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Chenini S, Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome: From clinic to personalized medicine. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:703-714. [PMID: 37689536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological sensorimotor disorder that impairs sleep, mood and quality of life. RLS is defined by an urge to move the legs at rest that increases in the evening and at night, and is frequently associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Symptoms frequency, age at RLS onset, severity, familial history and consequences of RLS vary widely between patients. A genetic susceptibility, iron deficiency, dopamine deregulation, and possible hypo-adenosinergic state may play a role in the pathophysiology of RLS. Polysomnographic recordings found often periodic leg movements during sleep and wakefulness in patients with RLS. RLS can be classified as primary or comorbid with major diseases: iron deficiency, renal, neurological, rheumatological and lung diseases. First-line treatments are low-dose dopamine agonists, and alpha-2-delta ligands depending on the clinical context, and second/third line opiates for pharmacoresistant forms of RLS. Augmentation syndrome is a serious complication of dopamine agonists and should be prevented by using the recommended low dose. Despite an increase in knowledge, RLS is still underdiagnosed, poorly recognized, resulting in substantial individual health burden and socioeconomic coast, and education is urgently needed to increase awareness of this disabling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chenini
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases Narcolepsy and Rare Hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - L Barateau
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases Narcolepsy and Rare Hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Y Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases Narcolepsy and Rare Hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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Patients with a Higher Number of Periodic Limb Movements Have Higher Nocturnal Blood Pressure. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102829. [PMID: 35628954 PMCID: PMC9146477 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) may lead to increased blood pressure (BP) values during the night. The aim of this study was to assess if patients with disordered sleep and an increased number of PLMS have higher BP values at night. We analyzed 100 polysomnographic (PSG) recordings of patients with disordered sleep, with the exclusion of sleep-related breathing disorders. Patients also registered beat-to-beat blood pressure during PSG. We compared the BP of patients with an increased number of PLMS (more than 5 PLMS per hour of sleep) during the night (examined group, n = 50) to the BP of patients with a PLMS number within the normal range (up to 5 PLMS per hour of sleep) (control group, n = 50). Patients from the examined group had significantly higher values of systolic BP during the night (119.7 mmHg vs. 113.3 mmHg, p = 0.04), sleep (119.0 mmHg vs. 113.3 mmHg, p = 0.04), and wake (122.5 mmHg vs. 117.2 mmHg, p = 0.04) periods and of diastolic BP during the night (75.5 mmHg vs. 70.6 mmHg, p = 0.04) and wake (77.6 mmHg vs. 71.5 mmHg, p = 0.01) periods. Our results suggest a relationship between the number of PLMS during the night and the values of nocturnal blood pressure. It is possible that their treatment could lower nocturnal BP in patients with sleep disorders, therefore improving their vascular risk profile.
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Guo Q, Huang JJ, Lv WY, Xie XK, Wu XY, Liao W, Song AQ, Zhang YL, Chen YX, Wang JF. Restless legs syndrome and hypertension in men and women: a propensity score-matched analysis. Sleep Med 2021; 89:141-146. [PMID: 34983016 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and hypertension in men and women based on a community-based cohort of middle-aged and elderly participants. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study enrolled 4080 participants from the Sleep Heart Health study (SHHS). RLS was defined by positive responses on a self-administered questionnaire assessing the four diagnostic criteria, with symptoms occurring at least five times per month and associated with at least moderate distress. Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medication. Propensity score-matched (PSM) inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) analyses and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between RLS and hypertension. RESULTS RLS was present in 6.8% of women (n = 152) and 3.2% of men (n = 59). In the primary cohort analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-2.16, p < 0.001] for participants with RLS compared to those without RLS. In the PSM analyses, the OR for hypertension was 1.66 (95% CI 1.09-2.54, p = 0.019) for participants with RLS compared to those without RLS. In sex subgroup analyses, the association between RLS and hypertension persisted in women. In the PSM cohort, the ORs for hypertension were 1.67 (95% CI 1.01-2.81, p = 0.048) and 1.85 (95% CI 0.75-4.75, p = 0.191) in women and men, respectively. Similar results were found in IPTW cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a positive association between RLS and hypertension in a community-based population; in sex subgroup analyses, the association persisted in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yu Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An-Qi Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder characterized by an urge to move that appears during rest or is exacerbated by rest, that occurs in the evening or night and that disappears during movement or is improved by movement. Symptoms vary considerably in age at onset, frequency and severity, with severe forms affecting sleep, quality of life and mood. Patients with RLS often display periodic leg movements during sleep or resting wakefulness. RLS is considered to be a complex condition in which predisposing genetic factors, environmental factors and comorbidities contribute to the expression of the disorder. RLS occurs alone or with comorbidities, for example, iron deficiency and kidney disease, but also with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and neurological, rheumatological and respiratory disorders. The pathophysiology is still unclear, with the involvement of brain iron deficiency, dysfunction in the dopaminergic and nociceptive systems and altered adenosine and glutamatergic pathways as hypotheses being investigated. RLS is poorly recognized by physicians and it is accordingly often incorrectly diagnosed and managed. Treatment guidelines recommend initiation of therapy with low doses of dopamine agonists or α2δ ligands in severe forms. Although dopaminergic treatment is initially highly effective, its long-term use can result in a serious worsening of symptoms known as augmentation. Other treatments include opioids and iron preparations.
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Gupta A, Shukla G, Sharma G, Roy A, Afsar M, Bhargava B. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease among patients with resistant hypertension versus stroke patients-a prospective study. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:1245-1251. [PMID: 34716522 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown an increased prevalence and incidence of hypertension as well as a higher incidence of stroke among patients suffering from RLS. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of RLS among patients with resistant hypertension (RH) and compare the clinical characteristics of these patients with patients of stroke pre-existing RLS and with patients with primary RLS presenting to the Sleep clinic. METHODS Consecutive patients with RH (without any identifiable cause on extensive work up) and consecutive in-patients with stroke were enrolled over a 3-year-period. Patients with RH fulfilling revised-IRLSSG-criteria for RLS comprised group 1 and those with stroke and RLS formed group 2. These were compared with patients diagnosed to have idiopathic RLS (iRLS) (Group 3). Prevalence of RLS in groups 1 and 2 and RLS characteristics in all groups were compared. RESULTS Sixteen out of 56 RH patients (29%) formed group 1 and 43 out 346 of stroke patients (12%) formed group 2, while 43 consecutive iRLS patients were included in group 3. Age was significantly higher, with male dominance in group 2. Median age at symptom onset was significantly lower in group 1. Positive family history was similar in RH and iRLS patients and was significantly less common in stroke patients. Asymmetrical/unilateral distribution of symptoms was significantly more common in stroke group, compared to RH and iRLS groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a high prevalence of RLS among patients with resistant hypertension. RLS characteristics are different from those in patients with stroke, and very similar to primary RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Gupta
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Shukla
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Medicine, Neurology - Epilepsy & Sleep Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Gautam Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ambuj Roy
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Afsar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Poor Sleep Quality Is Associated with Altered Taste Perception in Chinese Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 121:435-445. [PMID: 32828739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small clinical studies have suggested that individuals with insufficient sleep could experience taste dysfunction. However, this notion has not been examined in a large-scale, population-based study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine whether overall sleep quality, as assessed by insomnia, daytime sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration, was associated with the odds of having altered taste perception in a large population-based study. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study that used data from a subcohort of the Kailuan study, an ongoing multicenter cohort study that began in 2006 in Tangshan City, China. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The participants were 11,030 adults aged 25 years or older (mean age 53.7 ± 10.7 years), who were free of neurodegenerative diseases. All the participants had undergone questionnaire assessments and medical examinations at Kailuan General Hospital from June 2012 to October 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Altered taste and olfactory perception were assessed via a questionnaire with two questions regarding whether participants had any problems with sense of taste or smell for ≥3 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED The association between sleep quality and altered taste/olfactory perception was examined using a logistic regression model, adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle factors (eg, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity) and health status (eg, lipid profiles, blood pressure, modification use, and presence of chronic diseases). RESULTS Poor overall sleep quality was associated with a higher risk of having altered taste perception (adjusted odds ratio for low vs high sleep quality 2.03, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.91; P < 0.001). Specifically, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and short sleep duration, but not prolonged sleep duration and snoring, were significantly associated with altered taste perception. A significant association between overall sleep quality and the risk of having altered olfactory perception was also observed (adjusted odds ratio for low vs high sleep quality 2.17, 95% CI 1.68 to 2.80; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this population-based study, poor sleep quality was associated with a high likelihood of altered taste perception.
