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Luzzi S, Bektaşoğlu PK, Doğruel Y, Güngor A. Beyond nimodipine: advanced neuroprotection strategies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:305. [PMID: 38967704 PMCID: PMC11226492 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The clinical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-associated vasospasm remains a challenge in neurosurgical practice, with its prevention and treatment having a major impact on neurological outcome. While considered a mainstay, nimodipine is burdened by some non-negligible limitations that make it still a suboptimal candidate of pharmacotherapy for SAH. This narrative review aims to provide an update on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, overall evidence, and strength of recommendation of nimodipine alternative drugs for aneurysmal SAH-associated vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. A PRISMA literature search was performed in the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PubChem databases using a combination of the MeSH terms "medical therapy," "management," "cerebral vasospasm," "subarachnoid hemorrhage," and "delayed cerebral ischemia." Collected articles were reviewed for typology and relevance prior to final inclusion. A total of 346 articles were initially collected. The identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion process resulted in the selection of 59 studies. Nicardipine and cilostazol, which have longer half-lives than nimodipine, had robust evidence of efficacy and safety. Eicosapentaenoic acid, dapsone and clazosentan showed a good balance between effectiveness and favorable pharmacokinetics. Combinations between different drug classes have been studied to a very limited extent. Nicardipine, cilostazol, Rho-kinase inhibitors, and clazosentan proved their better pharmacokinetic profiles compared with nimodipine without prejudice with effective and safe neuroprotective role. However, the number of trials conducted is significantly lower than for nimodipine. Aneurysmal SAH-associated vasospasm remains an area of ongoing preclinical and clinical research where the search for new drugs or associations is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Pınar Kuru Bektaşoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yücel Doğruel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Abuzer Güngor
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Li Y, Schappell LE, Polizu C, DiPersio J, Tsirka SE, Halterman MW, Nadkarni NA. Evolving Clinical-Translational Investigations of Cerebroprotection in Ischemic Stroke. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6715. [PMID: 37959180 PMCID: PMC10649331 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly morbid disease, with over 50% of large vessel stroke (middle cerebral artery or internal carotid artery terminus occlusion) patients suffering disability despite maximal acute reperfusion therapy with thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The discovery of the ischemic penumbra in the 1980s laid the foundation for a salvageable territory in ischemic stroke. Since then, the concept of neuroprotection has been a focus of post-stroke care to (1) minimize the conversion from penumbra to core irreversible infarct, (2) limit secondary damage from ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammation, and excitotoxicity and (3) to encourage tissue repair. However, despite multiple studies, the preclinical-clinical research enterprise has not yet created an agent that mitigates post-stroke outcomes beyond thrombolysis and mechanical clot retrieval. These translational gaps have not deterred the scientific community as agents are under continuous investigation. The NIH has recently promoted the concept of cerebroprotection to consider the whole brain post-stroke rather than just the neurons. This review will briefly outline the translational science of past, current, and emerging breakthroughs in cerebroprotection and use of these foundational ideas to develop a novel paradigm for optimizing stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Laurel E. Schappell
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA;
| | - Claire Polizu
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - James DiPersio
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA;
| | - Marc W. Halterman
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
| | - Neil A. Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA; (Y.L.); (L.E.S.); (C.P.); (J.D.); (M.W.H.)
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Medina-Suárez J, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Sosa-Pérez C, Cazorla-Rivero S, Torres-Mata LB, Jiménez-O’Shanahan A, Clavo B, Morera-Molina J. A Review of Genetic Polymorphisms and Susceptibilities to Complications after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315427. [PMID: 36499752 PMCID: PMC9739720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and vasospasm are two complications of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) which entail high risks of morbidity and mortality. However, it is unknown why only some patients who suffer SAHs will experience DCI and vasospasm. The purpose of this review is to describe the main genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have demonstrated a relationship with these complications. The SNP of the nitric oxide endothelial synthase (eNOS) has been related to the size and rupture of an aneurysm, as well as to DCI, vasospasm, and poor neurological outcome. The SNPs responsible for the asymmetric dimetilarginine and the high-mobility group box 1 have also been associated with DCI. An association between vasospasm and the SNPs of the eNOS, the haptoglobin, and the endothelin-1 receptor has been found. The SNPs of the angiotensin-converting enzyme have been related to DCI and poor neurological outcome. Studies on the SNPs of the Ryanodine Receptor yielded varying results regarding their association with vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Medina-Suárez
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Specific Teaching Methodologies, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35004 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-S.); (F.R.-E.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38296 Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.-S.); (F.R.-E.)
| | - Coralia Sosa-Pérez
- Neurosurgery Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sara Cazorla-Rivero
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura B. Torres-Mata
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Bernardino Clavo
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38296 Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- RETIC de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Pain Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jesús Morera-Molina
- Neurosurgery Unit, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, 35010 Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Gran Canaria, Spain
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Intravenous milrinone for treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pooled systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:3107-3124. [PMID: 33682040 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Small trials have demonstrated promising results utilising intravenous milrinone for the treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Here we summarise and contextualise the literature and discuss the future directions of intravenous milrinone for DCI. A systematic, pooled analysis of literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Methodological rigour was analysed using the MINORS criteria. Extracted data included patient population; treatment protocol; and clinical, radiological, and functional outcome. The primary outcome was clinical resolution of DCI. Eight hundred eighteen patients from 10 single-centre, observational studies were identified. Half (n = 5) of the studies were prospective and all were at high risk of bias. Mean age was 52 years, and females (69%) outnumbered males. There was a similar proportion of low-grade (WFNS 1-2) (49.7%) and high-grade (WFNS 3-5) (50.3%) SAH. Intravenous milrinone was administered to 523/818 (63.9%) participants. Clinical resolution of DCI was achieved in 375/424 (88%), with similar rates demonstrated with intravenous (291/330, 88%) and combined intra-arterial-intravenous (84/94, 89%) therapy. Angiographic response was seen in 165/234 (71%) receiving intravenous milrinone. Hypotension (70/303, 23%) and hypokalaemia (31/287, 11%) were common drug effects. Four cases (0.5%) of drug intolerance occurred. Good functional outcome was achieved in 271/364 (74%) patients. Cerebral infarction attributable to DCI occurred in 47/250 (19%), with lower rates in asymptomatic spasm. Intravenous milrinone is a safe and feasible therapy for DCI. A signal for efficacy is demonstrated in small, low-quality trials. Future research should endeavour to establish the optimal protocol and dose, prior to a phase-3 study.
