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De Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Cristini J, Moncion K, Ploughman M, Tang A, Fung J, Roig M. Measuring Neuroplasticity in Response to Cardiovascular Exercise in People With Stroke: A Critical Perspective. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2024:15459683231223513. [PMID: 38291890 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231223513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rehabilitative treatments that promote neuroplasticity are believed to improve recovery after stroke. Animal studies have shown that cardiovascular exercise (CE) promotes neuroplasticity but the effects of this intervention on the human brain and its implications for the functional recovery of patients remain unclear. The use of biomarkers has enabled the assessment of cellular and molecular events that occur in the central nervous system after brain injury. Some of these biomarkers have proven to be particularly valuable for the diagnosis of severity, prognosis of recovery, as well as for measuring the neuroplastic response to different treatments after stroke. OBJECTIVES To provide a critical analysis on the current evidence supporting the use of neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and blood biomarkers to assess the neuroplastic response to CE in individuals poststroke. RESULTS Most biomarkers used are responsive to the effects of acute and chronic CE interventions, but the response appears to be variable and is not consistently associated with functional improvements. Small sample sizes, methodological variability, incomplete information regarding patient's characteristics, inadequate standardization of training parameters, and lack of reporting of associations with functional outcomes preclude the quantification of the neuroplastic effects of CE poststroke using biomarkers. CONCLUSION Consensus on the optimal biomarkers to monitor the neuroplastic response to CE is currently lacking. By addressing critical methodological issues, future studies could advance our understanding of the use of biomarkers to measure the impact of CE on neuroplasticity and functional recovery in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat De Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Lynden Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Moncion
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ada Tang
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce Fung
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
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Yoo M, Chun MH, Hong GR, Lee C, Lee JK, Lee A. Effects of Training with a Powered Exoskeleton on Cortical Activity Modulation in Hemiparetic Chronic Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:1620-1629. [PMID: 37295705 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of exoskeleton-assisted gait training in stroke patients. DESIGN Prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING Rehabilitation department in a single tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty (N=30) chronic stroke patients with Functional Ambulatory Category scale (FAC) between 2 and 4. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: training with Healbot G, a wearable powered exoskeleton (Healbot G group; n=15), or treadmill training (control group; n=15). All participants received 30 minutes of training, 10 times per week, for 4 weeks. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was oxyhemoglobin level changes, representing cortical activity in both motor cortices using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The secondary outcomes included FAC, Berg Balance Scale, Motricity Index for the lower extremities (MI-Lower), 10-meter walk test, and gait symmetry ratio (spatial step and temporal symmetry ratio). RESULTS Compared to the control group, during the entire training session, the pre-training and post-training mean cortical activity, and the amount of increment between pre- and post-training were significantly higher in the Healbot G group (∆mean ± SD; pre-training, 0.245±0.119, post-training, 0.697±0.429, between pre- and post-training, 0.471±0.401μmol, P<.001). There was no significant difference in cortical activity between affected- and unaffected hemispheres after Healbot G training. FAC (∆mean ± SD; 0.35 ± 0.50, P=.012), MI-Lower (∆mean ± SD; 7.01 ± 0.14, P=.001), and spatial step gait symmetry ratio (∆mean ± SD; -0.32 ± 0.25, P=.049) were improved significantly in the Healbot G group. CONCLUSION Exoskeleton-assisted gait training induces cortical modulation effect in both motor cortices, a balanced cortical activation pattern with improvements in spatial step symmetry ratio, walking ability, and voluntary strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Chun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ga Ram Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June Kyoung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Maguire C, Betschart M, Pohl J, Primani F, Taeymans J, Hund-Georgiadis M. Effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on serum BDNF and motor learning in the upper-limb in patients after chronic-stroke: A randomized, controlled feasibility study with embedded health economic evaluation. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 52:485-506. [PMID: 36806518 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes activity-dependent neuroplasticity and is released following aerobic-exercise. OBJECTIVE Feasibility and efficacy of 1.Moderate-Intensity Cycle-Ergometer-Training (MI-ET) and 2.Low-Intensity Circuit-Training (LI-CT) on BDNF-serum-concentration in chronic-stroke and consequently efficacy of motor-learning in varying BDNF-concentrations (neuroplasticity being the substrate for motor-learning) via upper-limb robotic-training (RT) in both groups. METHODS Randomised-control feasibility-study. 12-week, 3x/week intervention, 17 chronic-stroke-survivors randomized into: (1) MI-ET&RT or (2) LI-CT&RT. Both groups completed 40 mins MI-ET or LI-CT followed by 40 mins RT. Feasibility outcomes: (1) screening and enrollment-rates, (2) retention-rates, (3) adherence: (i) attendance-rates, (ii) training-duration, (4) adverse events. Primary clinical outcomes: 1. serum-BDNF changes pre-post training (immediate) and pre-training basal-levels over 12-weeks (long-term). 2.upper-limb performance with Action-Research-Arm-Test (ARAT). Additionally, feasibility of an embedded health economic evaluation (HEE) to evaluate health-costs and cost-effectiveness. OUTCOMES cost-questionnaire return-rates, cost-of-illness (COI) and Health-Utitility-Index (HUI). RESULTS 21.5% of eligible and contactable enrolled. 10 randomized to MI-ET and 7 to LI-CT. 85% of training-sessions were completed in MI-ET (306/360) and 76.3% in LI-CT-group (165/216). 12-weeks: Drop-outs MI-ET-10%, LI-CT-43%. CLINICAL OUTCOMES No significant changes in immediate or long-term serum-BDNF in either group. Moderate-intensity aerobic-training did not increase serum-BDNF post-stroke. Individual but no group clinically-relevant changes in ARAT-scores. HEE outcomes at 12-weeks: 100% cost-questionnaires returned. Group-costs baseline and after treatment, consistently favouring MI-ET group. COI: (1-year-time-frame): MI-ET 67382 SD (43107) Swiss-Francs and LI-CT 95701(29473) Swiss-Francs. CONCLUSION The study is feasible with modifications. Future studies should compare high-intensity versus moderate-intensity aerobic-exercise combined with higher dosage arm-training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Maguire
- REHAB, Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland.,Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Science, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Betschart
- REHAB, Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland.,Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Science, Bern, Switzerland.,Kantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Pohl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Francesca Primani
- REHAB, Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology, Basel, Switzerland.,Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Science, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Taeymans
- Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Science, Bern, Switzerland.,Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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Liu B, Yu J, Fan Q, Hao F, Wu J, Xiao W, Yu F, Ren Z. The effect of exercise on walking economy in patients with chronic neurological conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1074521. [PMID: 36712424 PMCID: PMC9874330 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1074521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate the effect of exercise on the walking economy (WE) of patients with chronic neurological conditions (CNCs) and to determine the type of physical activity that best improves the WE of patients with CNCs. Methods Four electronic databases were searched until December 2022 (Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL). Studies were screened using the following inclusion criteria: 1. randomized controlled or non-randomized controlled trials; 2. exercise interventions >4 weeks in duration; 3. patients aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of CNCs. 4. walking economy of patients measured before and after the intervention. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Results and discussion Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis results showed that exercise significantly improved WE (g = -0.352, 95% CI, -0.625 to -0.078, P = 0.012). Subgroup analysis revealed that patients who received exercise showed better WE compared with those who underwent no control intervention (g = -0.474, 95% CI, -0.636 to -0.311, P < 0.001). However, exercise therapy did not show a significant improvement of WE compared with control groups (g = -0.192, 95% CI, -0.451 to 0.067, P = 0.146). In addition, we found that endurance combined with resistance, high-intensity intermittent, and other training modalities resulted in better WE compared with the pre-intervention. Of these, interval training has the greatest effect on improving WE. In conclusion, exercise can improve WE in patients with CNCs. More randomized controlled trials are necessary for the future. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022361455, identifier: CRD42022361455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxuan Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwei Fan
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengwei Hao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Exercise, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengyu Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Zhanbing Ren ✉
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Hilderley AJ, Wright FV, Taylor MJ, Chen JL, Fehlings D. Functional Neuroplasticity and Motor Skill Change Following Gross Motor Interventions for Children With Diplegic Cerebral Palsy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:16-26. [PMID: 36524254 PMCID: PMC9896542 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gross motor intervention designs for children with diplegic cerebral palsy (DCP) require an improved understanding of the children's potential for neuroplasticity. OBJECTIVE To identify relations between functional neuroplasticity and motor skill changes following gross motor interventions for children with DCP. METHODS There were 17 participants with DCP (ages 8-16 years; 6 females; Gross Motor Function Classification System Level I [n = 9] and II [n = 8]). Each completed a 6-week gross motor intervention program that was directed toward achievement of individualized motor/physical activity goals. Outcomes were assessed pre/post and 4 to 6 months post-intervention (follow-up). An active ankle dorsiflexion task was completed during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ratio of motor cortical activation volume in each hemisphere was calculated using a laterality index. The Challenge was the primary gross motor skill measure. Change over time and relations among outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS Challenge scores improved post-intervention (4.57% points [SD 4.45], P = .004) and were maintained at follow-up (0.75% [SD 6.57], P = 1.000). The laterality index for dominant ankle dorsiflexion increased (P = .033), while non-dominant change was variable (P = .534). Contralateral activation (laterality index ≥+0.75) was most common for both ankles. Challenge improvements correlated with increased ipsilateral activity (negative laterality index) during non-dominant dorsiflexion (r = -.56, P = .045). Smaller activation volume during non-dominant dorsiflexion predicted continued gross motor gains at follow-up (R2 = .30, P = .040). CONCLUSIONS Motor cortical activation during non-dominant ankle dorsiflexion is a modest indicator of the potential for gross motor skill change. Further investigation of patterns of neuroplastic change will improve our understanding of effects. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRY NCT02584491 and NCT02754128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J. Hilderley
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland
Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - F. Virginia Wright
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland
Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Physical Therapy,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margot J. Taylor
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for
Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Medical Imaging,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce L. Chen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical
Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program,
Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto,
ON, Canada
| | - Darcy Fehlings
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland
Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Darcy Fehlings, Holland Bloorview Kids
Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Road, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada.
