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Lee HS, Kim HY, Ahn YM, Cho KW. Herbal medicine Oryeongsan (Wulingsan): Cardio-renal effects via modulation of renin-angiotensin system and atrial natriuretic peptide system. Integr Med Res 2024; 13:101066. [PMID: 39247397 PMCID: PMC11378099 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2024.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oryeongsan (Wulingsan, Goreisan) has long been used for the treatment of impaired body fluid metabolism. However, the action mechanisms have not been clearly defined. Recently, effects of Oryeongsan on the body fluid and Na+ metabolism and the action mechanisms have been shown more clearly. The present review focuses on the recent findings on the effects of Oryeongsan in the cardio-renal system in relation with body fluid metabolism and action mechanisms leading to a decrease in blood pressure in animal models of hypertension. Methods The new and recent findings were searched by using searching systems including PubMed-NCBI and Google-Scholar. Results Oryeongsan induced an increase in glomerular filtration rate, and natriuresis and diuresis with a decreased osmolality and resulted in a contraction of the body fluid and Na+ balance. These findings were associated with a suppression of abundance of Na+-H +-exchanger isoform 3 expression and V2 receptor/aquaporin2 water channel signaling pathway in the kidney. Further, treatment with Oryeongsan accentuated atrial natriuretic peptide secretion in the atria from spontaneously hypertensive rats in which the secretion was suppressed. In addition, Oryeongsan ameliorated impaired vasodilation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Conclusion The effects of Oryeongsan in the kidney, atria, and vessel were accompanied by a suppression of AT1 receptor and concurrent accentuation of abundance of AT2/Mas receptors expression and modulation of the natriuretic peptide system in these organs from hypertensive rats. The review shows multiple sites of action of Oryeongsan and mechanisms involved in the regulation of volume and pressure homeostasis in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sub Lee
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- College of Korean Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- College of Korean Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - You Mee Ahn
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woo Cho
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- College of Korean Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Ávila-Martínez DV, Mixtega-Ruiz WK, Hurtado-Capetillo JM, Lopez-Franco O, Flores-Muñoz M. Counter-regulatory RAS peptides: new therapy targets for inflammation and fibrotic diseases? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1377113. [PMID: 38666016 PMCID: PMC11044688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1377113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important cascade of enzymes and peptides that regulates blood pressure, volume, and electrolytes. Within this complex system of reactions, its counter-regulatory axis has attracted attention, which has been associated with the pathophysiology of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This review article analyzes the impact of different components of the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS on different pathologies. Of these peptides, Angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-(1-9) and alamandine have been evaluated in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, where not only they counteract the actions of the classical axis, but also exhibit independent anti-inflammatory and fibrotic actions when binding to specific receptors, mainly in heart, kidney, and lung. Other functional peptides are also addressed, which despite no reports associated with inflammation and fibrosis to date were found, they could represent a potential target of study. Furthermore, the association of agonists of the counter-regulatory axis is analyzed, highlighting their contribution to the modulation of the inflammatory response counteracting the development of fibrotic events. This article shows an overview of the importance of the RAS in the resolution of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, offering an understanding of the individual components as potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Ávila-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Wendy K Mixtega-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Lopez-Franco
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Mónica Flores-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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3
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Gildea JJ, Xu P, Schiermeyer KA, Yue W, Carey RM, Jose PA, Felder RA. Inverse Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure Is Associated with an Increased Renin-Angiotensin System Activity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2811. [PMID: 36359330 PMCID: PMC9687845 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High and low sodium diets are associated with increased blood pressure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The paradoxical response of elevated BP in low salt diets, aka inverse salt sensitivity (ISS), is an understudied vulnerable 11% of the adult population with yet undiscovered etiology. A linear relationship between the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2, rs6276 and 6277), and the sodium myo-inositol cotransporter 2 (SLC5A11, rs11074656), as well as decreased expression of these two genes in urine-derived renal proximal tubule cells (uRPTCs) isolated from clinical study participants suggest involvement of these cells in ISS. Insight into this newly discovered paradoxical response to sodium is found by incubating cells in low sodium (LS) conditions that unveil cell physiologic differences that are then reversed by mir-485-5p miRNA blocker transfection and bypassing the genetic defect by DRD2 re-expression. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important counter-regulatory mechanism to prevent hyponatremia under LS conditions. Oversensitive RAS under LS conditions could partially explain the increased mortality in ISS. Angiotensin-II (AngII, 10 nmol/L) increased sodium transport in uRPTCs to a greater extent in individuals with ISS than SR. Downstream signaling of AngII is verified by identifying lowered expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and manganese-dependent mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) only in ISS-derived uRPTCs and not SR-derived uRPTCs when incubated in LS conditions. We conclude that DRD2 and SLC5A11 variants in ISS may cause an increased low sodium sensitivity to AngII and renal sodium reabsorption which can contribute to inverse salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Gildea
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.J.G.); (P.X.); (K.A.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.J.G.); (P.X.); (K.A.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Katie A. Schiermeyer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.J.G.); (P.X.); (K.A.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.J.G.); (P.X.); (K.A.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.J.G.); (P.X.); (K.A.S.); (W.Y.)
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O'Connor AT, Haspula D, Alanazi AZ, Clark MA. Roles of Angiotensin III in the brain and periphery. Peptides 2022; 153:170802. [PMID: 35489649 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) III, a biologically active peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is predominantly known for its central effects on blood pressure. Our understanding of the RAS has evolved from the simplified, classical RAS, a hormonal system regulating blood pressure to a complex system affecting numerous biological processes. Ang II, the main RAS peptide has been widely studied, and its deleterious effects when overexpressed is well-documented. However, other components of the RAS such as Ang III are not well studied. This review examines the molecular and biological actions of Ang III and provides insight into Ang III's potential role in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Tenneil O'Connor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD NIH-20892, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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5
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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6
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Nwia SM, Li XC, Leite APDO, Hassan R, Zhuo JL. The Na +/H + Exchanger 3 in the Intestines and the Proximal Tubule of the Kidney: Localization, Physiological Function, and Key Roles in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861659. [PMID: 35514347 PMCID: PMC9062697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+)/hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) is one of the most important Na+/H+ antiporters in the small intestines of the gastrointestinal tract and the proximal tubules of the kidney. The roles of NHE3 in the regulation of intracellular pH and acid-base balance have been well established in cellular physiology using in vitro techniques. Localized primarily on the apical membranes in small intestines and proximal tubules, the key action of NHE3 is to facilitate the entry of luminal Na+ and the extrusion of intracellular H+ from intestinal and proximal tubule tubular epithelial cells. NHE3 is, directly and indirectly, responsible for absorbing the majority of ingested Na+ from small and large intestines and reabsorbing >50% of filtered Na+ in the proximal tubules of the kidney. However, the roles of NHE3 in the regulation of proximal tubular Na+ transport in the integrative physiological settings and its contributions to the basal blood pressure regulation and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension have not been well studied previously due to the lack of suitable animal models. Recently, novel genetically modified mouse models with whole-body, kidney-specific, or proximal tubule-specific deletion of NHE3 have been generated by us and others to determine the critical roles and underlying mechanisms of NHE3 in maintaining basal body salt and fluid balance, blood pressure homeostasis, and the development of Ang II-induced hypertension at the whole-body, kidney, or proximal tubule levels. The objective of this invited article is to review, update, and discuss recent findings on the critical roles of intestinal and proximal tubule NHE3 in maintaining basal blood pressure homeostasis and their potential therapeutic implications in the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Nwia
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xiao Chun Li
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira Leite
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rumana Hassan
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jia Long Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Jia Long Zhuo,
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7
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Angiotensin Type-2 Receptors: Transducers of Natriuresis in the Renal Proximal Tubule. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042317. [PMID: 35216442 PMCID: PMC8877933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) type-2 receptors (AT2R) are expressed in the adult kidney, prominently in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs), and play an important role in opposing renal sodium (Na+) retention induced by Ang II stimulation of Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R). Natriuresis induced by AT1R blockade is due at least in part to AT2R activation and whole body deletion of AT2Rs reduces the natriuretic response to increased blood pressure (BP). The major endogenous AT2R agonist mediating the natriuretic response is Ang III, the Ang II heptapeptide metabolite generated by aminopeptidase A, and the principal nephron site mediating inhibition of Na+ reabsorption by the AT2R is the renal proximal tubule (RPT). AT2Rs induce natriuresis via a bradykinin, nitric oxide and cyclic GMP (cGMP) signaling cascade. Recent studies demonstrated a key role for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the AT2R-mediated natriuretic response upstream of cGMP. By inducing natriuresis, AT2Rs lower BP in the Ang II-infusion model of hypertension. PP2A activation and the natriuretic response to AT2R stimulation are defective in spontaneously hypertensive rats, a model of primary hypertension in humans. AT2R agonists are candidates for proximal tubule natriuretic agents in Na+ and fluid retention disorders.
