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Shang R, Lee CS, Wang H, Dyer R, Noll C, Carpentier A, Sultan I, Alitalo K, Boushel R, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Reduction in Insulin Uncovers a Novel Effect of VEGFB on Cardiac Substrate Utilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:177-191. [PMID: 38150518 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart relies heavily on external fatty acid (FA) for energy production. VEGFB (vascular endothelial growth factor B) has been shown to promote endothelial FA uptake by upregulating FA transporters. However, its impact on LPL (lipoprotein lipase)-mediated lipolysis of lipoproteins, a major source of FA for cardiac use, is unknown. METHODS VEGFB transgenic (Tg) rats were generated by using the α-myosin heavy chain promoter to drive cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression. To measure coronary LPL activity, Langendorff hearts were perfused with heparin. In vivo positron emission tomography imaging with [18F]-triglyceride-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid and [11C]-palmitate was used to determine cardiac FA uptake. Mitochondrial FA oxidation was evaluated by high-resolution respirometry. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes, and cardiac function was monitored using echocardiography. RESULTS In Tg hearts, the vectorial transfer of LPL to the vascular lumen is obstructed, resulting in LPL buildup within cardiomyocytes, an effect likely due to coronary vascular development with its associated augmentation of insulin action. With insulin insufficiency following fasting, VEGFB acted unimpeded to facilitate LPL movement and increase its activity at the coronary lumen. In vivo PET imaging following fasting confirmed that VEGFB induced a greater FA uptake to the heart from circulating lipoproteins as compared with plasma-free FAs. As this was associated with augmented mitochondrial oxidation, lipid accumulation in the heart was prevented. We further examined whether this property of VEGFB on cardiac metabolism could be useful following diabetes and its associated cardiac dysfunction, with attendant loss of metabolic flexibility. In Tg hearts, diabetes inhibited myocyte VEGFB gene expression and protein secretion together with its downstream receptor signaling, effects that could explain its lack of cardioprotection. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the novel role of VEGFB in LPL-derived FA supply and utilization. In diabetes, loss of VEGFB action may contribute toward metabolic inflexibility, lipotoxicity, and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., C.S.L., H.W., B.H., B.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Chae Syng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., C.S.L., H.W., B.H., B.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Hualin Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., C.S.L., H.W., B.H., B.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Roger Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics (R.D.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Christophe Noll
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (C.N., A.C.)
| | - André Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (C.N., A.C.)
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (I.S., K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland (I.S., K.A.)
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology (R.B.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., C.S.L., H.W., B.H., B.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.S., C.S.L., H.W., B.H., B.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Jiang MY, Man WR, Zhang XB, Zhang XH, Duan Y, Lin J, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wu DX, Shu XF, Xin L, Wang H, Zhang X, Li CY, Gu XM, Zhang X, Sun DD. Adipsin inhibits Irak2 mitochondrial translocation and improves fatty acid β-oxidation to alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:63. [PMID: 38072993 PMCID: PMC10712050 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) causes the myocardium to rely on fatty acid β-oxidation for energy. The accumulation of intracellular lipids and fatty acids in the myocardium usually results in lipotoxicity, which impairs myocardial function. Adipsin may play an important protective role in the pathogenesis of DCM. The aim of this study is to investigate the regulatory effect of Adipsin on DCM lipotoxicity and its molecular mechanism. METHODS A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus model was constructed in mice with adipose tissue-specific overexpression of Adipsin (Adipsin-Tg). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down technique, Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence colocalization analyses were used to investigate the molecules which can directly interact with Adipsin. The immunocolloidal gold method was also used to detect the interaction between Adipsin and its downstream modulator. RESULTS The expression of Adipsin was significantly downregulated in the HFD-induced DCM model (P < 0.05). Adipose tissue-specific overexpression of Adipsin significantly improved cardiac function and alleviated cardiac remodeling in DCM (P < 0.05). Adipsin overexpression also alleviated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function in diabetic stress (P < 0.05). LC-MS/MS analysis, GST pull-down technique and Co-IP studies revealed that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (Irak2) was a downstream regulator of Adipsin. Immunofluorescence analysis also revealed that Adipsin was co-localized with Irak2 in cardiomyocytes. Immunocolloidal gold electron microscopy and Western blotting analysis indicated that Adipsin inhibited the mitochondrial translocation of Irak2 in DCM, thus dampening the interaction between Irak2 and prohibitin (Phb)-optic atrophy protein 1 (Opa1) on mitochondria and improving the structural integrity and function of mitochondria (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in the presence of Irak2 knockdown, Adipsin overexpression did not further alleviate myocardial mitochondrial destruction and cardiac dysfunction, suggesting a downstream role of Irak2 in Adipsin-induced responses (P < 0.05). Consistent with these findings, overexpression of Adipsin after Irak2 knockdown did not further reduce the accumulation of lipids and their metabolites in the cardiac myocardium, nor did it enhance the oxidation capacity of cardiomyocytes expose to palmitate (PA) (P < 0.05). These results indicated that Irak2 may be a downstream regulator of Adipsin. CONCLUSIONS Adipsin improves fatty acid β-oxidation and alleviates mitochondrial injury in DCM. The mechanism is related to Irak2 interaction and inhibition of Irak2 mitochondrial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wan-Rong Man