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Kolářová B, Šaňák D, Hluštík P, Kolář P. Randomized Controlled Trial of Robot-Assisted Gait Training versus Therapist-Assisted Treadmill Gait Training as Add-on Therapy in Early Subacute Stroke Patients: The GAITFAST Study Protocol. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121661. [PMID: 36552120 PMCID: PMC9775673 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The GAITFAST study (gait recovery in patients after acute ischemic stroke) aims to compare the effects of treadmill-based robot-assisted gait training (RTGT) and therapist-assisted treadmill gait training (TTGT) added to conventional physical therapy in first-ever ischemic stroke patients. GAITFAST (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04824482) was designed as a single-blind single-center prospective randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups and a primary endpoint of gait speed recovery up to 6 months after ischemic stroke. A total of 120 eligible and enrolled participants will be randomly allocated (1:1) in TTGT or RTGT. All enrolled patients will undergo a 2-week intensive inpatient rehabilitation including TTGT or RTGT followed by four clinical assessments (at the beginning of inpatient rehabilitation 8-15 days after stroke onset, after 2 weeks, and 3 and 6 months after the first assessment). Every clinical assessment will include the assessment of gait speed and walking dependency, fMRI activation measures, neurological and sensorimotor impairments, and gait biomechanics. In a random selection (1:2) of the 120 enrolled patients, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data will be acquired and analyzed. This study will provide insight into the mechanisms behind poststroke gait behavioral changes resulting from intensive rehabilitation including assisted gait training (RTGT or TTGT) in early subacute IS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kolářová
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Šaňák
- Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hluštík
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolář
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Cherni Y, Tremblay A, Simon M, Bretheau F, Blanchette AK, Mercier C. Corticospinal Responses Following Gait-Specific Training in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15585. [PMID: 36497663 PMCID: PMC9737604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Corticospinal excitability is subject to alterations after stroke. While the reversal of these alterations has been proposed as an underlying mechanism for improved walking capacity after gait-specific training, this has not yet been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, the objective of this review is to evaluate the effect of gait-specific training on corticospinal excitability in stroke survivors. We conducted an electronic database search in four databases (i.e., Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) in June 2022. Two authors screened in an independent way all the studies and selected those that investigated the effect of gait-specific training on variables such as motor-evoked potential amplitude, motor threshold, map size, latency, and corticospinal silent period in stroke survivors. Nineteen studies investigating the effect of gait-specific training on corticospinal excitability were included. Some studies showed an increased MEP amplitude (7/16 studies), a decreased latency (5/7studies), a decreased motor threshold (4/8 studies), an increased map size (2/3 studies) and a decreased cortical silent period (1/2 study) after gait-specific training. No change has been reported in terms of short interval intracortical inhibition after training. Five studies did not report any significant effect after gait-specific training on corticospinal excitability. The results of this systematic review suggest that gait-specific training modalities can drive neuroplastic adaptation among stroke survivors. However, given the methodological disparity of the included studies, additional clinical trials of better methodological quality are needed to establish conclusions. The results of this review can therefore be used to develop future studies to better understand the effects of gait-specific training on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Cherni
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- TOPMED, Centre Collégial de Transfert de Technologie en Orthèses, Prothèses et Équipements Médicaux, Québec City, QC G1S 1C1, Canada
| | - Alexia Tremblay
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Margaux Simon
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Floriane Bretheau
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
| | - Andréanne K. Blanchette
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Changes of cortico-cortical neural connections associated with motor functional recovery after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106689. [PMID: 35932539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During functional recovery after stroke, some neural connections in the brain are augmented and new neural networks are constructed to compensate for impaired neurological functions. Recently, it was reported that the extent of cortico-cortical neural connections can be estimated by correlation analysis based on electroencephalography (EEG). The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of correlation coefficients in the cerebral cortex with motor functional recovery after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two post-stroke hemiparetic patients admitted to our rehabilitation ward (mean age at admission: 71.4 ± 12.9 years old), were studied. For the evaluation of hemiparesis, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) was applied. All subjects underwent EEG with electrodes placed according to the international 10-20 system for correlation analysis, on admission to our ward and 4 weeks after admission. EEG data were analyzed with the program software FOCUS (NIHON KOHDEN, Japan), and squared correlation coefficients in some cortico-cortical areas of the cerebral cortex were calculated. RESULTS The correlation coefficients in some cortico-cortical areas of the lesional hemisphere, such as C3-F3 or C4-F4, C3-F7 or C4-F8, and F3-F7 or F4-F8, significantly increased with rehabilitation training. The change of the correlation coefficient in F3-F7 or F4-F8 and F7-T3 or F8-T4 in the lesional hemisphere was significantly correlated with the change of the upper-limb FMA. CONCLUSIONS The augmentation of cortico-cortical connections, represented by an increase of the correlation coefficient in the lesional hemisphere, may contribute to motor functional recovery, especially in hemiparetic upper limbs, after stroke.
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Tavazzi E, Bergsland N, Pirastru A, Cazzoli M, Blasi V, Baglio F. MRI markers of functional connectivity and tissue microstructure in stroke-related motor rehabilitation: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 33:102931. [PMID: 34995869 PMCID: PMC8741615 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke-related disability is a major problem at individual and socio-economic levels. Neuromotor rehabilitation has a key role for its dual action on affected body segment and brain reorganization. Despite its known efficacy in clinical practice, the extent and type of effect at a brain level, mediated by neuroplasticity, are still under question. OBJECTIVE To analyze studies applying MRI markers of functional and structural connectivity in patients affected with stroke undergoing motor rehabilitation, and to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation on brain reorganization. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were applied to select studies applying quantitative non-conventional MRI techniques on patients undergoing motor rehabilitation, both physical and virtual (virtual reality, mental imagery). Literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and EMBASE from inception to 30th June 2020. RESULTS Forty-one out of 6983 papers were included in the current review. Selected studies are heterogeneous in terms of patient characteristics as well as type, duration and frequency of rehabilitative approach. Neuromotor rehabilitation promotes neuroplasticity, favoring functional recovery of the ipsilesional hemisphere and activation of anatomically and functionally related brain areas in both hemispheres, to compensate for damaged tissue. CONCLUSIONS The evidence derived from the analyzed studies supports the positive impact of rehabilitation on brain reorganization, despite the high data heterogeneity. Advanced MRI techniques provide reliable markers of structural and functional connectivity that may potentially aid in helping to implement the most appropriate rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tavazzi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - N Bergsland
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - A Pirastru
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - M Cazzoli
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - V Blasi
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - F Baglio
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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Marzolini S, Wu C, Hussein R, Xiong LY, Kangatharan S, Peni A, Cooper CR, Lau KS, Nzodjou Makhdoom G, Pakosh M, Zaban SA, Nguyen MM, Banihashemi MA, Swardfager W. Associations Between Time After Stroke and Exercise Training Outcomes: A Meta-Regression Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022588. [PMID: 34913357 PMCID: PMC9075264 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Knowledge gaps exist regarding the effect of time elapsed after stroke on the effectiveness of exercise training interventions, offering incomplete guidance to clinicians. Methods and Results To determine the associations between time after stroke and 6-minute walk distance, 10-meter walk time, cardiorespiratory fitness and balance (Berg Balance Scale score [BBS]) in exercise training interventions, relevant studies in post-stroke populations were identified by systematic review. Time after stroke as continuous or dichotomized (≤3 months versus >3 months, and ≤6 months versus >6 months) variables and weighted mean differences in postintervention outcomes were examined in meta-regression analyses adjusted for study baseline mean values (pre-post comparisons) or baseline mean values and baseline control-intervention differences (controlled comparisons). Secondary models were adjusted additionally for mean age, sex, and aerobic exercise intensity, dose, and modality. We included 148 studies. Earlier exercise training initiation was associated with larger pre-post differences in mobility; studies initiated ≤3 months versus >3 months after stroke were associated with larger differences (weighted mean differences [95% confidence interval]) in 6-minute walk distance (36.3 meters; 95% CI, 14.2-58.5), comfortable 10-meter walk time (0.13 m/s; 95% CI, 0.06-0.19) and fast 10-meter walk time (0.16 m/s; 95% CI, 0.03-0.3), in fully adjusted models. Initiation ≤3 months versus >3 months was not associated with cardiorespiratory fitness but was associated with a higher but not clinically important Berg Balance Scale score difference (2.9 points; 95% CI, 0.41-5.5). In exercise training versus control studies, initiation ≤3 months was associated with a greater difference in only postintervention 6-minute walk distance (baseline-adjusted 27.3 meters; 95% CI, 6.1-48.5; fully adjusted, 24.9 meters; 95% CI, 0.82-49.1; a similar association was seen for ≤6 months versus >6 months after stroke (fully adjusted, 26.6 meters; 95% CI, 2.6-50.6). Conclusions There may be a clinically meaningful benefit to mobility outcomes when exercise is initiated within 3 months and up to 6 months after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marzolini
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute ‐ University Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL–PIVOT) NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Rehabilitation Sciences InstituteUniversity of TorontoONCanada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoONCanada
