1
|
Richter JM, Gunaga P, Yadav N, Bora RO, Bhide R, Rajugowda N, Govindrajulu K, Godesi S, Akuthota N, Rao P, Sivaraman A, Panda M, Kaspady M, Gupta A, Mathur A, Levesque PC, Gulia J, Dokania M, Ramarao M, Kole P, Chacko S, Lentz KA, Sivaprasad Lvj S, Thatipamula RP, Sridhar S, Kamble S, Govindrajan A, Soleman SI, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of BMS-986308: A Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor for the Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9731-9744. [PMID: 38807539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Recent literature reports highlight the importance of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel in renal sodium and potassium homeostasis and emphasize the potential impact that ROMK inhibitors could have as a novel mechanism diuretic in heart failure patients. A series of piperazine-based ROMK inhibitors were designed and optimized to achieve excellent ROMK potency, hERG selectivity, and ADME properties, which led to the identification of compound 28 (BMS-986308). BMS-986308 demonstrated efficacy in the volume-loaded rat diuresis model as well as promising in vitro and in vivo profiles and was therefore advanced to clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashantha Gunaga
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Navnath Yadav
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajesh Onkardas Bora
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajeev Bhide
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nagendra Rajugowda
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kavitha Govindrajulu
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Godesi
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Nagarjuna Akuthota
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prasanna Rao
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Aneesh Sivaraman
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Mahammed Kaspady
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jyoti Gulia
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashant Kole
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Silvi Chacko
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sankara Sivaprasad Lvj
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Srikanth Sridhar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shyam Kamble
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Arun Govindrajan
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sharif I Soleman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bohovyk R, Khedr S, Levchenko V, Stefanenko M, Semenikhina M, Kravtsova O, Isaeva E, Geurts AM, Klemens CA, Palygin O, Staruschenko A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1-Mediated Damage of Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes 2023; 72:1795-1808. [PMID: 37722138 PMCID: PMC10658073 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
There is clinical evidence that increased urinary serine proteases are associated with the disease severity in the setting of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Elevation of serine proteases may mediate [Ca2+]i dynamics in podocytes through the protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway, including associated activation of nonspecific cation channels. Cultured human podocytes and freshly isolated glomeruli were used for fluorescence and immunohistochemistry stainings, calcium imaging, Western blot analysis, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and patch clamp analysis. Goto-Kakizaki, Wistar, type 2 DN (T2DN), and a novel PAR1 knockout on T2DN rat background rats were used to test the importance of PAR1-mediated signaling in DN settings. We found that PAR1 activation increases [Ca2+]i via TRPC6 channels. Both human cultured podocytes exposed to high glucose and podocytes from freshly isolated glomeruli of T2DN rats had increased PAR1-mediated [Ca2+]i compared with controls. Imaging experiments revealed that PAR1 activation plays a role in podocyte morphological changes. T2DN rats exhibited a significantly higher response to thrombin and urokinase. Moreover, the plasma concentration of thrombin in T2DN rats was significantly elevated compared with Wistar rats. T2DNPar1-/- rats were embryonically lethal. T2DNPar1+/- rats had a significant decrease in glomerular damage associated with DN lesions. Overall, these data provide evidence that, during the development of DN, elevated levels of serine proteases promote an excessive [Ca2+]i influx in podocytes through PAR1-TRPC6 signaling, ultimately leading to podocyte apoptosis, the development of albuminuria, and glomeruli damage. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Increased urinary serine proteases are associated with diabetic nephropathy. During the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, the elevation of serine proteases could overstimulate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). PAR1 signaling is involved in the development of DN via TRPC6-mediated intracellular calcium signaling. This study provides fundamental knowledge that can be used to develop efficient therapeutic approaches targeting serine proteases or corresponding PAR pathways to prevent or slow the progression of diabetes-associated kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Bohovyk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Sherif Khedr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Mariia Stefanenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Marharyta Semenikhina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Olha Kravtsova
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Elena Isaeva
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Christine A. Klemens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