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xue-Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - De-Xi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lei Xin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Cong-Ye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Institute for Hospital Management Research, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Bassyouni M, Mysara M, Wohlers I, Busch H, Saber-Ayad M, El-Hadidi M. A comprehensive analysis of genetic risk for metabolic syndrome in the Egyptian population via allele frequency investigation and Missense3D predictions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20517. [PMID: 37993469 PMCID: PMC10665412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a major health problem in Egypt and worldwide, with increasing numbers of patients with prediabetes every year. Numerous factors, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, which have recently become serious concerns, affect the complex pathophysiology of diabetes. These metabolic syndrome diseases are highly linked to genetic variability that drives certain populations, such as Egypt, to be more susceptible to developing DM. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis to pinpoint the similarities and uniqueness among the Egyptian genome reference and the 1000-genome subpopulations (Europeans, Ad-Mixed Americans, South Asians, East Asians, and Africans), aiming at defining the potential genetic risk of metabolic syndromes. Selected approaches incorporated the analysis of the allele frequency of the different populations' variations, supported by genotypes' principal component analysis. Results show that the Egyptian's reference metabolic genes were clustered together with the Europeans', Ad-Mixed Americans', and South-Asians'. Additionally, 8563 variants were uniquely identified in the Egyptian cohort, from those, two were predicted to cause structural damage, namely, CDKAL1: 6_21065070 (A > T) and PPARG: 3_12351660 (C > T) utilizing the Missense3D database. The former is a protein coding gene associated with Type 2 DM while the latter is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Both variants were detected heterozygous in two different Egyptian individuals from overall 110 sample. This analysis sheds light on the unique genetic traits of the Egyptian population that play a role in the DM high prevalence in Egypt. The proposed analysis pipeline -available through GitHub- could be used to conduct similar analysis for other diseases across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bassyouni
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
- Bioscience Research Laboratories Department, MARC for Medical Services and Scientific Research, 6th of October, Jiza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
- Microbiology unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Inken Wohlers
- Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Biomolecular Data Science in Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Division, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, and Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
- Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Hadidi
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt.
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Peng M, Xia T, Zhong Y, Zhao M, Yue Y, Liang L, Zhong R, Zhang H, Li C, Cao X, Yang M, Wang Y, Shu Z. Integrative pharmacology reveals the mechanisms of Erzhi Pill, a traditional Chinese formulation, against diabetic cardiomyopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115474. [PMID: 35716918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erzhi Pill (EZP) is a traditional Chinese prescription that has marked effects in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), remain to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to apply an integrative pharmacological strategy to systematically evaluate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of EZP, and provide a solid theoretical basis for the clinical application of EZP in the treatment of DCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the potential targets and key pathways of EZP were predicted and validated using network pharmacology and molecular docking, respectively. Changes in cardiac metabolites and major metabolic pathways in rat heart samples were examined using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Finally, biochemical analysis was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of key pathways. RESULTS We found that EZP decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the serum, and alleviated the morphological abnormalities of the heart tissue in diabetic rats. Furthermore, EZP effectively restored superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity levels, as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the heart tissue. Network pharmacology prediction results indicated that the mechanism of EZP in treating DCM was closely related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and FoxO signaling pathways. In addition, 1H-NMR metabolomics confirmed that EZP primarily regulated both energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ketone bodies metabolism, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, glycine metabolism, and purine metabolism. Finally, immunohistochemistry results indicated that EZP reduced the expression levels of p-AMPK, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-FoxO3a proteins, in the heart tissue of DCM rats. CONCLUSION The results confirmed that the overall therapeutic effect of EZP in the DCM rat model is exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, alongside the regulation of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as the AMPK and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathways. This study provides an experimental basis for the use of EZP in DCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Peng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Tianyi Xia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanmei Zhong
- New Drug Research and Development Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Mantong Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yimin Yue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lanyuan Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Renxing Zhong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China.