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Elfimova EM, Mikhailova OO, Khachatryan NT, Litvin AY, Сhazova IE. [Clinical profile of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a cardiology hospital]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:9-16. [PMID: 32598692 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RELEVANCE Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is an important medical and social problem due to its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. The relationship between OSAS and cardiovascular pathology has been proven by many studies, which confirms the necessity for early diagnosis of OSAS and its treatment for the prevention of fatal and non-fatal events. AIM to study epidemiological and clinical profile of the patients referred by a cardiologist to a specialized sleep laboratory to verify the diagnosis of OSAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Object of study 527 patients aged 56.912.5 years who were hospitalized to the Myasnikov Clinical Cardiology Research Institute from 20162018 and had OSAS risk factors. Initially, complaints, medical history, anthropometric data were collected. As a screening survey, questionnaires were conducted using questionnaire scales. Verification of the diagnosis of OSAS and determination of the severity was carried out by cardiorespiratory or respiratory monitoring. Subsequently, 4 groups were formed depending on the presence and severity of OSAS. RESULTS The prevalence of OSAS among patients in a cardiology hospital referred to a verification study was 88.6%. A comparative analysis of the groups revealed a progressive increase in the values of anthropometric indicators with increasing severity of OSAS. No differences were found between the groups by gender and daytime sleepiness on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. The average score on the Epworth sleepiness scale was statistically significantly lower only in the group of patients without OSAS when compared with the group with a severe degree of OSAS, and is comparable with the scores in the groups of mild and moderate degrees of OSAS. In a multivariate model of logistic regression, independent predictors of OSAS were identified as: age over 45 years, indications of loud intermittent snoring, frequent nightly urination, overweight or obesity. According to the results of assessing the incidence of various cardiovascular diseases in patients referred to the sleep laboratory, no significant differences were detected. At the same time, a significant difference was found in the frequency of obesity in patients with severe OSAS compared with other groups, as well as the frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance when compared with groups without OSAS, and with mild OSAS. In one-factor logistic regression models, it was found that the likelihood of having a severe degree of OSAS increases with increasing both comorbidity and age. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of OSAS in patients of a cardiological hospital, referred to a sleep laboratory for verification study, was confirmed. Considering the data that early diagnosis and treatment of OSAS can affect the course of both nosologies, the quality of life and prognosis of these patients, it is advisable to routinely screen and verify the diagnosis of OSAS in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Y Litvin
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - I E Сhazova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology
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Blood pressure profile and endothelial function in restless legs syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15933. [PMID: 31685922 PMCID: PMC6828664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is frequently comorbid with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases; however this relationship and underlying mechanisms remain controversial. After clinical evaluation, 84 drug-free patients with primary RLS (53 women; mean age 55.1 ± 12.3 years) and 76 controls (47 women; mean age 52.2 ± 15.3 years) underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and polysomnographic monitoring, and peripheral arterial tonometry to assess endothelial function for 61 patients and 69 controls. Hypertension was diagnosed in 11.9% of patients with RLS based on office measurement, and in 46.4% on the 24 h recording, with nighttime hypertension, two times more frequent than daytime hypertension. Periodic limb movement during sleep (PLMS), markers of sleep fragmentation, and systolic and mean BP non-dipping profile were more frequent among patients. BP non-dipping status was associated with older age, later RLS onset and diagnosis, RLS severity and higher sleep fragmentation. The mean 24-hour, daytime and nighttime BP values, the frequency of hypertension and the endothelial function were comparable between groups. However, both systolic and diastolic BP trajectories over a 24-hour period differed between groups. In conclusion, patients with RLS exhibit a 24-hour BP deregulation with increased frequency of systolic non-dipping profiles that could worsen the risk for CVD morbidity and mortality.
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Rassu AL, Chenini S, Barateau L, Lopez R, Evangelista E, Guiraud L, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y. Increased blood pressure during the suggested immobilization test in Restless Legs Syndrome. Sleep 2019; 43:5602988. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the relationship between sensory discomfort/motor component and cardiovascular autonomic response by continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring (CBPM) during the suggested immobilization test (SIT) in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Methods
Thirty-two drug-free patients with primary RLS (10 men; mean age 60.29 ± 10.81 years) and 17 healthy controls (2 men; mean age 58.82 ± 11.86 years) underwent a 1-hour SIT starting at 8 pm with concomitant CBPM to measure the heart rate (HR) and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP). In all subjects, the presence of sensory discomfort and motor component during the SIT (S-SIT+ and M-SIT+, respectively) was quantified. Mixed regression models were used to compare the SBP, DBP, and HR profiles during the SIT by taking into account the repeated measures (6 time periods of 10 minutes).
Results
In patients with S-SIT+ (n = 17), SBP (p < 0.0001), DBP (p = 0.0007), and HR (p = 0.03) increased during the SIT compared with other patients and controls. Seventeen patients had M-SIT+ (none among healthy controls). Classifying patients in 4 groups in function of the presence/absence of the SIT sensory and motor components revealed that SDB and DBP increased throughout the SIT in patients with S-SIT+, independently of the motor component (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0008 for SBD; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01 for DBP in the S-SIT+/M-SIT− and S-SIT+/M-SIT+ groups, respectively).