- James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zietara A, Palygin O, Levchenko V, Dissanayake LV, Klemens CA, Geurts A, Denton JS, Staruschenko A. K ir7.1 knockdown and inhibition alter renal electrolyte handling but not the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F177-F187. [PMID: 37318990 PMCID: PMC10393338 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
High K+ supplementation is correlated with a lower risk of the composite of death, major cardiovascular events, and ameliorated blood pressure, but the exact mechanisms have not been established. Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels expressed in the basolateral membrane of the distal nephron play an essential role in maintaining electrolyte homeostasis. Mutations in this channel family have been shown to result in strong disturbances in electrolyte homeostasis, among other symptoms. Kir7.1 is a member of the ATP-regulated subfamily of Kir channels. However, its role in renal ion transport and its effect on blood pressure have yet to be established. Our results indicate the localization of Kir7.1 to the basolateral membrane of aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron cells. To examine the physiological implications of Kir7.1, we generated a knockout of Kir7.1 (Kcnj13) in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and deployed chronic infusion of a specific Kir7.1 inhibitor, ML418, in the wild-type Dahl SS strain. Knockout of Kcnj13 (Kcnj13-/-) resulted in embryonic lethality. Heterozygous Kcnj13+/- rats revealed an increase in K+ excretion on a normal-salt diet but did not exhibit a difference in blood pressure development or plasma electrolytes after 3 wk of a high-salt diet. Wild-type Dahl SS rats exhibited increased renal Kir7.1 expression when dietary K+ was increased. K+ supplementation also demonstrated that Kcnj13+/- rats excreted more K+ on normal salt. The development of hypertension was not different when rats were challenged with high salt for 3 wk, although Kcnj13+/- rats excrete less Na+. Interestingly, chronic infusion of ML418 significantly increased Na+ and Cl- excretion after 14 days of high salt but did not alter salt-induced hypertension development. Here, we found that reduction of Kir7.1 function, either through genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition, can influence renal electrolyte excretion but not to a sufficient degree to impact the development of SS hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To investigate the role of the Kir7.1 channel in salt-sensitive hypertension, its function was examined using complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches. The results revealed that although reducing Kir7.1 expression had some impact on maintaining K+ and Na+ balance, it did not lead to a significant change in the development or magnitude of salt-induced hypertension. Hence, it is probable that Kir7.1 works in conjunction with other basolateral K+ channels to fine-tune membrane potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zietara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Vladislav Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Lashodya V Dissanayake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Christine A Klemens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Aron Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Post-Translational Modification Networking in WNK-Centric Hypertension Regulation and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092169. [PMID: 36140271 PMCID: PMC9496095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase family, comprising four serine-threonine protein kinases (WNK1-4), were first linked to hypertension due to their mutations in association with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). WNK kinases regulate crucial blood pressure regulators, SPAK/OSR1, to mediate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of their downstream ion channel substrates, such as sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC), epithelial sodium chloride (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and Na/K/2Cl co-transporters (NKCCs). In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways dysregulating the WNKs and their downstream target renal ion transporters. We summarize each of the genetic variants of WNK kinases and the small molecule inhibitors that have been discovered to regulate blood pressure via WNK-triggered PTM cascades.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ohara H, Nabika T. Genetic Modifications to Alter Blood Pressure Level. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081855. [PMID: 36009402 PMCID: PMC9405136 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation is one of the indispensable techniques to examine gene functions both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, cardiovascular phenotypes such as blood pressure cannot be evaluated in vitro system, necessitating the creation of transgenic or gene-targeted knock-out and knock-in experimental animals to understand the pathophysiological roles of specific genes on the disease conditions. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in various human populations have identified multiple genetic variations associated with increased risk for hypertension and/or its complications, the causal links remain unresolved. Genome-editing technologies can be applied to many different types of cells and organisms for creation of knock-out/knock-in models. In the post-GWAS era, it may be more worthwhile to validate pathophysiological implications of the risk variants and/or candidate genes by creating genome-edited organisms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Genetic Kidney Diseases (GKDs) Modeling Using Genome Editing Technologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091571. [PMID: 35563876 PMCID: PMC9105797 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic kidney diseases (GKDs) are a group of rare diseases, affecting approximately about 60 to 80 per 100,000 individuals, for which there is currently no