| | - Che‐Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoONCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Lisa Y. Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoONCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Suban Kangatharan
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute ‐ University Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | - Ardit Peni
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute ‐ University Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Kylie S.K. Lau
- Department of Human BiologyUniversity of TorontoONCanada
| | | | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information ServicesUniversity Health NetworkToronto Rehabilitation InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Stephanie A. Zaban
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoONCanada
| | - Michelle M. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoONCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Mohammad Amin Banihashemi
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute ‐ University Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoONCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
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11
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Penna LG, Pinheiro JP, Ramalho SHR, Ribeiro CF. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke: systematic review. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:832-843. [PMID: 34669820 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Interventions for stroke rehabilitation aim to minimize sequelae, promote individuals' independence and potentially recover functional damage. The role of aerobic exercise as a facilitator of post-stroke neuroplasticity in humans is still questionable. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity in patients with stroke sequelae. METHODS A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and crossover studies was performed, with searches for human studies in the following databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS and PeDRO, only in English, following the PRISMA protocol. The keywords used for selecting articles were defined based on the PICO strategy. RESULTS This systematic review evaluated the impacts of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity through assessment of neural networks and neuronal excitability, neurotrophic factors, or cognitive and functional assessment. Studies that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity after stroke measured through functional resonance (fMRI) or cortical excitability have shown divergent results, but aerobic exercise potentially can modify the neural network, as measured through fMRI. Additionally, aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training improves certain cognitive domains linked to motor learning. Studies that involved analysis of neurotrophic factors to assess neuroplasticity had conflicting results. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise is a therapeutic intervention in rehabilitation programs that, beyond the known benefits relating to physical conditioning, functionality, mood and cardiovascular health, may also potentiate the neuroplasticity process. Neuroplasticity responses seem more robust in moderate to high-intensity exercise training programs, but dose-response heterogeneity and non-uniform neuroplasticity assessments limit generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Goursand Penna
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pascoa Pinheiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Fontes Ribeiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina do Desporto, Coimbra, Província de Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Paired inhibitory stimulation and gait training modulates supplemental motor area connectivity in freezing of gait. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 88:28-33. [PMID: 34102418 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence suggests patients with FOG have increased cortical control of gait. The supplementary motor area (SMA) may be a key structure due to its connectivity with locomotor and cognitive networks. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if SMA connectivity is disrupted in patients with FOG and (2) if "inhibitory" repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can decrease maladaptive SMA connectivity. METHODS Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1 resting-state (T2* BOLD imaging) was compared between 38 PD freezers and 17 PD controls. In experiment 2, twenty PD patients with FOG were randomized to either 10 sessions of real or sham rTMS to the SMA (1 Hz, 110% motor threshold, 1200 pulses/session) combined with daily gait training. RESULTS (Experiment 1) Freezers had increased connectivity between the left SMA and the vermis of the cerebellum and decreased connectivity between the SMA and the orbitofrontal cortex (pFDR-corr <0.05). (Experiment 2) 10 sessions of active TMS reduced SMA connectivity with the anterior cingulate, angular gyrus and the medial temporal cortex, whereas sham TMS did not reduce SMA connectivity. From a behavioral perspective, both groups showed nFOG-Q improvements (F(4, 25.7) = 3.87, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The SMA in freezers is hyper-connected to the cerebellum, a key locomotor region which may represent maladaptive compensation. In this preliminary study, 1 Hz rTMS reduced SMA connectivity however, this was not specific to the locomotor regions. Intervention outcomes may be improved with subject specific targeting of SMA.
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13
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Cleland BT, Sisel E, Madhavan S. Motor evoked potential latency and duration from tibialis anterior in individuals with chronic stroke. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2251-2260. [PMID: 34059935 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ipsilateral motor pathways from the contralesional hemisphere to the paretic limbs may be upregulated to compensate for impaired function after stroke. Onset latency and duration of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provide insight into compensatory pathways but have been understudied in the lower limb. This study assessed MEP onset latency and duration in the lower limb after stroke, and compared ipsilateral and contralateral MEPs in the paretic and non-paretic limb. We hypothesized that: (1) onset latency would be longer for ipsilateral than contralateral MEPs and longer for the paretic than the non-paretic limb, and (2) duration would be shorter for ipsilateral than contralateral MEPs and longer for the paretic than the non-paretic limb. Data were collected as a part of a pre-test of a randomized controlled trial. TMS was applied to the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere of the paretic and non-paretic limb. MEP onset latency and duration were calculated from the tibialis anterior. Thirty-five participants with chronic stroke were included in the final analysis. Onset latency was longer in the paretic than the non-paretic limb (~ 6.0 ms) and longer after ipsilateral than contralateral stimulation (~ 1.8 ms). Duration was longer in the paretic than the non-paretic limb (~ 9.2 ms) and longer after contralateral than ipsilateral stimulation (~ 5.2 ms). Ipsilateral MEPs may be elicited through ipsilateral pathways with fewer fibers with a higher activation threshold and/or greater spinal branching. MEPs from the paretic limb may reflect slower central motor conduction, peripheral changes, or changes in motor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice T Cleland
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Emily Sisel
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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14
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Collett J, Fleming MK, Meester D, Al-Yahya E, Wade DT, Dennis A, Salvan P, Meaney A, Cockburn J, Dawes J, Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H. Dual-task walking and automaticity after Stroke: Insights from a secondary analysis and imaging sub-study of a randomised controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2021; 35:1599-1610. [PMID: 34053250 PMCID: PMC8524683 DOI: 10.1177/02692155211017360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the extent to which initial walking speed influences dual-task performance after walking intervention, hypothesising that slow walking speed affects automatic gait control, limiting executive resource availability. DESIGN A secondary analysis of a trial of dual-task (DT) and single-task (ST) walking interventions comparing those with good (walking speed ⩾0.8 m s-1, n = 21) and limited (walking speed <0.79 m s-1, n = 24) capacity at baseline. SETTING Community. SUBJECTS Adults six-months post stroke with walking impairment. INTERVENTIONS Twenty sessions of 30 minutes treadmill walking over 10 weeks with (DT) or without (ST) cognitive distraction. Good and limited groups were formed regardless of intervention received. MAIN MEASURES A two-minute walk with (DT) and without (ST) a cognitive distraction assessed walking. fNIRS measured prefrontal cortex activation during treadmill walking with (DT) and without (ST) Stroop and planning tasks and an fMRI sub-study used ankle-dorsiflexion to simulate walking. RESULTS ST walking improved in both groups (∆baseline: Good = 8.9 ± 13.4 m, limited = 5.3±8.9 m, Group × time = P < 0.151) but only the good walkers improved DT walking (∆baseline: Good = 10.4 ± 13.9 m, limited = 1.3 ± 7.7 m, Group × time = P < 0.025). fNIRS indicated increased ispilesional prefrontal cortex activation during DT walking following intervention (P = 0.021). fMRI revealed greater DT cost activation for limited walkers, and increased resting state connectivity of contralesional M1 with cortical areas associated with conscious gait control at baseline. After the intervention, resting state connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and bilateral superior parietal lobe, involved in integrating sensory and motor signals, increased in the good walkers compared with limited walkers. CONCLUSION In individual who walk slowly it may be difficult to improve dual-task walking ability.Registration: ISRCTN50586966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Collett
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie K Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Daan Meester
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Emad Al-Yahya
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,School of Rehabilitation Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Derick T Wade
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Dennis
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Meaney
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Joanna Dawes
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
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15
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Dong K, Meng S, Guo Z, Zhang R, Xu P, Yuan E, Lian T. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Balance and Gait in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:650925. [PMID: 34113308 PMCID: PMC8186497 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.650925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Balance dysfunction after stroke often results in individuals unable to maintain normal posture, limits the recovery of gait and functional independence. We explore the short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on improving balance function and gait in stroke patients. Methods: We systematically searched on PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar for studies that explored the effects of tDCS on balance after stroke until August 2020. All involved studies used at least one measurement of balance, gait, or postural control as the outcome. Results: A total of 145 studies were found, of which 10 (n = 246) met the inclusion criteria and included in our studies. The present meta-analysis showed that active tDCS have beneficial effects on timed up and go test (TUGT) [mean difference (MD): 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11 to 0.58] and Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) (MD: −2.54; 95% CI: −3.93 to −1.15) in stroke patients. However, the results were not significant on the berg balance scale (BBS) (MD: −0.20; 95% CI: −1.44 to 1.04), lower extremity subscale of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-LE) (MD: −0.43; 95% CI: −1.70 to 0.84), 10-m walk test (10 MWT) (MD: −0.93; 95% CI: −2.68 to 0.82) and 6-min walking test (6 MWT) (MD: −2.55; 95% CI: −18.34 to 13.23). Conclusions: In conclusion, we revealed that tDCS might be an effective option for restoring walking independence and functional ambulation for stroke patients in our systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Review Registration: CRD42020207565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shifeng Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ziqi Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rufang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Erfen Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Lian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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16
