower basal systolic blood pressure (BP) in Noxa1-/-versus wild-type mice. Ang II infusion for 1 and 14 days increased NOXA1/NOX1 expression and ROS in kidney of male but not female wild-type mice. Mean BP increased 30 mmHg in wild-type males, with smaller increases in Noxa1-deficient males and wild-type or Noxa1-/- females. In response to an acute salt load, Na+ excretion was similar in wild-type and Noxa1-/- mice before and 14 days after Ang II infusion. However, Na+ excretion was delayed after 1-2 days of Ang II in male wild-type versus Noxa1-/- mice. Ang II increased epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) levels and activation in the collecting duct principal epithelial cells of wild-type but not Noxa1-/- mice. Aldosterone induced ROS levels and Noxa1 and Scnn1a expression and ENaC activity in a mouse renal epithelial cell line, responses abolished by Noxa1 small-interfering RNA. Innovation and Conclusion: Ang II activation of renal NOXA1/NOX1-dependent ROS enhances tubular ENaC expression and Na+ reabsorption, leading to increased BP. Attenuation of AIH in females is attributed to weaker NOXA1/NOX1-dependent ROS signaling and efficient natriuresis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 550-566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr E Vendrov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark D Stevenson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrey Lozhkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Takayuki Hayami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Moss
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James D Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nageswara R Madamanchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Joaquim AG, Oharomari LK, Vale GTD, Tirapelli CR, Moraes CD. Interval or continuous aerobic exercise performed 3 days a week increases endothelium-dependent relaxation in female rats fed with fructose. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Xu L, Balzarolo M, Robinson EL, Lorenz V, Verde GD, Joray L, Mochizuki M, Kaufmann BA, Valstar G, de Jager SCA, den Ruijter HM, Heymans S, Pfister O, Kuster GM. NOX1 mediates metabolic heart disease in mice and is upregulated in monocytes of humans with diastolic dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2973-2984. [PMID: 34849611 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microvascular inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diastolic dysfunction (DD) and metabolic heart disease. NOX1 is expressed in vascular and immune cells and has been implicated in the vascular pathology of metabolic disease. However, its contribution to metabolic heart disease is less understood. METHODS AND RESULTS NOX1-deficient mice (KO) and male wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) and injected streptozotocin (75 mg/kg i.p.) or control diet (CTD) and sodium citrate. Despite similar weight gain and increase in fasting blood glucose and insulin, only WT-HFHS but not KO-HFHS mice developed concentric cardiac hypertrophy and elevated left ventricular filling pressure. This was associated with increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression, accumulation of Mac-2-, IL-1β- and NLRP3-positive cells and nitrosative stress in WT-HFHS but not KO-HFHS hearts. Nox1 mRNA was solidly expressed in CD45+ immune cells isolated from healthy mouse hearts, but was negligible in cardiac CD31+ endothelial cells. However, in vitro, Nox1 expression increased in response to LPS in endothelial cells and contributed to LPS-induced upregulation of Icam-1. Nox1 was also upregulated in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to LPS. In peripheral monocytes from age- and sex-matched symptomatic patients with and without DD, NOX1 was significantly higher in patients with DD compared to those without DD. CONCLUSIONS NOX1 mediates endothelial activation and contributes to myocardial inflammation and remodeling in metabolic disease in mice. Given its high expression in monocytes of humans with DD, NOX1 may represent a potential target to mitigate heart disease associated with DD. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE In their multifactorial pathogenesis, diastolic dysfunction (DD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) still remain poorly understood. They frequently occur in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Microvascular inflammation and dysfunction have recently been recognized as major driving forces. We show that genetic deletion of Nox1 prevents cardiac inflammation, remodeling and dysfunction in metabolic disease in mice and find NOX1 upregulated in peripheral monocytes of patients with DD. These findings add to our understanding how obesity, inflammation and heart disease are linked, which is a prerequisite to find therapeutic strategies beyond the control of co-morbidities in HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melania Balzarolo
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Robinson
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Della Verde
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Joray
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michika Mochizuki
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gideon Valstar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Belgium, Leuven.,Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER The Netherlands.,ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Holland Heart House, Moreelsepark 1, Utrecht, 3511 EP The Netherlands
| | - Otmar Pfister
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela M Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Strembitska A, Harvey AP, Harvey KY, Yusuf H, Haniford S, Hepburn RT, Dyet J, Beattie W, Haddow L, McAbney J, Graham D, Montezano AC. Osteoprotegerin regulates vascular function through syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2429-2444. [PMID: 34668009 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenic factors, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG), are protective against vascular calcification. However, OPG is also positively associated with cardiovascular damage, particularly in pulmonary hypertension, possibly through processes beyond effects on calcification. In the present study, we focused on calcification-independent vascular effects of OPG through activation of syndecan-1 and NADPH oxidases (Noxs) 1 and 4. Isolated resistance arteries from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, exposed to exogenous OPG, studied by myography exhibited endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction. OPG decreased nitric oxide (NO) production, eNOS activation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells. In VSMCs, OPG increased ROS production, H2O2/peroxynitrite levels and activation of Rho kinase and myosin light chain. OPG vascular and redox effects were also inhibited by the syndecan-1 inhibitor synstatin (SSNT). Additionally, heparinase and chondroitinase abolished OPG effects on VSMCs-ROS production, confirming syndecan-1 as OPG molecular partner and suggesting that OPG binds to heparan/chondroitin sulphate chains of syndecan-1. OPG-induced ROS production was abrogated by NoxA1ds (Nox1 inhibitor) and GKT137831 (dual Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor). Tempol (SOD mimetic) inhibited vascular dysfunction induced by OPG. In addition, we studied arteries from Nox1 and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice. Nox1 and Nox4 KO abrogated OPG-induced vascular dysfunction. Vascular dysfunction elicited by OPG is mediated by a complex signalling cascade involving syndecan-1, Nox1 and Nox4. Our data identify novel molecular mechanisms beyond calcification for OPG, which may underlie vascular injurious effects of osteogenic factors in conditions such as hypertension and/or diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/enzymology
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 4/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin/toxicity
- Oxidative Stress
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Syndecan-1/metabolism
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Karla Bianca Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Katie Y Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Hiba Yusuf
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Susan Haniford
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ross T Hepburn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Jennifer Dyet
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Wendy Beattie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Laura Haddow
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - John McAbney
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
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7
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Abstract
A link between oxidative stress and hypertension has been firmly established in multiple animal models of hypertension but remains elusive in humans. While initial studies focused on inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide, our understanding of relevant reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) and how they modify complex signaling pathways to promote hypertension has expanded significantly. In this review, we summarize recent advances in delineating the primary and secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), the posttranslational oxidative modifications they induce on protein targets important for redox signaling, their interplay with endogenous antioxidant systems, and the role of inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticular stress in the development of hypertension. We highlight how oxidative stress in different organ systems contributes to hypertension, describe new animal models that have clarified the importance of specific proteins, and discuss clinical studies that shed light on how these processes and pathways are altered in human hypertension. Finally, we focus on the promise of redox proteomics and systems biology to help us fully understand the relationship between ROS and hypertension and their potential for designing and evaluating novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
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8
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NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000885. [PMID: 33170835 PMCID: PMC7654809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most important cause of death and disability in the elderly. In 9 out of 10 cases, the molecular cause, however, is unknown. One mechanistic hypothesis involves impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Indeed, ROS forming NADPH oxidase (Nox) genes associate with hypertension, yet target validation has been negative. We re-investigate this association by molecular network analysis and identify NOX5, not present in rodents, as a sole neighbor to human vasodilatory endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling. In hypertensive patients, endothelial microparticles indeed contained higher levels of NOX5—but not NOX1, NOX2, or NOX4—with a bimodal distribution correlating with disease severity. Mechanistically, mice expressing human Nox5 in endothelial cells developed—upon aging—severe systolic hypertension and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation due to uncoupled NO synthase (NOS). We conclude that NOX5-induced uncoupling of endothelial NOS is a causal mechanism and theragnostic target of an age-related hypertension endotype. Nox5 knock-in (KI) mice represent the first mechanism-based animal model of hypertension. The causes of hypertension are not understood; treatments are symptomatic and prevent only few of the associated risks. This study applies network medicine to identify a subgroup of patients with NADPH oxidase 5-induced uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase as the cause of age-related hypertension, enabling a first-in-class mechanism-based treatment of hypertension.
