Change in Body Weight and Long-Term Risk of Stroke and Death in Healthy Men

Overweight in Adolescence and Young Adulthood in Association With Adult Cerebrovascular Disease: The NFBC1966 Study

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease in adulthood are well known. However, research on individuals' risk factors throughout their life span has been limited. This prospective cohort study aims to determine the effect of body mass index (BMI) and its changes in adolescence and young adulthood on early onset cerebrovascular disease.

METHODS

This study includes 10 491 people (5185 women) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Height, weight, and BMI were measured at ages 14 and 31 years. Sex- and age-specific BMI ranges were used to define overweight and obesity. Data on ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases between ages 14 and 54 years were extracted from national hospital and death registers. Cox proportion hazard models (95% CI) were used to estimate associations between BMI or its changes and cerebrovascular disease, while adjusting for sex, smoking, educational level, BMI at the other time point, and age at menarche for women. Additionally, sex-BMI interactions were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 452 individuals (4.7%) experienced cerebrovascular disease during the follow-up. The risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease was increased for overweight women at ages 14 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.49 [95% CI, 1.44-4.31]) and 31 years (HR, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.14-3.97]), as well as for obese women at ages 14 years (HR, 1.87 [95% CI, 0.76-4.58) and 31 years (HR, 2.67 [95% CI, 1.26-5.65]), with normal weight as the reference. These results were independent of earlier or later BMI. Similar associations were not found among men. The risk of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease was increased at age 31 years both among obese women (HR, 3.49 [95% CI, 1.13-10.7) and obese men (HR, 5.75 [95% CI, 1.43-23.1). The risk of any cerebrovascular disease related to overweight at age 14 years was 2.09× higher among girls than boys (95% CI, 1.06-4.15). The risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease related to obesity at age 31 years was 6.96× higher among women than men (95% CI, 1.36-35.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Among women, being overweight in adolescence or young adulthood increases the risk of cerebrovascular disease, especially ischemic, independent of their earlier or later BMI.

Weight change and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A 25-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Whether the dynamic weight change is an independent risk factor for mortality remains controversial. This study aimed to examine the association between weight change and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality based on the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial (NIT) cohort.

METHODS

Body weight of 21,028 healthy residents of Linxian, Henan province, aged 40-69 years was measured two times from 1986 to 1991. Outcome events were prospectively collected up to 2016. Weight maintenance group (weight change <2 kg) or stable normal weight group was treated as the reference. Cox proportional hazard model was performed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate the risk of mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 21,028 subjects were included in the final analysis. Compared with the weight maintenance group, subjects with weight loss ≥2 kg had an increased risk of death from all-cause (HR All-cause  = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.19, P  <0.001), cancer (HR Cancer  = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03-1.21, P  = 0.009), and heart disease (HR Heart diseases  = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11-1.31, P  <0.001), whereas subjects with weight gain ≥5 kg had 11% (HR Cancer  = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99, P  = 0.033) lower risk of cancer mortality and 23% higher risk of stroke mortality (HR Stroke  = 1.23,95% CI: 1.12-1.34, P  <0.001). For the change of weight status, both going from overweight to normal weight and becoming underweight within 5 years could increase the risk of total death (HR Overweight to normal = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09-1.27; HR Becoming underweight = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.25-1.46) and cancer death (HR Overweight to normal = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39; HR Becoming underweight = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.24-1.67), while stable overweight could increase the risk of total death (HR Stable overweight = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17) and death from stroke (HR Stable overweight = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.33-1.56). Interaction effects were observed between age and weight change on cancer mortality, as well as between baseline BMI and weight change on all-cause, heart disease, and stroke mortality (all Pinteraction  <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Weight loss was associated with an increased risk of all-cause, cancer, and heart disease mortality, whereas excessive weight gain and stable overweight were associated with a higher risk of stroke mortality. Efforts of weight management should be taken to improve health status.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ , NCT00342654.

Weight changes from early to middle adulthood and cardiometabolic multimorbidity later in life among middle-aged and older adults: a retrospective cohort study from the NHANES 1999-2018

Background

Weight gain in adulthood can influence the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is speculated that weight gain is related to cardiometabolic multimorbility (CMM). This study was designed to examine the relationships between weight changes from early to middle adulthood and the risk of CMM.