Conclusion
During the SIT, BP concomitantly increased only in patients with RLS and sensory discomfort, with or without motor component. This highlights the link between evening sensory RLS symptoms, autonomic activation, and potential long-term cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Rassu
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Sofiène Chenini
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Regis Lopez
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisa Evangelista
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Lily Guiraud
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Unité du Sommeil, Centre National de Référence pour la Narcolepsie, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Service de Neurologie, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
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Chiaro G, Manconi M. Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements during sleep and cardiovascular risk. Auton Neurosci 2019; 220:102554. [PMID: 31331694 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms may modulate an association between restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), including chronic sleep deprivation, intermittent, periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS)-related autonomic fluctuations and possible autonomic dysfunction intrinsically associated with RLS per se. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing RLS/WED literature focusing on the pathophysiologic evidence for possible associations between RLS/WED and PLMS with CVD and events (CVE). Specific intrinsic dysautonomic aspects of the disease, which may contribute to generating CVD, are separately discussed. The association between RLS/WED and both CV risk factors and CVD still remains elusive. Although several shared pathophysiological causes could explain these possible relationships, the emerging body of literature focusing on these disorders remains controversial. Not only longitudinal population-based studies and meta-analyses, but also more animal models and therapeutic interventions are needed in order to build a sufficiently robust body of evidence on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Chiaro
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hein M, Lanquart JP, Hubain P, Loas G. Risk of resistant hypertension associated with restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep: a study on 673 treated hypertensive individuals. Sleep Med 2019; 63:46-56. [PMID: 31606649 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the limited data available in the literature, the aim of this study was to examine the risk of resistant hypertension (RHT) associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) in a large sample of treated hypertensive individuals. METHODS Demographic and polysomnographic (PSG) data from 673 treated hypertensive individuals recruited from the research database of the sleep laboratory of Erasme Hospital were analysed. After exclusion of the main causes of pseudo-resistance and secondary hypertension, RHT status was defined by the presence of an uncontrolled hypertension despite treatment with at least three antihypertensive agents (including a diuretic) from different classes in correct combination and at the highest tolerated doses or by the presence of controlled hypertension requiring the use of at least four antihypertensive agents. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the risk of RHT associated with RLS and PLMS in treated hypertensive individuals. RESULTS After adjustment for major confounding factors associated with RHT, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that frequent RLS (≥2 episodes/week) combined with PLMS index ≥26/h [odds ratio (OR) 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-3.61, p = 0.021] was a significant risk factor of RHT in treated hypertensive individuals. CONCLUSION In treated hypertensive individuals, frequent RLS combined with PLMS index ≥26/h is associated with higher risk of RHT which suggests that this pathology may be a secondary cause of RHT (eg, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and insomnia with short sleep duration) justifying the establishment of effective treatments in this particular subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Hein
- Erasme Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Pol Lanquart
- Erasme Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubain
- Erasme Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenolé Loas
- Erasme Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
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Sunwoo JS, Kim WJ, Chu MK, Yang KI. Association between Restless Legs Syndrome Symptoms and Self-Reported Hypertension: a Nationwide Questionnaire Study in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e130. [PMID: 31020817 PMCID: PMC6484175 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and hypertension remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between RLS and hypertension in a nationwide sample of the Korean adult population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study including 2,740 adults aged 19 years or more. Subjects who met the four essential International RLS Study Group criteria and reported symptoms occurring at least once a week were defined as the RLS group. The presence of hypertension was defined as a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the independent association between RLS symptoms and self-reported hypertension after adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Among the 2,740 subjects, 68 (2.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9%-3.1%) were found to have RLS with a symptom frequency of at least once a week. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 30.9% (95% CI, 20.5%-42.0%) in the RLS group, which was significantly higher than that in controls (12.4%; 95% CI, 11.2%-13.6%; P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio for self-reported hypertension in the RLS group was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.12-3.93) compared to controls. In addition to RLS symptoms, old age, being overweight, low education level, diabetes mellitus, and short sleep duration were significantly associated with self-reported hypertension. CONCLUSION RLS symptoms occurring at least once a week is independently associated with a higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension in the adult Korean population. Further research will confirm the clinical implication of the present results and the causal relationship between RLS and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Chu
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Ik Yang
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
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Shin DS, Yang KI, Kim DE, Hwangbo Y, Koo BB, Cho YW. Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep Are Not Associated With Hypertension in a Clinical Cohort of Korean Adults. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1228-1233. [PMID: 30032284 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of increased cardiovascular risk including hypertension in patients with periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS). In a multiethnic cohort study, the association between prevalent hypertension and PLMS varied according to ethnicity. We evaluated whether PLMS are associated with hypertension in Koreans. METHODS We enrolled 1,163 subjects who had polysomnography (PSG) from 2 tertiary hospitals. All subjects completed a sleep questionnaire before the PSG study. Coincidental hypertension was recorded according to past medical history. We analyzed the association between periodic limb movement index (PLMI), periodic limb movement associated with arousal index (PLMAI), and coincidental hypertension. Covariates were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), restless legs syndrome, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), arousal index, and average oxygen saturation. RESULTS A total of 304 subjects (26.1%) had hypertension. The proportion of subjects with hypertension in the PLMI ≥ 15 category was higher than that in the PLMI < 15 category (32.4% vs. 25.0%; P = 0.04). The proportion of subjects with hypertension in the PLMAI ≥ 1 category was 32.6%, which was higher than that in the PLMAI < 1 category (24.6%; P = 0.02). In a multivariate regression model, neither PLMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-1.68) nor PLMAI (OR, 1.21; 95% CI 0.83-1.76) were associated with hypertension. Statistical significance was found between coincidental hypertension and the following variables: age, smoking history, BMI, and AHI. CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective hospital-based study, there was no association between coincidental hypertension and PLMI/PLMAI in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seop Shin
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Ik Yang
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Doh-Eui Kim
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Young Hwangbo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Brian B Koo
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yong Won Cho
- Department of Neurology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Sieminski M. Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep and Blood Pressure. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1178-1179. [PMID: 30137195 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sieminski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Hwang IC, Na KS, Lee YJ, Kang SG. Higher Prevalence of Hypertension among Individuals with Restless Legs Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:701-709. [PMID: 29898579 PMCID: PMC6056689 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.02.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the proposed association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and the prevalence of hypertension. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted based on searches of the PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Korean electronic databases. Cohort and cross-sectional studies reporting the incidence of hypertension in individuals with RLS were included. Dichotomous data were pooled to obtain an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the prevalence of hypertension in individuals with RLS. The main outcome measure of the study was prevalence of hypertension in patients with RLS compared with a control group. RESULTS One cohort study and eight cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. Individuals with RLS had an increased prevalence of hypertension (all studies: OR=1.13, 95% CI=1.04-1.23; cross-sectional studies: OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.01-1.24). However, in subgroup analyses controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, the differences in the prevalence of hypertension between RLS and control patients were no longer significant. CONCLUSION Patients with RLS may have a higher prevalence of hypertension, according to a pooled analysis, but the results remain to be confirmed in well-designed prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Cheol Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu Y, Liu G, Li L, Yang J, Ma S. Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Restless Legs Syndrome in Women and Men: A Preliminary Population-Based Study in China. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:445-450. [PMID: 29458704 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Many studies have investigated the association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and cardiovascular risk factors, leading to conflicting results. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether RLS is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 5,324 consecutive subjects who visited the Physical Examination Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for their yearly routine physical examination. Participants underwent a face-to-face interview with a neurologist for the assessment of RLS, based on the International Restless Legs Study Group criteria. They also completed a questionnaire related to cardiovascular risk factors and other health-related and demographic information. Logistic regression was used to assess which of the demographic and cardiovascular risk factors increased the odds of RLS. Then, unadjusted and adjusted models were designed to determine whether RLS was associated with increased odds of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, or hypertension. RESULTS RLS was observed in 9.2% of the participants. Multivariable logistic regression models, which included the covariates age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, hypercholesterolemia, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (dichotomized at 5), demonstrated that female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.99-2.95), smoking (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.31-2.92), high cholesterol (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.03-1.64), and PSQI score > 5 (OR: 5.61, 95% CI: 2.14-14.69) are significantly associated with RLS. Additionally, RLS was associated with hypertension, after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score > 5, diabetes, anemia, and decreased renal function. CONCLUSIONS RLS is associated with the prevalence of hypertension but not with that of cardiovascular disease or coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Ma