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8
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Gildea JJ, Keller SR, Brautigan DL, Carey RM. Renal AT 2 Receptors Mediate Natriuresis via Protein Phosphatase PP2A. Circ Res 2022; 130:96-111. [PMID: 34794320 PMCID: PMC8741733 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How signals from activated angiotensin type-2 receptors (AT2R) mediate inhibition of sodium ion (Na+) reabsorption in renal proximal tubule cells is currently unknown. Protein phosphatases including PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) have been implicated in AT2R signaling in tissues other than kidney. We investigated whether inhibition of protein phosphatase PP2A reduced AT2R-mediated natriuresis and evaluated changes in PP2A activity and localization after renal AT2R activation in normal 4- and 10-week-old control Wistar-Kyoto rats and 4-week-old prehypertensive and 10-week-old hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS AND RESULTS In Wistar-Kyoto rats, direct renal interstitial administration of selective AT2R nonpeptide agonist Compound-21 (C-21) increased renal interstitial cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels, urine Na+ excretion, and simultaneously increased PP2A activity ≈2-fold in homogenates of renal cortical tubules. The cyclic GMP and natriuretic responses were abolished by concurrent renal interstitial administration of protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A. In renal proximal tubule cells in response to C-21, PP2A subunits A, B55α and C, but not B56γ, were recruited to apical plasma membranes together with AT2Rs. Calyculin A treatment abolished C-21-induced translocation of both AT2R and PP2A regulatory subunit B55α to apical plasma membranes. Immunoprecipitation of AT2R solubilized from renal cortical homogenates demonstrated physical association of AT2R with PP2A A, B55α, and C but not B56γ subunits. In contrast, in spontaneously hypertensive rats, administration of C-21 did not alter urine Na+ excretion or PP2A activity and failed to translocate AT2Rs and PP2A subunits to apical plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS In renal proximal tubule cells of Wistar-Kyoto rats, PP2A is activated and PP2A subunits AB55αC are recruited to C-21-activated AT2Rs during induction of natriuresis. This response is defective in prehypertensive and hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats, presenting a potential novel therapeutic target for treating renal Na+ retention and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Kemp
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Nancy L. Howell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - John J. Gildea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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9
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Miyoshi M, Imakado Y, Otani L, Kaji M, Aanzai Y, Sugimoto N, Murakami T, Fukuoka M, Hohjoh H, Jia H, Kato H. Maternal protein restriction induces renal AT2R promoter hypomethylation in salt-sensitive, hypertensive rats. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1452-1459. [PMID: 33747459 PMCID: PMC7958563 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE We previously demonstrated that protein restriction in utero induced salt-sensitive hypertension and changed renal levels of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHRSP). Here, we investigated if this characteristic alteration of AT2R is related to AT2R DNA methylation profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we examined the relation between AT2R DNA methylation and its promoter activity in vitro. Luciferase assays revealed a negative correlation between these two variables. Next, we fed SHRSP dams and grand-dams a control 20% casein diet or a 9% casein diet during pregnancy. Adult offspring and grand-offspring were supplied either water or 1% saline solution for 2 weeks. Renal AT2R promoter DNA near the TATA-box was hypomethylated, mRNA expression was suppressed, and protein expression tended to be higher, in adult offspring of mothers fed a low casein diet. Moreover, adult grand-offspring exhibited high blood pressure after salt loading, along with suppressed transcription of AT2R mRNA and elevated translated protein. CONCLUSIONS Under a fetal environment of protein restriction, the increase in protein expression due to hypomethylation of the AT2R promoter region occurs as a response to increased salt sensitivity, and controlling this mechanism may be important for the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Miyoshi
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhisa Imakado
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Lila Otani
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Misa Kaji
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Yuki Aanzai
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Tetsuo Murakami
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | | | | | - Huijuan Jia
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
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10
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Li XC, Leite APO, Zheng X, Zhao C, Chen X, Zhang L, Zhou X, Rubera I, Tauc M, Zhuo JL. Proximal Tubule-Specific Deletion of Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptors in the Kidney Attenuates Circulating and Intratubular Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in PT- Agtr1a-/- Mice. Hypertension 2021; 77:1285-1298. [PMID: 33641366 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chun Li
- From the Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.).,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.)
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira Leite
- From the Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.).,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.)
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China (X. Zheng, C.Z.)
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China (X. Zheng, C.Z.)
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Physiology (X.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Liang Zhang
- From the Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.).,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.)
| | - Xinchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology (X. Zhou), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR-7370, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France (I.R., M.T.)
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR-7370, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, Nice, France (I.R., M.T.)
| | - Jia Long Zhuo
- From the Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.).,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (X.C.L., A.P.O.L., L.Z., J.L.Z.)
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11
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Vargas F, Wangesteen R, Rodríguez-Gómez I, García-Estañ J. Aminopeptidases in Cardiovascular and Renal Function. Role as Predictive Renal Injury Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5615. [PMID: 32764495 PMCID: PMC7460675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases (APs) are metalloenzymes that hydrolyze peptides and polypeptides by scission of the N-terminus amino acid and that also participate in the intracellular final digestion of proteins. APs play an important role in protein maturation, signal transduction, and cell-cycle control, among other processes. These enzymes are especially relevant in the control of cardiovascular and renal functions. APs participate in the regulation of the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system and also modulate the activity of neuropeptides, kinins, immunomodulatory peptides, and cytokines, even contributing to cholesterol uptake and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the role of four key APs, aspartyl-, alanyl-, glutamyl-, and leucyl-cystinyl-aminopeptidases, in the control of blood pressure (BP) and renal function and on their association with different cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this context, the effects of AP inhibitors are analyzed as therapeutic tools for BP control and renal diseases. Their role as urinary biomarkers of renal injury is also explored. The enzymatic activities of urinary APs, which act as hydrolyzing peptides on the luminal surface of the renal tubule, have emerged as early predictive renal injury biomarkers in both acute and chronic renal nephropathies, including those induced by nephrotoxic agents, obesity, hypertension, or diabetes. Hence, the analysis of urinary AP appears to be a promising diagnostic and prognostic approach to renal disease in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Vargas
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquín García-Estañ
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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12
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Keller SR, Gildea JJ, Shao W, Navar LG, Carey RM. Defective Renal Angiotensin III and AT 2 Receptor Signaling in Prehypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e012016. [PMID: 31039659 PMCID: PMC6512109 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies demonstrated that angiotensin (Ang) III, not Ang II, is the predominant endogenous agonist for Ang type‐2 receptor (AT2R)‐induced natriuresis in normal rats, and that hypertensive 12‐week‐old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) lack natriuretic responses to Ang III. This study tested whether prehypertensive SHR already have defective Ang III‐induced natriuresis and determined possible mechanisms. Methods and Results Female and male normotensive 4‐week‐old SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats were studied after 24‐hour systemic AT1R blockade. Left kidneys received 30 minute renal interstitial infusions of vehicle followed by Ang III (3.5, 7.0, 14, and 28 nmol/kg per min; each dose for 30 minutes). Right kidneys received vehicle infusions. In 4‐week‐old Wistar Kyoto rats, renal interstitial Ang III increased urine sodium (Na+) excretion but failed to induce natriuresis in 4‐week‐old SHR. Renal Ang III levels were similar between Wistar Kyoto rats and SHR, making increased Ang III degradation as a possible cause for defective natriuresis in SHR unlikely. In Wistar Kyoto rats, renal interstitial Ang III induced translocation of AT2Rs to apical plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells. Simultaneously, Ang III induced retraction of the major Na+ transporter Na+‐H+ exchanger‐3 (NHE‐3) from apical membranes and internalization of Na+/K+ATPase (NKA) from basolateral membranes of renal proximal tubule cells. Consistent with NHE‐3 and NKA retraction, Ang III increased pSer552‐NHE‐3 and decreased pSer23‐NKA. In contrast, in SHR, intrarenal Ang III failed to induce AT2R translocation, NHE‐3 or NKA retraction, pSer552‐NHE‐3 phosphorylation, or pSer23‐NKA dephosphorylation. Conclusions These results indicate impaired Ang III/AT2R signaling as a possible primary defect in prehypertensive SHR. See Editorial Zhuo and Li