treatment that can cure them (in many cases). GKDs usually leads to early-onset chronic kidney disease, which results in patients having to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant. Here, we briefly describe genetic causes and phenotypic effects of six GKDs representative of different ranges of prevalence and renal involvement (ciliopathy, glomerulopathy, and tubulopathy). One of the shared characteristics of GKDs is that most of them are monogenic. This characteristic makes it possible to use site-specific nuclease systems to edit the genes that cause GKDs and generate in vitro and in vivo models that reflect the genetic abnormalities of GKDs. We describe and compare these site-specific nuclease systems (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effect nucleases (TALENs) and regularly clustered short palindromic repeat-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas9)) and review how these systems have allowed the generation of cellular and animal GKDs models and how they have contributed to shed light on many still unknown fields in GKDs. We also indicate the main obstacles limiting the application of these systems in a more efficient way. The information provided here will be useful to gain an accurate understanding of the technological advances in the field of genome editing for GKDs, as well as to serve as a guide for the selection of both the genome editing tool and the gene delivery method most suitable for the successful development of GKDs models.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang J, Ding FX, Zhou X, Bateman TJ, Dong S, Gu X, Keh deJesus R, Pio B, Tang H, Chobanian HR, Levorse D, Hu M, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Margulis M, Koehler M, Weinglass A, Gibson J, Houle K, Yudkovitz J, Hampton C, Pai LY, Samuel K, Cutarelli T, Sullivan K, Parmee ER, Davies I, Pasternak A. Discovery of MK-8153, a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor and Novel Diuretic/Natriuretic. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7691-7701. [PMID: 34038119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK, Kir1.1) is a putative drug target for a novel class of diuretics with potential for treating hypertension and heart failure. Our first disclosed clinical ROMK compound, 2 (MK-7145), demonstrated robust diuresis, natriuresis, and blood pressure lowering in preclinical models, with reduced urinary potassium excretion compared to the standard of care diuretics. However, 2 projected to a short human half-life (∼5 h) that could necessitate more frequent than once a day dosing. In addition, a short half-life would confer a high peak-to-trough ratio which could evoke an excessive peak diuretic effect, a common liability associated with loop diuretics such as furosemide. This report describes the discovery of a new ROMK inhibitor 22e (MK-8153), with a longer projected human half-life (∼14 h), which should lead to a reduced peak-to-trough ratio, potentially extrapolating to more extended and better tolerated diuretic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas J Bateman
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuzhi Dong
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reynalda Keh deJesus
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Harry R Chobanian
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dorothy Levorse
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Margulis
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Koehler
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam Weinglass
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Houle
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Yudkovitz
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Caryn Hampton
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Cutarelli
- Discovery Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ian Davies
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Papanicolaou KN, Ashok D, Liu T, Bauer TM, Sun J, Li Z, da Costa E, D'Orleans CC, Nathan S, Lefer DJ, Murphy E, Paolocci N, Foster DB, O'Rourke B. Global knockout of ROMK potassium channel worsens cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury but cardiomyocyte-specific knockout does not: Implications for the identity of mitoKATP. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 139:176-189. [PMID: 32004507 PMCID: PMC7849919 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The renal-outer-medullary‑potassium (ROMK) channel, mutated in Bartter's syndrome, regulates ion exchange in kidney, but its extra-renal functions remain unknown. Additionally, ROMK was postulated to be the pore-forming subunit of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP), a mediator of cardioprotection. Using global and cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mice (ROMK-GKO and ROMK-CKO respectively), we characterize the effects of ROMK knockout on mitochondrial ion handling, the response to pharmacological KATP channel modulators, and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria from ROMK-GKO hearts exhibited a lower threshold for Ca2+-triggered permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening but normal matrix volume changes during oxidative phosphorylation. Isolated perfused ROMK-GKO hearts exhibited impaired functional recovery and increased infarct size when I/R was preceded by an ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protocol. Because ROMK-GKO mice exhibited severe renal defects and cardiac remodeling, we further characterized ROMK-CKO hearts to avoid confounding systemic effects. Mitochondria from ROMK-CKO hearts had unchanged matrix volume responses during oxidative phosphorylation and still swelled upon addition of a mitoKATP opener, but exhibited a lower threshold for mPTP opening, similar to GKO mitochondria. Nevertheless, I/R induced damage was not exacerbated in ROMK-CKO hearts, either ex vivo or in vivo. Lastly, we examined the response of ROMK-CKO hearts to ex vivo I/R injury with or without IPC and found that IPC still protected these hearts, suggesting that cardiomyocyte ROMK does not participate significantly in the cardioprotective pathway elicited by IPC. Collectively, our findings from these novel strains of mice suggest that cardiomyocyte ROMK is not a central mediator of mitoKATP function, although it can affect mPTP activation threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepthi Ashok