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Turk C, Camlar M, Diniz G, Arslan FD, Oren MM, Ozer F. Effects of Lutein on Brain Damage and Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model. World Neurosurg 2020; 143:e450-e455. [PMID: 32750510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vasospasm developing after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Lutein is a carotenoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of present study was to investigate effects of lutein on the basilar artery and nerve tissues. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (group 1), SAH (group 2), and SAH treated with lutein (group 3). Lutein was administered for 3 days by means of orogastric gavage. Basilar artery lumen area, wall thickness, serum total antioxidant status, serum total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index were calculated. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found between groups in terms of wall thickness; lumen area; and serum total antioxidant status, serum total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index values. A statistically significant difference was found between groups colored with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (P < 0.005). Post hoc analysis was used to examine the results between groups. Results of group 1 and group 3 were equal (P = 1) and lower than group 2 (P = 0.04 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Lutein was found to have a positive effect on width of the basilar artery lumen area. Therefore, positive effects of lutein on vasospasm might be statistically significant if lutein is administered at higher doses. Lutein was found to be effective in preventing brain damage after SAH. To our knowledge, this study is the first in the literature to examine the effect of lutein on vasospasm and brain damage after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Turk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Artvin State Hospital, Artvin, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Camlar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülden Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Meryem Merve Oren
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Ozer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
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Verapamil use in interventional neuroradiology: A case series of postoperative pulmonary edema. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2019.100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Pharmacologic Management of Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Crit Care Nurs Q 2020; 43:138-156. [DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Carlson AP, Hänggi D, Macdonald RL, Shuttleworth CW. Nimodipine Reappraised: An Old Drug With a Future. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:65-82. [PMID: 31560289 PMCID: PMC7327937 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190927113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that blocks the flux of extracellular calcium through L-type, voltage-gated calcium channels. While nimodipine is FDAapproved for the prevention and treatment of neurological deficits in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), it affects myriad cell types throughout the body, and thus, likely has more complex mechanisms of action than simple inhibition of cerebral vasoconstriction. Newer understanding of the pathophysiology of delayed ischemic injury after a variety of acute neurologic injuries including aSAH, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke, coupled with advances in the drug delivery method for nimodipine, have reignited interest in refining its potential therapeutic use. In this context, this review seeks to establish a firm understanding of current data on nimodipine's role in the mechanisms of delayed injury in aSAH, TBI, and ischemic stroke, and assess the extensive clinical data evaluating its use in these conditions. In addition, we will review pivotal trials using locally administered, sustained release nimodipine and discuss why such an approach has evaded demonstration of efficacy, while seemingly having the potential to significantly improve clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Dusseldorf Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert L. Macdonald
- University of California San Francisco Fresno Department of Neurosurgery and University Neurosciences Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Claude W. Shuttleworth
- Department of Neuroscience University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Chen JH, Wu T, Xia WY, Shi ZH, Zhang CL, Chen L, Chen QX, Wang YH. An early neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin against subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1947-1954. [PMID: 32246644 PMCID: PMC7513987 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin has been shown to reduce early brain edema and neuronal death after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage were established by autologous blood injection in the cisterna magna. Rat models were intragastrically administered 20 mg/kg atorvastatin 24 hours before subarachnoid hemorrhage, 12 and 36 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Compared with the controls, atorvastatin treatment demonstrated that at 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage, neurological function had clearly improved; brain edema was remarkably relieved; cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the cerebral cortex of rats; the number of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1-positive cells and the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 were increased compared with subarachnoid hemorrhage only. The ultrastructural damage of neurons in the temporal lobe was also noticeably alleviated. The similarities between the effects of atorvastatin and rapamycin were seen in all the measured outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, these were contrary to the results of 3-methyladenine injection, which inhibits the signaling pathway of autophagy. These findings indicate that atorvastatin plays an early neuroprotective role in subarachnoid hemorrhage by activating autophagy. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University, China (904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA; approval No. YXLL-2017-09) on February 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Xia
- Department of Science and Education, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Xue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Daou BJ, Koduri S, Thompson BG, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS. Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1096-1112. [PMID: 31583833 PMCID: PMC6776745 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in care and aneurysm treatment strategies. Cerebral vasospasm continues to be a major source of clinical worsening in patients. We intended to review the clinical and experimental aspects of aSAH and identify strategies that are being evaluated for the treatment of vasospasm. A literature review on aSAH and cerebral vasospasm was performed. Available treatments for aSAH continue to expand as research continues to identify new therapeutic targets. Oral nimodipine is the primary medication used in practice given its neuroprotective properties. Transluminal balloon angioplasty is widely utilized in patients with symptomatic vasospasm and ischemia. Prophylactic "triple-H" therapy, clazosentan, and intraarterial papaverine have fallen out of practice. Trials have not shown strong evidence supporting magnesium or statins. Other calcium channel blockers, milrinone, tirilazad, fasudil, cilostazol, albumin, eicosapentaenoic acid, erythropoietin, corticosteroids, minocycline, deferoxamine, intrathecal thrombolytics, need to be further investigated. Many of the current experimental drugs may have significant roles in the treatment algorithm, and further clinical trials are needed. There is growing evidence supporting that early brain injury in aSAH may lead to significant morbidity and mortality, and this needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badih J. Daou
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | - Neeraj Chaudhary
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Aditya S. Pandey
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
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11
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Ahn SH, Savarraj JP, Pervez M, Jones W, Park J, Jeon SB, Kwon SU, Chang TR, Lee K, Kim DH, Day AL, Choi HA. The Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score Predicts Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Clinical Outcomes. Neurosurgery 2019; 83:137-145. [PMID: 28973675 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important determinant of clinical outcomes. However, a major hindrance to studies of EBI is the lack of radiographic surrogate marker. OBJECTIVE To propose a scoring system based on early changes in clinically obtained computed tomography (CT), called the Subarachnoid hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score (SEBES). METHODS Patients with spontaneous aneurysmal SAH and a CT within 24 h of ictus were included. We defined SEBES as a scale of 0 to 4 points according to the (1) absence of visible sulci caused by effacement of sulci or (2) absence of visible sulci with disruption of the gray-white matter junction at 2 predetermined levels in each hemisphere. Prognostic value of the SEBES grade for the prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and unfavorable outcomes was assessed. A separate cohort of patients was used as a validation cohort. RESULTS Of the 164 subjects in our study, high-grade SEBES (3 or 4 points) was identified in 48 patients (29.3%). CT interobserver reliability of SEBES grades was high with a Kappa value of 0.89. After adjusting for covariables, SEBES was identified as an independent predictor of DCI (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.58-3.17) and unfavorable outcome (OR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.95-6.07). In our validation cohort, 84 subjects showed similar predictive power of SEBES for a prediction of DCI and unfavorable long-term outcome. CONCLUSION SEBES may be a surrogate marker of EBI and predicts DCI and clinical outcomes after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Ahn