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville VA
| | - Nancy L Howell
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville VA
| | - Susanna R Keller
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville VA
| | - John J Gildea
- 2 Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville VA
| | - Weijian Shao
- 3 Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA
| | - Luis Gabriel Navar
- 3 Department of Physiology and Hypertension and Renal Center Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans LA
| | - Robert M Carey
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville VA
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13
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Zhuo JL, Li XC. Angiotensin III/AT 2 Receptor/NHE3 Signaling Pathway in the Proximal Tubules of the Kidney: A Novel Natriuretic and Antihypertensive Mechanism in Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e012644. [PMID: 31039655 PMCID: PMC6512110 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
See Article Kemp et al
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Zhuo
- 1 Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS.,2 Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Xiao C Li
- 1 Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS.,2 Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
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14
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Gildea JJ, Keller SR, Carey RM. Identification of a Primary Renal AT 2 Receptor Defect in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Circ Res 2020; 126:644-659. [PMID: 31997705 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies identified a defect in Ang III (angiotensin III [des-aspartyl1-angiotensin II])-elicited AT2R (Ang type-2 receptor)-mediated natriuresis in renal proximal tubule cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to delineate in prehypertensive SHR kidneys the receptor or postreceptor defect causing impaired AT2R signaling and renal sodium (Na+) retention by utilizing the selective AT2R agonist compound-21 (C-21). METHODS AND RESULTS Female 4-week-old Wistar Kyoto and SHR rats were studied after 24-hour systemic AT1R (Ang II type-1 receptor) blockade. Left kidneys received 30-minute renal interstitial infusions of vehicle followed by C-21 (20, 40, and 60 ng/[kg·min], each dose 30 minutes). Right kidneys received vehicle infusions. In Wistar Kyoto, C-21 dose-dependently increased urine Na+ excretion from 0.023±0.01 to 0.064±0.02, 0.087±0.01, and 0.089±0.01 µmol/min (P=0.008, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively) and renal interstitial fluid levels of AT2R downstream signaling molecule cGMP (cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate) from 0.91±0.3 to 3.1±1.0, 5.9±1.2 and 5.3±0.5 fmol/mL (P=nonsignificant, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively). In contrast, C-21 did not increase urine Na+ excretion or renal interstitial cGMP in SHR. Mean arterial pressure was slightly higher in SHR but within the normotensive range and unaffected by C-21. In Wistar Kyoto, but not SHR, C-21 induced AT2R translocation to apical plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells, internalization/inactivation of NHE-3 (sodium-hydrogen exchanger-3) and Na+/K+ATPase (sodium-potassium-atpase) and phosphorylation of AT2R-cGMP downstream signaling molecules Src (Src family kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-related kinase), and VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein). To test whether cGMP could bypass the natriuretic defect in SHR, we infused 8-bromo-cGMP. This restored natriuresis, Na+ transporter internalization/inactivation, and Src and VASP phosphorylation, but not apical plasma membrane AT2R recruitment. In contrast, 8-bromo-cAMP administration had no effect on natriuresis or AT2R recruitment in SHR. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a primary renal proximal tubule cell AT2R natriuretic defect in SHR that may contribute to the development of hypertension. Since the defect is abrogated by exogenous intrarenal cGMP, the renal cGMP pathway may represent a viable target for the treatment of hypertension. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., R.M.C.)
| | - Nancy L Howell
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., R.M.C.)
| | - John J Gildea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (J.J.G.)
| | - Susanna R Keller
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., R.M.C.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., R.M.C.)
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15
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Alanazi AZ, Clark MA. Effects of angiotensin III on c-Jun N terminal kinase in Wistar and hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Peptides 2020; 123:170204. [PMID: 31738968 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and inflammation are well known actions associated with hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II mediates these physiological actions through the c-Jun N terminal Kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated proteins kinase (MAPK) pathway. Ang III effects on this pathway in VSMCs are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether Ang III activates JNK MAPK in Wistar VSMCs and determined whether the response was different in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) VSMCs. We also ascertained whether this effect leads to VSMC proliferation. Western blots were used to determine the time and concentration effects of Ang II on JNK MAPK phosphorylation in Wistar VSMCs. Similar studies were conducted for Ang III in Wistar and SHR VSMCs. Both peptides induced JNK phosphorylation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in Wistar VSMCs. Ang III also increased JNK phosphorylation in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion in SHR VSMCs as well. However, the ability of Ang III to induce JNK MAPK was different in SHR VSMCs as the phosphorylation levels of JNK were significantly higher in Wistar VSMCs as compared to SHR VSMCs at several time points and concentrations. Further, Ang III-mediated DNA synthesis, a measure of VSMC proliferation, occurred through activation of JNK MAPK. This study is the first to show Ang III effects on the JNK MAPK pathway in VSMCs and the role of JNK in Ang III-mediated cellular proliferation. These findings impart key information for the understanding of Ang III functions, especially in VSMCs and possible cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, United States
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, United States.
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16
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Gildea JJ, Xu P, Kemp BA, Carey RM, Jose PA, Felder RA. The Dopamine D 1 Receptor and Angiotensin II Type-2 Receptor are Required for Inhibition of Sodium Transport Through a Protein Phosphatase 2A Pathway. Hypertension 2019; 73:1258-1265. [PMID: 31030607 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the renal D1R (dopamine D1-like receptor) or AT2R (angiotensin II type-2 receptor), individually or both, simultaneously, is necessary in the normal regulation of renal sodium (Na+) transport and blood pressure. However, little is known regarding the precise mechanism of this interaction. Pharmacological stimulation, membrane biotinylation, and cell surface immunofluorescence were used to study the effect of the D1R/AT2R interaction in human renal proximal tubule cells. D1R activation of GαS stimulates AC (adenylyl cyclase) and induces apical plasma membrane recruitment of AT2Rs. We now show for the first time the reciprocal reaction, AT2R stimulation with Ang III (angiotensin III) leads to the apical plasma membrane recruitment of the D1R. The cell-permeable second messenger analogs of cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) or cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) induce translocation of both D1R and AT2R to the plasma membrane. Inhibition of PKA (protein kinase A) with Rp-cAMPS and PKG (protein kinase G) with Rp-8-CPT-cGMPS blocks D1R and AT2R recruitment, respectively, indicating that both PKA and PKG are necessary for D1R and AT2R trafficking. Both 8-Br-cAMP and 8-Br-cGMP activate PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A), which is necessary for both plasma membrane recruitment of D1R and AT2R and the inhibition of sodium hydrogen exchanger 3-dependent Na+ transport. These studies provide insights into the D1R/AT2R transregulation mechanisms that play a crucial role in maintaining Na+ and ultimately blood pressure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Gildea
- From the Departments of Pathology (J.J.G., P.X., R.A.F.)
| | - Peng Xu
- From the Departments of Pathology (J.J.G., P.X., R.A.F.)
| | - Brandon A Kemp
- Medicine (B.A.K., R.M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Robert M Carey
- Medicine (B.A.K., R.M.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC (P.A.J.)
| | - Robin A Felder
- From the Departments of Pathology (J.J.G., P.X., R.A.F.)
