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Benny M, Sharma M, Kulandavelu S, Chen P, Tian R, Ballengee S, Huang J, Levine AF, Claure M, Schmidt AF, Vazquez-Padron RI, Rodrigues CO, Wu S, Velazquez OC, Young KC. Protective role of CXCR7 activation in neonatal hyperoxia-induced systemic vascular remodeling and cardiovascular dysfunction in juvenile rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19538. [PMID: 37945645 PMCID: PMC10636097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hyperoxia induces long-term systemic vascular stiffness and cardiovascular remodeling, but the mechanisms are unclear. Chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) represents a key regulator of vascular homeostasis and repair by modulating TGF-β1 signaling. This study investigated whether pharmacological CXCR7 agonism prevents neonatal hyperoxia-induced systemic vascular stiffness and cardiac dysfunction in juvenile rats. Newborn Sprague Dawley rat pups assigned to room air or hyperoxia (85% oxygen), received CXCR7 agonist, TC14012 or placebo for 3 weeks. These rat pups were maintained in room air until 6 weeks when aortic pulse wave velocity doppler, cardiac echocardiography, aortic and left ventricular (LV) fibrosis were assessed. Neonatal hyperoxia induced systemic vascular stiffness and cardiac dysfunction in 6-week-old rats. This was associated with decreased aortic and LV CXCR7 expression. Early treatment with TC14012, partially protected against neonatal hyperoxia-induced systemic vascular stiffness and improved LV dysfunction and fibrosis in juvenile rats by decreasing TGF-β1 expression. In vitro, hyperoxia-exposed human umbilical arterial endothelial cells and coronary artery endothelial cells had increased TGF-β1 levels. However, treatment with TC14012 significantly reduced the TGF-β1 levels. These results suggest that dysregulation of endothelial CXCR7 signaling may contribute to neonatal hyperoxia-induced systemic vascular stiffness and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merline Benny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shathiyah Kulandavelu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - PingPing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Runxia Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sydne Ballengee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jiang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amanda F Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matteo Claure
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Augusto F Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Claudia O Rodrigues
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Omaida C Velazquez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Karen C Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10Th Avenue, RM-344, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Wen J, Liu G, Liu M, Wang H, Wan Y, Yao Z, Gao N, Sun Y, Zhu L. Transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2467-2484. [PMID: 38179789 PMCID: PMC10802212 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2293595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy (referred to as cardiac hypertrophy) is a maladaptive response of the heart to a variety of pathological stimuli, and cardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for heart failure and sudden death. Currently, the treatments for cardiac hypertrophy are limited to improving symptoms and have little effect. Elucidation of the developmental process of cardiac hypertrophy at the molecular level and the identification of new targets for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy are crucial. In this review, we summarize the research on multiple active substances related to the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and the signaling pathways involved and focus on the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and the identification of potential targets for molecular intervention. We aim to identify important signaling molecules with clinical value and hope to help promote the precise treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and thus improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guixiang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Lung Function, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huarui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunyan Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhouhong Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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He L, Liu R, Yue H, Zhang X, Pan X, Sun Y, Shi J, Zhu G, Qin C, Guo Y. Interaction between neutrophil extracellular traps and cardiomyocytes contributes to atrial fibrillation progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:279. [PMID: 37491321 PMCID: PMC10368710 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent arrhythmia associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fragments with cytoplasm proteins released from neutrophils, which are involved in various cardiovascular diseases. To elucidate the role of NETs in AF, we investigated the effect of NETs on AF progression and the secretion of NETs in AF. Results showed that: NETs induced the autophagic apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and NETs also led to mitochondrial injury by promoting mitochondrial depolarization and ROS production. Ongoing tachy-pacing led to the structural loss of cardiomyocytes and provided potent stimuli to induce NETs secretion from neutrophils. In the meanwhile, increased Ang II in AF facilitated NETs formation through the upregulation of AKT phosphorylation, while it