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9
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Zimnol A, Spicker N, Balhorn R, Schröder K, Schupp N. The NADPH Oxidase Isoform 1 Contributes to Angiotensin II-Mediated DNA Damage in the Kidney. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070586. [PMID: 32635630 PMCID: PMC7402089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher concentrations, the blood pressure regulating hormone angiotensin II leads to vasoconstriction, hypertension, and oxidative stress by activating NADPH oxidases which are a major enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). With the help of knockout animals, the impact of the three predominant NADPH oxidases present in the kidney, i.e., Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 on angiotensin II-induced oxidative damage was studied. Male wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 mice, Nox1-, Nox2- and Nox4-deficient mice were equipped with osmotic minipumps, delivering either vehicle (PBS) or angiotensin II, for 28 days. Angiotensin II increased blood pressure and urinary albumin levels significantly in all treated mouse strains. In Nox1 knockout mice these increases were significantly lower than in WT, or Nox2 knockout mice. In WT mice, angiotensin II also raised systemic oxidative stress, ROS formation and DNA lesions in the kidney. A local significantly increased ROS production was also found in Nox2 and Nox4 knockout mice but not in Nox1 knockout mice who further had significantly lower systemic oxidative stress and DNA damage than WT animals. Nox2 and Nox4 knockout mice had increased basal DNA damage, concealing possible angiotensin II-induced increases. In conclusion, in the kidney, Nox1 seemed to play a role in angiotensin II-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zimnol
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.Z.); (N.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Nora Spicker
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.Z.); (N.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Ronja Balhorn
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.Z.); (N.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.Z.); (N.S.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-8113001
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10
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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11
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Touyz RM, Anagnostopoulou A, Camargo LL, Rios FJ, Montezano AC. Vascular Biology of Superoxide-Generating NADPH Oxidase 5-Implications in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1027-1040. [PMID: 30334629 PMCID: PMC6354601 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NADPH oxidases (Noxs), of which there are seven isoforms (Nox1-5, Duox1/Duox2), are professional oxidases functioning as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes. ROS are signaling molecules important in physiological processes. Increased ROS production and altered redox signaling in the vascular system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, and have been attributed, in part, to increased Nox activity. Recent Advances: Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed and functionally active in human vascular cells. While Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 have been well characterized in models of cardiovascular disease, little is known about Nox5. This may relate to the lack of experimental models because rodents lack NOX5. However, recent studies have advanced the field by (i) elucidating mechanisms of Nox5 regulation, (ii) identifying Nox5 variants, (iii) characterizing Nox5 expression, and (iv) discovering the Nox5 crystal structure. Moreover, studies in human Nox5-expressing mice have highlighted a putative role for Nox5 in cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although growing evidence indicates a role for Nox-derived ROS in cardiovascular (patho)physiology, the exact function of each isoform remains unclear. This is especially true for Nox5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future directions should focus on clinically relevant studies to discover the functional significance of Noxs, and Nox5 in particular, in human health and disease. Two important recent studies will impact future directions. First, Nox5 is the first Nox to be crystallized. Second, a genome-wide association study identified Nox5 as a novel blood pressure-associated gene. These discoveries, together with advancements in Nox5 biology and biochemistry, will facilitate discovery of drugs that selectively target Noxs to interfere in uncontrolled ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M. Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Livia L. Camargo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Rios
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Montezano AC, De Lucca Camargo L, Persson P, Rios FJ, Harvey AP, Anagnostopoulou A, Palacios R, Gandara ACP, Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Dulak-Lis M, Holterman CE, de Oliveira PL, Graham D, Kennedy C, Touyz RM. NADPH Oxidase 5 Is a Pro-Contractile Nox Isoform and a Point of Cross-Talk for Calcium and Redox Signaling-Implications in Vascular Function. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009388. [PMID: 29907654 PMCID: PMC6220544 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH Oxidase 5 (Nox5) is a calcium-sensitive superoxide-generating Nox. It is present in lower forms and higher mammals, but not in rodents. Nox5 is expressed in vascular cells, but the functional significance remains elusive. Given that contraction is controlled by calcium and reactive oxygen species, both associated with Nox5, we questioned the role of Nox5 in pro-contractile signaling and vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice expressing human Nox5 in a vascular smooth muscle cell-specific manner (Nox5 mice) and Rhodnius prolixus, an arthropod model that expresses Nox5 endogenoulsy, were studied. Reactive oxygen species generation was increased systemically and in the vasculature and heart in Nox5 mice. In Nox5-expressing mice, agonist-induced vasoconstriction was exaggerated and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired. Vascular structural and mechanical properties were not influenced by Nox5. Vascular contractile responses in Nox5 mice were normalized by N-acetylcysteine and inhibitors of calcium channels, calmodulin, and endoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptors, but not by GKT137831 (Nox1/4 inhibitor). At the cellular level, vascular changes in Nox5 mice were associated with increased vascular smooth muscle cell [Ca2+]i, increased reactive oxygen species and nitrotyrosine levels, and hyperphosphorylation of pro-contractile signaling molecules MLC20 (myosin light chain 20) and MYPT1 (myosin phosphatase target subunit 1). Blood pressure was similar in wild-type and Nox5 mice. Nox5 did not amplify angiotensin II effects. In R. prolixus, gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction was blunted by Nox5 silencing, but not by VAS2870 (Nox1/2/4 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS Nox5 is a pro-contractile Nox isoform important in redox-sensitive contraction. This involves calcium-calmodulin and endoplasmic reticulum-regulated mechanisms. Our findings define a novel function for vascular Nox5, linking calcium and reactive oxygen species to the pro-contractile molecular machinery in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrik Persson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberto Palacios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Caroline P Gandara
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Dulak-Lis