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17
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Although an independent brain renin-angiotensin system is often assumed to exist, evidence for this concept is weak. Most importantly, renin is lacking in the brain, and both brain angiotensinogen and angiotensin (Ang) II levels are exceptionally low. In fact, brain Ang II levels may well represent uptake of circulating Ang II via Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors. Recent Findings Nevertheless, novel drugs are now aimed at the brain RAS, i.e., aminopeptidase A inhibitors should block Ang III formation from Ang II, and hence diminish AT1 receptor stimulation by Ang III, while AT2 and Mas receptor agonists are reported to induce neuroprotection after stroke. The endogenous agonists of these receptors and their origin remain unknown. Summary This review addresses the questions whether independent angiotensin generation truly occurs in the brain, what its relationship with the kidney is, and how centrally acting RAS blockers/agonists might work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ren
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- AstraZeneca-Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Li XC, Zheng X, Chen X, Zhao C, Zhu D, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. Genetic and genomic evidence for an important role of the Na +/H + exchanger 3 in blood pressure regulation and angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:97-108. [PMID: 30849009 PMCID: PMC6485378 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00122.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+)/hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) and sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) are two of the most important Na+ transporters in the proximal tubules of the kidney. On the apical membrane side, NHE3 primarily mediates the entry of Na+ into and the exit of H+ from the proximal tubules, directly and indirectly being responsible for reabsorbing ~50% of filtered Na+ in the proximal tubules of the kidney. On the basolateral membrane side, Na+/K+-ATPase serves as a powerful engine driving Na+ out of, while pumping K+ into the proximal tubules against their concentration gradients. While the roles of NHE3 and Na+/K+-ATPase in proximal tubular Na+ transport under in vitro conditions are well recognized, their respective contributions to the basal blood pressure regulation and angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension remain poorly understood. Recently, we have been fortunate to be able to use genetically modified mouse models with global, kidney- or proximal tubule-specific deletion of NHE3 to directly determine the cause and effect relationship between NHE3, basal blood pressure homeostasis, and ANG II-induced hypertension at the whole body, kidney and/or proximal tubule levels. The purpose of this article is to review the genetic and genomic evidence for an important role of NHE3 with a focus in the regulation of basal blood pressure and ANG II-induced hypertension, as we learned from studies using global, kidney- or proximal tubule-specific NHE3 knockout mice. We hypothesize that NHE3 in the proximal tubules is necessary for maintaining basal blood pressure homeostasis and the development of ANG II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xu Chen
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Dongmin Zhu
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine; Cardiovascular and Renal Research Center; The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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19
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Smirnova E, Shulkina S, Loran E, Podtaev S, Antonova N. Relationship between skin blood flow regulation mechanisms and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 70:129-142. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-170247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Smirnova
- Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russia
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences Ural Branch, Korolyova str, Perm, Russia
| | - S. Shulkina
- Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russia
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences Ural Branch, Korolyova str, Perm, Russia
| | - E. Loran
- Perm State Medical University, Perm, Russia
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences Ural Branch, Korolyova str, Perm, Russia
| | - S. Podtaev
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences Ural Branch, Korolyova str, Perm, Russia
| | - N. Antonova
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas (MasR) are part of the "protective arm" of the renin angiotensin system. Gene and pharmacological manipulation studies reveal that AT2R and MasR are involved in natriuretic, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory responses and in lowering blood pressure in various animal models under normal and pathological conditions such as salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The scope of this review is to discuss co-localization and heterodimerization as potential molecular mechanisms of AT2R- and MasR-mediated functions including antihypertensive activities. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidences show that AT2R and MasR are co-localized, make a heterodimer, and are functionally interdependent in producing their physiological responses. Moreover, ang-(1-7) preferably may be an AT1R-biased agonist while acting as a MasR agonist. The physical interactions of AT2R and MasR appear to be an important mechanism by which these receptors are involved in blood pressure regulation and antihypertensive activity. Whether heteromers of these receptors influence affinity or efficacy of endogenous or synthetic agonists remains a question to be considered.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Health 2, Room 3046, 4849 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX, 77204-5000, USA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Health 2, Room 3046, 4849 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX, 77204-5000, USA.
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22
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de Morais SDB, Shanks J, Zucker IH. Integrative Physiological Aspects of Brain RAS in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:10. [PMID: 29480460 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in modulating cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis. While the systemic actions of the RAS are widely accepted, the role of the RAS in the brain, its regulation of cardiovascular function, and sympathetic outflow remain controversial. In this report, we discuss the current understanding of central RAS on blood pressure (BP) regulation, in light of recent literature and new experimental techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using neuronal or glial-specifc mouse models have allowed for greater understanding into the site-specific expression and role centrally expressed RAS proteins have on BP regulation. While all components of the RAS have been identified in cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, their actions may be site specific. In a number of animal models of hypertension, reduction in Ang II-mediated signaling, or upregulation of the central ACE2/Ang 1-7 pathway, has been shown to reduce BP, via a reduction in sympathetic signaling and increase parasympathetic tone, respectively. Emerging evidence also suggests that, in part, the female protective phenotype against hypertension may be due to inceased ACE2 activity within cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain, potentially mediated by estrogen. Increasing evidence suggests the importance of a central renin-angiotensin pathway, although its localization and the mechanisms involved in its expression and regulation still need to be clarified and more precisely defined. All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D B de Morais
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Julia Shanks
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
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23
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Li XC, Zhuo JL. Recent Updates on the Proximal Tubule Renin-Angiotensin System in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 27372447 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not only as circulating, paracrine (cell to cell), but also intracrine (intracellular) system. In the kidney, however, it is difficult to dissect the respective contributions of circulating RAS versus intrarenal RAS to the physiological regulation of proximal tubular Na(+) reabsorption and hypertension. Here, we review recent studies to provide an update in this research field with a focus on the proximal tubular RAS in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. Careful analysis of available evidence supports the hypothesis that both local synthesis or formation and AT1 (AT1a) receptor- and/or megalin-mediated uptake of angiotensinogen (AGT), ANG I and ANG II contribute to high levels of ANG II in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Under physiological conditions, nearly all major components of the RAS including AGT, prorenin, renin, ANG I, and ANG II would be filtered by the glomerulus and taken up by the proximal tubules. In ANG II-dependent hypertension, the expression of AGT, prorenin, and (pro)renin receptors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is upregulated rather than downregulated in the kidney. Furthermore, hypertension damages the glomerular filtration barrier, which augments the filtration of circulating AGT, prorenin, renin, ANG I, and ANG II and their uptake in the proximal tubules. Together, increased local ANG II formation and augmented uptake of circulating ANG II in the proximal tubules, via activation of AT1 (AT1a) receptors and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3, may provide a powerful feedforward mechanism for promoting Na(+) retention and the development of ANG II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Angiotensin type-2 receptors (AT2Rs) in the renal proximal tubule inhibit sodium (Na+) reabsorption by inducing renal cyclic GMP formation and internalizing and inhibiting major Na+ transporters Na+-H+ exchanger-3 (NHE-3) and Na+/K+ATPase (NKA). Instead of angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin III (Ang III) is the predominant endogenous agonist for this response. Exogenous non-peptide AT2R agonist Compound-21 induces natriuresis and lowers blood pressure (BP) in normal and Ang II-infused hypertensive rodents. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; both pre-hypertensive and hypertensive) have defective natriuretic responses to Ang III, suggesting a defect in AT2R-mediated natriuresis in SHR that leads to hypertension. The mechanisms of deficient AT2R-mediated natriuresis in SHR are unknown but could involve either pre-receptor or receptor/post-receptor defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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25
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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in renal and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1307-26. [PMID: 27358027 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is well-considered to be the principal effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which binds with strong affinity to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptor subtype. However, activation of both receptors is likely to stimulate different signalling mechanisms/pathways and produce distinct biological responses. The haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of Ang II, including its ability to regulate blood pressure, maintain water-electrolyte balance and promote vasoconstriction and cellular growth are well-documented to be mediated primarily by the AT1R. However, its biological and functional effects mediated through the AT2R subtype are still poorly understood. Recent studies have emphasized that activation of the AT2R regulates tissue and organ development and provides in certain context a potential counter-regulatory mechanism against AT1R-mediated actions. Thus, this review will focus on providing insights into the biological role of the AT2R, in particular its actions within the renal and cardiovascular system.
