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Golchert J, Staar D, Bennewitz J, Hartmann M, Hoffmann N, Ameling S, Völker U, Peters J, Wanka H. Overexpression of Renin-B Induces Warburg-like Effects That Are Associated with Increased AKT/mTOR Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091459. [PMID: 35563765 PMCID: PMC9103744 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical secretory renin-a is known to be involved in angiotensin generation, thereby regulating not only blood pressure, but also promoting oxidative stress as well as apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In contrast, another cytosolic renin isoform named renin-b has been described, exerting protective effects under ischemia-related conditions in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Using microarray-based transcriptome analyses, we aimed to identify the signaling pathways involved in mediating cardioprotection in H9c2 cells overexpressing renin-b. By transcriptome profiling, we identified increased gene expression of several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters, while the transcript levels of TCA-cycle enzymes were decreased. Complementing data from metabolic analyses revealed enhanced glucose consumption and lactate accumulation due to renin-b overexpression. Renin-b overexpression further stimulated AKT/mTOR signaling, where numerous genes involved in this pathway showed altered transcript levels. For AKT, we also detected enhanced phosphorylation levels by means of Western blotting, suggesting an activation of this kinase. Moreover, analysis of the ROS levels identified an increase in ROS accumulation in renin-b-overexpressing cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate that renin-b overexpression induces the metabolic remodeling of H9c2 cells similar to that seen under oxygen deprivation. This metabolic phenotype exerting so-called aerobic glycolysis is also known as the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Golchert
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Doreen Staar
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Jonathan Bennewitz
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Miriam Hartmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Nadin Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
| | - Sabine Ameling
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (S.A.); (U.V.)
- Partner Site Greifswald, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (S.A.); (U.V.)
- Partner Site Greifswald, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Peters
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Heike Wanka
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (D.S.); (J.B.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (H.W.)
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Saigo S, Kino T, Uchida K, Sugawara T, Chen L, Sugiyama M, Azushima K, Wakui H, Tamura K, Ishigami T. Blood Pressure Elevation of Tubular Specific (P)RR Transgenic Mice and Lethal Tubular Degeneration due to Possible Intracellular Interactions between (P)RR and Alternative Renin Products. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010302. [PMID: 35008728 PMCID: PMC8745386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prorenin/renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multifunctional protein that is widely distributed in various organs. Despite intensive research for more than 20 years, this receptor has not been fully characterized. In this study, we generated mice overexpressing the tubular epithelial (P)RR gene ((P)RR-TG mice) to test the previously reported functional role of (P)RR by Ramkumar et al. in 2015 using tubular specific (P)RR KO mice. (P)RR-TG mice were maintained and analyzed in individual metabolic cages and were administered angiotensin II blocker (ARB), direct renin inhibitor (DRI), and bafilomycin, that is, vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) antagonist. (P)RR-TG mice were hypertensive and had alkalized urine with lower osmolality and Na+ excretion. ARB and DRI, but not bafilomycin, concurrently decreased blood pressure. Bafilomycin acidized urine of (P)RR-TG mice, or equivalently this phenomenon restored the effect of overexpressed transgene, suggesting that (P)RR functioned as a V-ATPase in renal tubules. Afterall, (P)RR-TG mice were mated with alternative renin transgenic mice (ARen2-TG), which we identified as intracellular renin previously, to generate double transgenic mice (DT-TG). Lethal renal tubular damage was observed in DT-TG mice, suggesting that intracellular renin may be a ligand for (P)RR in tubules. In summary, (P)RR did not substantially affect the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in our model of tubular specific (P)RR gene over-expression, but alternative intracellular renin may be involved in (P)RR signaling in addition to conventional V-ATPase function. Further investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Saigo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Tabito Kino
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kotaro Uchida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Takuya Sugawara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Lin Chen
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Michiko Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Kengo Azushima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Hiromichi Wakui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.); (K.U.); (T.S.); (L.C.); (M.S.); (K.A.); (H.W.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: or
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Nakagawa P, Nair AR, Agbor LN, Gomez J, Wu J, Zhang SY, Lu KT, Morgan DA, Rahmouni K, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. Increased Susceptibility of Mice Lacking Renin-b to Angiotensin II-Induced Organ Damage. HYPERTENSION (DALLAS, TEX. : 1979) 2020; 76:468-477. [PMID: 32507043 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several cardiac and renal diseases are attributed to a dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Renin, the rate-limiting enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system, has 2 isoforms. The classical renin isoform (renin-a) encoding preprorenin is mainly confined to the juxtaglomerular cells and released into the circulation upon stimulation. Alternatively, renin-b is predicted to remain intracellular and is expressed in the brain, heart, and adrenal gland. In the brain, ablation of renin-b (Ren-bNull mice) results in increased brain renin-angiotensin system activity. However, the consequences of renin-b ablation in tissues outside the brain remain unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that renin-b protects from hypertensive cardiac and renal end-organ damage in mice. Ren-bNull mice exhibited normal blood pressure at baseline. Thus, we induced hypertension by using a slow pressor dose of Ang II (angiotensin II). Ang II increased blood pressure in both wild type and Ren-bNull to the same degree. Although the blood pressure between Ren-bNull and wild-type mice was elevated equally, 4-week infusion of Ang II resulted in exacerbated cardiac remodeling in Ren-bNull mice compared with wild type. Ren-bNull mice also exhibited a modest increase in renal glomerular matrix deposition, elevated plasma aldosterone, and a modestly enhanced dipsogenic response to Ang II. Interestingly, ablation of renin-b strongly suppressed plasma renin, but renal cortical renin mRNA was preserved. Altogether, these data indicate that renin-b might play a protective role in the heart, and thus renin-b could be a potential target to treat hypertensive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nakagawa
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Anand R Nair
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (A.R.N., L.A., S.Y.Z., D.A.M., K.R.)