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro Lagerblad de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Gonzalez AA, Zamora L, Reyes-Martinez C, Salinas-Parra N, Roldan N, Cuevas CA, Figueroa S, Gonzalez-Vergara A, Prieto MC. (Pro)renin receptor activation increases profibrotic markers and fibroblast-like phenotype through MAPK-dependent ROS formation in mouse renal collecting duct cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1134-1144. [PMID: 28696542 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that activation of the PRR upregulates profibrotic markers through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; however, the exact mechanisms have not been investigated in CD cells. We hypothesized that activation of the PRR increases the expression of profibrotic markers through MAPK-dependent ROS formation in CD cells. Mouse renal CD cell line (M-1) was treated with recombinant prorenin plus ROS or MAPK inhibitors and PRR-shRNA to evaluate their effect on the expression of profibrotic markers. PRR immunostaining revealed plasma membrane and intracellular localization. Recombinant prorenin increases ROS formation (6.0 ± 0.5 vs 3.9 ± 0.1 nmol/L DCF/μg total protein, P < .05) and expression of profibrotic markers CTGF (149 ± 12%, P < .05), α-SMA (160 ± 20%, P < .05), and PAI-I (153 ± 13%, P < .05) at 10-8 mol/L. Recombinant prorenin-induced phospho ERK 1/2 (p44 and p42) at 10-8 and 10-6 mol/L after 20 minutes. Prorenin-dependent ROS formation and augmentation of profibrotic factors were blunted by ROS scavengers (trolox, p-coumaric acid, ascorbic acid), the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR transfections with PRR-shRNA. No effects were observed in the presence of antioxidants alone. Prorenin-induced upregulation of collagen I and fibronectin was blunted by ROS scavenging or MEK inhibition independently. PRR-shRNA partially prevented this induction. After 24 hours prorenin treatment M-1 cells undergo to epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, however MEK inhibitor PD98059 and PRR knockdown prevented this effect. These results suggest that PRR might have a significant role in tubular damage during conditions of high prorenin-renin secretion in the CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Leonardo Zamora
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | | | - Nicolas Salinas-Parra
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Nicole Roldan
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stefanny Figueroa
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Alex Gonzalez-Vergara
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Haque R, Iuvone PM, He L, Hur EH, Chung Choi KS, Park D, Farrell AN, Ngo A, Gokhale S, Aseem M, Kumar B. Prorenin receptor (PRR)-mediated NADPH oxidase (Nox) signaling regulates VEGF synthesis under hyperglycemic condition in ARPE-19 cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:560-568. [PMID: 28840773 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1369120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of angiotensin II (Ang II), the effector peptide of renin-angiotensin system, has been reported to increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through the activation of the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). In this study, we investigated whether hyperglycemia (HG, 33 mM glucose) in ARPE-19 cells could promote the expression of VEGF independently of Ang II through prorenin receptor (PRR), via an NADPH oxidase (Nox)-dependent mechanism. ARPE-19 cells were treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril to block the synthesis of Ang II. Treatment with HG induced VEGF expression in ARPE-19 cells, which was attenuated by pretreatment with the inhibitors of Nox, but not those of nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial O2 synthesis. In addition, Nox-derived [Formula: see text] and H2O2 signaling in the regulation of VEGF was determined by using both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase (CAT) and PEG-superoxide dismutase (SOD). We demonstrated that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PRR, Nox2 and Nox4 significantly reduced the HG-induced stimulation of VEGF. On the other hand, Nox4 overexpression significantly potentiated PRR-induced stimulation of VEGF under hyperglycemia in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, Nox4 was shown to be associated with enhanced activities of ERK1/2 and NF-κB (p65), indicating their involvement in PRR-induced activation of VEGF under HG in ARPE-19 cells. Our results support the hypothesis that Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is implicated in the hyperglycemia-induced increase of VEGF expression through PRR in ARPE-19 cells. However, further work is needed to evaluate the role of PRR and Nox-s in HG-induced stimulation of VEGF in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidul Haque
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Li He
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Elizabeth H Hur
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kimberly Su Chung Choi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Daniel Park
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Annie N Farrell
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ashley Ngo
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Madiha Aseem
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Harvey AP, Montezano AC, Hood KY, Lopes RA, Rios F, Ceravolo G, Graham D, Touyz RM. Vascular dysfunction and fibrosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats: The aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor-Nox1 axis. Life Sci 2017; 179:110-119. [PMID: 28478264 PMCID: PMC5446265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We questioned whether aldosterone and oxidative stress play a role in vascular damage in severe hypertension and investigated the role of Nox1 in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied mesenteric arteries, aortas and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from WKY and SHRSP rats. Vascular effects of eplerenone or canrenoic acid (CA) (mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockers), ML171 (Nox1 inhibitor) and EHT1864 (Rac1/2 inhibitor) were assessed. Nox1-knockout mice were also studied. Vessels and VSMCs were probed for Noxs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-fibrotic/inflammatory signaling. KEY FINDINGS Blood pressure and plasma levels of aldosterone and galectin-3 were increased in SHRSP versus WKY. Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was decreased (61% vs 115%) and phenylephrine-induced contraction increased in SHRSP versus WKY (Emax 132.8% vs 96.9%, p<0.05). Eplerenone, ML171 and EHT1864 attenuated hypercontractility in SHRSP. Vascular expression of collagen, fibronectin, TGFβ, MCP-1, RANTES, MMP2, MMP9 and p66Shc was increased in SHRSP versus WKY. These changes were associated with increased ROS generation, 3-nitrotyrosine expression and Nox1 upregulation. Activation of vascular p66Shc and increased expression of Nox1 and collagen I were prevented by CA in SHRSP. Nox1 expression was increased in aldosterone-stimulated WKY VSMCs, an effect that was amplified in SHRSP VSMCs (5.2vs9.9 fold-increase). ML171 prevented aldosterone-induced VSMC Nox1-ROS production. Aldosterone increased vascular expression of fibronectin and PAI-1 in wild-type mice but not in Nox1-knockout mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that aldosterone, which is increased in SHRSP, induces vascular damage through MR-Nox1-p66Shc-mediated processes that modulate pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Y Hood
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rheure A Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graziela Ceravolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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17
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Biancardi VC, Bomfim GF, Reis WL, Al-Gassimi S, Nunes KP. The interplay between Angiotensin II, TLR4 and hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:88-96. [PMID: 28330785 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Although a number of different underlying mechanisms have been learned from the various experimental models of the disease, hypertension still poses challenges for treatment. Angiotensin II plays an unquestionable role in blood pressure regulation acting through central and peripheral mechanisms. During hypertension, dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System is associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing kidney damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increase in sympathetic activity, among other damages, eventually leading to decline in organ function. Recent studies have shown that these effects involve both the innate and the adaptive immune response. The contribution of adaptive immune responses involving different lymphocyte populations in various models of hypertension has been extensively studied. However, the involvement of the innate immunity mediating inflammation in hypertension is still not well understood. The innate and adaptive immune systems intimately interact with one another and are essential to an effectively functioning of the immune response; hence, the importance of a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating innate immune system during hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss mechanisms linking Angiotensin II and the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The newest research investigating Angiotensin II triggering toll like receptor 4 activation in the kidney, vasculature and central nervous system contributing to hypertension will be discussed. Understanding the role of the innate immune system in the development of hypertension may bring to light new insights necessary to improve hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States
| | | | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Al-Gassimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States.
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18
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Jha JC, Banal C, Chow BSM, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetes and Kidney Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:657-684. [PMID: 26906673 PMCID: PMC5069735 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the context of concomitant, insufficient antioxidant pathways. Renal ROS production in diabetes is predominantly mediated by various NADPH oxidases (NOXs), but a defective antioxidant system as well as mitochondrial dysfunction may also contribute. Recent Advances: Effective agents targeting the source of ROS generation hold the promise to rescue the kidney from oxidative damage and prevent subsequent progression of DKD. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In the present review, we summarize and critically analyze molecular and cellular mechanisms that have been demonstrated to be involved in NOX-induced renal injury in diabetes, with particular focus on the role of increased glomerular injury, the development of albuminuria, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, novel agents targeting NOX isoforms are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 657-684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudine Banal
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1999, a number of studies have evaluated the role of Nox1 NADPH oxidase in the cardiovascular system. Nox1 is activated in vascular cells in response to several different agonists, with its activity regulated at the transcriptional level as well as by NADPH oxidase complex formation, protein stabilization and post-translational modification. Nox1 has been shown to decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide, transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor, induce pro-inflammatory signalling, and promote cell migration and proliferation. Enhanced expression and activity of Nox1 under pathologic conditions results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species and dysregulated cellular function. Indeed, studies using genetic models of Nox1 deficiency or overexpression have revealed roles for Nox1 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to hypertension, restenosis and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. These data suggest that Nox1 is a potential therapeutic target for vascular disease, and drug development efforts are ongoing to identify a specific bioavailable inhibitor of Nox1.
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Sirokmány G, Donkó Á, Geiszt M. Nox/Duox Family of NADPH Oxidases: Lessons from Knockout Mouse Models. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:318-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Touati S, Montezano ACI, Meziri F, Riva C, Touyz RM, Laurant P. Exercise training protects against atherosclerotic risk factors through vascular NADPH oxidase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase downregulation in obese rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:179-85. [PMID: 25399833 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training reverses atherosclerotic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The aim of the present study was to determine the molecular anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-atherogenic effects in aorta from rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat (HFD) or control (CD) diet for 12 weeks. The HFD rats were then divided into four groups: (i) sedentary HFD-fed rats (HFD-S); (ii) exercise trained (motor treadmill 5 days/week, 60 min/day, 12 weeks) HFD-fed rats (HFD-Ex); (iii) modified diet (HFD to CD) sedentary rats (HF/CD-S); and (iv) an exercise-trained modified diet group (HF/CD-Ex). Tissue levels of NADPH oxidase (activity and expression), NADPH oxidase (Nox) 1, Nox2, Nox4, p47(phox) , superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were determined in the aorta. Plasma cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) levels were also measured. Obesity was accompanied by increases in NADPH oxidase activity, p47(phox) translocation, Nox4 and VCAM-1 protein expression, MAPK (ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK) phosphorylation and plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Exercise training and switching from the HFD to CD reversed almost all these molecular changes. In addition, training increased aortic SOD-1 protein expression and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that protective effects of exercise training on atherosclerotic risk factors induced by obesity are associated with downregulation of NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK activity and increased SOD-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeur Touati
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharm-Ecology (LAPEC) EA4278, Avignon University, Avignon, France; Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Zhu K, Kakehi T, Matsumoto M, Iwata K, Ibi M, Ohshima Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Wen X, Taye A, Fan C, Katsuyama M, Sharma K, Yabe-Nishimura C. NADPH oxidase NOX1 is involved in activation of protein kinase C and premature senescence in early stage diabetic kidney. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:21-30. [PMID: 25701431 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) under hyperglycemia have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Because reactive oxygen species derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, NOX1 accelerate the translocation of PKC isoforms, NOX1 is postulated to play a causative role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycemia was induced in wild-type and Nox1-deficient mice (KO) by two doses of streptozotocin injection. At 3 weeks after the induction of hyperglycemia, glomeruli and cortical tubules were isolated from kidneys. The mRNA level of Nox1 was significantly upregulated in the renal cortex at 3 weeks of hyperglycemia. Urinary albumin and expression of inflammatory or fibrotic mediators were similarly elevated in diabetic wild-type and KO; however, increases in glomerular volume and mesangial matrix area were attenuated in diabetic KO. Nox1 deficiency significantly reduced the levels of renal thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, membranous translocation of PKCα/β, activity of PKC, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the diabetic kidney. Furthermore, increased staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in glomeruli and cortical tubules of diabetic mice was significantly suppressed in KO. Whereas the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16(INK4A) and p21(Cip1), were equivalent between the genotypes, increased levels of p27(Kip1) and γ-H2AX, a biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks, were significantly attenuated in isolated glomeruli and cortical tubules of diabetic KO. Taken together, NOX1 modulates the p38/p27(Kip1) signaling pathway by activating PKC and promotes premature senescence in early stage diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kakehi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ohshima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ashraf Taye
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chunyuan Fan
- Dujiangyan City Medical Center, Dujiangyan Chengdu, 611830 Sichuan, China