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26
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Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: Physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:21-38. [PMID: 28619367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive systems in the physiological regulation of neural, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and kidney function. The importance of the RAS in the development and pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases has now been firmly established in clinical trials and practice using renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blockers (ARBs), or aldosterone receptor antagonists as major therapeutic drugs. The major mechanisms of actions for these RAS inhibitors or receptor blockers are mediated primarily by blocking the detrimental effects of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1/aldosterone axis. However, the RAS has expanded from this classic axis to include several other complex biochemical and physiological axes, which are derived from the metabolism of this classic axis. Currently, at least five axes of the RAS have been described, with each having its key substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and/or downstream signaling pathways. These include the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the ANG II/APA/ANG III/AT2/NO/cGMP, the ANG I/ANG II/ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/renin/prorenin receptor (PRR or Atp6ap2)/MAP kinases ERK1/2/V-ATPase, and the ANG III/APN/ANG IV/IRAP/AT4 receptor axes. Since the roles and therapeutic implications of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis have been extensively reviewed, this article will focus primarily on reviewing the roles and therapeutic implications of the vasoprotective axes of the RAS in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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27
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Epochs in the depressor/pressor balance of the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:761-71. [PMID: 27128801 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a commanding role in the regulation of extracellular fluid homoeostasis. Tigerstadt and Bergman first identified the RAS more than two centuries ago. By the 1980s a voyage of research and discovery into the mechanisms and actions of this system led to the development of drugs that block the RAS, which have become the mainstay for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disease. In the last 25 years new components of the RAS have come to light, including the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang(1-7)]/Mas receptor (MasR) axis. These have been shown to counter the classical actions of angiotensin II (AngII) at the predominant angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R). Our studies, and those of others, have demonstrated that targeting these depressor RAS pathways may be therapeutically beneficial. It is apparent that the evolution of both the pressor and depressor RAS pathways is distinct throughout life and that the depressor/pressor balance of the RAS vary between the sexes. These temporal patterns of expression suggest that therapies targeting the RAS could be optimized for discrete epochs in life.
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28
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Carey RM. AT2 Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:339-347. [PMID: 27664954 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is arguably the most important and best studied hormonal system in the control of blood pressure (BP) and the pathogenesis of hypertension. The RAS features its main effector angiotensin II (Ang II) acting via its 2 major receptors, angiotensin type-1(AT1R) and type-2 (AT2R). In general, AT2Rs oppose the detrimental actions of Ang II via AT1Rs. AT2R activation induces vasodilation and natriuresis, but its effects to lower BP in hypertension have not been as clear as anticipated. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that acute and chronic AT2R stimulation can induce natriuresis and lower BP in the Ang II infusion model of experimental hypertension. AT2R activation induces receptor recruitment from intracellular sites to the apical plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells via a bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate signaling pathway that results in internalization and inactivation of sodium (Na+) transporters Na+-H+ exchanger-3 and Na+/K+ATPase. These responses do not require the presence of concurrent AT1R blockade and are effective both in the prevention and reversal of hypertension. This review will address the role of AT2Rs in the control of BP and Na+ excretion and the case for these receptors as potential therapeutic targets for hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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29
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Bohlender JM, Nussberger J, Birkhäuser F, Grouzmann E, Thalmann GN, Imboden H. Resetting of renal tissular renin-angiotensin and bradykinin-kallikrein systems after unilateral kidney denervation in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:585-593. [PMID: 28220244 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renal tissular renin-angiotensin and bradykinin-kallikrein systems control kidney function together with the renal sympathetic innervation but their interaction is still unclear. To further elucidate this relationship, we investigated these systems in rats 6 days after left kidney denervation (DNX, n = 8) compared to sham-operated controls (CTR, n = 8). Plasma renin concentration was unchanged in DNX vs. CTR (p = NS). Kidney bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin (Ang) I and II concentrations decreased bilaterally in DNX vs. CTR rats (~20 to 40%, p < 0.05) together with Ang IV and V concentrations that were extremely low (p = NS). Renin, Ang III and dopamine concentrations decreased by ~25 to 50% and norepinephrine concentrations by 99% in DNX kidneys (p < 0.05) but were unaltered in opposite kidneys. Ang II/I and KA were comparable in DNX, contralateral and CTR kidneys. Ang III/II increased in right vs. DNX or CTR kidneys (40-50%, p < 0.05). Ang II was mainly located in tubular epithelium by immunocytological staining and its cellular distribution was unaffected by DNX. Moreover, the angiotensinergic and catecholaminergic innervation of right kidneys was unchanged vs. CTR. We found an important dependency of tissular Ang and BK levels on the renal innervation that may contribute to the resetting of kidney function after DNX. The DNX-induced peptide changes were not readily explained by kidney KA, renin or plasma Ang I generation. However, tissular peptide metabolism and compartmentalization may have played a central role. The mechanisms behind the concentration changes remain unclear and deserve further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen M Bohlender
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 4, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Nussberger
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Birkhäuser
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Biomedicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George N Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Imboden
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Keller SR, Gildea JJ, Padia SH, Carey RM. AT2 Receptor Activation Prevents Sodium Retention and Reduces Blood Pressure in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension. Circ Res 2016; 119:532-43. [PMID: 27323774 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound 21 (C-21) is a highly selective nonpeptide angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) agonist. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chronic AT2R activation with C-21 induces natriuresis via an action at the renal proximal tubule (RPT) and lowers blood pressure (BP) in experimental angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS In rats, Ang II infusion increased both sodium (Na(+)) retention and BP on day 1, and BP remained elevated throughout the 7-day infusion period. Either intrarenal or systemic administration of C-21 prevented Ang II-mediated Na(+) retention on day 1, induced continuously negative cumulative Na(+) balance compared with Ang II alone, and reduced BP chronically. The effects of C-21 are likely to be mediated by action on the RPT as acute systemic C-21-induced natriuresis was additive to that induced by chlorothiazide and amiloride. At 24 hours of Ang II infusion, AT2R activation with C-21, both intrarenally and systemically, translocated AT2Rs from intracellular sites to the apical plasma membranes of RPT cells without altering the total cellular pool of AT2Rs and internalized/inactivated major RPT Na(+) transporters Na(+)-H(+)-exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase. C-21 lowered BP to a similar degree whether administered before or subsequent to the establishment of Ang II-dependent hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Chronic AT2R activation initiates and sustains receptor translocation to RPT apical plasma membranes, internalizes/inactivates Na(+)-H(+)-exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase, prevents Na(+) retention resulting in negative cumulative Na(+) balance, and lowers BP in experimental Ang II-induced hypertension. Acting uniquely at the RPT, C-21 is a promising candidate for the treatment of hypertension and Na(+)-retaining states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Nancy L Howell
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Susanna R Keller
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - John J Gildea
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Shetal H Padia
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Robert M Carey
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville.