| | - Larry N Agbor
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (A.R.N., L.A., S.Y.Z., D.A.M., K.R.)
| | - Javier Gomez
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Jing Wu
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Shao Yang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (A.R.N., L.A., S.Y.Z., D.A.M., K.R.)
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (A.R.N., L.A., S.Y.Z., D.A.M., K.R.)
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (A.R.N., L.A., S.Y.Z., D.A.M., K.R.)
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.N., J.G., J.W., K.-T.L., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
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Ishigami T, Kino T, Minegishi S, Araki N, Umemura M, Ushio H, Saigoh S, Sugiyama M. Regulators of Epithelial Sodium Channels in Aldosterone-Sensitive Distal Nephrons (ASDN): Critical Roles of Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113871. [PMID: 32485919 PMCID: PMC7312533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a representative, reversible biological process of the post-translational modification of various proteins with multiple catalytic reaction sequences, including ubiquitin itself, in addition to E1 ubiquitin activating enzymes, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, E3 ubiquitin ligase, deubiquitinating enzymes, and proteasome degradation. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is known to play a pivotal role in various molecular life phenomena, including the cell cycle, protein quality, and cell surface expressions of ion-transporters. As such, the failure of this system can lead to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. This review article discusses Nedd4-2/NEDD4L, an E3-ubiquitin ligase involved in salt-sensitive hypertension, drawing from detailed genetic dissection analysis and the development of genetically engineered mice model. Based on our analyses, targeting therapeutic regulations of ubiquitination in the fields of cardio-vascular medicine might be a promising strategy in future. Although the clinical applications of this strategy are limited, compared to those of kinase systems, many compounds with a high pharmacological activity were identified at the basic research level. Therefore, future development could be expected.
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Re RN. A Pathogenic Mechanism Potentially Operative in Multiple Progressive Diseases and Its Therapeutic Implications. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57:1507-1518. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Re
- Division of Academics-Research; Ochsner Clinic Foundation; New Orleans LA USA
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Wilson BA, Nautiyal M, Gwathmey TM, Rose JC, Chappell MC. Evidence for a mitochondrial angiotensin-(1-7) system in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F637-F645. [PMID: 26697984 PMCID: PMC4824145 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00479.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for an intracellular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in various cell organelles now includes the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and mitochondria (Mito). Indeed, angiotensin (ANG) AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes were functionally linked to Mito respiration and nitric oxide production, respectively, in previous studies. We undertook a biochemical analysis of the Mito RAS from male and female sheep kidney cortex. Mito were isolated by differential centrifugation followed by a discontinuous Percoll gradient and were coenriched in Mito membrane markers VDAC and ATP synthase, but not β-actin or cathepsin B. Two distinct renin antibodies identified a 37-kDa protein band in Mito; angiotensinogen (Aogen) conversion was abolished by the inhibitor aliskiren. Mito Aogen was detected by an Aogen antibody to an internal sequence of the protein, but not with an antibody directed against the ANG I N terminus. ANG peptides were quantified by three direct RIAs; mitochondrial ANG II and ANG-(1-7) contents were higher compared with ANG I (23 ± 8 and 58 ± 17 vs. 2 ± 1 fmol/mg protein; P < 0.01, n = 3). 125I-ANG I metabolism primarily revealed the formation of 125I-ANG-(1-7) in Mito that reflects the endopeptidases neprilysin and thimet oligopeptidase. Last, immunoblot studies utilizing the ANG-(1-7)/Mas receptor antibody revealed the protein in isolated Mito from sheep renal cortex. Collectively, the current data demonstrate that Mito actively metabolize the RAS precursor protein Aogen, suggesting that ANG-(1-7) may be generated within Mito to establish an intramitochondrial RAS tone and contribute to renal mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Wilson
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - TanYa M Gwathmey
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James C Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
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Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Morris BJ. Renin, genes, microRNAs, and renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 65:956-62. [PMID: 25601934 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- From the Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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