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tyler M Bauer
- Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junhui Sun
- Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eduardo da Costa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles Crepy D'Orleans
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - D Brian Foster
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gonzalez-Vicente A, Saez F, Monzon CM, Asirwatham J, Garvin JL. Thick Ascending Limb Sodium Transport in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:235-309. [PMID: 30354966 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thick ascending limb plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The importance of this segment in regulating blood pressure is evidenced by the effect of loop diuretics or local genetic defects on this parameter. Hormones and factors produced by thick ascending limbs have both autocrine and paracrine effects, which can extend prohypertensive signaling to other structures of the nephron. In this review, we discuss the role of the thick ascending limb in the development of hypertension, not as a sole participant, but one that works within the rich biological context of the renal medulla. We first provide an overview of the basic physiology of the segment and the anatomical considerations necessary to understand its relationship with other renal structures. We explore the physiopathological changes in thick ascending limbs occurring in both genetic and induced animal models of hypertension. We then discuss the racial differences and genetic defects that affect blood pressure in humans through changes in thick ascending limb transport rates. Throughout the text, we scrutinize methodologies and discuss the limitations of research techniques that, when overlooked, can lead investigators to make erroneous conclusions. Thus, in addition to advancing an understanding of the basic mechanisms of physiology, the ultimate goal of this work is to understand our research tools, to make better use of them, and to contextualize research data. Future advances in renal hypertension research will require not only collection of new experimental data, but also integration of our current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fara Saez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casandra M Monzon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Asirwatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey L Garvin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
WareJoncas Z, Campbell JM, Martínez-Gálvez G, Gendron WAC, Barry MA, Harris PC, Sussman CR, Ekker SC. Precision gene editing technology and applications in nephrology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:663-677. [PMID: 30089813 PMCID: PMC6591726 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expanding field of precision gene editing is empowering researchers to directly modify DNA. Gene editing is made possible using synonymous technologies: a DNA-binding platform to molecularly locate user-selected genomic sequences and an associated biochemical activity that serves as a functional editor. The advent of accessible DNA-targeting molecular systems, such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing systems, has unlocked the ability to target nearly any DNA sequence with nucleotide-level precision. Progress has also been made in harnessing endogenous DNA repair machineries, such as non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair and microhomology-mediated end joining, to functionally manipulate genetic sequences. As understanding of how DNA damage results in deletions, insertions and modifications increases, the genome becomes more predictably mutable. DNA-binding platforms such as TALEs and CRISPR can also be used to make locus-specific epigenetic changes and to transcriptionally enhance or suppress genes. Although many challenges remain, the application of precision gene editing technology in the field of nephrology has enabled the generation of new animal models of disease as well as advances in the development of novel therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy and xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary WareJoncas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jarryd M Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - William A C Gendron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Zhou X, Zhang J, Haimbach R, Zhu W, Mayer-Ezell R, Garcia-Calvo M, Smith E, Price O, Kan Y, Zycband E, Zhu Y, Hoek M, Cox JM, Ma L, Kelley DE, Pinto S. An integrin antagonist (MK-0429) decreases proteinuria and renal fibrosis in the ZSF1 rat diabetic nephropathy model. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971604 PMCID: PMC5625158 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple integrins have been implicated in modulating renal function. Modulation of integrin function can lead to pathophysiological processes associated with diabetic nephropathy such as alterations in the glomerular filtration barrier and kidney fibrosis. The complexity of these pathophysiological changes implies that multiple integrin subtypes might need to be targeted to ameliorate the progression of renal disease. To address this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of MK‐0429, a compound that was originally developed as an αvβ3 inhibitor for the treatment of osteoporosis, on renal function and fibrosis. We demonstrated that MK‐0429 is an equipotent pan‐inhibitor of multiple av integrins. MK‐0429 dose‐dependently inhibited podocyte motility and also suppressed TGF‐β‐induced fibrosis marker gene expression in kidney fibroblasts. Moreover, in the obese ZSF1 rat model of diabetic nephropathy, chronic treatment with MK‐0429 resulted in significant reduction in proteinuria, kidney fibrosis, and collagen accumulation. In summary, our results suggest that inhibition of multiple integrin subtypes might lead to meaningful impact on proteinuria and renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Robin Haimbach