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Wysocki J, Ye M, Batlle D. Plasma and Kidney Angiotensin Peptides: Importance of the Aminopeptidase A/Angiotensin III Axis. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1418-26. [PMID: 25968123 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is a complex regulatory hormonal network with a main biological peptide and therapeutic target, angiotensin (Ang) II (1-8). There are other potentially important Ang peptides that have not been well evaluated. METHODS Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for concurrent evaluation of multiple Angs downstream of Ang I (1-10) and Ang II (1-8) in kidney and plasma from wild-type (WT) mice. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 knockout (ACE2KO) was also used as a way to examine the Angs profile in the absence of ACE2, an enzyme that cleaves both Ang I (1-10) and Ang II (1-8). RESULTS In plasma from both WT and ACE2KO, levels of Ang I (1-10), Ang III (2-8), and Ang (2-10) were the highest of all the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) peptides. The latter two peptides are products of aminopeptidase A cleavage of Ang II (1-8) and Ang I (1-10), respectively. In contrast, plasma levels of Ang II (1-8), and Ang (1-7), the product of Ang II (1-8) cleavage by ACE2, were low. In kidney from both WT and ACE2KO, Ang II (1-8) levels were high as compared to plasma levels. In the ACE2KO mice, a significant increase in either Ang II (1-8) or a decrease in Ang (1-7) was not observed in plasma or in the kidney. CONCLUSION RAS-focused peptidomic approach revealed major differences in Ang peptides between mouse plasma and kidney. These Ang peptide profiles show the dominance of the aminopeptidase A/Ang (2-10) and aminopeptidase A/Ang III (2-8) pathways in the metabolism of Ang I (1-10) and Ang II (1-8) over the ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis. Ang III (2-8) and other peptides formed from aminopeptidase A cleavage may be important therapeutic RAS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wysocki
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Minghao Ye
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Dai SY, Peng W, Zhang YP, Li JD, Shen Y, Sun XF. Brain endogenous angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2-R) protects against DOCA/salt-induced hypertension in female rats. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:47. [PMID: 25885968 PMCID: PMC4355980 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies demonstrate that there are sex differences in the expression of angiotensin receptor type 2 (AT2-R) in the kidney and that AT2-R plays an enhanced role in regulating blood pressure (BP) in females. Also, brain AT2-R activation has been reported to negatively modulate BP and sympathetic outflow. The present study investigated whether the central blockade of endogenous AT2-R augments deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-induced hypertension in both male and female rats. Methods All rats were subcutaneously infused with DOCA combined with 1% NaCl solution as the sole drinking fluid. BP and heart rate (HR) were recorded by telemetric transmitters. To determine the effect of central AT2-R on DOCA/salt-induced hypertension, male and female rats were intracerebroventricularly (icv) infused with AT2-R antagonist, PD123,319, during DOCA/salt treatment. Subsequently, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, a key cardiovascular regulatory region of the brain, was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Results DOCA/salt treatment elicited a greater increase in BP in male rats than that in females. Icv infusions of the AT2-R antagonist significantly augmented DOCA/salt pressor effects in females. However, this same treatment had no enhanced effect on DOCA/salt-induced increase in the BP in males. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis of the female brain revealed that DOCA/salt treatment enhanced the mRNA and protein expression for both antihypertensive components including AT2-R, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2, and interleukin (IL)-10 and hypertensive components including angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1-R), ACE-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β, but decreased mRNA expression of renin in the PVN. The central blockade of AT2-R reversed the changes in mRNA and protein expressions of ACE-2, IL-10, and renin, further increased the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β, and kept higher the expressions of AT1-R, ACE-1, and AT2-R. Conclusions These results indicate that endogenous AT2-R activation in the brain plays an important protective role in the development of DOCA/salt-induced hypertension in females, but not in males. The protective effect of AT2-R in females involves regulating the expression of brain renin-angiotensin system components and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Life Science Research Center, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Life Science Research Center, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei, China.
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Life Science Research Center, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei, China.
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Gildea JJ, Keller SR, Padia SH, Carey RM. AT₂ receptor activation induces natriuresis and lowers blood pressure. Circ Res 2014; 115:388-99. [PMID: 24903104 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound 21 (C-21) is a highly selective nonpeptide AT2 receptor (AT2R) agonist. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that renal proximal tubule AT2Rs induce natriuresis and lower blood pressure in Sprague-Dawley rats and mice. METHODS AND RESULTS In rats, AT2R activation with intravenous C-21 increased urinary sodium excretion by 10-fold (P<0.0001); this natriuresis was abolished by direct renal interstitial infusion of specific AT2R antagonist PD-123319. C-21 increased fractional excretion of Na(+) (P<0.05) and lithium (P<0.01) without altering renal hemodynamic function. AT2R activation increased renal proximal tubule cell apical membrane AT2R protein (P<0.001) without changing total AT2R expression and internalized/inactivated Na(+)-H(+) exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase. C-21-induced natriuresis was accompanied by an increase in renal interstitial cGMP (P<0.01); C-21-induced increases in urinary sodium excretion and renal interstitial cGMP were abolished by renal interstitial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-N(6)-nitroarginine methyl ester or bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant. Renal AT2R activation with C-21 prevented Na(+) retention and lowered blood pressure in the angiotensin II infusion model of experimental hypertension. CONCLUSIONS AT2R activation initiates its translocation to the renal proximal tubule cell apical membrane and the internalization of Na(+)-H(+) exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase, inducing natriuresis in a bradykinin-nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent manner. Intrarenal AT2R activation prevents Na(+) retention and lowers blood pressure in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. AT2R activation holds promise as a renal proximal tubule natriuretic/diuretic target for the treatment of fluid-retaining states and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Nancy L Howell
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - John J Gildea
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Susanna R Keller
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Shetal H Padia
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Robert M Carey
- From the Departments of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville.
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Kopf PG, Campbell WB. Endothelial metabolism of angiotensin II to angiotensin III, not angiotensin (1-7), augments the vasorelaxation response in adrenal cortical arteries. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4768-76. [PMID: 24092640 PMCID: PMC3836075 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperaldosteronism is linked to the development and progression of several different cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin (Ang) II increases aldosterone secretion and adrenal blood flow. Ang II peptide fragments are produced by various peptidases, and these Angs have diverse and vital physiologic roles. Due to the uncharacteristic vasorelaxation of adrenal arteries by Ang II, we tested the hypothesis that Ang II metabolism contributes to its relaxant activity in adrenal arteries. Metabolism of Angs by bovine adrenal cortical arteries and isolated bovine adrenal vascular cells was measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The primary Ang metabolites of adrenal arteries are Ang III and Ang (1-7), with Ang IV produced to a lesser extent. Bovine microvascular endothelial cells produced a similar metabolic profile to adrenal arteries, whereas bovine adrenal artery smooth muscle cells exhibited less metabolism. In preconstricted adrenal arteries, Ang II caused relaxation in picomolar concentrations and constrictions at 10nM. Ang-converting enzyme 2 inhibition augmented this relaxation response, whereas aminopeptidase inhibition did not. Ang III was equipotent to Ang II in relaxing adrenal arteries. Ang IV did not cause relaxation. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition enhanced Ang II-induced constriction of adrenal arteries. Aminopeptidase inhibition increased the concentration range for Ang II-induced constriction of adrenal arteries. Ang III and Ang IV did not change the basal tone but caused constriction of adrenal arteries with nitric oxide synthase inhibition. These data indicate that Ang II metabolism modulates the vascular effects of Ang II in the adrenal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Kopf
- PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Park BM, Gao S, Cha SA, Park BH, Kim SH. Cardioprotective effects of angiotensin III against ischemic injury via the AT2 receptor and KATP channels. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00151. [PMID: 24400153 PMCID: PMC3871466 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin III (Ang III) has similar effects on blood pressure and aldosterone secretion as Ang II, but cardioprotective effects are also proposed. In this study, we investigated whether Ang III protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. After sacrificing Sprague-Dawley rats, the hearts were perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer for a 20 min preischemic period with and without Ang III followed by 20-min global ischemia and 50-min reperfusion. Pretreatment with Ang III (1 μmol/L) improved an increased postischemic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and a decreased postischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) induced by reperfusion compared to untreated hearts. Ang III markedly decreased infarct size and lactate dehydrogenase levels in effluent during reperfusion. Ang III increased coronary flow and the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide in coronary effluent during reperfusion. Pretreatment with Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist or ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) blocker for 15 min before ischemia attenuated the improvement of LVEDP, LVDP, and ±dP/dt induced by Ang III. Ang III treatment increased Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 protein levels, which was attenuated by pretreatment with AT2R antagonist or KATP blocker. Ang III treatment also decreased Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 protein levels, and increased Bcl-2 protein level, which were attenuated by pretreatment with AT2R antagonist or KATP blocker. These results suggest that the cardioprotective effects of Ang III against I/R injury may be partly related to activating antioxidant and antiapoptotic enzymes via AT2R and KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Mun Park
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju, Korea
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seung Ah Cha
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju, Korea
| | - Byung Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju, Korea
| | - Suhn Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju, Korea