could not directly initiate NETosis as the autophagy was not induced. In vivo, DNase I was administrated to abrogate NETs formation, and AF-related fibrosis was ameliorated as expected. Correspondingly, the duration of the induced AF was reduced. Our study addresses the formation mechanism of NETs in AF and demonstrates the lethal effects of NETs on cardiomyocytes through the induction of mitochondrial injury and autophagic cell death, which comprehensively describes the positive feedback comprised of NETs and stimuli secreted by cardiomyocytes that sustains the progression of AF and AF related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghua Yue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutao Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyi Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yingqiang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Theobald D, Nair AR, Sriramula S, Francis J. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of TLR4 attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1074700. [PMID: 37034342 PMCID: PMC10079917 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1074700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an integral factor in the initiation of the innate immune response and plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. Previous studies from our lab demonstrated that central TLR4 blockade reduced cardiac TLR4 expression, attenuated hypertension, and improved cardiac function. However, the contribution of cardiac specific TLR4 to the development of hypertension and cardiac remodeling is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that cardiomyocyte specific knockdown of TLR4 would have beneficial effects on hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and remodeling. To test this hypothesis, cardiomyocyte-specific TLR4 knockdown (cTLR4KO) mice were generated by crossing floxed TLR4 mice with Myh6-Cre mice, and subjected to angiotensin II (Ang II, 1 µg/kg/min or vehicle for 14 days) hypertension model. Blood pressure measurements using radio telemetry revealed no differences in baseline mean arterial pressure between control littermates and cTLR4KO mice (103 ± 2 vs. 105 ± 3 mmHg, p > 0.05). Ang II-induced hypertension (132 ± 2 vs. 151 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.01) was attenuated and cardiac hypertrophy (heart/body weight; 4.7 vs. 5.8 mg/g, p < 0.01) was prevented in cTLR4KO mice when compared with control mice. In addition, the level of myocardial fibrosis was significantly reduced, and the cardiac function was improved in cTLR4KO mice infused with Ang II. Furthermore, cardiac inflammation, as evidenced by elevated gene expression of TNF, IL-6, and MCP-1 in the left ventricle, was attenuated in cTLR4KO mice infused with Ang II. Together, this data revealed a protective role for cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of TLR4 against Ang II-induced hypertension and cardiac dysfunction through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Theobald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Anand R. Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Dong E, Wang Z, Xiao H. Toll-like receptors in cardiac hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1143583. [PMID: 37113698 PMCID: PMC10126280 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1143583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs play an important role in the innate immune response, leading to acute and chronic inflammation. Cardiac hypertrophy, an important cardiac remodeling phenotype during cardiovascular disease, contributes to the development of heart failure. In previous decades, many studies have reported that TLR-mediated inflammation was involved in the induction of myocardium hypertrophic remodeling, suggesting that targeting TLR signaling might be an effective strategy against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms underlying TLR functions in cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we summarized key findings of TLR signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
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Anti-Diabetic Therapy, Heart Failure and Oxidative Stress: An Update. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164660. [PMID: 36012897 PMCID: PMC9409680 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are two chronic disorders that affect millions worldwide. Hyperglycemia can induce excessive generation of highly reactive free radicals that promote oxidative stress and further exacerbate diabetes progression and its complications. Vascular dysfunction and damage to cellular proteins, membrane lipids and nucleic acids can stem from overproduction and/or insufficient removal of free radicals. The aim of this article is to review the literature regarding the use of antidiabetic drugs and their role in glycemic control in patients with heart failure and oxidative stress. Metformin exerts a minor benefit to these patients. Thiazolidinediones are not recommended in diabetic patients, as they increase the risk of HF. There is a lack of robust evidence on the use of meglinitides and acarbose. Insulin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have a neutral cardiovascular effect on diabetic patients. The majority of current research focuses on sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. SGLT2 inhibitors induce positive cardiovascular effects in diabetic patients, leading to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization. GLP-1 receptor agonists may also be used in HF patients, but in the case of chronic kidney disease, SLGT2 inhibitors should be preferred.