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Cleland BT, Madhavan S. Ipsilateral motor pathways to the lower limb after stroke: Insights and opportunities. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1565-1578. [PMID: 33665910 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke-related damage to the crossed lateral corticospinal tract causes motor deficits in the contralateral (paretic) limb. To restore functional movement in the paretic limb, the nervous system may increase its reliance on ipsilaterally descending motor pathways, including the uncrossed lateral corticospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the rubrospinal tract, and the vestibulospinal tract. Our knowledge about the role of these pathways for upper limb motor recovery is incomplete, and even less is known about the role of these pathways for lower limb motor recovery. Understanding the role of ipsilateral motor pathways to paretic lower limb movement and recovery after stroke may help improve our rehabilitative efforts and provide alternate solutions to address stroke-related impairments. These advances are important because walking and mobility impairments are major contributors to long-term disability after stroke, and improving walking is a high priority for individuals with stroke. This perspective highlights evidence regarding the contributions of ipsilateral motor pathways from the contralesional hemisphere and spinal interneuronal pathways for paretic lower limb movement and recovery. This perspective also identifies opportunities for future research to expand our knowledge about ipsilateral motor pathways and provides insights into how this information may be used to guide rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice T Cleland
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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George KA, Damiano DL, Kim Y, Bulea TC. Mu Rhythm during Standing and Walking Is Altered in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Compared to Children with Typical Development. Dev Neurorehabil 2021; 24:8-17. [PMID: 32372674 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1756005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rehabilitation in cerebral palsy (CP) seeks to harness neuroplasticity to improve movement, including walking, yet cortical activation underlying gait is not well understood. Methods: We used electroencephalography (EEG) to compare motor related cortical activity, measured by mu rhythm, during quiet standing and treadmill walking in 10 children with unilateral CP and 10 age- and sex-matched children with typical development (TD). Peak mu band frequency, mu rhythm desynchronization (MRD), and gait related intra- and inter-hemispheric coherence were examined. Results: MRD during walking was observed bilaterally over motor cortex in both cohorts but peak mu band frequency showing MRD was significantly lower in CP compared to TD. Coherence during quiet standing between motor and frontal regions was significantly higher in the non-dominant compared to dominant hemisphere in CP with no hemispheric differences in TD. Conclusions: EEG-based measures should be further investigated as clinical biomarkers for atypical motor development and to assess rehabilitation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yushin Kim
- National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA.,Cheongju University , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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18
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Boyne P, Doren S, Scholl V, Staggs E, Whitesel D, Maloney T, Awosika O, Kissela B, Dunning K, Vannest J. Functional magnetic resonance brain imaging of imagined walking to study locomotor function after stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:167-177. [PMID: 33291023 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imagined walking has yielded insights into normal locomotor control and could improve understanding of neurologic gait dysfunction. This study evaluated brain activation during imagined walking in chronic stroke. METHODS Ten persons with stroke and 10 matched controls completed a walking test battery and a magnetic resonance imaging session including imagined walking and knee extension tasks. Brain activations were compared between tasks and groups. Associations between activations and composite gait score were also calculated, while controlling for lesion load. RESULTS Stroke and worse gait score were each associated with lesser overall brain activation during knee extension but greater overall activation during imagined walking. During imagined walking, the stroke group significantly activated the primary motor cortex lower limb region and cerebellar locomotor region. Better walking function was associated with less activation of these regions and greater activation of medial superior frontal gyrus area 9. CONCLUSIONS Compared with knee extension, imagined walking was less sensitive to stroke-related deficits in brain activation but better at revealing compensatory changes, some of which could be maladaptive. SIGNIFICANCE The identified associations for imagined walking suggest potential neural mechanisms of locomotor adaptation after stroke, which could be useful for future intervention development and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Boyne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sarah Doren
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Victoria Scholl
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily Staggs
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dustyn Whitesel
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Maloney
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Oluwole Awosika
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett Kissela
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kari Dunning
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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19
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Binder E, Leimbach M, Pool EM, Volz LJ, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Cortical reorganization after motor stroke: A pilot study on differences between the upper and lower limbs. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:1013-1033. [PMID: 33165996 PMCID: PMC7856649 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke patients suffering from hemiparesis may show substantial recovery in the first months poststroke due to neural reorganization. While reorganization driving improvement of upper hand motor function has been frequently investigated, much less is known about the changes underlying recovery of lower limb function. We, therefore, investigated neural network dynamics giving rise to movements of both the hands and feet in 12 well-recovered left-hemispheric chronic stroke patients and 12 healthy participants using a functional magnetic resonance imaging sparse sampling design and dynamic causal modeling (DCM). We found that the level of neural activity underlying movements of the affected right hand and foot positively correlated with residual motor impairment, in both ipsilesional and contralesional premotor as well as left primary motor (M1) regions. Furthermore, M1 representations of the affected limb showed significantly stronger increase in BOLD activity compared to healthy controls and compared to the respective other limb. DCM revealed reduced endogenous connectivity of M1 of both limbs in patients compared to controls. However, when testing for the specific effect of movement on interregional connectivity, interhemispheric inhibition of the contralesional M1 during movements of the affected hand was not detected in patients whereas no differences in condition-dependent connectivity were found for foot movements compared to controls. In contrast, both groups featured positive interhemispheric M1 coupling, that is, facilitation of neural activity, mediating movements of the affected foot. These exploratory findings help to explain why functional recovery of the upper and lower limbs often develops differently after stroke, supporting limb-specific rehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Binder
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Martha Leimbach
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Pool
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Lukas J Volz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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20
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Kim H, Park G, Shin JH, You JH. Neuroplastic effects of end-effector robotic gait training for hemiparetic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12461. [PMID: 32719420 PMCID: PMC7385173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting neuroplastic changes during locomotor neurorehabilitation is crucial for independent primal motor behaviours. However, long-term locomotor training-related neuroplasticity remains unexplored. We compared the effects of end-effector robot-assisted gait training (E-RAGT) and bodyweight-supported treadmill training (BWST) on cortical activation in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. Twenty-three men and five women aged 53.2 ± 11.2 years were recruited and randomly assigned to participate in E-RAGT (n = 14) or BWST (n = 14) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Cortical activity, lower limb motor function, and gait speed were evaluated before and after training. Activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex in the affected hemisphere significantly increased only in the E-RAGT group, although there were no significant between-group differences. Clinical outcomes, including the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), timed up and go test, and 10-m walk test scores, improved after training in both groups, with significantly better FMA scores in the E-RAGT group than in the BWST group. These findings suggest that E-RAGT effectively improves neuroplastic outcomes in hemiparetic stroke, although its superiority over conventional training remains unclear. This may have clinical implications and provides insight for clinicians interested in locomotor neurorehabilitation after hemiparetic stroke.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04054739 (12/08/2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Kim
- Translational Research Center for Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyulee Park
- Translational Research Center for Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Shin
- Translational Research Center for Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Center, 58, Samgaksan-ro, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, 01022, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joshua H You
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dynamic Movement Institute and Technology, College of Health Science, Sports Movement Artificial-Intelligence Robotics Technology (SMART) Institute, "Yonsei GOODWELLNESS Center" for Sports, Wellness, and Fitness Across Life Span Disabilities, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea.