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Zhuo JL, Ferrao FM, Zheng Y, Li XC. New frontiers in the intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin system: a critical review of classical and new paradigms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:166. [PMID: 24273531 PMCID: PMC3822323 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well-recognized as one of the oldest and most important regulators of arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular, and renal function. New frontiers have recently emerged in the RAS research well beyond its classic paradigm as a potent vasoconstrictor, an aldosterone release stimulator, or a sodium-retaining hormone. First, two new members of the RAS have been uncovered, which include the renin/(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Recent studies suggest that prorenin may act on the PRR independent of the classical ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis, whereas ACE2 may degrade ANG II to generate ANG (1-7), which activates the Mas receptor. Second, there is increasing evidence that ANG II may function as an intracellular peptide to activate intracellular and/or nuclear receptors. Third, currently there is a debate on the relative contribution of systemic versus intrarenal RAS to the physiological regulation of blood pressure and the development of hypertension. The objectives of this article are to review and discuss the new insights and perspectives derived from recent studies using novel transgenic mice that either overexpress or are deficient of one key enzyme, ANG peptide, or receptor of the RAS. This information may help us better understand how ANG II acts, both independently or through interactions with other members of the system, to regulate the kidney function and blood pressure in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L. Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fernanda M. Ferrao
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yun Zheng
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiao C. Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Brouwers S, Smolders I, Massie A, Dupont AG. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated and nitric oxide-dependent renal vasodilator response to compound 21 unmasked by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. Hypertension 2013; 62:920-6. [PMID: 24041944 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R)-mediated vasodilation has been demonstrated in different vascular beds in vitro and in perfused organs. In vivo studies, however, consistently failed to disclose renal vasodilator responses to compound 21, a selective AT2R agonist, even after angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. Here, we investigated in vivo whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, reducing endogenous angiotensin II levels, could unmask the effects of selective AT2R stimulation on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats. After pretreatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, intravenous administration of compound 21 did not affect blood pressure and induced dose-dependent renal vasodilator responses in spontaneously hypertensive but not in normotensive rats. The D1 receptor agonist fenoldopam, used as positive control, reduced blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in both strains. The AT2R antagonist PD123319 and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NMMA (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate) abolished the renal vasodilator response to compound 21 without affecting responses to fenoldopam. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin partially inhibited the renal vascular response to compound 21, whereas the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant was without effect. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition unmasked a renal vasodilator response to selective AT2R stimulation in vivo, mediated by nitric oxide and partially by prostaglandins. AT2R may have a pathophysiological role to modulate renal hemodynamic effects of angiotensin II in the hypertensive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Brouwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
In this review three major issues of sodium homeostasis are addressed. Specifically, volume-dependent (salt-sensitive) hypertension, sodium chloride content of maintenance fluid and clinical evaluation of hyponatremia are discussed. Regarding volume-dependent hypertension the endocrine/paracrine systems mediating renal sodium retention, the relationship between salt intake, plasma sodium levels and blood pressure, as well as data on the dissociation of sodium and volume regulation are presented. The concept of perinatal programming of salt-preference is also mentioned. Some theoretical and practical aspects of fluid therapy are summarized with particular reference to using hypotonic sodium chloride solution for maintenance fluid as opposed to the currently proposed isotonic sodium chloride solution. Furthermore, the incidence, the aetiological classification and central nervous system complications of hyponatremia are presented, too. In addition, clinical and pathophysical features of hyponatremic encephalophathy and osmotic demyelinisation are given. The adaptive reactions of the brain to hypotonic stress are also described with particular emphasis on the role of brain-specific water channel proteins (aquaporin-4) and the benzamil-inhibitable sodium channels. In view of the outmost clinical significance of hyponatremia, the principles of efficient and safe therapeutic approaches are outlined. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1488–1497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Sulyok
- Pécsi Tudományegyetem Egészségtudományi Kar Pécs Vörösmarty u. 4. 7621
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Yugandhar VG, Clark MA. Angiotensin III: a physiological relevant peptide of the renin angiotensin system. Peptides 2013; 46:26-32. [PMID: 23692861 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a peptide hormone system that plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy. This has led researchers to focus extensively on this system, leading to the discovery of various peptides, peptidases, receptors and signal transduction mechanisms intrinsic to the RAS. Angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang III, Ang IV, and Ang-(1-7) are the main biologically active peptides of RAS. However, most of the available studies have focused on Ang II as the likely key peptide from the RAS that directly and indirectly regulates physiological functions leading to pathological conditions. However, data from recent studies suggest that Ang III may produce physiologically relevant effects that are similar to those produced by Ang II. Hence, this review focuses on Ang III and the myriad of physiological effects that it produces in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vudhya G Yugandhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Abstract
The kidney plays a fundamental role in maintaining body salt and fluid balance and blood pressure homeostasis through the actions of its proximal and distal tubular segments of nephrons. However, proximal tubules are well recognized to exert a more prominent role than distal counterparts. Proximal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of filtered load and most, if not all, of filtered amino acids, glucose, solutes, and low molecular weight proteins. Proximal tubules also play a key role in regulating acid-base balance by reabsorbing approximately 80% of filtered bicarbonate. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives into current understanding of proximal tubules of nephrons, with an emphasis on the ultrastructure, molecular biology, cellular and integrative physiology, and the underlying signaling transduction mechanisms. The review is divided into three closely related sections. The first section focuses on the classification of nephrons and recent perspectives on the potential role of nephron numbers in human health and diseases. The second section reviews recent research on the structural and biochemical basis of proximal tubular function. The final section provides a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives in the physiological regulation of proximal tubular transport by vasoactive hormones. In the latter section, attention is particularly paid to new insights and perspectives learnt from recent cloning of transporters, development of transgenic animals with knockout or knockin of a particular gene of interest, and mapping of signaling pathways using microarrays and/or physiological proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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Abstract
Sex differences exist in the regulation of arterial pressure and renal function by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This may in part stem from a differential balance in the pressor and depressor arms of the RAS. In males, the ACE/AngII/AT(1)R pathways are enhanced, whereas, in females, the balance is shifted towards the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR and AT(2)R pathways. Evidence clearly demonstrates that premenopausal women, as compared to aged-matched men, are protected from renal and cardiovascular disease, and this differential balance of the RAS between the sexes likely contributes. With aging, this cardiovascular protection in women is lost and this may be related to loss of estrogen postmenopause but the possible contribution of other sex hormones needs to be further examined. Restoration of these RAS depressor pathways in older women, or up-regulation of these in males, represents a therapeutic target that is worth pursuing.
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Park BM, Oh YB, Gao S, Cha SA, Kang KP, Kim SH. Angiotensin III stimulates high stretch-induced ANP secretion via angiotensin type 2 receptor. Peptides 2013; 42:131-7. [PMID: 23419986 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin III (Ang III) is metabolized from Ang II by aminopeptidase (AP) A and in turn, Ang III is metabolized to Ang IV by APN. Ang III is known to have a similar effect to Ang II on aldosterone secretion, but the effect of Ang III on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion from cardiac atria is not known. The aim of the present study is to define the effect of Ang III on ANP secretion and its receptor subtype using isolated perfused beating atria. The volume load was achieved by elevating the height of outflow catheter connected with isolated atria from 5 cmH2O to 7.5 cmH2O. Atrial stretch by volume load increased atrial contractility and ANP secretion. Ang III stimulated stretch-induced ANP secretion in a dose-dependent manner without change in atrial contractility. The stimulated effect of Ang III (1 μM) on stretch-induced ANP secretion was blocked by the pretreatment of Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist but not by AT1 or Mas receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylyl cyclase, or protein kinase G (PKG) attenuated Ang III-stimulated ANP secretion. When Ang III (40 nM) or Ang II (4nM) was infused for 10 min into anesthetized rats, mean arterial pressure was increased about 10%. However, Ang III increased plasma ANP level by 35.81±10.19% but Ang II decreased plasma ANP level by 30.41±7.27%. Therefore, we suggest that Ang III, opposite to Ang II, stimulated stretch-induced ANP secretion through AT2 receptor/PI3K/Akt/nitric oxide/PKG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Mun Park
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Sympathoexcitation associated with Renin-Angiotensin system in metabolic syndrome. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:406897. [PMID: 23476747 PMCID: PMC3586511 DOI: 10.1155/2013/406897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and RAS inhibitors are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS. Although RAS activation is important for the therapeutic target, underlying sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is critically involved and should not be neglected in the pathogenesis of hypertension with MetS. In fact, previous studies have suggested that SNS activation has the interaction with RAS activation and/or insulin resistance. As a novel aspect connecting the importance of SNS and RAS activation, we and other investigators have recently demonstrated that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) improve SNS activation in patients with MetS. In the animal studies, SNS activation is regulated by the AT1R-induced oxidative stress in the brain. We have also demonstrated that orally administered ARBs cause sympathoinhibition independent of the depressor effects in dietary-induced hypertensive rats. Interestingly, these benefits on SNS activation of ARBs in clinical and animal studies are not class effects of ARBs. In conclusion, SNS activation associated with RAS activation in the brain should be the target of the treatment, and ARBs could have the potential benefit on SNS activation in patients with MetS.