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Lupeol protects against cardiac hypertrophy via TLR4-PI3K-Akt-NF-κB pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1989-2002. [PMID: 34916609 PMCID: PMC9343642 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and apoptosis are main pathological processes that lead to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Lupeol, a natural triterpenoid, has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities as well as potential protective effects on cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated whether lupeol attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by pressure overload in vivo and in vitro, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) by stimulation with phenylephrine (PE) in vitro. We showed that administration of lupeol (50 mg ·kg-1· d-1, i.g., for 4 weeks) prevented the morphological changes and cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in TAC mice, and treatment with lupeol (50 μg/mL) significantly attenuated the hypertrophy of PE-stimulated NRCMs, and blunted the upregulated hypertrophic markers ANP, BNP, and β-MHC. Furthermore, lupeol treatment attenuated the apoptotic and inflammatory responses in the heart tissue. We revealed that lupeol attenuated the inflammatory responses including the reduction of inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, which was mediated by the TLR4-PI3K-Akt signaling. Administration of a PI3K/Akt agonist 740 Y-P reversed the protective effects of lupeol in TAC mice as well as in PE-stimulated NRCMs. Moreover, pre-treatment with a TLR4 agonist RS 09 abolished the protective effects of lupeol and restored the inhibition of PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling by lupeol in PE-stimulated NRCMs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the lupeol protects against cardiac hypertrophy via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, which results from inhibiting the TLR4-PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signaling.
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Exposure to high levels of oxygen in neonatal rats induce a decrease in hemoglobin levels. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:430-435. [PMID: 34718354 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia of prematurity is common in extremely preterm neonates, and oxygen exposure may participate to anemia by inhibiting erythropoietin secretion. We aimed to determine whether hyperoxia exerts an independent role in the occurrence of the anemia of prematurity. METHODS Sprague-Dawley pups were exposed to 80% oxygen or room air from days 3 to 10 of life. Main outcome was the difference in hemoglobin and circulating erythropoietin levels in animals exposed to hyperoxia at 10 days of life. We performed a complete blood count analysis using fluorescent laser flow cytometry and measured circulating erythropoietin levels using ELISA. RESULTS We found lower hemoglobin in the hyperoxia group, compared to the normoxia group, both in males (70 ± 3 versus 78 ± 2 g/l) and in females (71 ± 2 versus 81 ± 3 g/l) at 10 days of life. Reticulocyte count was not increased in the hyperoxia group. Circulating erythropoietin levels were lower at 10 days of life in the animals exposed to hyperoxia, both in males (33 ± 7 versus 73 ± 6 pg/ml) and in females (37 ± 5 versus 66 ± 3 pg/ml), but were similar at 28 days of life. CONCLUSION Neonatal exposure to hyperoxia decreases hematopoiesis in rats. IMPACT Mechanisms leading to anemia of prematurity are not well known and their study in humans is complicated due to multiple confounders. This study shows for the first time that exposure to high concentrations of oxygen in the neonatal period decreases hematopoiesis in rats, providing insight on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the anemia of prematurity. This research paves the way for future therapeutic developments aiming to reduce the burden of anemia of prematurity and the necessity of red blood cell transfusions in extremely preterm neonates.
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Circ-TLR4 promotes cardiac hypertrophy through recruiting FUS to stabilize TLR4 mRNA. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2022; 65:153-163. [PMID: 35553305 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-022-01209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac output during detrimental stimuli. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been illustrated to exert important implications in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including demonstrated cardiac hypertrophy. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been previously reported to be a crucial regulator in inflammatory response and cardiac hypertrophy. However, the role of circular isoforms derived from TLR4 in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. METHODS Expression of circ-TLR4 and TLR4 in cardiomyocytes was detected by RT-qPCR. The indicators of cardiac hypertrophy responses, including cell surface area, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) were measured by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RIP assay was used to validate the interaction between circ-TLR4 and TLR4. RESULTS Circ-TLR4 and TLR4 was up-regulated in cellular models of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ-TLR4 knockdown attenuated angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy responses in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, circ-TLR4 positively regulated TLR4 expression through recruiting FUS to stabilize TLR4 mRNA. Furthermore, TLR4 overexpression rescued the cardiac responses mediated by circ-TLR4 silencing. CONCLUSION Circ-TLR4 promotes cardiac hypertrophy through recruiting FUS to stabilize TLR4 mRNA.