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jude P Savarraj
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mubashir Pervez
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wesley Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical care, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin Park
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sang-Beom Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun U Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tiffany R Chang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kiwon Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical care, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arthur L Day
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical care, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - H Alex Choi
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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12
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Kanazawa T, Takahashi S, Minami Y, Jinzaki M, Toda M, Yoshida K. Early prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using computed tomography texture analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 71:144-149. [PMID: 31493994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiological evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often subject to interobserver variability. The aim of this study was to retrospectively detect computed tomography (CT) texture parameters in the early postictal state to predict cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and functional outcome in aneurysmal SAH using quantitative CT texture analysis (CTTA) via a commercially available software program and routine CT images. 40 patients with aneurysmal SAH surgically treated at the Keio University Hospital during a four-year period were analyzed. CT texture analyses were performed using a commercially available software program (Synapse Vincent). The following texture parameters of blood clots in the subarachnoid space and cerebral edema were assessed: mean CT value, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis. The mean CT value of blood clots in the subarachnoid space was significantly associated with cerebral vasospasm, DCI, and functional outcome. The mean CT value ≥ 49.64 Hounsfield units (HU) predicted cerebral vasospasm with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 61.5%, respectively (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.758). The mean CT value ≥ 49.95 HU predicted DCI with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 60.6%, respectively (AUC = 0.810). The mean CT value ≥ 53.00 HU predicted poor functional outcome with a sensitivity and specificity of 56.3% and 91.7%, respectively (AUC = 0.747). CTTA using a commercially available software program demonstrated that the mean CT value of clots in the subarachnoid space in the early postictal state could predict vasospasm, DCI, and clinical outcome with a high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunori Kanazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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13
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Shekhar H, Palaniappan A, Peng T, Lafond M, Moody MR, Haworth KJ, Huang S, McPherson DD, Holland CK. Characterization and Imaging of Lipid-Shelled Microbubbles for Ultrasound-Triggered Release of Xenon. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:878-890. [PMID: 31020629 PMCID: PMC6694347 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenon (Xe) is a bioactive gas capable of reducing and stabilizing neurologic injury in stroke. The goal of this work was to develop lipid-shelled microbubbles for xenon loading and ultrasound-triggered release. Microbubbles loaded with either xenon (Xe-MB) or xenon and octafluoropropane (Xe-OFP-MB) (9:1 v/v) were synthesized by high-shear mixing. The size distribution and the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient of Xe-MB and Xe-OFP-MB were measured using a Coulter counter and a broadband acoustic attenuation spectroscopy system, respectively. The Xe dose was evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The total Xe doses in Xe-MB and Xe-OFP-MB were 113.1 ± 13.5 and 145.6 ± 25.5 μl per mg of lipid, respectively. Co-encapsulation of OFP increased the total xenon dose, attenuation coefficient, microbubble stability (in an undersaturated solution), and shelf life of the agent. Triggered release of gas payload was demonstrated with 6-MHz duplex Doppler and 220-kHz pulsed ultrasound. These results constitute the first step toward the use of lipid-shelled microbubbles for applications such as neuroprotection in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Shekhar
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maxime Lafond
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melanie R Moody
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin J Haworth
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaoling Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David D McPherson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christy K Holland
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Anzabi M, Angleys H, Aamand R, Ardalan M, Mouridsen K, Rasmussen PM, Sørensen JCH, Plesnila N, Østergaard L, Iversen NK. Capillary flow disturbances after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: A contributor to delayed cerebral ischemia? Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12516. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Anzabi
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Hugo Angleys
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Rasmus Aamand
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kim Mouridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Peter Mondrup Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD); University of Munich Medical Center; Munich Germany
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Neuroradiology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Nina Kerting Iversen
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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15
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Liu J, Zhou G, Kolls BJ, Tan Y, Fang C, Wang H, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide CN-105 improves outcome in a murine model of SAH. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2018; 3:222-230. [PMID: 30637128 PMCID: PMC6312076 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 3% of all strokes, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is growing evidence implicating apolipoprotein E (apoE) in mediating adaptive anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses following ischaemic and traumatic brain injury. In the current study, we test the efficacy of a small apoE mimetic peptide, CN-105 in a murine model of SAH. Methods Mice subjected to SAH received repeated intravenous injections of CN-105 every 12 hours for 3 days, with the first dose given 2 hours after injury. Daily functional outcomes were assessed by rotarod and neurological severity score. Haemorrhage grade and cerebral vascular diameters were measured at 5 days post-SAH. Cerebral microgliosis, neuronal degeneration and survival were analysed at 5 and 35 days post-SAH, respectively. Results CN-105 reduces histological evidence of inflammation, reduces vasospasm and neuronal injury and is associated with improved long-term behavioural outcomes in a murine model of SAH. Conclusions Given its favourable pharmacokinetic profile, central nervous system penetration and demonstration of clinical safety, CN-105 represents an attractive therapeutic candidate for treatment of brain injury associated with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bradley J Kolls
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yanli Tan
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of HeBei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chuan Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of HeBei University, Baoding, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Paľa A, Schneider M, Brand C, Pedro MT, Özpeynirci Y, Schmitz B, Wirtz CR, Kapapa T, König R, Braun M. The evolution of invasive cerebral vasospasm treatment in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia—continuous selective intracarotid nimodipine therapy in awake patients without sedation. Neurosurg Rev 2018; 42:463-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Adiponectin Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Serum Levels Are Relevant to Prognosis of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhages. Am J Ther 2018; 24:e308-e316. [PMID: 26760913 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the association of adiponectin gene polymorphisms and its levels with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages (aSAHs) prognosis. This case-control study enrolled 138 patients with aSAH and 102 healthy controls as case group and control group, respectively. Prognosis of case group was evaluated using Glasgow Outcome Scale. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to examine the genotypes of 45T>G and -11377C>G. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect adiponectin levels. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the association of adiponectin gene polymorphism with aSAH prognosis. Case group had increased GG genotype and G allele genotype frequencies of 45T>G and -11377C>G compared with control group (all P < 0.01). In case group, TT genotype had the highest adiponectin level compared with both TG and GC genotypes (both P < 0.05). As for -11377C>G, GG genotype had the lowest adiponectin levels, followed by CG genotype and CC genotype in both groups (P < 0.05). In general, case group had decreased adiponectin levels compared with control group (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that hypertension, Hunt-Hess grade, aneurysm size, aneurysms multiplicity and -11377C>G were associated with aSAH prognosis, while multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that hypertension, Hunt-Hess grade, residual flow in aneurysms and aneurysm size were independent risk factors for aSAH prognosis. Decreased adiponectin levels may be a pathological index for aSAH, which may be explain by the G allele of -11377C>G in adiponectin. Moreover, hypertension, Hunt-Hess grade, residual flow in aneurysms and aneurysm size may be independent risk factors for aSAH prognosis.