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Joey NCM, Ho Marc WK. Does self-initiated sit-to-stand training with an assistive device regain the independence of sit-to-stand in stroke patient? A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2020; 7:2055668319866053. [PMID: 32010452 PMCID: PMC6971965 DOI: 10.1177/2055668319866053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unknown whether self-initiated sit-to-stand training with an assistive device is effective to regain the independence of sit-to-stand in stroke survivors. Objective To compare the effectiveness of self-initiated sit-to-stand training with an assistive device with manual sit-to-stand training. Design Parallel randomized controlled, assessor-blinded trial between January 2015 and May 2018. Randomization was performed by drawing lots to allocate treatment groups. Setting A rehabilitation hospital in Hong Kong. Participants 69 participants in medical wards with unilateral hemiparetic stroke. A total of 52 participants fulfilled the study requirements. Intervention Ten sessions of intervention with conventional physiotherapy program followed, by self-initiated sit-to-stand training with an assistive device, or by manual sit-to-stand training. Main outcome measure Number of participants regained the independence of sit-to-stand, sit-to-stand test from the Balance master® and Five-repetition sit-to-stand test. Results 69 participants (intervention, n = 36; control, n = 33) were randomized (mean age, 69.8 years (SD: 10.6), mean post-stroke days 18.6 (SD: 16.0)). Seventeen participants had not completed 10 sessions of training, leaving 52 (n = 26; n = 26) participants for per protocol analysis. Eighteen participants in the intervention group and 10 participants in the control group had regained the independence of sit-to-stand (Phi and Cramer’s V: –0.31 and 0.31). The participants in the intervention group were faster to complete the Five-repetition sit-to-stand test than the control group (32.7 sec (SD: 1.93) versus 48.4 sec (SD, 6.8); 95% confidence interval, –30.8 to –0.7; p < 0.05). No adverse side effects occurred during and after the training across groups. Conclusions Self-initiated sit-to-stand training with an assistive device may have positive effects on speeding up regaining the independence of sit-to-stand on sub-acute stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Ka Ho Marc
- Physiotherapy Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Baillieul S, Elsworth-Edelsten C, Saj A, Allali G. Neural substrates of reduced walking activity after supratentorial stroke: A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping study. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 67:102517. [PMID: 31525664 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most stroke patients exhibit low levels of walking activity, a key component of secondary stroke prevention. The predictors of walking activity may be multifactorial and are thus far partially understood. We aimed to study the neuroanatomic correlates of low levels of daily walking activity following hemispheric stroke. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 33 community-dwelling stroke survivors (age: 63.9 ± 12.9 years; % female: 36.4%; NIHSS at admission: 3.3 ± 4.0) were prospectively recruited at least 3 months after a first ever, unilateral, supratentorial stroke confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging. Walking activity was measured by daily step counts (steps∙day-1), recorded using an Actigraph GT3x+ triaxial accelerometer over 7 consecutive days. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping was performed to identify brain areas associated with walking activity following stroke. RESULTS Participants presented 4491.9 ± 2473.7 steps∙day-1. Lower levels of walking activity were related to lesions of the posterior part of the putamen, of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and of the anterior part of the corona radiata. No cortical region was associated with walking activity. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results identify subcortical neuroanatomical correlates for reduced walking activity following stroke. If confirmed, these results could serve as a rationale for the development of targeted rehabilitative strategy to improve mobility after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baillieul
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1042, HP2 Laboratory, Grenoble, France; Pôle Thorax et Vaisseaux, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charlotte Elsworth-Edelsten
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland.
| | - Arnaud Saj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, USA.
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Nie B, Wang L, Hu Y, Liang S, Tan Z, Chai P, Tang Y, Shang J, Pan Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, Gong J, Zheng C, Xu H, Wey HY, Liang SH, Shan B. A population stereotaxic positron emission tomography brain template for the macaque and its application to ischemic model. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116163. [PMID: 31494249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive imaging tool for the evaluation of brain function and neuronal activity in normal and diseased conditions with high sensitivity. The macaque monkey serves as a valuable model system in the field of translational medicine, for its phylogenetic proximity to man. To translation of non-human primate neuro-PET studies, an effective and objective data analysis platform for neuro-PET studies is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A set of stereotaxic templates of macaque brain, namely the Institute of High Energy Physics & Jinan University Macaque Template (HJT), was constructed by iteratively registration and averaging, based on 30 healthy rhesus monkeys. A brain atlas image was created in HJT space by combining sub-anatomical regions and defining new 88 bilateral functional regions, in which a unique integer was assigned for each sub-anatomical region. RESULTS The HJT comprised a structural MRI T1 weighted image (T1WI) template image, a functional FDG-PET template image, intracranial tissue segmentations accompanied with a digital macaque brain atlas image. It is compatible with various commercially available software tools, such as SPM and PMOD. Data analysis was performed on a stroke model compared with a group of healthy controls to demonstrate the usage of HJT. CONCLUSION We have constructed a stereotaxic template set of macaque brain named HJT, which standardizes macaque neuroimaging data analysis, supports novel radiotracer development and facilitates translational neuro-disorders research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Nie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yichao Hu
- College of Information Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Pei Chai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjin Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jingjie Shang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhangsheng Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jianxian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Baoci Shan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Walking and Balance Function after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 97:773-781. [PMID: 29734235 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on walking and balance function in patients with stroke. DESIGN MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database were comprehensively searched for randomized controlled trials published through March 2017 that investigated the effects of rTMS on lower limb function. Main outcomes included walking speed, balance function, motor function, and cortical excitability. RESULTS Nine studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant effect of rTMS on walking speed (standardized mean difference, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.95), particularly ipsilesional stimulation (standardized mean difference, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.36-1.24). No significant effects were found for balance function (standardized mean difference, 0.10; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.45), motor function (mean difference, 0.50, 95% CI: -0.68 to 1.68), or cortical excitability (motor-evoked potentials of the affected hemisphere: mean difference, 0.21 mV; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.54; motor-evoked potentials of the unaffected hemisphere: mean difference, 0.09 mV; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.02). CONCLUSION These results suggest that rTMS, particularly ipsilesional stimulation, significantly improves walking speed. Future studies with larger sample sizes and an adequate follow-up period are required to further understand the effects of rTMS on lower limb function and its relationship with changes in cortical excitability with the help of functional neuroimaging techniques. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: 1) Understand the potential neurophysiologic effects of rTMS; 2) Appreciate the potential benefits of rTMS on stroke recovery; and 3) Identify indications for including rTMS in a stroke rehabilitation program. LEVEL Advanced ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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25
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Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone and Its Regulation After Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Therapeutic Approaches. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:60-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Rosen AB, Yentes JM, McGrath ML, Maerlender AC, Myers SA, Mukherjee M. Alterations in Cortical Activation Among Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability During Single-Limb Postural Control. J Athl Train 2019; 54:718-726. [PMID: 31162942 PMCID: PMC6602391 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-448-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterized by repetitive ankle sprains and perceived instability. Whereas the underlying cause of CAI is disputed, alterations in cortical motor functioning may contribute to the perceived dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To assess differences in cortical activity during single-limb stance among control, coper, and CAI groups. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Biomechanics laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 31 individuals (10 men, 21 women; age = 22.3 ± 2.4 years, height = 169.6 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 70.6 ± 11.6 kg), who were classified into control (n = 13), coper (n = 7), and CAI (n = 11) groups participated in this study. INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed single-limb stance on a force platform for 60 seconds while wearing a 24-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) changes in the supplementary motor area (SMA), precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and superior parietal lobe were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Differences in averages and standard deviations of HbO2 were assessed across groups. In the CAI group, correlations were analyzed between measures of cortical activation and Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores. RESULTS No differences in average HbO2 were present for any cortical areas. We observed differences in the standard deviation for the SMA across groups; specifically, the CAI group demonstrated greater variability than the control (r = 0.395, P = .02; 95% confidence interval = 0.34, 0.67) and coper (r = 0.38, P = .04; 95% confidence interval = -0.05, 0.69) groups. We demonstrated a strong correlation that was significant in the CAI group between the CAIT score and the average HbO2 of the precentral gyrus (ρ = 0.64, P = .02) and a strong correlation that was not significant between the CAIT score and the average HbO2 of the SMA (ρ = 0.52, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS The CAI group displayed large differences in SMA cortical-activation variability. Greater variations in cortical activation may be necessary for similar static postural-control outcomes among individuals with CAI. Consequently, variations in cortical activation for these areas provide evidence for an altered neural mechanism of postural control among populations with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B. Rosen
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska, Omaha
| | | | - Melanie L. McGrath
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula
| | | | - Sara A. Myers
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha
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The Impact of Physical Activity Before and After Stroke on Stroke Risk and Recovery: a Narrative Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 31011851 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Summarising the evidence for pre- and post-stroke physical activity (PA) and exercise to reduce stroke risk, and improve recovery and brain health. RECENT FINDINGS Pre-stroke PA reduces the risk of stroke, and post-stroke PA and exercise reduce cardiovascular risk factors, which can moderate the risk of recurrent strokes. Pre-clinical evidence indicates that exercise enhances neuroplasticity. The results from clinical studies showed that exercise changes brain activity patterns in stroke survivors, which can be a signal neuroplasticity. The intensity of pre- and post-stroke PA and exercise is a key factor with higher intensities leading to greater benefits, including improvement in fitness. Having low fitness levels is an independent predictor for increased risk of stroke. Higher intensity leads to greater benefits; however, the optimum intensity of PA and exercise is yet unknown and needs to be further investigated. Strategies to decrease sedentary behaviour and improve fitness need to be considered.