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Zimmerman DL, Zimpelmann J, Xiao F, Gutsol A, Touyz R, Burns KD. The effect of angiotensin-(1-7) in mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:729-40. [PMID: 25625676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) is a ligand for the Mas receptor and may protect against tissue injury associated with renin-angiotensin system activation. We determined the effects of endogenous or exogenous angiotensin-(1-7) in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Mice with UUO were treated with or without the angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A779 or with 6, 24, or 62 μg/kg per hour exogenous angiotensin-(1-7). After 10 days, kidneys were harvested for histology, immunoblots, and measurement of NADPH oxidase. Compared with controls, A779 treatment significantly increased fibronectin, transforming growth factor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin expression in obstructed kidneys and enhanced tubulointerstitial injury, apoptosis, and NADPH oxidase. Unexpectedly, administration of angiotensin-(1-7) to mice with UUO caused injury in obstructed kidneys compared with controls and increased macrophage infiltration. In obstructed kidneys from mice with gene deletion of Mas (Mas(-/-)), apoptosis and macrophage infiltration were increased compared with wild-type mice. Angiotensin-(1-7) (but not A779) further increased apoptosis and macrophage influx in obstructed kidneys from Mas(-/-) mice, compared with untreated Mas(-/-) mice. These data indicate that endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) protects against kidney injury in UUO. In mice with or without the Mas receptor, however, delivery of exogenous angiotensin-(1-7) worsens kidney damage. The results suggest dose-dependent effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in the kidney in UUO, with endogenous angiotensin-(1-7) promoting repair pathways via interaction with Mas and higher amounts exacerbating injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Zimmerman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Zimpelmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Gutsol
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rhian Touyz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Weaver JR, Grzesik W, Taylor-Fishwick DA. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 preserves beta cell function. Diabetologia 2015; 58:113-21. [PMID: 25277953 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Upregulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1 in islets and beta cells follows acute exposure to inflammatory cytokines and is concomitant with beta cell dysfunction. NOX-1 is a candidate mediator of inflammation-induced beta cell dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether selective inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 presents a new strategy to preserve beta cell function. METHODS Induced beta cell dysfunction was studied in primary human donor islets, isolated mouse islets and murine beta cell lines. Islets and beta cells were stimulated with inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ). NOX-1 activity was blocked by the selective inhibitor ML171. RESULTS Cytokine induction of intracellular ROS was reduced 80% with 1 μmol/l ML171 in murine beta cell lines (p < 0.01). Cytokine-induced apoptosis, measured by caspase-3 activation or quantified fluorescence microscopy, was prevented in islets and beta cell lines up to 100% with ML171 in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Functionally, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was abolished by cytokine exposure but preserved by ML171 in isolated mouse islets and murine beta cell lines. A feed-forward regulation of NOX-1 in islets and beta cell lines was disrupted by ML171. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Stimulation of NOX-1 activity is a major component of inflammatory cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction. Significant protection of beta cells is conferred with selective inhibition of NOX-1. Suppression of NOX-1 activity may present a new therapeutic strategy to preserve and protect beta cell function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, LH 2128, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
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Gentile G, Mastroluca D, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Novel effective drugs for diabetic kidney disease? or not? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:571-601. [PMID: 25376947 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.979151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is increasingly common worldwide and is expected to affect 592 million people by 2035. The kidney is often involved. A key goal in treating diabetes is to reduce the risk of development of kidney disease and, if kidney disease is already present, to delay the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This represents a social and ethical issue, as a significant proportion of patients reaching ESRD in developing countries do not have access to renal replacement therapy. AREAS COVERED The present review focuses on novel therapeutic approaches for diabetic nephropathy (DN), implemented on the basis of recent insights on its pathophysiology, which might complement the effects of single inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the cornerstone of renoprotective interventions in diabetes, along with glycemic and blood pressure control. EXPERT OPINION Although a plethora of new treatment options has arisen from experimental studies, the number of novel renoprotective molecules successfully implemented in clinical practice over the last two decades is disappointingly low. Thus, new investigational strategies and diagnostic tools - including the appropriate choice of relevant renal end points and the study of urinary proteome of patients - will be as important as new therapeutic interventions to fight DN. Finally, in spite of huge financial interests in replacing the less expensive ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with newer drugs, any future therapeutic approach has to be tested on top of - rather than instead of - optimal RAAS blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gentile
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò" , Villa Camozzi, Via Giambattista Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo , Italy +39 03545351 ; +39 0354535371 ;
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Chan EC, Dusting GJ, Liu GS, Jiang F. Redox mechanisms of the beneficial effects of heme oxygenase in hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1379-86; discussion 1387. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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Effects of a domain-selective ACE inhibitor in a mouse model of chronic angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:57-63. [PMID: 24506807 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The somatic isozyme of ACE (angiotensin I-converting enzyme) comprises two distinct zinc-dependent catalytic domains with different substrate specificities for angiotensin I (cleaved selectively by the C-domain) and bradykinin (cleaved equally efficiently by both the N- and C-domains). Classical ACEIs (ACE inhibitors) target both domains, with side effects such as cough and angio-oedema being attributed, in part, to N-domain inhibition, probably through bradykinin accumulation. We questioned whether a novel C-domain-selective ACEI (lisW-S) has anti-hypertensive effects without influencing bradykinin status. AngII (angiotensin II)-dependent hypertension was studied in mice that express active human renin in the liver (TtRhRen). Compared with wild-type littermates, TtRhRen mice displayed cardiac hypertrophy and had significantly elevated SBP [systolic BP (blood pressure)] as determined by tail cuff sphygmomanometry (150±3 compared with 112±5 mmHg; P<0.05) and telemetry (163±3 compared with 112±2 mmHg; P<0.01). Treatment with the non-selective ACEI lisinopril (1 mg/kg of body weight per day via an osmotic mini-pump for 2 weeks) reduced SBP (127±3 compared with. 154±6; P<0.05). Similarly, treatment with the C-domain selective ACEI lisW-S (lisinopril-tryptophan; 3.6 mg/kg of body weight per day via an osmotic mini-pump for 2 weeks) reduced BP. Treatment with lisinopril or lisW-S significantly reduced levels of AngII in kidneys (~4-fold; P<0.001). Ang-(2-8) [angiotensin-2-8)] was significantly reduced by lisinopril, but not by lisW-S. Plasma bradykinin levels were significantly increased only in the lisinopril group. These data suggest that C-domain-selective ACEIs reduce BP and AngII levels similarly to classical ACEIs. C-domain-selective ACEIs have the potential to avoid undesirable effects on the bradykinin system common to classic ACEIs and may represent a novel approach to the treatment of hypertension.