| | - Chuanqiu Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xia Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Mengru Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zunpeng Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Shang R, Lal N, Lee CS, Zhai Y, Puri K, Seira O, Boushel RC, Sultan I, Räsänen M, Alitalo K, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Cardiac-specific VEGFB overexpression reduces lipoprotein lipase activity and improves insulin action in rat heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E753-E765. [PMID: 34747201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00219.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle uses multiple sources of energy including glucose and fatty acid (FA). The heart cannot synthesize FA and relies on obtaining it from other sources, with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) breakdown of lipoproteins suggested to be a key source of FA for cardiac use. Recent work has indicated that cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) overexpression expands the coronary vasculature and facilitates metabolic reprogramming that favors glucose utilization. We wanted to explore whether this influence of VEGFB on cardiac metabolism involves regulation of LPL activity with consequent effects on lipotoxicity and insulin signaling. The transcriptomes of rats with and without cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of human VEGFB were compared by using RNA sequencing. Isolated perfused hearts or cardiomyocytes incubated with heparin were used to enable measurement of LPL activity. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed for quantification of cardiac lipid metabolites. Cardiac insulin sensitivity was evaluated using fast-acting insulin. Isolated heart and cardiomyocytes were used to determine transgene-encoded VEGFB isoform secretion patterns and mitochondrial oxidative capacity using high-resolution respirometry and extracellular flux analysis. In vitro, transgenic cardiomyocytes incubated overnight and thus exposed to abundantly secreted VEGFB isoforms, in the absence of any in vivo confounding regulators of cardiac metabolism, demonstrated higher basal oxygen consumption. In the whole heart, VEGFB overexpression induced an angiogenic response that was accompanied by limited cardiac LPL activity through multiple mechanisms. This was associated with a lowered accumulation of lipid intermediates, diacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholine, that are known to influence insulin action. In response to exogenous insulin, transgenic hearts demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the interrogation of VEGFB function on cardiac metabolism uncovered an intriguing and previously unappreciated effect to lower LPL activity and prevent lipid metabolite accumulation to improve insulin action. VEGFB could be a potential cardioprotective therapy to treat metabolic disorders, for example, diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In hearts overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), besides its known angiogenic response, multiple regulatory mechanisms lowered coronary LPL. This was accompanied by limited cardiac lipid metabolite accumulation with an augmentation of cardiac insulin action. Our data for the first time links VEGFB to coronary LPL in regulation of cardiac metabolism. VEGFB may be cardioprotective in metabolic disorders like diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chae Syng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yajie Zhai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karanjit Puri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oscar Seira
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert C Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Räsänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Klimontov VV, Saik OV, Korbut AI. Glucose Variability: How Does It Work? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157783. [PMID: 34360550 PMCID: PMC8346105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points to the role of glucose variability (GV) in the development of the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, we summarize data on GV-induced biochemical, cellular and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Current data indicate that the deteriorating effect of GV on target organs can be realized through oxidative stress, glycation, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, impaired angiogenesis and renal fibrosis. The effects of GV on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability could be aggravated by hypoglycemia, associated with high GV. Oscillating hyperglycemia contributes to beta cell dysfunction, which leads to a further increase in GV and completes the vicious circle. In cells, the GV-induced cytotoxic effect includes mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbances in autophagic flux, which are accompanied by reduced viability, activation of apoptosis and abnormalities in cell proliferation. These effects are realized through the up- and down-regulation of a large number of genes and the activity of signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK (ERK), JNK and TGF-β/Smad. Epigenetic modifications mediate the postponed effects of glucose fluctuations. The multiple deteriorative effects of GV provide further support for considering it as a therapeutic target in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V. Klimontov
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga V. Saik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
- Laboratory of Computer Proteomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IC&G SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton I. Korbut
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
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Shang R, Rodrigues B. Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Delivery of Fatty Acids to the Heart. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071016. [PMID: 34356640 PMCID: PMC8301904 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of plasma fatty acids (FAs) are contained within lipoprotein-triglyceride, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is robustly expressed in the heart. Hence, LPL-mediated lipolysis of lipoproteins is suggested to be a key source of FAs for cardiac use. Lipoprotein clearance by LPL occurs at the apical surface of the endothelial cell lining of the coronary lumen. In the heart, the majority of LPL is produced in cardiomyocytes and subsequently is translocated to the apical luminal surface. Here, vascular LPL hydrolyzes lipoprotein-triglyceride to provide the heart with FAs for ATP generation. This article presents an overview of cardiac LPL, explains how the enzyme works, describes key molecules that regulate its activity and outlines how changes in LPL are brought about by physiological and pathological states such as fasting and diabetes, respectively.