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Aal-Aaboda M, Abu Raghif AR, Almudhafer RH, Hadi NR. Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter spheroids modulate toll-like receptors expression and tissue damage in an animal model of bilateral renal ischemic reperfusion injury. J Med Life 2022; 15:685-697. [PMID: 35815074 PMCID: PMC9262262 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) of the kidneys is a direct sequela of surgical procedures associated with the interruption of blood supply. The pathophysiology of IRI is complicated, and several inflammatories, apoptosis, and oxidative stress pathways are implicated. Among the major receptors directly involved in renal IRI are the toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR2 and TLR4. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter Sphaeroides (TLR2 and TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS) and the ultrapure form (pure TLR4 antagonist, ULPS-RS) on the histopathological changes and TLRs expression in an animal model of bilateral renal IRI. Forty-eight adult male rats were allocated into six groups (N=8) as follows: sham group (negative control without IRI), control group (rats underwent bilateral renal ischemia for 30 minutes and 2 hours of reperfusion), vehicle group (IRI+ vehicle), LPS-RS group (IRI+ 0.5 mg/kg of LPS-RS), ULPS-RS group (IRI+ 0.1 mg/kg of ULPS-RS), ULPS-RSH group (IRI+ 0.2 mg/kg of ULPS-RS). Significant improvement in the histopathological damages induced by renal IRI was found in the ULPS-RS treated groups at both doses compared with the control group. The protective effect of ULPS-RS was associated with significantly reduced TLR4 expression without affecting TLR2. Regarding LPS-RS, the tested dose adversely affected the renal tissues as manifested by the histopathological findings, although it similarly affected TLRs expression as ULPS-RS. Our results demonstrated that ULPS-RS was renoprotective while LPS-RS had no protective effect against the tissue damages induced by renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munaf Aal-Aaboda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq
| | | | - Rihab Hameed Almudhafer
- Middle Euphrates Unit for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Najah Riesh Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq,Corresponding Author: Najah Riesh Hadi, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. E-mail:
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10-Dehydrogingerdione Attenuates Tramadol-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Modulating Renal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Experimental Rats: Role of HO-1 Activation and TLR4/NF-κB/ERK Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031384. [PMID: 35163308 PMCID: PMC8836278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tramadol represents a synthetic opioid analgesic especially for mild to severe pain. Its dose must be commonly monitored according to pain status and to alleviate the appearance of any adverse effects such as renal cellular damage during its excretion. Present work aimed mainly to study the effects of tramadol intake on renal tissues and 10-dehydrogingerdione (10-DHGD) potential as a protective agent. Tramadol administration induced an increase in serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, the renal immune expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and caspase-3 which turned out to be decreased by 10-DHGD intake. Our results also recorded a significant increase in renal malondialdehyde (MDA), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 (ERK1) along with glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) decrease due to tramadol intake, which were counteracted by 10-DHGD administration as illustrated and supported by the histopathological findings. Our conclusion refers to renoprotective potential of 10-DHGD against tramadol adverse effects.
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Ravizzoni Dartora D, Flahault A, Pontes CNR, He Y, Deprez A, Cloutier A, Cagnone G, Gaub P, Altit G, Bigras JL, Joyal JS, Mai Luu T, Burelle Y, Nuyt AM. Cardiac Left Ventricle Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Neonatal Exposure to Hyperoxia: Relevance for Cardiomyopathy After Preterm Birth. Hypertension 2021; 79:575-587. [PMID: 34961326 PMCID: PMC8823906 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Individuals born preterm present left ventricle changes and increased risk of cardiac diseases and heart failure. The pathophysiology of heart disease after preterm birth is incompletely understood. Mitochondria dysfunction is a hallmark of cardiomyopathy resulting in heart failure. We hypothesized that neonatal hyperoxia in rats, a recognized model simulating preterm birth conditions and resulting in oxygen-induced cardiomyopathy, induce left ventricle mitochondrial changes in juvenile rats. We also hypothesized that humanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, would be reduced in young adults born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ravizzoni Dartora
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Adrien Flahault
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Carolina N R Pontes
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.).,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Goias, Brazil (C.N.R.P.)
| | - Ying He
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Alyson Deprez
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Anik Cloutier
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Gaël Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.).,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (G.C., P.G., J.-S.J.)
| | - Perrine Gaub
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.).,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (G.C., P.G., J.-S.J.)
| | - Gabriel Altit
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.A.)