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Bagheri R, Abedi P, Mousavi P, Azimi N. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome and its relationship with demographic characteristics and medical disorders in postmenopausal Iranian women. Health Care Women Int 2018; 39:1317-1325. [PMID: 29419360 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1435662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its relationship with demographic factors and medical disorders on 980 postmenopausal women. Data was gathered using a demographic questionnaire and the International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale. The prevalence of RLS was 16.02% (157/980). Women with poor economic status were 3.37 and 2.33 times more likely to have RLS than women with a good economic situation and moderate economic status (CI:2.041-5.579, P ≤ 0.0001) and (CI: 1.540-3.551, P ≤ 0.0001) respectively. The risk of RLS was 64% greater in women who smoked than in non-smokers. Women with history of hypertension, diabetes and anemia were 2.82, 2.09 and 2.19 times, respectively, more likely to have RLS than those without (P < 0.001). Also women with higher body mass index were more likely to have RLS and women taking hormone replacement therapy were less likely to have RLS. The prevalence of RLS among postmenopausal Iranian women is quite high and there is a relationship between RLS and factors such as age at menopause, education level, a history of smoking, hypertension, anemia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghieh Bagheri
- a Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Parvin Abedi
- b Menopause Andropause Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mousavi
- b Menopause Andropause Research Center , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Nasrin Azimi
- c Karaj Islamic Azad University Faculty of Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Calviño J, Cigarrán S, Gonzalez-Tabares L, Guijarro M, Millán B, Cobelo C, Cillero S, Sobrido MJ. Restless Legs Syndrome: An Unresolved Uremic Disorder after Renal Transplantation. Nephron Clin Pract 2018; 139:23-29. [DOI: 10.1159/000486401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Association between restless legs syndrome and hypertension: a meta-analysis of nine population-based studies. Neurol Sci 2017; 39:235-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Yildiz D, Buyukkoyuncu N, Kilic AK, Cander S, Yıldız A, Gunes A, Seferoglu M, Erer Ozbek S. Obesity: a possible risk factor for restless legs syndrome. Neurol Res 2017; 39:1044-1048. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1376394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demet Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Buyukkoyuncu
- Department of Neurology, Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kasim Kilic
- Department of Neurology, Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Soner Cander
- Department of Neurology, Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdülmecit Yıldız
- Department of Nephrology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aygul Gunes
- Department of Neurology, Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Meral Seferoglu
- Department of Neurology, Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sevda Erer Ozbek
- Department of Neurology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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The Effect of Cold Dialysis in Motor and Sensory Symptoms of RLS/WED Occurring During Hemodialysis: A Double-Blind Study. ASAIO J 2017; 64:110-114. [PMID: 28682991 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) is a common sensorimotory disorder affecting almost 30% of hemodialysis (HD) patients. RLS/WED induces discomfort during rest hours, and its symptoms have also been observed during HD sessions. Anecdotal reports suggest that cooling the dialysate solution during dialysis could help patients overcome those symptoms and improve restlessness. The aim of this double-blind study was to assess whether a reduction of the dialysate temperature by 1°C could reduce motor and sensory symptoms of RLS/WED occurring during HD. Thirty-two HD patients participated in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: the RLS (N=16) and the non-RLS groups (N=16). Patients were studied on two different scenarios for two consecutive HD sessions, 1 week apart: 1) standard temperature of the dialysate (37°C) and 2) low temperature of the dialysate (36°C cold dialysis scenario). In all sessions, motor (leg movement per hour of HD [LM/hHD]) and sensory symptoms were assessed. The reduction of dialysate temperature by 1°C was effective in reducing motor symptoms as they assessed the LM/hHD by 36% only in patients with RLS, while a significant interaction was found between "LM/hHD affected by temperature" and "RLS status" (p = 0.039). Sensory symptoms also reduced by 10% after the reduction of the dialysate temperature. The reduction of the dialysate temperature by 1°C reduced motor symptoms by 36-54% and sensory symptoms by 10% in HD patients with RLS/WED. Cold dialysis could be considered a safe nonpharmacological approach for the amelioration of RLS/WED symptoms occurring during HD.
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Zadeh Saraji N, Hami M, Boostani R, Mojahedi MJ. Restless leg syndrome in chronic hemodialysis patients in Mashhad hemodialysis centers. J Renal Inj Prev 2017; 6:137-141. [PMID: 28497091 PMCID: PMC5423282 DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensory motor disorder. Patients with this syndrome have serious and uncontrollable desire to move their legs, which is mostly due to an uncomfortable feeling intensified when they are motionless. It may be a genetic disorder or secondary to iron deficiency, neurodegenerations, pregnancy, some drugs and severe kidney diseases.
Objectives: This study was designed to find out the prevalence and its risk factors of RLS in hemodialysis patients.
Patients and Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study was done on 260 hemodialysis patients. The prevalence of RLS was measured using International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG)’s RLS Questionnaire (RLSQ). Potential risk factors for RLS including underlying cause of chronic renal failure, duration on dialysis, biochemical tests, dialysis adequacy, and erythropoietin and also venofer dosage in recent month and demographic data were also evaluated.
Results: The prevalence of RLS was 55% including 59.4% males and 40.6% females. Their mean age of RLS patients and their dialysis duration were significantly higher than other group (P<0.05). Their body mass index (BMI) and serum calcium were significantly higher (P<0.05). However erythropoietin dosage and serum hemoglobin level were lower in RLS patients (P<0.05). Significant predictors of RLS were history of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), smoking (P<0.05). There was not significant relation between RLS and dialysis adequacy, serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), urea, ferritin and venofer dosage (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, RLS is a common disorder in hemodialysis patients which can affect strongly on their life. So particular attention and sooner diagnosis of RLS in high risk patients for better management is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Zadeh Saraji
- Kidney Transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Hami
- Kidney Transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mojahedi
- Kidney Transplantation Complications Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Cholley-Roulleau M, Chenini S, Béziat S, Guiraud L, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: A case-control study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176552. [PMID: 28445539 PMCID: PMC5406016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The association between restless legs syndrome (RLS), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hypertension is inconsistent. This case-control study examined i) the association between primary RLS, CVD and hypertension by taking into account many potential confounders and ii) the influence of RLS duration, severity and treatment, sleep and depressive symptoms on CVD and hypertension in primary RLS. Methods A standardized questionnaire to assess the RLS phenotype, history of CVD and hypertension, sleep and depressive symptoms, drug intake and demographic/clinical features was sent to the France-Ekbom Patients Association members. A CVD event was defined as a self-reported history of coronary heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmia or stroke. Hypertension was also self-assessed. Current treatment for hypertension and arrhythmia also defined underlying hypertension and arrhythmia. Controls without RLS and without consanguinity were chosen by the patients. Results 487 patients with primary RLS (median age 71 years; 67.4% women) and 354 controls (68 years, 47.7% women) were included. Most of the patients (91.7%) were treated for RLS, especially with dopaminergic agonists. The median age of RLS onset was 45 years. CVD and hypertension were associated with RLS in unadjusted association, but not after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. Patients with RLS and with CVD and/or hypertension were significantly older, with hypercholesterolemia, sleep apnea and older age at RLS and at daily RLS onset compared with patients without CVD and/or hypertension. No significant difference was found for other RLS features, ferritin levels, daytime sleepiness, insomnia and depressive symptoms. Conclusion Despite some limitations in the design of this study, we found that most of the treated patients for primary RLS had no association with CVD and hypertension after controlling for key potential confounders. Comorbid CVD or hypertension was associated with cardiovascular risk factors, but not with RLS features except for older age at onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofiene Chenini
- Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Béziat
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lily Guiraud
- Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Sieminski M, Chwojnicki K, Partinen M. Higher nocturnal systolic blood pressure in patients with restless legs syndrome compared with patients with insomnia. Sleep Med 2017; 32:229-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Jahangir A, Murthy V. Effect of restless legs syndrome on blood pressure: is it sleep disturbance? Sleep Med 2017; 32:234-235. [PMID: 28057493 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Jahangir
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services and Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Vishnubhakta Murthy
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services and Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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26
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Eftekhari A, Nasiriani K, Mirzaei S, Azimpour Ardakani S. Predictive factors of restless leg syndrome in hemodialysis patients. J Renal Inj Prev 2016; 5:89-93. [PMID: 27471741 PMCID: PMC4962676 DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a neurologic disorder suffering the hemodialysis patients. Although the pathophysiology of this syndrome remains unknown yet, an investigation of the parameters pertinent to it may help to develop the related medical knowledge and to improve the therapeutic-care interventions in this regard.
Objectives: The correlation between the RLSs on individual, clinical, and laboratory indices in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Patients and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 104 hemodialysis patients. Diagnosis of RLS was made using the International RLS Standard Questionnaire. The data on individual, clinical, and laboratory indices were obtained from patients’ recorded files and interviews.