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Rosemary Mayer-Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Margarita Garcia-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Olga Price
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Emanuel Zycband
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Jason M Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - David E Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The therapeutic potential of targeting the K ir1.1 (renal outer medullary K +) channel. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1963-1977. [PMID: 29076349 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kir1.1 (renal outer medullary K+) channels are potassium channels expressed almost exclusively in the kidney and play a role in the body's electrolyte and water balance. Potassium efflux through Kir1.1 compliments the role of transporters and sodium channels that are the targets of known diuretics. Consequently, loss-of-function mutations in men and rodents are associated with salt wasting and low blood pressure. On this basis, Kir1.1 inhibitors may have value in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Efforts to develop small molecule Kir1.1 inhibitors produced MK-7145, which entered into clinical trials. The present manuscript describes the structure-activity relationships associated with this scaffold alongside other preclinical Kir1.1 blockers.
Collapse
|
16
|
The Slo(w) path to identifying the mitochondrial channels responsible for ischemic protection. Biochem J 2017; 474:2067-2094. [PMID: 28600454 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in tissue ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury, with energetic failure and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore being the major causes of IR-induced cell death. Thus, mitochondria are an appropriate focus for strategies to protect against IR injury. Two widely studied paradigms of IR protection, particularly in the field of cardiac IR, are ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and volatile anesthetic preconditioning (APC). While the molecular mechanisms recruited by these protective paradigms are not fully elucidated, a commonality is the involvement of mitochondrial K+ channel opening. In the case of IPC, research has focused on a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP), but, despite recent progress, the molecular identity of this channel remains a subject of contention. In the case of APC, early research suggested the existence of a mitochondrial large-conductance K+ (BK, big conductance of potassium) channel encoded by the Kcnma1 gene, although more recent work has shown that the channel that underlies APC is in fact encoded by Kcnt2 In this review, we discuss both the pharmacologic and genetic evidence for the existence and identity of mitochondrial K+ channels, and the role of these channels both in IR protection and in regulating normal mitochondrial function.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou X, Forrest MJ, Sharif-Rodriguez W, Forrest G, Szeto D, Urosevic-Price O, Zhu Y, Stevenson AS, Zhou Y, Stribling S, Dajee M, Walsh SP, Pasternak A, Sullivan KA. Chronic Inhibition of Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Not Only Prevented but Also Reversed Development of Hypertension and End-Organ Damage in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2017; 69:332-338. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel mediates potassium recycling and facilitates sodium reabsorption through the Na
+
/K
+
/2Cl
−
cotransporter in the loop of Henle and potassium secretion at the cortical collecting duct. Evidence from the phenotype of humans and rodents with functional ROMK deficiency supports the contention that selective ROMK inhibitors (ROMKi) will represent a novel diuretic with potential of therapeutic benefit for hypertension. ROMKi have recently been synthesized by Merck & Co, Inc. The present studies were designed to examine the effects of ROMKi B on systemic hemodynamics, renal function and structure, and vascular function in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Four experimental groups—control, high-salt diet alone; ROMKi B 3 mg·kg
−
1
·d
−
1
; ROMKi B 10 mg·kg
−
1
·d
−
1
; and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg·kg
−
1
·d
−
1
—were included in prophylactic (from week 1 to week 9 on high-salt diet) and therapeutic studies (from week 5 to week 9 on high-salt diet), respectively. ROMKi B produced sustained blood pressure reduction and improved renal and vascular function and histological alterations induced by a high-salt diet. ROMKi B was superior to hydrochlorothiazide at reducing blood pressure. Furthermore, ROMKi B provided beneficial effects on both the plasma lipid profile and bone mineral density. Chronic ROMK inhibition not only prevented but also reversed the development of hypertension and end-organ damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Our findings suggest a potential utility of ROMKi B as a novel antihypertensive agent, particularly for the treatment of the salt-sensitive hypertension patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Michael J. Forrest
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Wanda Sharif-Rodriguez
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Gail Forrest
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Daphne Szeto