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Protective Effects of Huangqi Shengmai Yin on Type 1 Diabetes-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Improving Myocardial Lipid Metabolism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5590623. [PMID: 34249132 PMCID: PMC8238573 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5590623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the many complications of diabetes. DCM leads to cardiac insufficiency and myocardial remodeling and is the main cause of death in diabetic patients. Abnormal lipid metabolism plays an important role in the occurrence and development of DCM. Huangqi Shengmai Yin (HSY) has previously been shown to alleviate signs of heart disease. Here, we investigated whether HSY could improve cardiomyopathy caused by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and improve abnormal lipid metabolism in the diabetic heart. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to establish the T1DM mouse model, and T1DM mice were subsequently treated with HSY for eight weeks. The changes in the cardiac conduction system, histopathology, blood myocardial injury indices, and lipid content and expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism were evaluated. Our results showed that HSY could improve electrocardiogram; decrease the serum levels of CK-MB, LDH, and BNP; alleviate histopathological changes in cardiac tissue; and decrease myocardial lipid content in T1DM mice. These results indicate that HSY has a protective effect against T1DM-induced myocardial injury in mice and that this effect may be related to the improvement in myocardial lipid metabolism.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the recent developments in structure, function and physiology of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and the regulators of LpL, which are being targeted for therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have revealed the long elusive crystal structure of LpL and its interaction with glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). New light has been shed on LpL being active as a monomer, which brings into questions previous thinking that LpL inhibitors like angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and stabilizers like LMF1 work on disrupting or maintaining LpL in dimer form. There is increasing pharmaceutical interest in developing targets to block LpL inhibitors like ANGPTL3. Other approaches to reducing circulating triglyceride levels have been using an apoC2 mimetic and reducing apoC3. SUMMARY Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by LpL is a central event in lipid metabolism, releasing fatty acids for uptake by tissues and generating low-density lipoprotein and expanding high-density lipoprotein. Recent mechanistic insights into the structure and function of LpL have added to our understanding of triglyceride metabolism. This has also led to heightened interest in targeting its posttranslational regulators, which can be the next generation of lipid-lowering agents used to prevent hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis and, hopefully, cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Puri K, Lal N, Shang R, Ghosh S, Flibotte S, Dyer R, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Diabetes Mellitus Severity and a Switch From Using Lipoprotein Lipase to Adipose-Derived Fatty Acid Results in a Cardiac Metabolic Signature That Embraces Cell Death. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e014022. [PMID: 31665961 PMCID: PMC6898854 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatty acid (FA) provision to the heart is from cardiomyocyte and adipose depots, plus lipoprotein lipase action. We tested how a graded reduction in insulin impacts the source of FA used by cardiomyocytes and the cardiac adaptations required to process these FA. Methods and Results Rats injected with 55 (D55) or 100 (D100) mg/kg streptozotocin were terminated after 4 days. Although D55 and D100 were equally hyperglycemic, D100 showed markedly lower pancreatic and plasma insulin and loss of lipoprotein lipase, which in D55 hearts had expanded. There was minimal change in plasma FA in D55. However, D100 exhibited a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in various saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA in the plasma. D100 demonstrated dramatic cardiac transcriptomic changes with 1574 genes differentially expressed compared with only 49 in D55. Augmented mitochondrial and peroxisomal β‐oxidation in D100 was not matched by elevated tricarboxylic acid or oxidative phosphorylation. With increasing FA, although control myocytes responded by augmenting basal respiration, this was minimized in D55 and reversed in D100. Metabolomic profiling identified significant lipid accumulation in D100 hearts, which also exhibited sizeable change in genes related to apoptosis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling–positive cells. Conclusions With increasing severity of diabetes mellitus, when the diabetic heart is unable to control its own FA supply using lipoprotein lipase, it undergoes dramatic reprogramming that is linked to handling of excess FA that arise from adipose tissue. This transition results in a cardiac metabolic signature that embraces mitochondrial FA overload, oxidative stress, triglyceride storage, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanjit Puri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology IKBSAS University of British Columbia-Okanagan Kelowna Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Roger Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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