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18
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Nijboer CH, Kooijman E, van Velthoven CT, van Tilborg E, Tiebosch IA, Eijkelkamp N, Dijkhuizen RM, Kesecioglu J, Heijnen CJ. Intranasal Stem Cell Treatment as a Novel Therapy for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:313-325. [PMID: 29310519 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a major health problem in Western society due to high mortality and morbidity, and the relative young age of patients. Currently, efficacious therapeutic options are very limited. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration has been shown to improve functional outcome and lesion size in experimental models of stroke and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Here, we studied the therapeutic potential of intranasally administered bone marrow-derived MSCs relatively late postinsult using a rat endovascular puncture model for SAH. Six days after induction of SAH, rats were treated with MSCs or vehicle through nasal administration. Intranasal MSC treatment significantly improved sensorimotor and mechanosensory function at 21 days after SAH. Gray and white matter loss was significantly reduced by MSC treatment and the number of NeuN+ neurons around the lesion increased due to MSC treatment. Moreover, intranasal MSC administration led to a sharp decrease in SAH-induced activation of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages in the lesioned hemisphere, especially of M2-like (CD206+) microglia/macrophages. Interestingly, MSC administration also decreased SAH-induced depression-like behavior in association with a restoration of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra and striatum. We show here for the first time that intranasal MSC administration reverses the devastating consequences of SAH, including regeneration of the cerebral lesion, functional recovery, and treatment of comorbid depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora H Nijboer
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Division Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elke Kooijman
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Division Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy T van Velthoven
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Division Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik van Tilborg
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Division Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo A Tiebosch
- 3 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Division Woman and Baby, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- 3 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- 2 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- 4 Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
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Chen JH, Wu T, Yang LK, Chen L, Zhu J, Li PP, Hu X, Wang YH. Protective effects of atorvastatin on cerebral vessel autoregulation in an experimental rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1651-1659. [PMID: 29257200 PMCID: PMC5780106 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the therapeutic effects of atorvastatin on cerebral vessel autoregulation and to explore the underlying mechanisms in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A total of 48 healthy male New Zealand rabbits (weight, 2–2.5 kg) were randomly allocated into SAH, Sham or SAH + atorvastatin groups (n=16/group). The Sham group received 20 mg/kg/d saline solution, whereas 20 mg/kg/d atorvastatin was administered to rabbits in the SAH + atorvastatin group following SAH induction. Changes in diameter, perimeter and basilar artery (BA) area were assessed and expression levels of the vasoactive molecules endothelin-1 (ET-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and thrombomodulin (TM) were measured. Neuronal apoptosis was analyzed 72 h following SAH by terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The mortality rate in the SAH group was 18.75, 25% in the SAH + atorvastatin treated group and 0% in the Sham group (n=16/group). The neurological score in the SAH + atorvastatin group was 1.75±0.68, which was significantly higher compared with the Sham group (0.38±0.49; P<0.05). The BA area in the SAH + atorvastatin group (89.6±9.11) was significantly lower compared with the SAH group (115.4±11.0; P<0.01). The present study demonstrated that SAH induction resulted in a significant increase in the diameter, perimeter and cross-sectional area of the BA in the SAH + atorvastatin group. Administration of atorvastatin may significantly downregulate the expression levels of ET-1, vWF and TM (all P<0.01) vs. sham and SAH groups. TUNEL staining demonstrated that neuronal apoptosis was remarkably reduced in the hippocampus of SAH rabbits following treatment with atorvastatin (P<0.05). Atorvastatin treatment may alleviate cerebral vasospasm and mediate structural and functional remodeling of vascular endothelial cells, in addition to promoting anti-apoptotic signaling. These results provided supporting evidence for the use of atorvastatin as an effective and well-tolerated treatment for SAH in various clinical settings and may protect the autoregulation of cerebral vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, l0lst Hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
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20
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Cai J, Xu D, Bai X, Pan R, Wang B, Sun S, Chen R, Sun J, Huang Y. Curcumin mitigates cerebral vasospasm and early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage via inhibiting cerebral inflammation. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00790. [PMID: 28948084 PMCID: PMC5607553 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced cerebral vasospasm and early brain injury is a fatal clinical syndrome. Cerebral vasospasm and early brain injury are associated with inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Whether curcumin, which plays important roles to regulate inflammatory cytokines and inhibit oxidative stress, inhibits SAH-induced inflammation and oxidative stress are largely unknown. METHODS Adult male rats underwent autologous blood injection into prechiasmatic cistern to induce SAH. Curcumin (150 mg/kg) was administered at 0.5, 24 and 48 hr post-SAH. Mortality calculation and neurological outcomes as well as morphological vasospasm of anterior cerebral artery were studied. Superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1 and TNF-α) expression in prefrontal region were quantified. Furthermore, p65 and phosphor-p65 were quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS Curcumin remarkedly reduced mortality and ameliorated neurological deficits after SAH induction (p < .05); morphological results showed that cerebral vasospasm in curcumin-treated group was mitigated (p < .05). SAH-induced MCP-1 and TNF-α overexpression were inhibited in curcumin-treated group (p < .05). Importantly, phosphor-p65 was significantly inhibited after curcumin treatment (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Curcumin can inhibit SAH-induced inflammatory response via restricting NF-κB activation to alleviate cerebral vasospasm and early brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoxin Bai
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Ruihuan Pan
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Rehabilitation Hospital of Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Bei Wang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Shuangxi Sun
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Ruicong Chen
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of Guangzhou University Mega Center Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Huang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
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21
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Tetramethylpyrazine Protects against Early Brain Injury after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Affecting Mitochondrial-Dependent Caspase-3 Apoptotic Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3514914. [PMID: 28337226 PMCID: PMC5350396 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3514914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was to test the hypothesis that tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protected against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by affecting the mitochondrial-dependent caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. TMP was administrated after the rats' prechiasmatic SAH mode. Animal neurobehavioral functions were assessed and the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic calcium, and mitochondrial membrane potential changes (Δψm) of the brain tissues were measured. The expressions of cytoplasmic cytochrome c (cyt c), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), and cleaved caspase-3 B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) in cells were determined and cellular apoptosis was detected. The treatment of TMP resulted in less apoptotic cells and milder mitochondrial injury and potentially performed better in the neurobehavioral outcome compared to those with saline. Also, TMP ameliorated calcium overload in mitochondria and cytoplasm and alleviated the decrease of Δψm. In addition, TMP inhibited the expression of cytoplasmic cyt c, Smac, and cleaved caspase-3, yet it upregulated the expression of bcl-2. These findings suggest that TMP exerts an antiapoptosis property in the SAH rat model and this is probably mediated by the caspase-3 apoptotic pathway triggered by mitochondrial calcium overload. The finding offers a new therapeutic candidate for early brain injury after SAH.
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22
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Multiple beneficial effects of melanocortin MC 4 receptor agonists in experimental neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:40-56. [PMID: 27916623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides induce neuroprotection in acute and chronic experimental neurodegenerative conditions. Melanocortins likewise counteract systemic responses to brain injuries. Furthermore, they promote neurogenesis by activating critical signaling pathways. Melanocortin-induced long-lasting improvement in synaptic activity and neurological performance, including learning and memory, sensory-motor orientation and coordinated limb use, has been consistently observed in experimental models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. Evidence indicates that the neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of melanocortins, as well as the protection against systemic responses to a brain injury, are mediated by brain melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptors, through an involvement of the vagus nerve. Here we discuss the targets and mechanisms underlying the multiple beneficial effects recently observed in animal models of neurodegeneration. We comment on the potential clinical usefulness of melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents in ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease.
