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Puolakka E, Pahkala K, Laitinen TT, Magnussen CG, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Tossavainen P, Jokinen E, Sabin MA, Laitinen T, Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Juonala M. Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Arterial Stiffness in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Hypertension 2017; 70:729-735. [PMID: 28808067 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the importance of socioeconomic factors in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the association of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) with arterial stiffness in adulthood has not been reported. Our aim was to determine whether higher childhood family-level SES is associated with lower arterial stiffness in adulthood. The analyses were performed using data gathered within the longitudinal Young Finns Study. The sample comprised 2566 participants who had data concerning family SES at ages 3 to 18 years in 1980 and arterial pulse wave velocity and carotid artery distensibility measured 21 or 27 years later in adulthood. Higher family SES in childhood was associated with lower arterial stiffness in adulthood; carotid artery distensibility being higher (β value±SE, 0.029±0.0089%/10 mm Hg; P=0.001) and pulse wave velocity lower (β value±SE, -0.062±0.022 m/s; P=0.006) among those with higher family SES in a multivariable analysis adjusted with age, sex, and conventional childhood cardiometabolic risk factors. The association remained significant after further adjustment for participant's SES in adulthood (β value±SE, 0.026±0.010%/10 mm Hg; P=0.01 for carotid artery distensibility and β value±SE, -0.048±0.023 m/s; P=0.04 for pulse wave velocity) but attenuated after adjustment for adulthood cardiometabolic risk factors (β value±SE, 0.015±0.008%/10 mm Hg; P=0.08 for carotid artery distensibility and β value±SE, -0.019±0.02 m/s; P=0.38 for pulse wave velocity). In conclusion, we observed an association between higher family SES in childhood and lower arterial stiffness in adulthood. Our findings suggest that special attention could be paid to children from low SES families to prevent cardiometabolic diseases primordially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Puolakka
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.).
| | - Katja Pahkala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Tomi T Laitinen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Mika Kähönen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Päivi Tossavainen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Eero Jokinen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Matthew A Sabin
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Marko Elovainio
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
| | - Markus Juonala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (E.P., K.P., T.T.L., C.G.M., O.T.R., M.J.), Department of Physical Activity and Health, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Paavo Nurmi Centre (K.P., T.T.L.), and Department of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.), University of Turku, Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and Department of Clinical Physiology (M.K.), Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (T. Lehtimäki); Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland (P.T.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents (E.J.), Unit of Personality, Work, and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences (M.E., L.P.-R.), and Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland (L.P.-R.); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.A.S.); Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland (T. Laitinen); Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland (J.S.A.V., M.J.); and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland (O.T.R.)
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Mikola H, Pahkala K, Niinikoski H, Rönnemaa T, Viikari JSA, Jula A, Juonala M, Raitakari OT. Cardiometabolic Determinants of Carotid and Aortic Distensibility From Childhood to Early Adulthood. Hypertension 2017; 70:452-460. [PMID: 28652463 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Children who are obese or have familial hypercholesterolemia have stiffer arteries compared with lean, healthy peers. Limited data are, however, available on the association of cardiometabolic risk markers and arterial distensibility in healthy children, particularly in a longitudinal setting. Therefore, we studied in the prospective STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project) comprising healthy, predominantly normal weight participants the association of several cardiometabolic and dietary risk markers with arterial distensibility from childhood to early adulthood. Carotid and aortic distensibility (cdist, adist) was assessed repeatedly with ultrasonography at the age of 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 years in the longitudinal atherosclerosis prevention study (ncdist=420-503, nadist=407-476). Data on cardiometabolic risk markers and diet were available since early childhood. In multivariable analyses, body mass index (β=-0.0019 [SE 0.0085]; P=0.037), systolic blood pressure (β=-0.0025 [SE 0.00065]; P=0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β=-0.026 [SE 0.012]; P=0.034), and homeostasis model of insulin resistance (β=-0.048 [SE 0.018]; P=0.0071) were independently associated with carotid distensibility. Systolic blood pressure (β=-0.0069 [SE 0.00097]; P<0.0001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β=-0.039 [SE 0.018]; P=0.031) associated independently with aortic distensibility. Dietary variables were not independently associated with arterial distensibility. Participants with low arterial distensibility had higher body mass index (Pcdist=0.0090, Padist=0.098) and higher systolic (Pcdist<0.0001, Padist<0.0001) and diastolic blood pressures (Pcdist<0.0001, Padist=0.0002) already from early childhood. Body mass index, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homeostasis model of insulin resistance identified since childhood associate with arterial distensibility in healthy children and adolescents. These data support the relevance of these factors as part of primordial prevention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00223600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mikola
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Katja Pahkala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Antti Jula
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Markus Juonala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (H.M., K.P., O.T.R.), Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity (K.P.), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku, Finland; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (H.N.), Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), and Division of Medicine (T.R., J.S.A.V., M.J.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; and Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (A.J.)
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