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.).,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (G.C., P.G., J.-S.J.)
| | - Thuy Mai Luu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
| | - Yan Burelle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada (Y.B.)
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital (CHU Sainte-Justine) and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (D.R.D., A.F., C.N.R.P., Y.H., A.D., A.C., G.C., P.G., J.-L.B., J.-S.J., T.M.L., A.M.N.)
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Dias ML, O'Connor KM, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. Targeting the Toll-like receptor pathway as a therapeutic strategy for neonatal infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R879-R902. [PMID: 34612068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial transmembrane receptors that form part of the innate immune response. They play a role in the recognition of various microorganisms and their elimination from the host. TLRs have been proposed as vital immunomodulators in the regulation of multiple neonatal stressors that extend beyond infection such as oxidative stress and pain. The immune system is immature at birth and takes some time to become fully established. As such, babies are especially vulnerable to sepsis at this early stage of life. Findings suggest a gestational age-dependent increase in TLR expression. TLRs engage with accessory and adaptor proteins to facilitate recognition of pathogens and their activation of the receptor. TLRs are generally upregulated during infection and promote the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies report that TLRs are epigenetically modulated by chromatin changes and promoter methylation upon bacterial infection that have long-term influences on immune responses. TLR activation is reported to modulate cardiorespiratory responses during infection and may play a key role in driving homeostatic instability observed during sepsis. Although complex, TLR signaling and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neonatal diseases. By reviewing the expression and function of key Toll-like receptors, we aim to provide an important framework to understand the functional role of these receptors in response to stress and infection in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Lewandowski AJ, Raman B, Bertagnolli M, Mohamed A, Williamson W, Pelado JL, McCance A, Lapidaire W, Neubauer S, Leeson P. Association of Preterm Birth With Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Young Adulthood. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:683-692. [PMID: 34384550 PMCID: PMC8363934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Preterm birth affects about 10% of live births worldwide and is associated with cardiac alterations. Animal models of preterm birth suggest that left ventricular functional impairment may be due to an up-regulation of myocardial fibrosis. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether diffuse left ventricular fibrosis is evident in young adults born preterm. Methods One hundred one normotensive young adults born preterm (n = 47, mean gestational age 32.8 ± 3.2 weeks) and term (n = 54) were included from YACHT (Young Adult Cardiovascular Health sTudy). Left ventricular structure and function were quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and echocardiography. Intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent during cardiovascular magnetic resonance was used to quantify focal myocardial fibrosis on the basis of late gadolinium enhancement and, in combination with T1 mapping, to quantify diffuse myocardial fibrosis on the basis of assessment of myocardial extracellular volume fraction. Results Adults born preterm had smaller left ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes, with greater left ventricular mass and wall thickness (P < 0.001). In addition, longitudinal peak systolic strain and diastolic strain rate by both cardiovascular magnetic resonance and echocardiography, and E/A ratio measured by echocardiography, were lower in preterm-born compared to term-born adults (P < 0.05). Extracellular volume fraction was greater in preterm-born compared with term-born adults (27.81% ± 1.69% vs 25.48% ± 1.41%; P < 0.001) and was a significant mediator in the relationship between gestational age and both longitudinal peak diastolic strain rate and E/A ratio. Conclusions Preterm-born young adults have greater extracellular volume fraction in the left ventricle that is inversely related with gestational age and may underlie their diastolic functional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lewandowski
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Betty Raman
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal Research Center (CIUSSS Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal), School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Afifah Mohamed
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Diagnostic Imaging & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wilby Williamson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Leal Pelado
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angus McCance
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Winok Lapidaire