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23
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Xiong Y, Wang XM, Zhong M, Li ZQ, Wang Z, Tian ZF, Zheng K, Tan XX. Alterations of caveolin-1 expression in a mouse model of delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1993-2002. [PMID: 27703494 PMCID: PMC5038886 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression levels of caveolin-1 in the basilar artery following delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS) in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), in order to investigate the association between caveolin-1 and DCVS, and its potential as a treatment for DCVS of SAH. A total of 150 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into blank, saline and SAH groups. The SAH and saline groups were subdivided into days 3, 5, 7 and 14 following the establishment of the model. The murine model of SAH was established by double injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magana and DCVS was detected using Bederson neurological severity scores. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the inner perimeter of the basilar artery pipe and variations in the thickness of the basilar artery wall. Alterations in the levels of caveolin-1 protein in the basilar artery were measured using immunofluorescence and western blot analysis; whereas alterations in the mRNA expression levels of caveolin-1 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the present study, 15 mice succumbed to SAH-induced DCVS in the day 3 (n=3), 5 (n=5) and 7 (n=2) groups. No mortality was observed in the blank control and saline groups during the process of observation in the SAH group, All mice in the SAH groups exhibited Bederson neurological severity scores ≥1; whereas no neurological impairment was detected in the blank and normal saline groups, demonstrating the success of the model. HE staining was used to assess vasospasm and the results demonstrated that the inner perimeter of the basal artery pipe decreased at day 3 in the SAH group; whereas values peaked in the day 7 group. The thickness of the basal artery wall significantly increased (P<0.05), as compared with the blank and saline groups, in which no significant alterations in the wall thickness and the inner perimeter of the basal artery pipe were detected. As detected by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis, the expression levels of caveolin-1 protein significantly decreased in the day 7 of SAH group, as compared with the blank and saline groups (P<0.01), in which no significant alterations were detected. Caveolin-1 mRNA expression levels significantly increased at the day 7 in the SAH group, as compared with the blank and the saline groups (P<0.01), as detected by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, significant differences were detected at day 14 in the SAH group, as compared with the blank and the saline groups (P>0.05), in which no significant alterations were detected. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that caveolin-1 protein was downregulated in the basilar artery of a rat modeling SAH, which may be associated with DCVS. This suggested that caveolin-1 may be a potential target for the treatment of DCVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Qun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Fu Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Kuang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Xi Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Kerz T, Boor S, Ulrich A, Beyer C, Hechtner M, Mueller-Forell W. Endovascular therapy for vasospasm after aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 2016; 30:549-53. [PMID: 27080311 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2016.1173193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Balloon angioplasty and/or selective intra-arterial vasodilator therapies are treatment options in patients with vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We analyzed the effect of balloon angioplasty and/or selective intra-arterial vasodilator therapy in our patients. METHODS Twenty-six patients (vasodilation group, VDT) were treated with intra-arterial nimodipine. The balloon angioplasty with nimodiopine-group (BAP-N group) comprised 21 patients. The primary endpoint of this study was successful angiographic vessel dilation in vasospastic vessels after balloon angioplasty, together with nimodipine (BAP-N group), compared to intra-arterial vasodilator therapy (VDT group) with nimodipine alone. RESULTS A significant effect of angioplasty plus nimodipine was found in the central arteries (composite endpoint) with an OR of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.4-4.2], p = 0.002), indicating a chance of improvement of the BAP-N group of more than twice compared to nimodipine infusions alone. Significant advantages for BAP-N-therapy were also encountered in the internal carotid artery (OR 5.4, p < 0.001) and basilar artery (OR 29.7, p = 0.003). A joint analysis of all arteries combined failed to show significant benefit of BAP-N therapy (OR 1.5, p = 0.079), which was also true for cerebral peripheral arteries (OR 0.77, p = 0.367). There was no difference in clinical outcome between both groups. CONCLUSIONS In SAH patients with vasospasm, a combination therapy of balloon angioplasty and intra-arterial nimodipine resulted in a more than doubled vasodilative effect in the central cerebral arteries compared to the sole infusion of nimodipine. Regarding the ICA and BA arteries, this beneficial effect was even more pronounced. Although there was a tendency of better effects of the BAP-N group, regarding the overall effect in all territories combined, this failed to reach statistical evidence. In cerebral peripheral arteries, no differences were observed, and there was no difference in clinical outcome, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerz
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Stephan Boor
- b Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Anna Ulrich
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Evangelisches Krankenhaus , Bad Duerckheim , Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Marlene Hechtner
- d Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Wibke Mueller-Forell
- b Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
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Katharios-Lanwermeyer S, Holty JE, Person M, Sejvar J, Haberling D, Tubbs H, Meaney-Delman D, Pillai SK, Hupert N, Bower WA, Hendricks K. Identifying Meningitis During an Anthrax Mass Casualty Incident: Systematic Review of Systemic Anthrax Since 1880. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1537-1545. [PMID: 27025833 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a potential bioterrorism agent. Anthrax meningitis is a common manifestation of B. anthracis infection, has high mortality, and requires more aggressive treatment than anthrax without meningitis. Its rapid identification and treatment are essential for successful management of an anthrax mass casualty incident. METHODS Three hundred six published reports from 1880 through 2013 met predefined inclusion criteria. We calculated descriptive statistics for abstracted cases and conducted multivariable regression on separate derivation and validation cohorts to identify clinical diagnostic and prognostic factors for anthrax meningitis. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two of 363 (36%) cases with systemic anthrax met anthrax meningitis criteria. Severe headache, altered mental status, meningeal signs, and other neurological signs at presentation independently predicted meningitis in the derivation cohort and were tested as a 4-item assessment tool for use during anthrax mass casualty incidents. Presence of any 1 factor on admission had a sensitivity for finding anthrax meningitis of 89% (83%) in the adult (pediatric) validation cohorts. Anthrax meningitis was unlikely in the absence of any of these signs or symptoms (likelihood ratio [LR]- = 0.12 [0.19] for adult [pediatric] cohorts), while presence of 2 or more made meningitis very likely (LR+ = 26.5 [30.0]). Survival of anthrax meningitis was predicted by treatment with a bactericidal agent (P = .005) and use of multiple antimicrobials (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS We developed an evidence-based assessment tool for screening patients for meningitis during an anthrax mass casualty incident. Its use could improve both patient outcomes and resource allocation in such an event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Katharios-Lanwermeyer
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jon-Erik Holty
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California
| | - Marissa Person
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Sejvar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana Haberling
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dana Meaney-Delman
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nathaniel Hupert
- Departments of Healthcare Policy and Research and of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - William A Bower
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katherine Hendricks