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Olga Urosevic-Price
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Andra S. Stevenson
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Yuchen Zhou
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Sloan Stribling
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Maya Dajee
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Shawn P. Walsh
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Kathleen A. Sullivan
- From the Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., W.S.-R., Y.Z., A.S.S., M.D., K.A.S.), In Vivo Pharmacology (M.J.F., G.F., D.S., O.U.-P., Y.Z., S.S.), and Chemistry (S.P.W., A.P.), Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elijovich F, Weinberger MH, Anderson CAM, Appel LJ, Bursztyn M, Cook NR, Dart RA, Newton-Cheh CH, Sacks FM, Laffer CL. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2016; 68:e7-e46. [PMID: 27443572 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
19
|
Hampton C, Zhou X, Priest BT, Pai LY, Felix JP, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Kohler M, Xiao J, Corona A, Price O, Gill C, Shah K, Rasa C, Tong V, Owens K, Ormes J, Tang H, Roy S, Sullivan KA, Metzger JM, Alonso-Galicia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A, Garcia ML. The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor, MK-7145, Lowers Blood Pressure, and Manifests Features of Bartters Syndrome Type II Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 359:194-206. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheng CJ, Sung CC, Huang CL, Lin SH. Inward-rectifying potassium channelopathies: new insights into disorders of sodium and potassium homeostasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:373-83. [PMID: 24899236 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inward-rectifying potassium (Kir) channels allow more inward than outward potassium flux when channels are open in mammalian cells. At physiological resting membrane potentials, however, they predominantly mediate outward potassium flux and play important roles in regulating the resting membrane potential in diverse cell types and potassium secretion in the kidneys. Mutations of Kir channels cause human hereditary diseases collectively called Kir channelopathies, many of which are characterized by disorders of sodium and potassium homeostasis. Studies on these genetic Kir channelopathies have shed light on novel pathophysiological mechanisms, including renal sodium and potassium handling, potassium shifting in skeletal muscles, and aldosterone production in the adrenal glands. Here, we review several recent advances in Kir channels and their clinical implications in sodium and potassium homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu 114, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
KCNJ1 inhibits tumor proliferation and metastasis and is a prognostic factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1251-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
23
|
Jin C, Sun J, Stilphen CA, Smith SME, Ocasio H, Bermingham B, Darji S, Guha A, Patel R, Geurts AM, Jacob HJ, Lambert NA, O'Connor PM. HV1 acts as a sodium sensor and promotes superoxide production in medullary thick ascending limb of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 2014; 64:541-50. [PMID: 24935944 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously characterized a H(+) transport pathway in medullary thick ascending limb nephron segments that when activated stimulated the production of superoxide by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Importantly, the activity of this pathway was greater in Dahl salt-sensitive rats than salt-resistant (SS.13(BN)) rats, and superoxide production was enhanced in low Na(+) media. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular identity of this pathway and its relationship to Na(+). We hypothesized that the voltage-gated proton channel, HV1, was the source of superoxide-stimulating H(+) currents. To test this hypothesis, we developed HV1(-/-) null mutant rats on the Dahl salt-sensitive rat genetic background using zinc-finger nuclease gene targeting. HV1 could be detected in medullary thick limb from wild-type rats. Intracellular acidification using an NH4Cl prepulse in 0 sodium/BaCl2 containing media resulted in superoxide production in thick limb from wild-type but not HV1(-/-) rats (P<0.05) and more rapid recovery of intracellular pH in wild-type rats (ΔpHI 0.005 versus 0.002 U/s, P=0.046, respectively). Superoxide production was enhanced by low intracellular sodium (<10 mmol/L) in both thick limb and peritoneal macrophages only when HV1 was present. When fed a high-salt diet, blood pressure, outer medullary renal injury (tubular casts), and oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal staining) were significantly reduced in HV1(-/-) rats compared with wild-type Dahl salt-sensitive rats. We conclude that HV1 is expressed in medullary thick ascending limb and promotes superoxide production in this segment when intracellular Na(+) is low. HV1 contributes to the development of hypertension and renal disease in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Jin
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Jingping Sun
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Carly A Stilphen
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Susan M E Smith
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Hiram Ocasio
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Brent Bermingham
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Sandip Darji
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Avirup Guha
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Roshan Patel
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Aron M Geurts
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Howard J Jacob
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.)