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28
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Brihmat N, Tarri M, Quidé Y, Anglio K, Pavard B, Castel-Lacanal E, Gasq D, De Boissezon X, Marque P, Loubinoux I. Action, observation or imitation of virtual hand movement affect differently regions of the mirror neuron system and the default mode network. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1363-1378. [PMID: 29243119 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR)-based paradigms use visual stimuli that can modulate visuo-motor networks leading to the stimulation of brain circuits. The aims of this study were to compare the changes in blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal when watching and imitating moving real (RH) and virtual hands (VH) in 11 healthy participants (HP). No differences were found between the observation of RH or VH making this VR-based experiment a promising tool for rehabilitation protocols. VH-imitation involved more the ventral premotor cortex (vPMC) as part of the mirror neuron system (MNS) compared to execution and VH-observation conditions. The dorsal-anterior Precuneus (da-Pcu) as part of the Precuneus/posterior Cingulate Cortex (Pcu/pCC) complex, a key node of the Default Mode Network (DMN), was also less deactivated and therefore more involved. These results may reflect the dual visuo-motor roles for the vPMC and the implication of the da-Pcu in the reallocation of attentional and neural resources for bimodal task management. The ventral Pcu/pCC was deactivated regardless of the condition confirming its role in self-reference processes. Imitation of VH stimuli can then modulate the activation of specific areas including those belonging to the MNS and the DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Brihmat
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mohamed Tarri
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Quidé
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ketty Anglio
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Pavard
- Informatic Research Institute of Toulouse, IRIT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Castel-Lacanal
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - David Gasq
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier De Boissezon
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Marque
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Wang RY, Wang FY, Huang SF, Yang YR. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhanced treadmill training effects on gait performance in individuals with chronic stroke: A double-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial. Gait Posture 2019; 68:382-387. [PMID: 30586670 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with treadmill training has been suggested to modulate corticomotor activity and improve gait performance in people with Parkinson's disease. RESEARCH QUESTION It is unclear whether this combination therapy has a similar effect in people with stroke. The current study aimed to investigate whether high-frequency rTMS enhances the effects of subsequent treadmill training in individuals with chronic stroke. METHODS Fourteen participants meeting the selection criteria were randomly assigned to either the experimental (n = 8) or control (n = 6) group. The experimental group received 5 Hz rTMS prior to treadmill training three times per week for 3 weeks. The control group received sham rTMS before treadmill training. Walking speed, gait symmetry, corticomotor excitability, motor function of the lower extremities, and muscle activity during walking were measured before intervention, after intervention, and at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS The walking speed, spatial asymmetry of gait, and motor function of the lower extremities improved significantly in the experimental group, and these improvements exhibited significant differences in between-group comparisons. However, there was no significant difference in corticomotor excitability or brain asymmetry ratio after the intervention in each group. SIGNIFICANCE The current results revealed that applying 5 Hz high-frequency rTMS over the leg motor cortex in the affected hemisphere enhanced the effects of subsequent treadmill training on gait speed and spatial asymmetry in individuals with chronic stroke. Improvement in gait speed persisted for at least 1 month in individuals with chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fong Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Preventive Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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A comment on postural stability improvement in older adults with high fall risk after anodal tDCS on primary motor cortex versus cerebellar stimulation. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:367-368. [PMID: 30503375 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Li Y, Fan J, Yang J, He C, Li S. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on walking ability after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:59-71. [PMID: 29439362 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a promising technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has gained so much attention in its potential effects on functional recovery of lower limb following stroke. However, individual studies have yielded inconsistent or conflicting results. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of tDCS for the functional recovery of lower limb following stroke reported in the randomized controlled trials by using a meta-analysis. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database was comprehensively searched for randomized controlled trials published until April 2017 that investigated the effects of tDCS on lower limb function. Main outcomes included walking speed, walking endurance, mobility, balance function, muscle strength of lower limb and adverse events. RESULTS A total of 10 trials (n = 194) met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant effect of tDCS on mobility (SMD 0.44, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.87, P = 0.04) and muscle strength of lower limb (SMD 1.54, 95% CI: 0.29 to 2.78, P = 0.02). No significant effects were found in walking speed (SMD 0.39, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.85, P = 0.09), walking endurance (SMD 0.28, 95% CI: -0.28 to 0.84, P = 0.33) and balance function (SMD 0.44, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.94, P = 0.08). CONCLUSION tDCS might have beneficial effects on improving mobility and muscle strength of lower limb among individuals with stroke. Future studies with larger sample sizes and an adequate follow-up period are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Athinoula A. Martions Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Baete SH, Chen J, Lin YC, Wang X, Otazo R, Boada FE. Low Rank plus Sparse decomposition of ODFs for improved detection of group-level differences and variable correlations in white matter. Neuroimage 2018; 174:138-152. [PMID: 29526742 PMCID: PMC5949269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach is presented for group statistical analysis of diffusion weighted MRI datasets through voxelwise Orientation Distribution Functions (ODF). Recent advances in MRI acquisition make it possible to use high quality diffusion weighted protocols (multi-shell, large number of gradient directions) for routine in vivo study of white matter architecture. The dimensionality of these data sets is however often reduced to simplify statistical analysis. While these approaches may detect large group differences, they do not fully capitalize on all acquired image volumes. Incorporation of all available diffusion information in the analysis however risks biasing the outcome by outliers. Here we propose a statistical analysis method operating on the ODF, either the diffusion ODF or fiber ODF. To avoid outlier bias and reliably detect voxelwise group differences and correlations with demographic or behavioral variables, we apply the Low-Rank plus Sparse (L+S) matrix decomposition on the voxelwise ODFs which separates the sparse individual variability in the sparse matrix S whilst recovering the essential ODF features in the low-rank matrix L. We demonstrate the performance of this ODF L+S approach by replicating the established negative association between global white matter integrity and physical obesity in the Human Connectome dataset. The volume of positive findings p<0.01,227cm3, agrees with and expands on the volume found by TBSS (17 cm3), Connectivity based fixel enhancement (15 cm3) and Connectometry (212 cm3). In the same dataset we further localize the correlations of brain structure with neurocognitive measures such as fluid intelligence and episodic memory. The presented ODF L+S approach will aid in the full utilization of all acquired diffusion weightings leading to the detection of smaller group differences in clinically relevant settings as well as in neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Baete
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Jingyun Chen
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Chia Lin
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ricardo Otazo
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Fernando E Boada
- Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, 660 First Ave 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Priming With 1-Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over Contralesional Leg Motor Cortex Does Not Increase the Rate of Regaining Ambulation Within 3 Months of Stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 97:339-345. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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The beneficial role of early exercise training following stroke and possible mechanisms. Life Sci 2018; 198:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hilderley AJ, Taylor MJ, Fehlings D, Chen JL, Wright FV. Optimization of fMRI methods to determine laterality of cortical activation during ankle movements of children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 66:54-62. [PMID: 29413879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of laterality of motor cortical activations may provide valuable information about lower limb control in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). Evidence from upper limb research suggests that increased contralateral activity may accompany functional gains. However, lower limb areas of activation and associated changes have been underexplored due to challenges with imaging motor cortical leg representations. In this study, methods for a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ankle dorsiflexion paradigm were refined with three pilot groups of participants: (i) adults (n = 5); (ii) typically developing (TD) children (n = 5) and; (iii) children with UCP (n = 4). Parameters of experimental design, task resistance, reproducibility, and pre-scan procedures were tested/refined using a staged development approach with additions or changes introduced if image quality did not meet pre-defined standards. When image quality was acceptable for two consecutive participants, the next participant group was recruited to test/refine the next parameter. The final paradigm involved an event-related design of a single dorsiflexion movement against individualized resistance, with two runs per leg. It included a pre-scan session to increase child comfort and determine task resistance. This paradigm produced valid data for laterality index (LI) calculations to determine the ratio of activity in each hemisphere. Ventricle and lesion masks were used in non-linear image registration, and individual thresholds were used for extent-based LI calculations. LI of dominant ankle movements were contralateral (LI ≥ +0.2) for TD children (mean LI = +0.89, std = 0.27) and children with UCP (mean LI = +0.86, std = 0.26). For the affected ankle of children with UCP, LI values indicated ipsilateral and/or contralateral activation (mean LI = +0.02, std = 0.71, range -0.92 to +1.00). This fMRI paradigm will support investigations of cortical activation and mechanisms of skill improvement following lower limb interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hilderley
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Rd, Toronto, M4K 1E1, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada.
| | - M J Taylor
- Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 263 McCaul Street, Toronto, M5T 1W7, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - D Fehlings
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Rd, Toronto, M4K 1E1, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada; Department of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - J L Chen
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada.
| | - F V Wright
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 150 Kilgour Rd, Toronto, M4K 1E1, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1V7, Canada.
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Longitudinal Brain Functional Connectivity Changes of the Cortical Motor-Related Network in Subcortical Stroke Patients with Acupuncture Treatment. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5816263. [PMID: 29375914 PMCID: PMC5742470 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5816263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, the effectiveness of the rehabilitation therapy such as acupuncture combining conventional Western medicine (AG) on stroke people's motor-related brain network and their behaviors has not been systematically studied. In the present study, seventeen adult ischemic patients were collected and divided into two groups: the conventional Western medicine treatment group (CG) and the AG. The neurological deficit scores (NDS) and resting-state functional MRI data were collected before and after treatment. Compared with the CG patients, AG patients exhibited a significant enhancement of the percent changes of NDS from pre- to posttreatment intervention. All patients showed significant changes of functional connectivity (FC) between the pair of cortical motor-related regions. After treatment, both patient groups showed a recovery of brain connectivity to the nearly normal level compared with the controls in these pairs. Moreover, a significant correlation between the percent changes of NDS and the pretreatment FC values of bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) in all patients was found. In conclusion, our results showed that AG therapy can be an effective means for ischemic stroke patients to recover their motor function ability. The FC strengths between bilateral M1 of stroke patients can predict stroke patients' treatment outcome after rehabilitation therapy.