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chen JH, Yang LK, Chen L, Wang YH, Wu Y, Jiang BJ, Zhu J, Li PP. Atorvastatin ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via inhibition of AQP4 expression in rabbits. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1059-66. [PMID: 26935263 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of atorvastatin on early brain injury (EBI), cerebral edema and its association with aquaporin 4 (AQP4) were studied in rabbits after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using western blot analysis and the dry-wet method. Seventy-two healthy male New Zealand rabbits weighing between 2.5 and 3.2 kg were randomly divided into three groups: the SAH group (n=24), sham-operated group (n=24) and the SAH + atorvastatin group (n=24). A double SAH model was employed. The sham-operated group were injected with the same dose of saline solution, the SAH + atorvastatin group received atorvastatin 20 mg/kg/day after SAH. All rabbit brain samples were taken at 72 h after the SAH model was established successfully. Brain edema was detected using the dry-wet method after experimental SAH was induced; AQP4 and caspase-3 expression was measured by western blot analysis, and neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining at 72 h after SAH. The results indicated that brain edema and injury appeared soon after SAH, while brain edema and EBI were ameliorated and increased behavior scores were noted after prophylactic use of atorvastatin. Compared with the SAH group, the level of AQP4 and the cerebral content of water was significantly decreased (P<0.01) by atorvastatin, and TUNEL staining and studying the expression of caspase-3 showed that the apoptosis of neurons was reduced markedly both in the hippocampus and brain cortex by atorvastatin. The results suggest that atorvastatin ameliorated brain edema and EBI after SAH, which was related to its inhibition of AQP4 expression. Our findings provide evidence that atorvastatin is an effective and well-tolerated approach for treating SAH in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Jie Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, l01st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214044, P.R. China
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Zhou CH, Wang CX, Xie GB, Wu LY, Wei YX, Wang Q, Zhang HS, Hang CH, Zhou ML, Shi JX. Fisetin alleviates early brain injury following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats possibly by suppressing TLR 4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Brain Res 2015; 1629:250-9. [PMID: 26475978 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) determines the unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection properties in several brain injury models, but the role of fisetin on EBI following SAH remains unknown. Our study aimed to explore the effects of fisetin on EBI after SAH in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham and SAH groups, fisetin (25mg/kg or 50mg/kg) or equal volume of vehicle was given at 30min after SAH. Neurological scores and brain edema were assayed. The protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4), p65, ZO-1 and bcl-2 was examined by Western blot. TLR 4 and p65 were also assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was perform to assess neural cell apoptosis. High-dose (50mg/kg) fisetin significantly improved neurological function and reduced brain edema at both 24h and 72h after SAH. Remarkable reductions of TLR 4 expression and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) translocation to nucleus were detected after fisetin treatment. In addition, fisetin significantly reduced the productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased neural cell apoptosis and increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and bcl-2. Our data provides the evidence for the first time that fisetin plays a protective role in EBI following SAH possibly by suppressing TLR 4/NF-κB mediated inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-hui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-xi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guang-bin Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling-yun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong-xiang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua-sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-xin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Early identification of individuals at high risk for cerebral infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the BEHAVIOR score. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1587-92. [PMID: 25920954 PMCID: PMC4640318 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI) is a crucial complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) associated with poor clinical outcome. We aimed at developing an early risk score for CI based on clinical characteristics available at the onset of SAH. Out of a database containing 632 consecutive patients with SAH admitted to our institution from January 2005 to December 2012, computed tomography (CT) scans up to day 42 after ictus were evaluated for CIs. Different parameters from admission up to aneurysm treatment were collected with subsequent construction of a risk score. Seven clinical characteristics were independently associated with CI and included in the Risk score (BEHAVIOR Score, 0 to 11 points): Blood on CT scan according to Fisher grade ⩾3 (1 point), Elderly patients (age ⩾55 years, 1 point), Hunt&Hess grade ⩾4 (1 point), Acute hydrocephalus requiring external liquor drainage (1 point), Vasospasm on initial angiogram (3 points), Intracranial pressure elevation >20 mm Hg (3 points), and treatment of multiple aneurysms ('Overtreatment', 1 point). The BEHAVIOR score showed high diagnostic accuracy with respect to the absolute risk for CI (area under curve=0.806, P<0.0001) and prediction of poor clinical outcome at discharge (P<0.0001) and after 6 months (P=0.0002). Further validation in other SAH cohorts is recommended.
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Durrant JC, Hinson HE. Rescue therapy for refractory vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15:521. [PMID: 25501582 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia remain to be the common causes of increased morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The majority of clinical vasospasm responds to hemodynamic augmentation and direct vascular intervention; however, a percentage of patients continue to have symptoms and neurological decline. Despite suboptimal evidence, clinicians have several options in treating refractory vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), including cerebral blood flow enhancement, intra-arterial manipulations, and intra-arterial and intrathecal infusions. This review addresses standard treatments as well as emerging novel therapies aimed at improving cerebral perfusion and ameliorating the neurologic deterioration associated with vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Durrant
- Department of Neurology and Neurocritical Care, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, CR-127, Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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Uekawa K, Hasegawa Y, Ma M, Nakagawa T, Katayama T, Sueta D, Toyama K, Kataoka K, Koibuchi N, Kawano T, Kuratsu JI, Kim-Mitsuyama S. Rosuvastatin ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via suppression of superoxide formation and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:1429-39. [PMID: 24529602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, have been suggested to possess pleiotropic effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the protective effects of pretreatment with rosuvastatin, a relatively hydrophilic statin, on early brain injury (EBI) after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), using the endovascular perforation SAH model. METHODS Eighty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) sham operation, (2) SAH+vehicle, and (3) SAH+10 mg/kg rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin or vehicle was orally administered to rats once daily from 7 days before to 1 day after the SAH operation. After SAH, we examined the effects of rosuvastatin on the neurologic score, brain water content, neuronal cell death estimated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling staining, blood-brain barrier disruption by immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory molecules. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle group, rosuvastatin significantly improved the neurologic score and reduced the brain water content, neuronal cell death, and IgG extravasation. Rosuvastatin inhibited brain superoxide production, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and the increase in activated microglial cells after SAH. The increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, endothelial matrix metalloproteinase-9, and neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 induced by SAH were prevented by rosuvastatin pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that rosuvastatin pretreatment ameliorates EBI after SAH through the attenuation of oxidative stress and NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Uekawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mingjie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Katayama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Toyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kataoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Koibuchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kuratsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Majid A. Neuroprotection in stroke: past, present, and future. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2014; 2014:515716. [PMID: 24579051 PMCID: PMC3918861 DOI: 10.1155/2014/515716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating medical condition, killing millions of people each year and causing serious injury to many more. Despite advances in treatment, there is still little that can be done to prevent stroke-related brain damage. The concept of neuroprotection is a source of considerable interest in the search for novel therapies that have the potential to preserve brain tissue and improve overall outcome. Key points of intervention have been identified in many of the processes that are the source of damage to the brain after stroke, and numerous treatment strategies designed to exploit them have been developed. In this review, potential targets of neuroprotection in stroke are discussed, as well as the various treatments that have been targeted against them. In addition, a summary of recent progress in clinical trials of neuroprotective agents in stroke is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Majid
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Department of Neurology and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK