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Ramachandra CJA, Cong S, Chan X, Yap EP, Yu F, Hausenloy DJ. Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic targets. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:297-312. [PMID: 33675957 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When faced with increased workload the heart undergoes remodelling, where it increases its muscle mass in an attempt to preserve normal function. This is referred to as cardiac hypertrophy and if sustained, can lead to impaired contractile function. Experimental evidence supports oxidative stress as a critical inducer of both genetic and acquired forms of cardiac hypertrophy, a finding which is reinforced by elevated levels of circulating oxidative stress markers in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. These observations formed the basis for using antioxidants as a therapeutic means to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and improve clinical outcomes. However, the use of antioxidant therapies in the clinical setting has been associated with inconsistent results, despite antioxidants having been shown to exert protection in several animal models of cardiac hypertrophy. This has forced us to revaluate the mechanisms, both upstream and downstream of oxidative stress, where recent studies demonstrate that apart from conventional mediators of oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation as well as dysregulated autophagy and protein homeostasis contribute to disease pathophysiology through mechanisms involving oxidative stress. Importantly, novel therapeutic targets have been identified to counteract oxidative stress and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy but more interestingly, the repurposing of drugs commonly used to treat metabolic disorders, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, sleep disorders and arthritis have also been shown to improve cardiac function through suppression of oxidative stress. Here, we review the latest literature on these novel mechanisms and intervention strategies with the aim of better understanding the complexities of oxidative stress for more precise targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan J A Ramachandra
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Shuo Cong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xavier Chan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - En Ping Yap
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fan Yu
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan
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16
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Xiao Z, Kong B, Yang H, Dai C, Fang J, Qin T, Huang H. Key Player in Cardiac Hypertrophy, Emphasizing the Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:579036. [PMID: 33324685 PMCID: PMC7725871 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.579036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key pattern recognition receptor, initiates the innate immune response and leads to chronic and acute inflammation. In the past decades, accumulating evidence has implicated TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in regulation of myocardium hypertrophic remodeling, indicating that regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway may be an effective strategy for managing cardiac hypertrophy's pathophysiology. Given TLR4's significance, it is imperative to review the molecular mechanisms and roles underlying TLR4 signaling in cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of TLR4-mediated inflammatory response and its interaction ligands and co-receptors, as well as activation of various intracellular signaling. We also describe the associated roles in promoting immune cell infiltration and inflammatory mediator secretion, that ultimately cause cardiac hypertrophy. Finally, we provide examples of some of the most promising drugs and new technologies that have the potential to attenuate TLR4-mediated inflammatory response and prevent or reverse the ominous cardiac hypertrophy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyou Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Novel Therapeutic Effects of Pterosin B on Ang II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225279. [PMID: 33198253 PMCID: PMC7697794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by an abnormal increase in cardiac muscle mass in the left ventricle, resulting in cardiac dysfunction. Although various therapeutic approaches are being continuously developed for heart failure, several studies have suggested natural compounds as novel potential strategies. Considering relevant compounds, we investigated a new role for Pterosin B for which the potential life-affecting biological and therapeutic effects on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy are not fully known. Thus, we investigated whether Pterosin B can regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) using H9c2 cells. The antihypertrophic effect of Pterosin B was evaluated, and the results showed that it reduced hypertrophy-related gene expression, cell size, and protein synthesis. In addition, upon Ang II stimulation, Pterosin B attenuated the activation and expression of major receptors, Ang II type 1 receptor and a receptor for advanced glycation end products, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PKC-ERK-NF-κB pathway signaling molecules. In addition, Pterosin B showed the ability to reduce excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species, critical mediators for cardiac hypertrophy upon Ang II exposure, by regulating the expression levels of NAD(P)H oxidase 2/4. Our results demonstrate the protective role of Pterosin B in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic candidate.