Results: Based on our findings, 28.8% of the patients undergoing hemodialysis were affected with mild RLS, 41.7% with moderate RLS, and 29.5% with severe RLS. There was a statistically significant correlation between affliction with RLS on the one hand, and age and gender, on the other (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between RLS and education level, occupation, length of hemodialysis, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hepatitis B and C, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), iron, hemoglobin (Hb) level and also KT/Vor URR (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of RLS among the hemodialysis patients, there is the necessity for taking more care of these patients to reduce the somatic complications of the RLS especially among the elderly and female patients and to control the blood sugar of these patients at the normal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Eftekhari
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Nasiriani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mirzaei
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Somayeh Azimpour Ardakani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Abstract
Symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis; symptoms of RLS are estimated to affect up to 25% of patients on dialysis when the international RLS diagnostic criteria are applied. RLS is a neurologic disorder with a circadian rhythmicity characterized by an overwhelming urge to move the legs during rest, which can be relieved temporarily by movement. RLS has been associated with an increase in sleep disturbance, higher cardiovascular morbidity, decreased quality of life, and an increased risk of death in patients with CKD. Although the exact pathophysiology of RLS is unknown, it is thought to involve an imbalance in iron metabolism and dopamine neurotransmission in the brain. The symptoms of moderate to severe RLS can be treated with several pharmacologic agents; however, data specific to patients on dialysis with RLS are lacking. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between, and complications of, RLS and CKD both in dialysis and nondialysis patients, and discuss the treatment options for patients on dialysis with RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Novak
- University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - John W Winkelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Disorders Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Unruh
- Division of Nephrology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
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Sabic A, Sinanovic O, Sabic D, Galic G. Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus. Med Arch 2016; 70:116-8. [PMID: 27147785 PMCID: PMC4851532 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2016.70.116-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze frequency of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: It was analyzed 120 subjects (from Health Center Živinice/Family Medicine Department) through a survey conducted in the period from March to June 2015, of which 30 (8 men/22 women). Subjects were 30 patients with longtime hypertension (HT)(18 men/12 women), 30 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type I or II (9 men/21 women), 30 patients with long standing DM type I or II and HT (12 men /18 women), and 30 control subjects (12 men/18 women). RLS were evaluated by questionnaire - International RLS Study Group Criteria. The average age of patients in the group with HT was 58.70 ± 9.07, in the group with DM 48.43 ± 15.37, and in the group of patients with HT and DM 63.90 ± 7.49 years. In the control group mean age was 52.76 ± 14.83 years. Statistical data were analyzed in Excel and SSPS statistical program. Results: RLS was identified in 10 (30%) of those with HT; 7 (21%) in patients with DM, and 10 (30%) in patients with HT+DM. In the control group RLS was verified in 4 (12%) patients. Comparing the results, it was observed significant difference between the HT and the control group (p=0.0012) and HT+ DM and control group (p=0.0012). The frequency of RLS between DM and the control group was not significantly significant (p=0.107). Conclusion: RLS is frequent in patients with hypertension (30%), hypertension+ diabetes mellitus (30%), and patients with DM (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Sabic
- Department of Family Medicine, Health Center Zivinice, Zivinice, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Osman Sinanovic
- Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dzevad Sabic
- Department of Neurology, Health Center Zivinice, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Gordan Galic
- University Hospital Mostar, Mostar Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Sieminski M, Partinen M. Nocturnal systolic blood pressure is increased in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Breath 2016; 20:1013-9. [PMID: 26993341 PMCID: PMC5016545 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent sensorimotor disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs, with symptoms appearing during the night and disturbing nocturnal sleep. There is a growing body of evidence that RLS correlates with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with RLS have higher blood pressure (BP) during the night than people without RLS. Methods We have analyzed polysomnographic (PSG) recordings of 30 patients with RLS and 27 subjects without the sleep disorder. During PSG, beat-to-beat BP measurement was performed. Results Patients with RLS have higher nocturnal and sleep-time systolic blood pressure compared to controls (124.4 vs. 116.5 mmHg, p < 0.05; 123.5 vs. 116.1 mmHg, p < 0.05). There was no noticeable dip in the values of nocturnal systolic pressure of patients with RLS. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that RLS and hypertension are linked. Thus, we believe patients with RLS require close observation with regard to cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sieminski
- Department of Adults' Neurology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Markku Partinen
- Vitalmed Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Valimotie 21, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Significant association between systolic and diastolic blood pressure elevations and periodic limb movements in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2016; 17:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Szentkirályi A, Völzke H, Hoffmann W, Winkelmann J, Berger K. Lack of Association between Genetic Risk Loci for Restless Legs Syndrome and Multimorbidity. Sleep 2016; 39:111-5. [PMID: 26350469 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Multimorbidity is a risk factor for incident restless legs syndrome (RLS). In this relationship, the potential role of known genetic risk loci for RLS has not been studied. Our aim was to evaluate whether carriers of specific RLS risk alleles have higher comorbidity burden than noncarriers. METHODS The Dortmund Health Study (DHS) and the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) are two independent cohort studies in Germany based on age-stratified, random samples drawn from the respective population registers. DHS included 1,312 subjects and SHIP included 4,308 subjects. RLS status was assessed according to the RLS standard minimal criteria. A comorbidity index was calculated by summing the scores of the following conditions: diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, stroke, cancer, renal disease, anemia, depression, thyroid disease, and migraine. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) previously associated with elevated risk of RLS were genotyped. Analyses were carried out on the pooled sample of the two studies. RESULTS The mean age was 50.4 ± 15.9 y, and the proportion of women was 51.4%. The mean number of comorbid conditions was 1.5 ± 1.3. In multivariable regression, the mean number of comorbidities was not significantly different between carriers of any of the RLS risk alleles and noncarriers either in the total pooled sample or in those having RLS symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results it is unlikely that known genetic risk factors for RLS would lead to increased multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szentkirályi
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany
| | - Julianne Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Stanford Center for Sleep Medicine and Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Restless Legs Symptoms and Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes. Clin Ther 2015; 38:256-64. [PMID: 26740290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a commonly occurring neurologic disorder that affects up to one third of women during pregnancy. RLS has been associated with increased sympathetic tone in the nonpregnant population. We examined whether a RLS surrogate is associated with a higher prevalence of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. METHODS Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional survey of 1000 women interviewed soon after delivery by using an RLS surrogate question. Women were asked how frequently (0 = none, 1 = rarely [<1 time/week], 2 = sometimes [1-2 times/week], 3 = frequently [3-4 times/week], and 4 = always [5-7 times/week]) they had "experienced jumpy or jerky leg movements" in the last 3 months of pregnancy. Clinical charts were reviewed to obtain relevant demographic and clinical data, including the presence of gestational hypertensive disorders and neonatal outcomes at birth. Subjects who "always" experienced RLS were compared with subjects experiencing symptoms less frequently or not at all with respect to prevalence of gestational hypertensive disorder. FINDINGS The mean ([SD]) age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and BMI at delivery were 29.0 (6.1) years, 26.1 (6.2) kg/m(2), and 32.0 (6.3) kg/m(2), respectively. The overall prevalence of the RLS surrogate (jumpy or jerky leg movements) was 35.5% with the following distribution on a Likert scale: score 1 = 6.4%; score 2 = 10.2%; score 3 = 8.1%; and score 4 = 10.8%. Chronic hypertension was present in 2.1%, pregnancy-induced hypertension in 9.5%, and preeclampsia in 4.5% of respondents. Subjects who reported "always" having sensations of jumpy or jerky legs were more likely to have gestational hypertensive disorders compared with those who reported less frequent occurrence of the symptoms. Adjusted odds ratios were 3.74 (95% CI, 1.31-10.72; P = 0.014) for chronic hypertension; 1.26 (95% CI, 0.65-2.46; P = 0.487) for pregnancy-induced hypertension; and 2.15 (95% CI, 0.97-4.75; P = 0.060) for preeclampsia. There was a significant association between leg movement score and neonatal birth weight (coefficient, -149.5 g [95% CI, -276.9 to -22.5]; P = 0.005) and gestational age at birth (-0.7 week [95% CI, -1.1 to -0.2]; P = 0.021) that persisted after adjusting for preeclampsia, diabetes, and smoking. IMPLICATIONS A higher frequency of jumpy or jerky leg symptoms, a proxy for RLS during pregnancy, was associated with a higher likelihood of gestational hypertensive disorders and neonatal outcomes such as gestational age at birth and birth weight. These findings may affect RLS treatment decisions during pregnancy.