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Gray SP, Jandeleit-Dahm K. The pathobiology of diabetic vascular complications--cardiovascular and kidney disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:441-52. [PMID: 24687627 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, it is predicted that more than half of Americans will have diabetes or pre-diabetes by 2020. Diabetic patients develop vascular complications at a much faster rate in comparison to non-diabetic individuals, and cardiovascular risk is increased up to tenfold. With the increasing incidence of diabetes across the world, the development of vascular complications will become an increasing medical burden. Diabetic vascular complications affect the micro- and macro-vasculature leading to kidney disease often requiring dialysis and transplantation or cardiovascular disease increasing the risk for myocardial infarction, stroke and amputations as well as leading to premature mortality. It has been suggested that many complex pathways contribute to the pathobiology of diabetic complications including hyperglycaemia itself, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and interaction with the receptors for AGEs such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as well as the activation of vasoactive systems such as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and the endothelin system. More recently, it has been hypothesised that reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox) may represent a common downstream mediator of vascular injury in diabetes. Current standard treatment of care includes the optimization of blood glucose and blood pressure usually including inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system. Although these interventions are able to delay progression, they fail to prevent the development of complications. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to identify novel targets in diabetic vascular complications which may include the blockade of Nox-derived ROS formation, as well as blockade of AGE formation and inhibitors of RAGE activation. These strategies may provide superior protection against the deleterious effects of diabetes on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Gray
- Diabetes Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 8008, Australia,
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Gray SP, Jha JC, Di Marco E, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. NAD(P)H oxidase isoforms as therapeutic targets for diabetic complications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:111-122. [PMID: 30743754 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.887984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of macro- and microvascular complications is accelerated in diabetic patients. While some therapeutic regimes have helped in delaying progression of complications, none have yet been able to halt the progression and prevent vascular disease, highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic targets. Increased oxidative stress derived from the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family has recently been identified to play an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular disease. In recent years, specific Nox isoforms have been implicated in contributing to the development of atherosclerosis of major vessels, as well as damage of the small vessels within the kidney and the eye. With the use of novel Nox inhibitors, it has been demonstrated that these complications can be attenuated, indicating that targeting Nox derived oxidative stress holds potential as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay C Jha
- a Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elyse Di Marco
- a Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karin Am Jandeleit-Dahm
- a Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Redox-mediated signal transduction by cardiovascular Nox NADPH oxidases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:70-9. [PMID: 24560815 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The only known function of the Nox family of NADPH oxidases is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some Nox enzymes show high tissue-specific expression and the ROS locally produced are required for synthesis of hormones or tissue components. In the cardiovascular system, Nox enzymes are low abundant and function as redox-modulators. By reacting with thiols, nitric oxide (NO) or trace metals, Nox-derived ROS elicit a plethora of cellular responses required for physiological growth factor signaling and the induction and adaptation to pathological processes. The interactions of Nox-derived ROS with signaling elements in the cardiovascular system are highly diverse and will be detailed in this article, which is part of a Special Issue entitled "Redox Signalling in the Cardiovascular System".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Giessen University Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany
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Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Reactive oxygen species, vascular Noxs, and hypertension: focus on translational and clinical research. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:164-82. [PMID: 23600794 PMCID: PMC3880913 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that are important in physiological processes, including host defense, aging, and cellular homeostasis. Increased ROS bioavailability and altered redox signaling (oxidative stress) have been implicated in the onset and/or progression of chronic diseases, including hypertension. RECENT ADVANCES Although oxidative stress may not be the only cause of hypertension, it amplifies blood pressure elevation in the presence of other pro-hypertensive factors, such as salt loading, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic hyperactivity, at least in experimental models. A major source for ROS in the cardiovascular-renal system is a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (Noxs), including the prototypic Nox2-based Nox, and Nox family members: Nox1, Nox4, and Nox5. CRITICAL ISSUES Although extensive experimental data support a role for increased ROS levels and altered redox signaling in the pathogenesis of hypertension, the role in clinical hypertension is unclear, as a direct causative role of ROS in blood pressure elevation has yet to be demonstrated in humans. Nevertheless, what is becoming increasingly evident is that abnormal ROS regulation and aberrant signaling through redox-sensitive pathways are important in the pathophysiological processes which is associated with vascular injury and target-organ damage in hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS There is a paucity of clinical information related to the mechanisms of oxidative stress and blood pressure elevation, and a few assays accurately measure ROS directly in patients. Such further ROS research is needed in humans and in the development of adequately validated analytical methods to accurately assess oxidative stress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Reactive oxygen species, Nox and angiotensin II in angiogenesis: implications for retinopathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:597-615. [PMID: 23379642 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis is a key feature of many diseases including retinopathies such as ROP (retinopathy of prematurity) and DR (diabetic retinopathy). There is considerable evidence that increased production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in the retina participates in retinal angiogenesis, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. ROS is produced by a number of pathways, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cytochrome P450, xanthine oxidase and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase. The family of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are likely to be important given that their primary function is to produce ROS. Seven isoforms of Nox have been identified named Nox1-5, Duox (dual oxidase) 1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 have been most extensively studied and are implicated in the development of conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 participate in pathological angiogenesis; however, there is no clear consensus about which Nox isoform is primarily responsible. In terms of retinopathy, there is growing evidence that Nox contribute to vascular injury. The RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), and particularly AngII (angiotensin II), is a key stimulator of Nox. It is known that a local RAAS exists in the retina and that blockade of AngII and aldosterone attenuate pathological angiogenesis in the retina. Whether the RAAS influences the production of ROS derived from Nox in retinopathy is yet to be fully determined. These topics will be reviewed with a particular emphasis on ROP and DR.