| | - Paul M O'Connor
- From the Department of Physiology (C.J, J.S., C.A.S., H.O., B.B., S.D., A.G., R.P., P.M.O.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (N.A.L.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.M.G., H.J.J.); and Department of Biology & Physics, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA (S.M.E.S.).
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels has recently seen substantial progress, including the molecular identification of some of the channels. An integrative approach using genetics, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and cell biology to clarify the roles of these channels has thus become possible. It is by now clear that many of these channels are important for energy supply by the mitochondria and have a major impact on the fate of the entire cell as well. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the electrophysiological properties, molecular identity, and pathophysiological functions of the mitochondrial ion channels studied so far and to highlight possible therapeutic perspectives based on current information.
Collapse
|
25
|
Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ. Targeting the inward-rectifier potassium channel ROMK in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 15:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Garcia ML, Priest BT, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Swensen A, Pai LY, Xiao J, Hernandez M, Hoagland K, Owens K, Tang H, de Jesus RK, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A. Pharmacologic inhibition of the renal outer medullary potassium channel causes diuresis and natriuresis in the absence of kaliuresis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:153-64. [PMID: 24142912 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, which is located at the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining the thick ascending loop of Henle and cortical collecting duct, plays an important role in kidney physiology by regulating salt reabsorption. Loss-of-function mutations in the human ROMK channel are associated with antenatal type II Bartter's syndrome, an autosomal recessive life-threatening salt-wasting disorder with mild hypokalemia. Similar observations have been reported from studies with ROMK knockout mice and rats. It is noteworthy that heterozygous carriers of Kir1.1 mutations associated with antenatal Bartter's syndrome have reduced blood pressure and a decreased risk of developing hypertension by age 60. Although selective ROMK inhibitors would be expected to represent a new class of diuretics, this hypothesis has not been pharmacologically tested. Compound A [5-(2-(4-(2-(4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one)], a potent ROMK inhibitor with appropriate selectivity and characteristics for in vivo testing, has been identified. Compound A accesses the channel through the cytoplasmic side and binds to residues lining the pore within the transmembrane region below the selectivity filter. In normotensive rats and dogs, short-term oral administration of compound A caused concentration-dependent diuresis and natriuresis that were comparable to hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, however, compound A did not cause any significant urinary potassium losses or changes in plasma electrolyte levels. These data indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of ROMK has the potential for affording diuretic/natriuretic efficacy similar to that of clinically used diuretics but without the dose-limiting hypokalemia associated with the use of loop and thiazide-like diuretics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Garcia
- Departments of Ion Channels (M.L.G., B.T.P., J.P.F., R.M.B., T.B., B.T.-F., J.L., A.S., G.J.K.), Hypertension (M.A.-G., X.Z., L.-Y.P., J.X., M.H., S.R.), Drug Metabolism (K.O.), and Medicinal Chemistry (H.T., R. K.J., A.P.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey; and Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (K.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cabral PD, Garvin JL. Less potassium coming out, less sodium going in: phenotyping ROMK knockout rats. Hypertension 2013; 62:240-1. [PMID: 23753409 PMCID: PMC4220290 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|