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Morgenthaler TI, Croft JB, Dort LC, Loeding LD, Mullington JM, Thomas SM. Development of the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project Sleep Health Surveillance Questions. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:1057-62. [PMID: 26235156 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the first time ever, as emphasized by inclusion in the Healthy People 2020 goals, sleep health is an emphasis of national health aims. The National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project (NHSAP) was tasked to propose questions for inclusion in the next Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a survey that includes a number of questions that target behaviors thought to impact health, as a means to measure community sleep health. The total number of questions could not exceed five, and had to include an assessment of the risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS An appointed workgroup met via teleconference and face-to-face venues to develop an inventory of published survey questions being used to identify sleep health, to develop a framework on which to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of current survey questions concerning sleep, and to develop recommendations for sleep health and disease surveillance questions going forward. RESULTS The recommendation was to focus on certain existing BRFSS questions pertaining to sleep duration, quality, satisfaction, daytime alertness, and to add to these other BRFSS existing questions to make a modified STOP-BANG questionnaire (minus the N for neck circumference) to assess for risk of OSA. CONCLUSIONS Sleep health is an important dimension of health that has previously received less attention in national health surveys. We believe that 5 questions recommended for the upcoming BRFSS question banks will assist as important measures of sleep health, and may help to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to improve sleep health in our nation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet B Croft
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Sharon D. Nonpharmacologic Management of Restless Legs Syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep Med Clin 2015; 10:263-78, xiii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rist PM, Elbaz A, Dufouil C, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Restless Legs Syndrome and Cognitive Function: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study. Am J Med 2015; 128:1023.e33-9. [PMID: 25912201 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome has been speculated to be linked to cognitive impairment through vascular risk factors or through its effect on sleep deprivation. Previous studies on the association between restless legs syndrome and cognitive function have been inconclusive. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the association between restless legs syndrome and cognitive function using data from a large population-based study of elderly individuals residing in France. METHODS We used information from 2070 individuals from the Dijon, France center of the Three-City study who had available information on restless legs syndrome and cognitive functioning measures. Restless legs syndrome was assessed using the 4 minimal diagnostic criteria of the International Restless Legs Study Group. During the same wave in which restless legs syndrome status was assessed, cognitive functions also were assessed using 4 tests: Isaacs' test of verbal/category fluency, the Benton Visual Retention Test, the Trail Making Test B, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. We created a summary global cognitive score by summing the z scores for the 4 tests and used analysis of covariance to explore the association between restless legs syndrome and cognitive function. RESULTS We did not observe any statistically significant differences in any cognitive z-score between those with restless legs syndrome and those without restless legs syndrome. The mean global z-score after multivariate adjustment was -0.003 (SE 0.173) for those with restless legs syndrome and -0.007 (SE 0.129) for those without restless legs syndrome (P-value = .98). CONCLUSION Data from this large, population-based study do not suggest that restless legs syndrome is associated with prevalent cognitive deficits in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Rist
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Social and Occupational Determinants of Health, INSERM Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, Versailles, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- Team Neuroepidemiology, INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France; College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Team Neuroepidemiology, INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France; College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Team Neuroepidemiology, INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bordeaux, France; College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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36
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Wong JC, Li W, Gao X. Restless Legs Syndrome as a Prognostic Tool for Cardiovascular Disease. Sleep 2015; 38:995-6. [PMID: 26085294 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Wong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Weijuan Li
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Van Den Eeden SK, Albers KB, Davidson JE, Kushida CA, Leimpeter AD, Nelson LM, Popat R, Tanner CM, Bibeau K, Quesenberry CP. Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with a Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis in a Retrospective Cohort Study from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Sleep 2015; 38:1009-15. [PMID: 26083613 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent cross-sectional studies suggest that restless legs syndrome (RLS) may be associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidity or risk factors. We evaluated whether primary or secondary RLS was associated with an increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease in a retrospective cohort study within Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC). METHODS We identified members of KPNC with primary RLS and secondary RLS between 1999 and 2008 by an algorithm that incorporated longitudinal clinical records related to the diagnosis and treatment of RLS and comorbidities. We then matched each RLS case with up to 50 individuals with no clinical records of RLS by age, sex, race/ethnicity, zip code, and membership duration. For the analyses we excluded any individual with coronary artery disease (CAD: angina, acute myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization procedure, CAD death), CVD (CAD plus stroke), and hypertension at baseline. New cardiovascular events were determined from clinical records. Follow-up ended at an outcome event, disenrollment from KPNC, or death, whichever occurred earliest. There were over 473,358 person-y of follow-up in this cohort analysis with a mean follow-up time of 3.91 y and range from 6 mo to 12 y. Survival analysis techniques, including survival curves and proportional hazard regression models, were used to assess the association between RLS status and CVD. RESULTS There were 7,621 primary RLS and 4,507 secondary RLS cases identified and included in the study. In general, primary RLS cases were younger and had less comorbidity than secondary RLS cases. During the follow-up period, CVD was diagnosed in 478 primary RLS cohort members, CAD was diagnosed in 310, and hypertension events were identified in 1,466. Diagnosis in secondary RLS cohort members was made during the follow-up period with 451, 338, and 598 CVD, CAD, and hypertension events, respectively. Subjects with primary RLS had a similar risk of incident CVD (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.86-1.04) and CAD (HR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.89-1.13) to the comparison cohort, with a slight elevation in the risk of hypertension events (HR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.12-1.25), after multivariable adjustment. Individuals classified as secondary RLS had a significant increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.21-1.46), CAD (HR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.25-1.56), and hypertension (HR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.18-1.40). CONCLUSION Primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) was not associated with new-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) but was associated with a slight increased risk of hypertension. In contrast, secondary RLS was associated with an increased risk of CVD, CAD, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen B Albers
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Julie E Davidson
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC and Stockley Park, UK
| | - Clete A Kushida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Lorene M Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Rita Popat
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Kristen Bibeau
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC and Stockley Park, UK