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Yogi A, Callera GE, Mecawi AS, Batalhão ME, Carnio EC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Queiroz RH, Touyz RM, Tirapelli CR. Acute ethanol intake induces superoxide anion generation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat aorta: A role for angiotensin type 1 receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:470-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Oxidative Stress, Nox Isoforms and Complications of Diabetes—Potential Targets for Novel Therapies. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:509-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Montezano AC, Touyz RM. Oxidative stress, Noxs, and hypertension: experimental evidence and clinical controversies. Ann Med 2012; 44 Suppl 1:S2-16. [PMID: 22713144 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.653393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that influence many physiological processes. Increased ROS bioavailability and altered redox signaling (oxidative stress) have been implicated in chronic diseases including hypertension. Although oxidative stress may not be the sole cause of hypertension, it amplifies blood pressure elevation in the presence of other prohypertensive factors (salt, renin-angiotensin system, sympathetic hyperactivity). A major source for cardiovascular ROS is a family of non-phagocytic NADPH oxidases (Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, Nox5). Other sources of ROS involve mitochondrial electron transport enzymes, xanthine oxidase, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase. Although evidence from experimental and animal studies supports a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension, there is still no convincing proof that oxidative stress is a cause of human hypertension. However, what is clear is that oxidative stress is important in the molecular mechanisms associated with cardiovascular and renal injury in hypertension and that hypertension itself can contribute to oxidative stress. The present review addresses the putative function of ROS in the pathogenesis of hypertension and focuses on the role of Noxs in ROS generation in vessels and the kidney. Implications of oxidative stress in human hypertension are discussed, and clinical uncertainties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Song P, Zou MH. Regulation of NAD(P)H oxidases by AMPK in cardiovascular systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1607-19. [PMID: 22357101 PMCID: PMC3341493 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are ubiquitously produced in cardiovascular systems. Under physiological conditions, ROS/RNS function as signaling molecules that are essential in maintaining cardiovascular function. Aberrant concentrations of ROS/RNS have been demonstrated in cardiovascular diseases owing to increased production or decreased scavenging, which have been considered common pathways for the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, (re)stenosis, and congestive heart failure. NAD(P)H oxidases are primary sources of ROS and can be induced or activated by all known cardiovascular risk factors. Stresses, hormones, vasoactive agents, and cytokines via different signaling cascades control the expression and activity of these enzymes and of their regulatory subunits. But the molecular mechanisms by which NAD(P)H oxidase is regulated in cardiovascular systems remain poorly characterized. Investigations by us and others suggest that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as an energy sensor and modulator, is highly sensitive to ROS/RNS. We have also obtained convincing evidence that AMPK is a physiological suppressor of NAD(P)H oxidase in multiple cardiovascular cell systems. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of how AMPK functions as a physiological repressor of NAD(P)H oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ming-Hui Zou, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA, Phone: 405-271-3974, Fax: 405-271-3973,
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Katsuyama M, Matsuno K, Yabe-Nishimura C. Physiological roles of NOX/NADPH oxidase, the superoxide-generating enzyme. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:9-22. [PMID: 22247596 PMCID: PMC3246189 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-06sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a superoxide (O2•−)-generating enzyme first identified in phagocytes, essential for their bactericidal activities. Later, in non-phagocytes, production of O2•− was also demonstrated in an NADPH-dependent manner. In the last decade, several non-phagocyte-type NADPH oxidases have been identified. The catalytic subunit of these oxidases, NOX, constitutes the NOX family. There are five homologs in the family, NOX1 to NOX5, and two related enzymes, DUOX1 and DUOX2. Transgenic or gene-disrupted mice of the NOX family have also been established. NOX/DUOX proteins possess distinct features in the dependency on other components for their enzymatic activities, tissue distributions, and physiological functions. This review summarized the characteristics of the NOX family proteins, especially focused on their functions clarified through studies using gene-modified mice.
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Abstract
Hypertension is a major contributor to the development of renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. These pathologies are associated with vascular functional and structural changes including endothelial dysfunction, altered contractility, and vascular remodeling. Central to these phenomena is oxidative stress. Factors that activate pro-oxidant enzymes, such as NADPH oxidase, remain poorly defined, but likely involve angiotensin II, mechanical stretch, and inflammatory cytokines. Reactive oxygen species influence vascular, renal, and cardiac function and structure by modulating cell growth, contraction/dilatation, and inflammatory responses via redox-dependent signaling pathways. Compelling data from molecular and cellular experiments, together with animal studies, implicate a role for oxidative stress in hypertension. However, the clinical evidence is still controversial. This review provides current insights on the mechanisms of the generation of reactive oxygen species and the vascular effects of oxidative stress and discusses the significance of oxidative damage in experimental and clinical hypertension.
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Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:453-71. [PMID: 21629295 PMCID: PMC3361719 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are a family of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1) and NOX2 oxidases are the major sources of ROS in the artery wall in conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and ageing, and so they are important contributors to the oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation that underlies arterial remodelling and atherogenesis. In this Review, we advance the concept that compared to the use of conventional antioxidants, inhibiting NOX1 and NOX2 oxidases is a superior approach for combating oxidative stress. We briefly describe some common and emerging putative NADPH oxidase inhibitors. In addition, we highlight the crucial role of the NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit, p47phox, in the activity of vascular NOX1 and NOX2 oxidases, and suggest how a better understanding of its specific molecular interactions may enable the development of novel isoform-selective drugs to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Drummond
- Vascular Biology & Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Medow MS, Bamji N, Clarke D, Ocon AJ, Stewart JM. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) from NADPH and xanthine oxidase modulate the cutaneous local heating response in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:20-6. [PMID: 21436462 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01448.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Local cutaneous heating produces vasodilation that is largely nitric oxide (NO) dependent. We showed that angiotensin II (ANG II) attenuates this by an ANG II receptor, type 1 (AT1R)-dependent mechanism that is reversible with the antioxidant ascorbate, indicating oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ANG II employ NADPH and xanthine oxidase pathways. To determine whether these mechanisms pertain to skin, we measured cutaneous local heating with 10 μM ANG II, using apocynin to inhibit NADPH oxidase and allopurinol to inhibit xanthine oxidase. We also inhibited superoxide with tempol, and H(2)O(2) with ebselen. We heated the skin of the calf in 8 healthy volunteers (24.5-29.9 yr old) to 42°C and measured local blood flow to assess the percentage of maximum cutaneous vascular conductance. We remeasured while perfusing allopurinol, apocynin, ebselen, and tempol through individual microdialysis catheters. This was then repeated with ANG II combined with antioxidant drugs. tempol and apocynin alone had no effect on the heat response. Allopurinol enhanced the entire response (125% of heat alone), while ebselen suppressed the heat plateau (76% of heat alone). ANG II alone caused significant attenuation of the entire heat response (52%). When added to ANG II, Allopurinol partially reversed the ANG II attenuation. Heat with ebselen and ANG II were similar to heat and ANG II; ebselen only partially reversed the ANG II attenuation. Apocynin and tempol each partially reversed the attenuation caused by ANG II. This suggests that ROS, produced by ANG II via NADPH and xanthine oxidase pathways, modulates the response of skin to the application of heat, and thus contributes to the control of local cutaneous blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin S Medow
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, The Center for Hypotension, 19 Bradhurst Ave., Suite 1600S, Hawthorne, NY 10532, USA.