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Kooijman E, Nijboer CH, van Velthoven CTJ, Kavelaars A, Kesecioglu J, Heijnen CJ. The rodent endovascular puncture model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms of brain damage and therapeutic strategies. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:2. [PMID: 24386932 PMCID: PMC3892045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem. To date, limited therapeutic options are available. In order to develop effective therapeutic strategies for SAH, the mechanisms involved in SAH brain damage should be fully explored. Here we review the mechanisms of SAH brain damage induced by the experimental endovascular puncture model. We have included a description of similarities and distinctions between experimental SAH in animals and human SAH pathology. Moreover, several novel treatment options to diminish SAH brain damage are discussed.SAH is accompanied by cerebral inflammation as demonstrated by an influx of inflammatory cells into the cerebral parenchyma, upregulation of inflammatory transcriptional pathways and increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, various cell death pathways including cerebral apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis and autophagy are involved in neuronal damage caused by SAH.Treatment strategies aiming at inhibition of inflammatory or cell death pathways demonstrate the importance of these mechanisms for survival after experimental SAH. Moreover, neuroregenerative therapies using stem cells are discussed as a possible strategy to repair the brain after SAH since this therapy may extend the window of treatment considerably. We propose the endovascular puncture model as a suitable animal model which resembles the human pathology of SAH and which could be applied to investigate novel therapeutic therapies to combat this debilitating insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kooijman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy TJ van Velthoven
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Güresir E, Vasiliadis N, Konczalla J, Raab P, Hattingen E, Seifert V, Vatter H. Erythropoietin prevents delayed hemodynamic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a randomized controlled experimental setting. J Neurol Sci 2013; 332:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Erşahin M, Özsavcı D, Şener A, Özakpınar ÖB, Toklu HZ, Akakin D, Şener G, Yeğen BÇ. Obestatin alleviates subarachnoid haemorrhage-induced oxidative injury in rats via its anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects. Brain Inj 2013; 27:1181-9. [PMID: 23895491 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.804199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erşahin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University
İstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Azize Şener
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Dilek Akakin
- School of Medicine, Department of Histology & Embryology
| | | | - Berrak Ç. Yeğen
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Marmara University
IstanbulTurkey
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Medical Management of Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions. Neurol Res Int 2013; 2013:462491. [PMID: 23691312 PMCID: PMC3649802 DOI: 10.1155/2013/462491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology and this concept remains supported by the assortment of therapeutic modalities under investigation. The authors provide an updated review of the literature for previous and recent clinical trials evaluating medical treatments in patients with cerebral vasospasm secondary to aSAH. Currently, the strongest evidence supports use of prophylactic oral nimodipine and initiation of triple-H therapy for patients in cerebral vasospasm. Other agents presented in this report include magnesium, statins, endothelin receptor antagonists, nitric oxide promoters, free radical scavengers, thromboxane inhibitors, thrombolysis, anti-inflammatory agents and neuroprotectants. Although promising data is beginning to emerge for several treatments, few prospective randomized clinical trials are presently available. Additionally, future investigational efforts will need to resolve discrepant definitions and outcome measures for cerebral vasospasm in order to permit adequate study comparisons. Until then, definitive recommendations cannot be made regarding the safety and efficacy for each of these therapeutic strategies and medical management practices will continue to be implemented in a wide-ranging manner.
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A new percutaneous model of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 211:88-93. [PMID: 22921487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the results obtained with a new percutaneous, intracisternal model of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH) in Wistar rats by a single injection of non-heparinised, autologous blood. METHODS Once anaesthetized the rat was fixed prone in a stereotaxic frame. After identifying the projection of the occipital bone, the needle of the stereotaxic frame aspirated towards the foramen magnum until it punctured through the atlanto-occipital membrane and obtained cerebrospinal fluid. Autologous blood (100 μl) was withdrawn from the tail and injected intracisternally. This procedure was repeated in the sham group, injecting 100 μl of isotonic saline. On the fifth day post-intervention, the rats were anaesthetized and the brain was exposed. After a lethal injection of ketamine the brain was explanted and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Gross and microscopic inspection of the slices revealed the existence or non-existence of pathological findings. RESULTS A total of 26 rats were operated on (13 in the SAH group/13 in the sham group). The average time between obtaining the blood and the start of the intracisternal injection was 10 (±1.2)s. The mortality rate was 16.12%. Intra- and extraparenchymal ischemic-haemorrhagic lesions were found in three animals (23.07%)--all from the SAH group--with ischemic neuronal cell injury detected in two of the three. CONCLUSIONS The new murine model of SAH is easy to perform, with low mortality, minimally invasive, which makes it interesting for future studies on vasospasm-related delayed SAH complications.
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Eckermann JM, Krafft PR, Shoemaker L, Lieberson RE, Chang SD, Colohan A. Potential application of hydrogen in traumatic and surgical brain injury, stroke and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Med Gas Res 2012; 2:11. [PMID: 22515516 PMCID: PMC3353846 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarized findings of current preclinical studies that implemented hydrogen administration, either in the gas or liquid form, as treatment application for neurological disorders including traumatic brain injury (TBI), surgically induced brain injury (SBI), stroke, and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain insult (HI). Most reviewed studies demonstrated neuroprotective effects of hydrogen administration. Even though anti-oxidative potentials have been reported in several studies, further neuroprotective mechanisms of hydrogen therapy remain to be elucidated. Hydrogen may serve as an adjunct treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Eckermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Giuliani D, Minutoli L, Ottani A, Spaccapelo L, Bitto A, Galantucci M, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins as potential therapeutic agents in severe hypoxic conditions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:179-93. [PMID: 22531139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides with the adrenocorticotropin/melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/MSH) sequences and synthetic analogs have protective and life-saving effects in experimental conditions of circulatory shock, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, respiratory arrest, renal ischemia, intestinal ischemia and testicular ischemia, as well as in experimental heart transplantation. Moreover, melanocortins improve functional recovery and stimulate neurogenesis in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. These beneficial effects of ACTH/MSH-like peptides are mostly mediated by brain melanocortin MC(3)/MC(4) receptors, whose activation triggers protective pathways that counteract the main ischemia/reperfusion-related mechanisms of damage. Induction of signaling pathways and other molecular regulators of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation and integration seems to be the key mechanism of neurogenesis stimulation. Synthesis of stable and highly selective agonists at MC(3) and MC(4) receptors could provide the potential for development of a new class of drugs for a novel approach to management of severe ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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The natural history and treatment options for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:898052. [PMID: 22500236 PMCID: PMC3303690 DOI: 10.1155/2012/898052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in angiographic technique have raised our awareness of the presence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). However, the appropriate management for these lesions remains controversial. To optimize patient outcomes, the physician must weigh aneurysmal rupture risk associated with observation against the complication risks associated with intervention. In the case that treatment is chosen, the two available options are surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. Our paper summarizes the current body of literature in regards to the natural history of UIAs, the evolution of the lesion if it progresses uninterrupted, as well as the safety and efficacy of both treatment options. The risks and benefits of treatment and conservative management need to be evaluated on an individual basis and are greatly effected by both patient-specific and aneurysm-specific factors, which are presented in this paper. Ultimately, this body of data has led to multiple sets of treatment guidelines, which we have summated and presented in this paper.