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Catzín-Kuhlmann A, Juárez-Armenta A, Ortiz-Panozo E, Monge-Urrea A, Puchner KP, Cantú-Brito C, López-Ridaura R, Rice MS, Kurth T, Lajous M. Restless Legs Syndrome and Hypertension in Mexican Women. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:274-279. [PMID: 30363504 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RLS is a common chronic disorder characterized by an irresistible need to move the lower limbs that affects sleep. Poor sleep has been associated with increased blood pressure (BP). Thus, we evaluated the cross-sectional relationship between RLS and hypertension (HTN) in a large cohort study in Mexico. Methods In 2011, 54,925 female participants from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort responded to a four-item questionnaire based on the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group's minimal diagnostic criteria. Women also reported diagnosis and treatment of HTN. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate prevalence odds ratios (ORs) for HTN, adjusting for lifestyle and dietary factors. We also estimated adjusted prevalence ORs for HTN by frequency of RLS symptoms. Results We identified 9,230 cases (17%) of RLS, and the prevalence of HTN was 13.1% among women with RLS and 9.4% among those without RLS. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence OR for HTN comparing women with to those without RLS was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.26). Compared to those without RLS, the prevalence OR of HTN in women reporting a symptom frequency of once a month or less was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.00-1.30); among those with symptoms two to four times a month, the OR was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.05-1.30); and for those with symptoms at least two times a week, the OR was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.10-1.35). Conclusion We observed an association between RLS and HTN. Future studies should evaluate the impact of treating RLS on BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Catzín-Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Mexico City Mexico
| | - Alma Juárez-Armenta
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Adriana Monge-Urrea
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Karl P Puchner
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico.,Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Mexico City Mexico
| | - Ruy López-Ridaura
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Megan S Rice
- Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham & Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897)-Team Neuroepidemiology Bordeaux France.,University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Martín Lajous
- Center for Research on Population Health National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Mexico.,Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP) U1018 Gustave-Roussy Cancer Institute Villejuif France
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Liu G, Li L, Zhang J, Xue R, Zhao X, Zhu K, Wang Y, Xiao L, Shangguan J. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy or delivery complications in China: a representative survey. Sleep Med 2015; 17:158-62. [PMID: 26847992 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a detailed epidemiological study of Chinese women and the relationship between restless legs syndrome (RLS) in pregnancy and any associated complications during delivery. METHODS A total of 3874 pregnant women (18-40 years) who had delivered babies at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2011 to May 2014 were enrolled in the study. Using a face-to-face interview questionnaire, data were collected pertaining to RLS incidence in pregnancy and any associated complications during delivery. The relationship between RLS frequency and pregnancy or delivery complications was further investigated. RESULTS Among 12.3% of the eligible participants, RLS prevalence occurred at least weekly. Older pregnant women were more likely to suffer from RLS. Individuals who experienced RLS at least weekly reported a statistically higher frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness and an increased prevalence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and preeclampsia compared with those without RLS. CONCLUSION The study revealed that RLS was frequent in Chinese pregnant women, especially in those with pregnancy or delivery complications such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and preeclampsia. Restless legs syndrome was also associated with excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiahong Shangguan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Lu K, Chen J, Wu S, Chen J, Hu D. Interaction of Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality on Hypertension Prevalence in Adult Chinese Males. J Epidemiol 2015; 25:415-22. [PMID: 25912096 PMCID: PMC4444495 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies demonstrated conflicting results about the association of sleep duration and hypertension. Given the potential relationship between sleep quality and hypertension, this study aimed to investigate the interaction of self-reported sleep duration and sleep quality on hypertension prevalence in adult Chinese males. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of 4144 male subjects. Sleep duration were measured by self-reported average sleep time during the past month. Sleep quality was evaluated using the standard Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure level ≥140/90 mm Hg or current antihypertensive treatment. The association between hypertension prevalence, sleep duration, and sleep quality was analyzed using logistic regression after adjusting for basic cardiovascular characteristics. Results Sleep duration shorter than 8 hours was found to be associated with increased hypertension, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.03–1.52) for 7 hours, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.14–1.73) for 6 hours, and 2.38 (95% CI, 1.81–3.11) for <6 hours. Using very good sleep quality as the reference, good, poor, and very poor sleep quality were associated with hypertension, with odds ratios of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.01–1.42), 1.67 (95% CI, 1.32–2.11), and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.67–3.21), respectively. More importantly, further investigation of the association of different combinations of sleep duration and quality in relation to hypertension indicated an additive interaction. Conclusions There is an additive interaction of poor sleep quality and short sleep duration on hypertension prevalence. More comprehensive measurement of sleep should be performed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
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Dean DA, Wang R, Jacobs DR, Duprez D, Punjabi NM, Zee PC, Shea S, Watson K, Redline S. A systematic assessment of the association of polysomnographic indices with blood pressure: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Sleep 2015; 38:587-96. [PMID: 25348124 PMCID: PMC4355898 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Blood pressure (BP) may be adversely affected by a variety of sleep disturbances, including sleep fragmentation, hypoxemia, respiratory disturbances, and periodic limb movements. We aim to identify which polysomnography indices are most strongly and consistently associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) levels in a population-based sample. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of data from 2,040 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) who underwent polysomnography at MESA Exam 5 in 2011-2013. SETTING Multisite cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Participants were mean age 68 y (54% females; 28% African American, 24% Hispanic, 11% Chinese). MEASUREMENTS Thirty-two candidate polysomnography predictors were identified representing the domains of breathing disturbance frequency, hypoxemia, sleep architecture, and periodic limb movements. Cluster analysis was used for variable reduction. Statistical models, adjusted for potential confounders, were derived using stepwise regression. Final models were selected using cross-validation techniques. RESULTS The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) defined using a 4% desaturation hypopnea criterion (AHI4P) was most consistently associated with SBP level. The AHI and periodic limb movement index (associated with arousals; PLMIA) were significantly associated with DBP. Estimated adjusted differences in SBP and DBP levels between an individual with no sleep apnea (AHI4P = 0) and one with moderately severe sleep apnea (AHI4P = 30) were 2.2 mm Hg and 1.1 mm Hg, respectively. Each 10-unit increase in the PLMIA was associated with an increase in DBP of 1.2 mm Hg. CONCLUSION Our results support the use of a currently recommended apnea-hypopnea index definition as a marker of blood pressure risk and indicate that measurement of limb movements with arousals is also independently associated with diastolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A. Dean
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rui Wang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karol Watson
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Prevalence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome among Chinese adults in a rural community of Shanghai in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121215. [PMID: 25803876 PMCID: PMC4372383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in an adult Chinese population living in a rural community. We also aimed to determine the predictive diagnostic value of the 4-item screening questionnaire for RLS in this population. Methods This study was designed as a 2-phase survey. In phase 1 we performed a face-to-face interview of eligible individuals living in a rural community in Shanghai using a 4-item screening questionnaire. In phase 2, sleep specialists performed a phone interview of the individuals who screened positive to diagnosis RLS. Results Forty-one RLS cases were confirmed among 2941 eligible individuals 18 years of age or older in the study community. The prevalence of RLS was 1.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) =1.0-1.9%), with a significantly higher rate observed in females (1.9% [95%CI =1.3-2.7%]) than that in males (0.9% [95%CI =0.5-1.5%], p=0.019). The prevalence rate increased significantly with age, from 0.2% (95% CI =0.08-0.6%) in those 18-39 years old to 4.1% (95% CI =2.1-7.9%) in those ≥70 years old (p<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that gastritis, anemia and hypertension were risk factors for RLS. The sensitivity and specificity of the 4-item screening questionnaire used in this study were 63.4% and 97.5%, respectively. Conclusion RLS prevalence is relatively low among Chinese adults living in rural Shanghai. Furthermore, population-based studies with a larger sample size and a longitudinal follow-up may help to determine the risk factors of RLS and potential interventions for RLS.