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Briones AM, Tabet F, Callera GE, Montezano AC, Yogi A, He Y, Quinn MT, Salaices M, Touyz RM. Differential regulation of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 in vascular smooth muscle cells from WKY and SHR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:137-53. [PMID: 21419746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional significance and regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) isoforms by angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied. Expression of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 (gene and protein) and NAD(P)H oxidase activity were increased in SHR. Basal NAD(P)H oxidase activity was blocked by GKT136901 (Nox1/4 inhibitor) and by Nox1 siRNA in WKY cells and by siNOX1 and siNOX2 in SHR. Whereas Ang II increased expression of all Noxes in WKY, only Nox1 was influenced in SHR. Ang II-induced NAD(P)H activity was inhibited by siNOX1 in WKY and by siNOX1 and siNOX2 in SHR. ET-1 upregulated Nox expression only in WKY and increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity, an effect inhibited by siNOX1 and siNOX2. Nox1 co-localized with Nox2 but not with Nox4, implicating association between Nox1 and Nox2 but not between Nox1 and Nox4. These data highlight the complexity of Nox biology in VSMCs, emphasising that more than one Nox member, alone or in association, may be involved in NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated •O(2)(-) production. Nox1 regulation by Ang II, but not by ET-1, may be important in •O(2)(-) formation in VSMCs from SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Briones
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Clavreul N, Sansilvestri-Morel P, Magard D, Verbeuren TJ, Rupin A. (Pro)renin promotes fibrosis gene expression in HEK cells through a Nox4-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F1310-8. [PMID: 21411480 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00119.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) has recently been demonstrated to bind equally well renin and its precursor, prorenin, leading to a similar intracellular signaling independent of angiotensin II. In this study, we report that human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) exposed to renin or prorenin for 24 h in the presence of a blocking concentration of the angtiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindoprilate increased superoxide anion production as measured by luminescence (lucigenin) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (hydroxylamine radical transition). Also, both renin and prorenin increased Nox4 expression while Nox2, p47(phox), and p67(phox) remained unchanged. In an investigation of the effects of renin and prorenin on fibrosis genes, it appeared that both proteins stimulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) expression and therefore participated to an overall switch toward a profibrotic state of the kidney cells. When the cells were transfected with a siRNA targeting the PRR, Nox4 expression was efficiently prevented as well as the increase in superoxide production, TGF-β, fibronectin, and PAI-1. Finally, we demonstrated that transfection of the cells with a Nox4-specific small interfering (si) RNA also prevented fibrosis gene expression following treatment with renin or prorenin. The results demonstrate that renin and prorenin, through their specific membrane receptor and independently of angiotensin II, promote fibrosis gene expression via a Nox4-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clavreul
- Division of Angiology, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
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Sheehan AL, Carrell S, Johnson B, Stanic B, Banfi B, Miller FJ. Role for Nox1 NADPH oxidase in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:321-6. [PMID: 21411092 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the contribution of Nox1 NADPH oxidase to atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Male apolipoprotein E deficient mice (ApoE(-/-)) and male mice deficient in both apolipoprotein E and Nox1 (ApoE(-/-) Nox1(-/y)) received an atherogenic diet for 18 weeks. Mean blood pressures, body weights, and serum cholesterol levels were similar between the two groups of mice. Deficiency of Nox1 decreased superoxide levels and reduced lesion area in the aortic arch from 43% (ApoE(-/-)) to 28% (ApoE(-/-) Nox1(-/y)). The reduction in lesion size at the level of the aortic valve in ApoE(-/-)/Nox1(-/y) was accompanied by a decrease in macrophage infiltration as compared to ApoE(-/-) mice. Carotid artery ligation in ApoE(-/-) mice induced accelerated intimal hyperplasia with decreased cellular proliferation and increased collagen content in the neointima of vessels deficient in Nox1. CONCLUSIONS Nox1-derived ROS modify lesion composition and contribute to lesion size in a murine model of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Sheehan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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Dendooven A, Ishola DA, Nguyen TQ, Van der Giezen DM, Kok RJ, Goldschmeding R, Joles JA. Oxidative stress in obstructive nephropathy. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 92:202-10. [PMID: 20804541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is one of the most commonly applied rodent models to study the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis. This model reflects important aspects of inflammation and fibrosis that are prominent in human kidney diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the factors contributing to the pathophysiology of UUO, highlighting the role of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Dendooven
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rivera J, Sobey CG, Walduck AK, Drummond GR. Nox isoforms in vascular pathophysiology: insights from transgenic and knockout mouse models. Redox Rep 2010; 15:50-63. [PMID: 20500986 DOI: 10.1179/174329210x12650506623401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the vascular wall is a key feature of cardiovascular diseases and a likely contributor to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. The NADPH oxidases are a family of ROS generating enzymes, of which four members (Nox1, Nox2, Nox4 and Nox5) are expressed in blood vessels. Numerous studies have demonstrated that expression and activity of at least two isoforms of NADPH oxidase - Nox1 and Nox2 - are up-regulated in animal models of hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, these observations are merely suggestive of a role for NADPH oxidases in vessel pathology and by no means establish cause and effect. Furthermore, questions surrounding the specificity of current pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidase mean that findings obtained with these compounds must be viewed with caution. Here, we review the literature on studies utilising genetically-modified mouse strains to investigate the roles of NADPH oxidases in experimental models of vascular disease. While several studies on transgenic over-expressing or knockout mice support roles for Nox1- and/or Nox2-containing oxidases as sources of excessive vascular ROS production and causes of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes, there are still no published reports on the effects of genetic modification of Nox4 or Nox5 in vascular or indeed any other contexts. Further understanding of the roles of specific isoforms of NADPH oxidase in vascular (patho)physiology should provide direction for future programs aimed at developing selective inhibitors of these enzymes as novel therapeutics in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Raju Datla
- Emory University, Division of Cardiology, 319 WMB, 1639 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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