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Swatridge K, Regan K, Staines WR, Roy E, Middleton LE. The Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Control among People with Chronic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2742-2748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wright ZA, Lazzaro E, Thielbar KO, Patton JL, Huang FC. Robot Training With Vector Fields Based on Stroke Survivors' Individual Movement Statistics. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 26:307-323. [PMID: 29035220 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2763458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The wide variation in upper extremity motor impairments among stroke survivors necessitates more intelligent methods of customized therapy. However, current strategies for characterizing individual motor impairments are limited by the use of traditional clinical assessments (e.g., Fugl-Meyer) and simple engineering metrics (e.g., goal-directed performance). Our overall approach is to statistically identify the range of volitional movement capabilities, and then apply a robot-applied force vector field intervention that encourages under-expressed movements. We investigated whether explorative training with such customized force fields would improve stroke survivors' (n = 11) movement patterns in comparison to a control group that trained without forces (n = 11). Force and control groups increased Fugl-Meyer UE scores (average of 1.0 and 1.1, respectively), which is not considered clinically meaningful. Interestingly, participants from both groups demonstrated dramatic increases in their range of velocity during exploration following only six days of training (average increase of 166.4% and 153.7% for the Force and Control group, respectively). While both groups showed evidence of improvement, we also found evidence that customized forces affected learning in a systematic way. When customized forces were active, we observed broader distributions of velocity that were not present in the controls. Second, we found that these changes led to specific changes in unassisted motion. In addition, while the shape of movement distributions changed significantly for both groups, detailed analysis of the velocity distributions revealed that customized forces promoted a greater proportion of favorable changes. Taken together, these results provide encouraging evidence that patient-specific force fields based on individuals' movement statistics can be used to create new movement patterns and shape them in a customized manner. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to directly link engineering assessments of stroke survivors' exploration movement behaviors to the design of customized robot therapy.
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The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in People with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:4716197. [PMID: 29057125 PMCID: PMC5625797 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4716197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in people with neurological disorders. DATA SOURCES Six electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched until the end of December 2016. STUDY SELECTION Experimental or observational studies of people with neurological disorders who undertook an exercise intervention with BDNF as an outcome measure. The search strategy yielded 984 articles. DATA EXTRACTION Study data were independently extracted from each article. Methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A meta-analysis was planned based on the assessment of predetermined criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS Eleven articles were included. Studies employed either a program of aerobic exercise, a single bout of aerobic exercise, or both. A meta-analysis of studies comparing a program of aerobic exercise against usual care/nil therapy showed a large effect (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI 0.47-1.20, p < 0.001) in favour of aerobic exercise to increase levels of BDNF. Findings for a single bout of aerobic exercise were mixed. Quality of studies was low (PEDro average score 4.3/10). CONCLUSIONS A program of aerobic exercise may contribute to increased levels of BDNF in neurological populations.
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Pizzamiglio S, Naeem U, Abdalla H, Turner DL. Neural Correlates of Single- and Dual-Task Walking in the Real World. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:460. [PMID: 28959199 PMCID: PMC5603763 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in mobile brain-body imaging (MoBI) technologies have enabled studies of human locomotion where subjects are able to move freely in more ecologically valid scenarios. In this study, MoBI was employed to describe the behavioral and neurophysiological aspects of three different commonly occurring walking conditions in healthy adults. The experimental conditions were self-paced walking, walking while conversing with a friend and lastly walking while texting with a smartphone. We hypothesized that gait performance would decrease with increased cognitive demands and that condition-specific neural activation would involve condition-specific brain areas. Gait kinematics and high density electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded whilst walking around a university campus. Conditions with dual tasks were accompanied by decreased gait performance. Walking while conversing was associated with an increase of theta (θ) and beta (β) neural power in electrodes located over left-frontal and right parietal regions, whereas walking while texting was associated with a decrease of β neural power in a cluster of electrodes over the frontal-premotor and sensorimotor cortices when compared to walking whilst conversing. In conclusion, the behavioral “signatures” of common real-life activities performed outside the laboratory environment were accompanied by differing frequency-specific neural “biomarkers”. The current findings encourage the study of the neural biomarkers of disrupted gait control in neurologically impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pizzamiglio
- Neuroplasticity and Neurorehabilitation Doctoral Training Programme, Neurorehabilitation Unit, School of Health, Sport and Biosscience, University of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Naeem
- School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Abdalla
- School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Turner
- Neuroplasticity and Neurorehabilitation Doctoral Training Programme, Neurorehabilitation Unit, School of Health, Sport and Biosscience, University of East LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,UCLPartners Centre for Neurorehabilitation, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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Gonçalves RS, Krebs HI. MIT-Skywalker: considerations on the Design of a Body Weight Support System. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:88. [PMID: 28877750 PMCID: PMC5588735 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide body weight support during walking and balance training, one can employ two distinct embodiments: support through a harness hanging from an overhead system or support through a saddle/seat type. This paper presents a comparison of these two approaches. Ultimately, this comparison determined our selection of the body weight support system employed in the MIT-Skywalker, a robotic device developed for the rehabilitation/habilitation of gait and balance after a neurological injury. METHOD Here we will summarize our results with eight healthy subjects walking on the treadmill without any support, with 30% unloading supported by a harness hanging from an overhead system, and with a saddle/seat-like support system. We compared the center of mass as well as vertical and mediolateral trunk displacements across different walking speeds and support. RESULTS The bicycle/saddle system had the highest values for the mediolateral inclination, while the overhead harness body weight support showed the lowest values at all speeds. The differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION We selected the bicycle/saddle system for the MIT-Skywalker. It allows faster don-and-doff, better centers the patient to the split treadmill, and allows all forms of training. The overhead harness body weight support might be adequate for rhythmic walking training but limits any potential for balance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Sales Gonçalves
- Federal University of Uberlândia/Brazil, School of Mechanical Engineering, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121 Campus Santa Monica CX 593, Uberlândia, MG CEP 38408-100 Brazil
- Mechanical Engineering Department, The Eric P. and Evelyn E. Newman Laboratory for Biomechanics and Human Rehabilitation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT, Boston, USA
| | - Hermano Igo Krebs
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Principal Research Scientist & Lecturer MIT, Room 3-137 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 USA
- Neurology Department, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Mechanical Science and Bioengineering Department, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
- Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle, UK
- Loughborough University, The Wolfson School of Engineering, Loughborough, UK
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Cerebral Reorganization in Subacute Stroke Survivors after Virtual Reality-Based Training: A Preliminary Study. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017:6261479. [PMID: 28720981 PMCID: PMC5506482 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6261479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising method for quantifying brain recovery and investigating the intervention-induced changes in corticomotor excitability after stroke. This study aimed to evaluate cortical reorganization subsequent to virtual reality-enhanced treadmill (VRET) training in subacute stroke survivors. Methods Eight participants with ischemic stroke underwent VRET for 5 sections per week and for 3 weeks. fMRI was conducted to quantify the activity of selected brain regions when the subject performed ankle dorsiflexion. Gait speed and clinical scales were also measured before and after intervention. Results Increased activation in the primary sensorimotor cortex of the lesioned hemisphere and supplementary motor areas of both sides for the paretic foot (p < 0.01) was observed postintervention. Statistically significant improvements were observed in gait velocity (p < 0.05). The change in voxel counts in the primary sensorimotor cortex of the lesioned hemisphere is significantly correlated with improvement of 10 m walk time after VRET (r = −0.719). Conclusions We observed improved walking and increased activation in cortical regions of stroke survivors after VRET training. Moreover, the cortical recruitment was associated with better walking function. Our study suggests that cortical networks could be a site of plasticity, and their recruitment may be one mechanism of training-induced recovery of gait function in stroke. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-IOC-15006064.
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Sasaki N, Abo M, Hara T, Yamada N, Niimi M, Kakuda W. High-frequency rTMS on leg motor area in the early phase of stroke. Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:189-194. [PMID: 27502413 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for upper limb motor area in stroke patients is beneficial, it has been poorly investigated in rTMS for leg motor area. Furthermore, no study has examined the usefulness of rTMS for leg motor area in patients in the early phase of stroke. Twenty-one patients with a hemispheric stroke lesion in the early phase were randomly assigned into two groups: the high-frequency (HF)-rTMS group [N = 11] and the sham stimulation group [N = 10]. Patients received rTMS for 5 consecutive days, beginning 10.9 ± 6.6 days on average after the onset. Brunnstrom Recovery Stages (BRS) for the lower limbs and the Ability for Basic Movement Scale Revised (ABMS II) were assessed before and after the intervention. The improvement in BRS for the lower limbs was significant after the intervention in the HF-rTMS group. Although both the HF-rTMS and sham stimulation groups had significant improvements in ABMS II scores, the extent of improvement in the AMBS II was significantly greater in the HF-rTMS group than in the sham stimulation group. Application of HF-rTMS over the bilateral leg motor areas has potential to be a new rehabilitation therapy for patients in the acute phase of stroke.
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Choi YK, Kim K, Choi JU. Effects of stair task training on walking ability in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:235-237. [PMID: 28265147 PMCID: PMC5332978 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stair task training on
gait abilities by conducting stair task training. In this training, step training is
applied in various directions with hemiplegia patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-six
patients with stroke were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and
they were randomly divided into eighteen patients in the experimental group and eighteen
patients in the control group via draw. [Results] In this study, the Dartfish program was
used to measure gait capabilities. Experiment group showed a statistically significant
improvement in the swing phase time of the affected lower extremity compared to control
group. [Conclusion] It was found that the stair task training group had effective results
in the swing phase time of the affected lower extremity compared with the group that
applied weight support on the affected lower extremity and balance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Daegu Universityo, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Daegu Universityo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Uk Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
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Na SS, Kim SK, Jung NJ, Hwangbo G. The relationship between non-affected forelimb exercise and recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in acute phase. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1821-1823. [PMID: 29184297 PMCID: PMC5684018 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present study, we hypothesized that exercise of the nonaffected forelimb
in the early poststroke phase would stimulate the intact hemisphere, thereby influencing
the hemisphere of the infarcted side and improving the performance of the hemiplegic limb.