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Bogan RK, Cheray JA. Restless Legs Syndrome: A Review of Diagnosis and Management in Primary Care. Postgrad Med 2015; 125:99-111. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.05.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chahal CAA, Somers VK. Secondary hypertension: obstructive sleep apnea. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION : JASH 2015; 9:244-7; quiz 248. [PMID: 25795552 PMCID: PMC4372149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fröhlich AC, Eckeli AL, Bacelar A, Poyares D, Pachito DV, Stelzer FG, Coelho FMS, Rizzo GNV, Prado GFD, Sander HH, Goulart LI, Lucchesi LM, Gitai LLG, Prado LBFD, Ataíde-Junior L, Bezerra MLDS, Lopes MC, Trentin MM, Rodrigues RND, Hasan R, Alves RSC, Schönwald SV, Moraes WADS. Brazilian consensus on guidelines for diagnosis and treatment for restless legs syndrome. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 73:260-280. [PMID: 25807136 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Consensus on restless legs syndrome is an effort of neurologists from several Brazilian states, which tirelessly reviewed the literature of recent years in search of evidence, both in regard to diagnosis and treatment, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Luiz Eckeli
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dalva Poyares
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Heidi Haueisen Sander
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Cecília Lopes
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chavoshi F, Einollahi B, Sadeghniat Haghighi K, Saraei M, Izadianmehr N. Prevalence and sleep related disorders of restless leg syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Nephrourol Mon 2015; 7:e24611. [PMID: 25883911 PMCID: PMC4393554 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite being frequently described, Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) in patients, who are on hemodialysis, is a common disease which, has not been well documented in Iran. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RLS and its sleep disorders in Iranian patients on hemodialysis. Patients and Methods: In this multicenter cross sectional study, 397 consecutive patients on hemodialysis were evaluated by face-to-face interviews. RLS was diagnosed using the International RLS Study Group (IRLSS) criteria. In addition, three validated sleep disorder questionnaires (Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth sleepiness scale and Pittsburgh sleep quality index) were completed by the patients. Results: One hundred-twenty-six patients with RLS (31.7%; mean age 57.6 ± 15.4 years) participated in the current study. RLS mostly occurs in females (P < 0.001). RLS cases showed poorer quality of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index > 5, P = 0.001), higher scores of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (P < 0.001) and insomnia severity index (P = 0.001). Except thyroid gland dysfunction (P < 0.03, OR ≈ 2.50) and anti-hypertensive medications (P < 0.01, OR ≈ 1.7), there were no significant differences between age, duration of dialysis, etiology of renal insufficiency, intake of nicotine, alcohol or caffeine, and other associated comorbidities between the patients with and without RLS. Conclusions: In the current study, prevalence of RLS was near the weighted-mean prevalence of other studies (mean 30%, range 8%t-52%). This is not just racial variability and may attribute to narrow or wide definition of the disease, plus variations of the prevalence recording time, and sometimes not using the standard criteria or standard interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Chavoshi
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Khosro Sadeghniat Haghighi
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Saraei
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Neda Izadianmehr
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Neda Izadianmehr, Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9125856547, E-mail:
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Ma S, Shang X, Guo Y, Liu G, Yang J, Xue R. Restless legs syndrome and hypertension in Chinese pregnant women. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:877-81. [PMID: 25647293 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common complication of pregnancy, and studies show that pregnant women are more likely to suffer from restless legs syndrome (RLS). Pregnant women with hypertension and RLS often experience disrupted sleep patterns because of activation of the nervous system. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between hypertension and RLS in pregnant women, and their impact on sleep. We enrolled 3,781 pregnant women who were admitted at our hospital for delivery between May 2011 and May 2014. The face-to-face questionnaire used to gather data included the International RLS Study Group criteria for diagnosis, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and hypertension diagnosis. Depending on the time of occurrence of hypertension, it was divided into two different types: pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Out of 3,781 patients, 453 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for RLS and 486 met the diagnostic criteria for hypertension. Among patients with RLS, prophylactic iron supplementation was less frequently taken during pregnancy. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, rather than chronic hypertension in pregnancy, was found to be more frequent in patients with RLS; pregnant women with RLS had higher PSQI and ESS scores than pregnant controls. In our study, RLS was frequent in pregnant women, especially in those without prophylactic iron supplementation. Patients with RLS described more serious sleep disruption and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). In addition, pregnancy-induced hypertension was more common in patients with RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ma
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jian She Dong Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
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Association between self-reported global sleep status and prevalence of hypertension in Chinese adults: data from the Kailuan community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:488-503. [PMID: 25575370 PMCID: PMC4306875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of sleep only by sleep duration is not sufficient. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the potential association of self-reported global sleep status, which contained both qualitative and quantitative aspects, with hypertension prevalence in Chinese adults. METHODS A total of 5461 subjects (4076 of them were male) were enrolled in the current study and were divided into two groups with the age of 45 years as the cut-off value. Sleep status of all subjects was assessed using the standard Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg in the current study. RESULTS After adjusting for basic cardiovascular characteristics, the results of multivariate logistic regression indicated that sleep status, which was defined as the additive measurement of sleep duration and sleep quality, was associated with hypertension prevalence in males of both age groups (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.15, p < 0.05; OR = 1.12, 95% CI, 1.08-1.15, p < 0.05) and in females aged ≤45years (OR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.02-1.18, p < 0.05). As one component of PSQI, short sleep duration was associated with hypertension prevalence only in Chinese male subjects, but this association disappeared after the further adjustment of the other components of PSQI that measured the qualitative aspect of sleep. CONCLUSION Association between sleep status and hypertension prevalence in Chinese adults varied by age and sex. Sleep should be measured qualitatively and quantitatively when investigating its association with hypertension.
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Rist PM, Tzourio C, Elbaz A, Soumaré A, Dufouil C, Mazoyer B, Kurth T. Structural brain lesions and restless legs syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005938. [PMID: 25421338 PMCID: PMC4244423 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between white matter lesion (WML) volume, silent infarcts and restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a population-based study of elderly individuals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Population-based Three-City study. PARTICIPANTS 1035 individuals from the Dijon, France, centre of the Three-City study who had available information on volume of WMLs from MRIs and who answered questions about the prevalence of RLS. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Prevalence of RLS. RESULTS WML volume was measured using an automated tissue segmentation method. Logistic regression was used to evaluate adjusted associations between tertiles of WML volume and RLS and between silent infarcts and RLS. 218 individuals (21.1%) were determined to have RLS. Compared with those in the first tertile of WML volume, individuals in the second tertile (OR=1.09; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.60) or third tertile (OR=1.17; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.74) did not have an increased prevalence of RLS. We also did not observe associations between the volume of deep or periventricular WML and RLS; nor did we observe an association between silent brain infarcts and RLS (OR=0.74; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.39). These findings were not modified by age or gender. CONCLUSIONS Higher volume of WML and the presence of silent infarcts were not associated with an increased prevalence of RLS in this population-based cohort of elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Rist
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Social and Occupational Determinants of Health, INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Aïcha Soumaré
- INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS CEA (UMR5296) Neurofunctional Imaging Group, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology,Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- INSERM Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Ulu SM, Ahsen A, Akcı Ö, Yaman F, Demir K, Yaman G, Yüksel Ş, Acartürk G. The relationship between dipping-non-dipping arterial blood pressure pattern and frequency of restless leg syndrome with related factors. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:284-8. [PMID: 25413225 PMCID: PMC5336836 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The lack of nocturnal decline in blood pressure (BP) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular events. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an uncomfortable feeling in which the patient wants to budge the legs with ache in the legs. RLS also increases the hypertension and cardiovascular risk. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns with RLS and its severity. Methods: Two hundred patients who had 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. They were classified by blood pressure pattern as dipping and non-dipping. Then, 100 patients with the dipper pattern and 100 patients with the non-dipper pattern were chosen. A questionnaire for RLS diagnosis that was prepared by the International RLS Study Group was given performed to the patients. Results: RLS symptom score was higher in patients with non-dipping blood pressure patterns (NDBPP), and patients with NDBPP had more severe RLS. Beside this, there were no differences in terms of RLS frequency in dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns. Conclusion: As a conclusion, dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns do not increase RLS risk. But, if patients with NDBPP have RLS, they have more severe RLS. So, we suggest that evaluating a patient with a non-dipping blood pressure pattern, considering RLS, would be helpful to ameliorate the quality of life of the patient
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Memnune Ulu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University; Afyonkarahisar-Turkey.
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