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18
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Shrestha AK, Menon RT, El-Saie A, Barrios R, Reynolds C, Shivanna B. Interactive and independent effects of early lipopolysaccharide and hyperoxia exposure on developing murine lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L981-L996. [PMID: 32901520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic infantile lung disease that lacks curative therapies. Infants with BPD-associated PH are often exposed to hyperoxia and additional insults such as sepsis that contribute to disease pathogenesis. Animal models that simulate these scenarios are necessary to develop effective therapies; therefore, we investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hyperoxia exposure during saccular lung development cooperatively induce experimental BPD-PH in mice. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to normoxia or 70% O2 (hyperoxia) during postnatal days (PNDs) 1-5 and intraperitoneally injected with varying LPS doses or a vehicle on PNDs 3-5. On PND 14, we performed morphometry, echocardiography, and gene and protein expression studies to determine the effects of hyperoxia and LPS on lung development, vascular remodeling and function, inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. LPS and hyperoxia independently and cooperatively affected lung development, inflammation, and apoptosis. Growth rate and antioxidant enzyme expression were predominantly affected by LPS and hyperoxia, respectively, while cell proliferation and vascular remodeling and function were mainly affected by combined exposure to LPS and hyperoxia. Mice treated with lower LPS doses developed adaptive responses and hyperoxia exposure did not worsen their BPD phenotype, whereas those mice treated with higher LPS doses displayed the most severe BPD phenotype when exposed to hyperoxia and were the only group that developed PH. Collectively, our data suggest that an additional insult such as LPS may be necessary for models utilizing short-term exposure to moderate hyperoxia to recapitulate human BPD-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ahmed El-Saie
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Corey Reynolds
- Mouse Phenotyping Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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19
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Lewandowski AJ, Levy PT, Bates ML, McNamara PJ, Nuyt AM, Goss KN. Impact of the Vulnerable Preterm Heart and Circulation on Adult Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Hypertension 2020; 76:1028-1037. [PMID: 32816574 PMCID: PMC7480939 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth accounts for over 15 million global births per year. Perinatal interventions introduced since the early 1980s, such as antenatal glucocorticoids, surfactant, and invasive ventilation strategies, have dramatically improved survival of even the smallest, most vulnerable neonates. As a result, a new generation of preterm-born individuals has now reached early adulthood, and they are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. To better understand the sequelae of preterm birth, cardiovascular follow-up studies in adolescents and young adults born preterm have focused on characterizing changes in cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary structure and function. Being born preterm associates with a reduced cardiac reserve and smaller left and right ventricular volumes, as well as decreased vascularity, increased vascular stiffness, and higher pressure of both the pulmonary and systemic vasculature. The purpose of this review is to present major epidemiological evidence linking preterm birth with cardiovascular disease; to discuss findings from clinical studies showing a long-term impact of preterm birth on cardiac remodeling, as well as the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems; to discuss differences across gestational ages; and to consider possible driving mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for reducing cardiovascular burden in individuals born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lewandowski
- From the Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (A.J.L.)
| | - Philip T Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA (P.T.L.)
| | - Melissa L Bates
- Department of Health and Human Physiology (M.L.B.), University of Iowa.,Division of Neonatology (M.L.B., P.J.M.), University of Iowa
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Division of Neonatology (M.L.B., P.J.M.), University of Iowa.,Division of Cardiology (P.J.M.), University of Iowa
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada (A.M.N.)
| | - Kara N Goss
- Departments of Pediatrics (K.N.G.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Medicine (K.N.G.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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20
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Li Y, Yin S, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Huang R, Jia B, Jie W, Yao K, Wang J, Tong X, Liu Y, Wu C. Hepatitis B virus-induced hyperactivation of B cells in chronic hepatitis B patients via TLR4. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6096-6106. [PMID: 32391647 PMCID: PMC7294113 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell hyperactivation and functional impairment were identified from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for B cell hyperactivation during HBV infection. Peripheral CD19+ B cells isolated from 4 CHB patients and 4 healthy volunteers were analysed by RNA sequencing. A total of 1401 differentially expressed genes were identified from B cell transcriptome of CHB patients vs healthy volunteers. We found that B cells from CHB patients were functional impaired, with increased TLR4 expression, activated NF‐κB pathway and altered mitochondrial function. The expression of B cell activation‐related genes, including TLR4, was further validated using additional clinical samples. To further verify the role of TLR4 in B cell activation during CHB, B cell phenotypes were determined in wild‐type (WT) and TLR4−/− HBV‐carrier mice. Hyperactivated B cell and TLR4 signalling pathway were observed in WT HBV‐carrier mice, while TLR4 ablation failed to induce B cell hyperactivation, and downstream MyD88 and NF‐κB were also not altered. Taken together, TLR4 pathway plays a pivotal role in B cell hyperactivation during CHB, which might serve as a promising target for B cell function restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengxia Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Kefang Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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21