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Macdonald RL, Hunsche E, Schüler R, Wlodarczyk J, Mayer SA. Quality of life and healthcare resource use associated with angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2012; 43:1082-8. [PMID: 22328549 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.634071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In this analysis of data from a large clinical trial in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, the impact of angiographic vasospasm (aVSP) on specific patient outcomes and inpatient healthcare resource use was assessed. METHODS This was a post hoc analysis of exploratory end points collected for 409 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1) trial. Central reviewers graded severity of aVSP as none, mild, moderate, or severe based on comparison of catheter angiograms obtained at baseline and 7 to 11 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Assessments of cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination) and patient-relevant outcomes (EuroQol total score and visual analog scale and Functional Status Examination) were administered at Week 12. The relationship between severity of aVSP and these end points as well as inpatient healthcare resource use (intensive care, general ward, and total hospital lengths of stay) was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Cognitive status and all patient-relevant outcome measures varied significantly (P<0.0001) with severity of aVSP (mean for severe aVSP versus no aVSP, respectively: Mini-Mental State Examination, 18.0 versus 27.6; EuroQol total, 0.38 versus 0.74; EuroQol visual analog scale, 50.9 versus 75.5; Functional Status Examination, 20.5 versus 11.7). A significant inverse relationship with severity of aVSP was observed for total hospital days (P=0.008) and days in the intensive care unit (P<0.0001). On average, patients with severe aVSP stayed in the hospital 5 days longer than those with no aVSP. CONCLUSIONS Severe aVSP is associated with poor cognition, worse patient-relevant outcomes, and greater inpatient healthcare resource use. Future studies assessing new aVSP treatments should include outcome measures that evaluate quality of recovery among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loch Macdonald
- Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
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Kerz T, Boor S, Beyer C, Welschehold S, Schuessler A, Oertel J. Effect of intraarterial papaverine or nimodipine on vessel diameter in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 2012; 26:517-24. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2011.650737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Crago EA, Thampatty BP, Sherwood PR, Kuo CWJ, Bender C, Balzer J, Horowitz M, Poloyac SM. Cerebrospinal fluid 20-HETE is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2011; 42:1872-7. [PMID: 21617146 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.605816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a major complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); it is manifested by changes in cerebral blood flow accompanied by neurological decline, and it results in long-term functional and neuropsychological impairment. Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that the arachidonic acid metabolite, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), affects cerebral microvascular tone and cerebral blood flow after aSAH. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid 20-HETE levels were associated with DCI and long-term neuropsychological outcomes in aSAH patients. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected twice daily through 14 days after hemorrhage on 108 acute, adult, aSAH patients. Samples were analyzed for 20-HETE via HPLC MSQ single quadrupole mass spectrometry. DCI was defined as the presence of impaired cerebral blood flow (angiographic vasospasm, elevated transcranial Dopplers, abnormal computed tomography or magnetic resonance perfusion scans) accompanied by neurological deterioration. Outcomes, including death and neuropsychological testing, were completed at 3 months after hemorrhage. RESULTS Detectable 20-HETE levels were observed in 31% of patient samples and were associated with severity of hemorrhage (Hunt & Hess [HH], P=0.04; Fisher, P=0.05). Detection of 20-HETE was not associated with angiographic vasospasm (P=0.34); however, detectable 20-HETE was significantly associated with DCI (P=0.016). Our data also suggest that detectable 20-HETE was associated with decreased performance in 5 neuropsychological domains. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first clinical evidence that cerebrospinal fluid 20-HETE concentrations are associated with DCI and poor outcomes, and this provides impetus for future studies to elucidate the clinical utility of inhibiting 20-HETE formation as a novel therapeutic intervention in patients with aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Crago
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 807 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Institoris A, Snipes JA, Katakam PV, Domoki F, Boda K, Bari F, Busija DW. Impaired vascular responses of insulin-resistant rats after mild subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2080-7. [PMID: 21421821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01169.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) impairs cerebrovascular responses to several stimuli in Zucker obese (ZO) rats. However, cerebral artery responses after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have not been described in IR. We hypothesized that IR worsens vascular reactions after a mild SAH. Hemolyzed blood (300 μl) or saline was infused (10 μl/min) into the cisterna magna of 11-13-wk-old ZO (n = 25) and Zucker lean (ZL) rats (n = 25). One day later, dilator responses of the basilar artery (BA) and its side branch (BA-Br) to acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-6) M), cromakalim (10(-7) M, 10(-6) M), and sodium nitroprusside (10(-7) M) were recorded with intravital videomicroscopy. The baseline diameter of the BA was increased both in the ZO and ZL rats 24 h after the hemolysate injection. Saline-injected ZO animals showed reduced dilation to ACh (BA = 9 ± 3 vs. 22 ± 4%; and BA-Br = 23 ± 5 vs. 37 ± 7%) compared with ZL rats. Hemolysate injection blunted the response to ACh in both the ZO (BA = 4 ± 2%; and BA-Br = 12 ± 3%) and ZL (BA = 7 ± 2%; and BA-Br = 11 ± 3%) rats. Cromakalim (10(-6) M)-induced dilation was significantly reduced in the hemolysate-injected ZO animals compared with the saline control (BA = 13 ± 3 vs. 26 ± 5%; and BA-Br = 28 ± 8 vs. 44 ± 9%) and in the hemolysate-injected ZL rats compared with their saline control (BA = 24 ± 4 vs. 32 ± 4%; but not BA-Br = 39 ± 6 vs. 59 ± 9%). No significant difference in sodium nitroprusside reactivity was observed. Western blot analysis of the BA showed a lower baseline level of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and an enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 level in the hemolysate-injected ZO animals. In summary, cerebrovascular reactivity to both endothelium-dependent and -independent stimuli is severely compromised by SAH in IR animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Institoris
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Tulane Univ., 1430 Tulane Ave., SL 83, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2632, USA
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