[Subjects and Methods] Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8–10 weeks of age, weighing
250–300 g, n=12) were used and randomly divided into 3 groups: nonaffected forelimb
exercise for 3 days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETF, n=6), resting for 3
days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETN, n=6), and after ischemia 10 days
resting group. To validate nerve growth factor (NGF), western blot analysis was performed.
The results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 18.0. and expressed as mean ±
standard deviation (SD). [Results] Early treadmill exercise increased the expression of
NGF protein level in both ETE and ETN groups. Comparing between the nonaffected forelimb
exercise and infarct hemisphere in NGF protein expression, the ETE group showed higher
increase of NGF protein level in right hemisphere than ETN group, but there was no
statistical significance. [Conclusion] The early treadmill exercise increased NGF protein
expression levels in both hemispheres and the nonaffected forelimb exercise in the early
poststroke recovery phase could enhance neuronal recovery after focal ischemia in rat
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Na
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jin Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gak Hwangbo
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Mak MKY, Cheung V, Ma S, Lu ZL, Wang D, Lou W, Shi L, Mok VCT, Chu WCW, Hallett M. Increased Cognitive Control During Execution of Finger Tap Movement in People with Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 6:639-50. [PMID: 27372216 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies employed demanding and complex hand tasks to study the brain activation in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). There is inconsistent finding about the cerebellar activity during movement execution of this patient population. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the brain activation patterns of PD individuals in the on-state and healthy control subjects in a simple finger tapping task. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with PD and 22 age-matched healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Subjects were instructed to perform simple finger tapping tasks under self- and cue-initiated conditions in separate runs while their brain activations were captured using fMRI. RESULTS Healthy subjects had higher brain activity in contralateral precentral gyrus during the self-initiated task, and higher brain activity in the ipsilateral middle occipital gyrus during the cue-initiated task. PD patients had higher brain activity in the cerebellum Crus I (bilateral) and lobules VI (ipsilateral) during the self-initiated task and higher brain activity in the contralateral middle frontal gyrus during the cue-initiated task. When compared with healthy controls, PD patients had lower brain activity in the contralateral inferior parietal lobule during the self-initiated task, and lower brain activity in the ipsilateral cerebellum lobule VIII, lobule VIIB and vermis VIII, and thalamus during the cue-initiated task. Conjunction analysis indicated that both groups had activation in bilateral cerebellum and SMA and ipsilateral precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus during both self- and cue-initiated movement. Individuals with PD exhibited higher brain activity in the executive zone (cerebellum Crus I and II) during self-initiated movement, and lower brain activity in the sensorimotor zone (i.e. lobule VIIb and VIII of the cerebellum) during cue-initiated movement. DISCUSSIONS The findings suggest that individuals with PD may use more executive control when performing simple movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Y Mak
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Vinci Cheung
- Department of Counselling & Psychology, Shue Yan University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuangye Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong L Lu
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Xu Y, Hou QH, Russell SD, Bennett BC, Sellers AJ, Lin Q, Huang DF. Neuroplasticity in post-stroke gait recovery and noninvasive brain stimulation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:2072-80. [PMID: 26889202 PMCID: PMC4730838 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait disorders drastically affect the quality of life of stroke survivors, making post-stroke rehabilitation an important research focus. Noninvasive brain stimulation has potential in facilitating neuroplasticity and improving post-stroke gait impairment. However, a large inter-individual variability in the response to noninvasive brain stimulation interventions has been increasingly recognized. We first review the neurophysiology of human gait and post-stroke neuroplasticity for gait recovery, and then discuss how noninvasive brain stimulation techniques could be utilized to enhance gait recovery. While post-stroke neuroplasticity for gait recovery is characterized by use-dependent plasticity, it evolves over time, is idiosyncratic, and may develop maladaptive elements. Furthermore, noninvasive brain stimulation has limited reach capability and is facilitative-only in nature. Therefore, we recommend that noninvasive brain stimulation be used adjunctively with rehabilitation training and other concurrent neuroplasticity facilitation techniques. Additionally, when noninvasive brain stimulation is applied for the rehabilitation of gait impairment in stroke survivors, stimulation montages should be customized according to the specific types of neuroplasticity found in each individual. This could be done using multiple mapping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Clinical Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Motion Analysis and Motor Performance Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Qing-Hua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shawn D Russell
- Motion Analysis and Motor Performance Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bradford C Bennett
- H.C Sweere Center for Clinical Biomechanics and Applied Ergonomics, Northwestern Health Science University, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - Andrew J Sellers
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Clinical Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Feng Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Clinical Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Li Y, Wang D, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu P, Zhang H, Yang Y, Huang W. Changes of Brain Connectivity in the Primary Motor Cortex After Subcortical Stroke: A Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2579. [PMID: 26871777 PMCID: PMC4753872 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the changes in connectivity networks of the bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) of subcortical stroke patients using a multimodal neuroimaging approach with antiplatelet therapy. Nineteen patients were scanned at 2 time points: before and 1 month after the treatment. The authors assessed the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and probabilistic fiber tracking of left and right M1 of every patient, and then compared these results to the 15 healthy controls. The authors also evaluated the correlations between the neuroimaging results and clinical scores.Compared with the controls, the patients showed a significant decrease of FC in the contralateral motor cortex before treatment, and the disrupted FC was restored after treatment. The fiber tracking results in the controls indicated that the body of the corpus callosum should be the main pathway connecting the M1 and contralateral hemispheres. All patients exhibited reduced probability of structural connectivity within this pathway before treatment and which was restored after treatment. Significant correlations were also found in these patients between the connectivity results and clinical scores, which might imply that the connectivity of M1 can be used to evaluate the motor skills in stroke patients.These findings can help elucidate the neural mechanisms responsible for the brain connectivity recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- From the Institute of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou (YL, YW, YY, HZ, WH); Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (DW); Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen (HZ); and The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China (PW)
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Landsmann B, Pinter D, Pirker E, Pichler G, Schippinger W, Weiss EM, Mathie G, Gattringer T, Fazekas F, Enzinger C. An exploratory intervention study suggests clinical benefits of training in chronic stroke to be paralleled by changes in brain activity using repeated fMRI. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:97-103. [PMID: 26869779 PMCID: PMC4734728 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s95632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies demonstrated changes in sensorimotor network activation over time after stroke that have been interpreted as partly compensatory. Locomotor and balance trainings may improve both mobility and cognition even in chronic stroke and thereby impact on cerebral activation patterns. We here aimed at testing these assumptions in an exploratory study to inform subsequent larger intervention studies. Patients and methods Eight patients (73.3±4.4 years) with a chronic lacunar stroke (mean interval 3.7 years after the acute event with a range from 2 to 4 years) and residual leg paresis leading to gait disturbance received a guided 5-week training focusing on mobility, endurance, and coordination. Before and afterward, they underwent clinical, neuropsychological, and gait assessments and brain MRI at 3 T including a functional ankle movement paradigm. Sixteen healthy controls (HCs; 68.8±5.4 years) followed the same protocol without intervention. Results After training, patients had improved in mobility, memory, and delayed recall of memory. While cerebral activations in HC remained completely unaltered, patients showed increased activations in the right precentral gyrus, the right and left superior frontal gyri, and the right frontal lobe, with bipedal ankle movements after training. Conclusion In this exploratory study of chronic stroke, we found not only significant effects of physical training on mobility but also distinct aspects of cognition already with a small number of highly selected patients. These improvements were paralleled by alterations in cerebral activity possibly reflecting neuronal plasticity. Larger studies including randomization are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Landsmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Pinter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Pirker
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Mathie
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Potential contributions of training intensity on locomotor performance in individuals with chronic stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2015; 39:95-102. [PMID: 25784587 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many interventions can improve walking ability of individuals with stroke, although the training parameters that maximize recovery are not clear. For example, the contribution of training intensity has not been well established and may contribute to the efficacy of many locomotor interventions. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effects of locomotor training intensity on walking outcomes in individuals with gait deficits poststroke. METHODS Using a randomized cross-over design, 12 participants with chronic stroke (>6-month duration) performed either high-intensity (70%-80% of heart rate reserve; n = 6) or low-intensity (30%-40% heart rate reserve; n = 6) locomotor training for 12 or fewer sessions over 4 to 5 weeks. Four weeks following completion, the alternate training intervention was performed. Training intensity was manipulated by adding loads or applying resistance during walking, with similar speeds, durations, and amount of stepping practice between conditions. RESULTS Greater increases in 6-Minute Walk Test performance were observed following high-intensity training compared with low-intensity training. A significant interaction of intensity and order was also observed for 6-Minute Walk Test and peak treadmill speed, with the largest changes in those who performed high-intensity training first. Moderate correlations were observed between locomotor outcomes and measures of training intensity. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that the intensity of locomotor practice may be an important independent determinant of walking outcomes poststroke. In the clinical setting, the intensity of locomotor training can be manipulated in many ways, although this represents only 1 parameter to consider.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A90).
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