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45
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes one of the most important hormonal systems in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through renal and nonrenal mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, including kidney injury, and blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) by selective antagonists constitutes an effective therapeutic regimen. It is now apparent with the identification of multiple components of the RAS within the kidney and other tissues that the system is actually composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS can be defined as the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction, water intake, sodium retention, and other mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, as well as increase oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation in pathological conditions. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the AngII/Ang III-AT2R pathway and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT7R axis generally opposes the actions of a stimulated Ang II-AT1R axis through an increase in nitric oxide and prostaglandins and mediates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that these non-classical RAS components contribute to the therapeutic blockade of the classical system to reduce blood pressure and attenuate various indices of renal injury, as well as contribute to normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension & Vascular Disease Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Focus on Brain Angiotensin III and Aminopeptidase A in the Control of Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:124758. [PMID: 22792446 PMCID: PMC3389720 DOI: 10.1155/2012/124758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was initially described as a hormone system designed to mediate cardiovascular and body water regulation. The discovery of a brain RAS composed of the necessary functional components (angiotensinogen, peptidases, angiotensins, and specific receptor proteins) independent of the peripheral system significantly expanded the possible physiological and pharmacological functions of this system. This paper first describes the enzymatic pathways resulting in active angiotensin ligands and their interaction with AT1, AT2, and mas receptor subtypes. Recent evidence points to important contributions by brain angiotensin III (AngIII) and aminopeptidases A (APA) and N (APN) in sustaining hypertension. Next, we discuss current approaches to the treatment of hypertension followed by novel strategies that focus on limiting the binding of AngII and AngIII to the AT1 receptor subtype by influencing the activity of APA and APN. We conclude with thoughts concerning future treatment approaches to controlling hypertension and hypotension.
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Gildea JJ, Wang X, Shah N, Tran H, Spinosa M, Van Sciver R, Sasaki M, Yatabe J, Carey RM, Jose PA, Felder RA. Dopamine and angiotensin type 2 receptors cooperatively inhibit sodium transport in human renal proximal tubule cells. Hypertension 2012; 60:396-403. [PMID: 22710646 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.194175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding how the kidney shifts from a sodium and water reclaiming state (antinatriuresis) to a state where sodium and water are eliminated (natriuresis). In human renal proximal tubule cells, sodium reabsorption is decreased by the dopamine D(1)-like receptors (D(1)R/D(5)R) and the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT(2)R), whereas the angiotensin type 1 receptor increases sodium reabsorption. Aberrant control of these opposing systems is thought to lead to sodium retention and, subsequently, hypertension. We show that D(1)R/D(5)R stimulation increased plasma membrane AT(2)R 4-fold via a D(1)R-mediated, cAMP-coupled, and protein phosphatase 2A-dependent specific signaling pathway. D(1)R/D(5)R stimulation also reduced the ability of angiotensin II to stimulate phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, an effect that was partially reversed by an AT(2)R antagonist. Fenoldopam did not increase AT(2)R recruitment in renal proximal tubule cells with D(1)Rs uncoupled from adenylyl cyclase, suggesting a role of cAMP in mediating these events. D(1)Rs and AT(2)Rs heterodimerized and cooperatively increased cAMP and cGMP production, protein phosphatase 2A activation, sodium-potassium-ATPase internalization, and sodium transport inhibition. These studies shed new light on the regulation of renal sodium transport by the dopaminergic and angiotensin systems and potential new therapeutic targets for selectively treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Gildea
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Chugh G, Lokhandwala MF, Asghar M. Altered functioning of both renal dopamine D1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptors causes hypertension in old rats. Hypertension 2012; 59:1029-36. [PMID: 22411927 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.192302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of renal dopamine D1 (D1R) and angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT(1)Rs) influences the activity of proximal tubular sodium transporter Na,K-ATPase and maintains sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. We reported recently that diminished D1R and exaggerated AT(1)R functions are associated with hypertension in old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 (FBN) rats, and oxidative stress plays a central role in this phenomenon. Here we studied the mechanisms of age-associated increase in oxidative stress on diminished D1R and exaggerated AT(1)R functions in the renal proximal tubules of control and antioxidant Tempol-treated adult and old FBN rats. Although D1R numbers and D1R agonist SKF38393-mediated stimulation of [(35)S]-GTPγS binding (index of D1R activation) were lower, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (kinase that uncouples D1R) levels were higher in old FBN rats. Tempol treatment restored D1R numbers and G protein coupling and reduced G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 levels in old FBN rats. Angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of [(35)S]-GTPγS binding and Na,K-ATPase activity were higher in old FBN rats, which were also restored with Tempol treatment. We also measured renal AT(1)R function in adult and old Fischer 344 (F344) rats, which, despite exhibiting an age-related increase in oxidative stress and diminished renal D1R function, are normotensive. We found that diuretic and natriuretic responses to candesartan (indices of AT(1)R function) were similar in F344 rats, a likely explanation for the absence of age-associated hypertension in these rats. Perhaps, alterations in both D1R (diminished) and AT(1)R (exaggerated) functions are necessary for the development of age-associated hypertension, as seen in old FBN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chugh
- Heart and Kidney Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Verdonk K, Danser AHJ, van Esch JHM. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonists: where should they be applied? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:501-13. [PMID: 22348403 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.664131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiotensin II, the active endproduct of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), exerts its effects via angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 (AT(1), AT(2)) receptors. AT(1) receptors mediate all well-known effects of angiotensin II, ranging from vasoconstriction to tissue remodeling. Thus, to treat cardiovascular disease, RAS blockade aims at preventing angiotensin II-AT(1) receptor interaction. Yet RAS blockade is often accompanied by rises in angiotensin II, which may exert beneficial effects via AT(2) receptors. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes our current knowledge on AT(2) receptors, describing their location, function(s), endogenous agonist(s) and intracellular signaling cascades. It discusses the beneficial effects obtained with C21, a recently developed AT(2) receptor agonist. Important questions that are addressed are do these receptors truly antagonize AT(1) receptor-mediated effects? What about their role in the diseased state and their heterodimerization with other receptors? EXPERT OPINION The general view that AT(2) receptors exclusively exert beneficial effects has been challenged, and in pathological models, their function sometimes mimics that of AT(1) receptors, for example, inducing vasoconstriction and cardiac hypertrophy. Yet given its upregulation in various pathological conditions, the AT(2) receptor remains a promising target for treatment, allowing effects beyond blood pressure-lowering, for example, in stroke, aneurysm formation, inflammation and myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Verdonk
- Erasmus Medical Center, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Putnam K, Shoemaker R, Yiannikouris F, Cassis LA. The renin-angiotensin system: a target of and contributor to dyslipidemias, altered glucose homeostasis, and hypertension of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1219-30. [PMID: 22227126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00796.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension. Obesity has emerged as a primary contributor to essential hypertension in the United States and clusters with other metabolic disorders (hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol) defined within the metabolic syndrome. In addition to hypertension, RAS blockade may also serve as an effective treatment strategy to control impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and dyslipidemias in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or specific cholesterol metabolites have been demonstrated to activate components required for the synthesis [angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)], degradation (ACE2), or responsiveness (angiotensin II type 1 receptors, Mas receptors) to angiotensin peptides in cell types (e.g., pancreatic islet cells, adipocytes, macrophages) that mediate specific disorders of the metabolic syndrome. An activated local RAS in these cell types may contribute to dysregulated function by promoting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review will discuss data demonstrating the regulation of components of the RAS by cholesterol and its metabolites, glucose, and/or insulin in cell types implicated in disorders of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, we discuss data supporting a role for an activated local RAS in dyslipidemias and glucose intolerance/insulin resistance and the development of hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Identification of an activated RAS as a common thread contributing to several disorders of the metabolic syndrome makes the use of angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors an intriguing and novel option for multisymptom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Putnam
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0200, USA
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