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Robertson SA, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Chin PY, Moldenhauer LM, Stark MJ, Olson DM, Keelan JA. Targeting Toll-like receptor-4 to tackle preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1121. [PMID: 32313651 PMCID: PMC7156293 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, 15 million pregnancies end prematurely, resulting in more than 1 million infant deaths and long-term health consequences for many children. The physiological processes of labour and birth involve essential roles for immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in gestational tissues. There is compelling evidence that the mechanisms underlying spontaneous preterm birth are initiated when a premature and excessive inflammatory response is triggered by infection or other causes. Exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators is emerging as a major factor in the 'fetal inflammatory response syndrome' that often accompanies preterm birth, where unscheduled effects in fetal tissues interfere with normal development and predispose to neonatal morbidity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical upstream gatekeepers of inflammatory activation. TLR4 is prominently involved through its ability to sense and integrate signals from a range of microbial and endogenous triggers to provoke and perpetuate inflammation. Preclinical studies have identified TLR4 as an attractive pharmacological target to promote uterine quiescence and protect the fetus from inflammatory injury. Novel small-molecule inhibitors of TLR4 signalling, specifically the non-opioid receptor antagonists (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, are proving highly effective in animal models for preventing preterm birth induced by bacterial mimetic LPS, heat-killed Escherichia coli, or the TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory lipid, platelet-activating factor (PAF). Here, we summarise the rationale for targeting TLR4 as a master regulator of inflammation in fetal and gestational tissues, and the potential utility of TLR4 antagonists as candidates for preventative and therapeutic application in preterm delivery and fetal inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia.,ARC Centre for Nanoscale Biophotonics and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Rockville MD USA
| | - Peck-Yin Chin
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Michael J Stark
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Physiology and Pediatrics 220 HMRC University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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22
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Cao M, Yuan W, Peng M, Mao Z, Zhao Q, Sun X, Yan J. Role of CyPA in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20193190. [PMID: 31825469 PMCID: PMC6928530 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a complex process and eventually develops into heart failure, in which the heart responds to various intrinsic or external stress, involving increased interstitial fibrosis, cell death and cardiac dysfunction. Studies have shown that oxidative stress is an important mechanism for this maladaptation. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a member of the cyclophilin (CyPs) family. Many cells secrete CyPA to the outside of the cells in response to oxidative stress. CyPA from blood vessels and the heart itself participate in a variety of signaling pathways to regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediate inflammation, promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, stimulate endothelial injury and vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia, and promote the dissolution of extracellular matrix (ECM) by activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The events triggered by CyPA cause a decline of diastolic and systolic function and finally lead to the occurrence of heart failure. This article aims to introduce the role and mechanism of CyPA in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, and highlights its potential role as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Meiling Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Ziqi Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
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23
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Protopine Protects Mice against LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammation via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010015. [PMID: 31861525 PMCID: PMC6982873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corydalis humosa Migo is a traditional Chinese medicine that clears away damp heat, relieves sore. Protopine (PRO) is an alkaloid component isolated from C. humosa Migo. However, the role of protopine in acute kidney injury (AKI) has not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of protopine isolated from C. humosa Migo on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI in mice. Inflammation accumulation was assessed by small animal living imaging. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) were measured to assess the effects of protopine on renal function in LPS-induced AKI. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and (interleukin-10) IL-10 in serum were detected by cytometric bead array. Flow cytometry was used to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in primary kidney cells. The proportions of granulocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in peripheral blood were examined to evaluate the effect of protopine on immune cells in mice with AKI. Toll-like receptor (TLR4) and apoptotic signaling pathway were detected by Western blot analysis. The results showed that protopine markedly improved the renal function, relieve inflammation, reversed inflammatory cytokines, transformed apoptosis markers, and regulated the TLR4 signaling pathway in mice with AKI induced by LPS. The protopine isolated from C.humosa Migo protected mice against LPS-induced AKI by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation via the TLR4 signaling pathway, thus providing a molecular basis for a novel medical treatment of AKI.
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