Methods

Data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018 cycles were analyzed in the present study. Weights at age 25 years and 10 years before recruitment were self-reported and were used to define five weight change patterns including stable normal, maximum overweight, obesity to non-obesity, non-obesity to obesity, and stable obesity patterns. Meanwhile, absolute weight changes were classified into five groups: weight loss≥ 2.5 kg, weight change within 2.5 kg, 2.5 kg≤ weight gain < 10.0 kg, 10.0 kg≤ weight gain < 20.0 kg, and weight gain≥ 20.0 kg. CMM was defined as the coexistence of two or three of diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke.

Results

A total of 25,994 participants were included. Across adulthood, compared to stable normal weight, maximal overweight, obesity to non-obesity, non-obesity to obesity, and stable obesity were consistently associated with increased risks of diabetes, CHD, and CMM. For instance, stable obesity was respectively related to 358.0% (HR: 4.58, 95% CI: 4.57, 4.58), 88.0% (HR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.88, 1.88), and 292.0% (HR: 3.92, 95% CI: 3.91, 3.92) higher risks of diabetes, CHD, and CMM. Meanwhile, any account of weight loss and gain was linked to higher risks of diabetes, CHD, and CMM than weight change within 2.5 kg. However, participants with maximum overweight had a decreased incidence of stroke (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.86), and weight loss ≥ 2.5 kg and weight gain ≥ 2.5 and <20 kg were also related to a lower risk of stroke. J-shaped or U-shaped associations of absolute weight changes with the risks of diabetes, CHD, and CMM were observed.

Conclusions

Maintaining a stable normal weight can benefit more from the prevention of diabetes, CHD, and CMM. Both weight gain and loss across adulthood were accompanied by increased risks of diabetes, CHD, and CMM.

Primordial and Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke in Saudi Arabia: A Combination Approach and Evolving Concepts

Ischemic stroke is a considerable public health hazard and a significant cause of disability and mortality in Saudi Arabia. Primary prevention strategies in the country are currently limited. With the health sector transformation program that depends on the principles of value-based care and applying the new model of care in disease prevention, aggressive and serious steps for primary stroke prevention are expected to be implemented. This article reviews primordial and primary prevention of ischemic stroke in Saudi Arabia and suggests a combination approach and framework for implementation. We provide a pragmatic solution to implement primordial and primary stroke prevention in Saudi Arabia and specify the roles of the government, health professionals, policymakers, and the entire population. Currently, there are several key priorities for primordial and primary stroke prevention in Saudi Arabia that should target people at different levels of risk. These include an emphasis on a comprehensive approach that includes both individual and population-based strategies and establishing partnerships across health-care providers to share responsibility for developing and implementing both strategies. This is an urgent call for action to initiate different strategies suggested by experts for primary stroke prevention in Saudi Arabia.

Do Weight Changes Affect the Association between Smoking Cessation and the Risk of Stroke Subtypes in Korean Males?

(1) Background: We investigated whether weight changes affect the association between smoking cessation and stroke risk; (2) Methods: Overall, 719,040 males were categorized into eight groups according to smoking status (sustained smokers, non-smokers, long-term quitters (quit > 4 years), and recent quitters (quit < 4 years)) and post-cessation weight change (-5 kg, -5.0 to 0.1 kg, maintainers, 0.1-5.0 kg, and >5.0 kg). The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes, including subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models; (3) Results: We detected 38,730 strokes (median follow-up, 25.7 years), including 30,609 ischemic and 9055 hemorrhagic strokes. For recent quitters with a >5.0 kg or 0.1-5.0 kg weight increase, maintainers, or those who lost 0.1-5 kg, the multivariable HR for total stroke was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67-0.79), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74-0.82), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.69-0.85), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77-0.90), and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.92-1.23), respectively, compared with that of sustained smokers; (4) Conclusions: Comparable patterns were obtained for stroke subtypes. Thus, we strongly recommend quitting smoking, as weight gain after quitting smoking does not alter the stroke-related benefits.

Weight change across adulthood and accelerated biological aging in middle-aged and older adults

BACKGROUND

Little is known regarding the association between weight change and accelerated aging.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to estimate the influence of weight change across adulthood on biological aging acceleration in middle-aged and older adults in the United States.

METHODS

We used data of 5553 adults (40-84 y) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010. Weight change patterns (i.e., stable normal, maximal overweight, obese to nonobese, nonobese to obese, and stable obese) and absolute weight change groups across adulthood (i.e., from young to middle adulthood, young to late adulthood, and middle to late adulthood) were defined. A biological aging measure (i.e., phenotypic age acceleration [PhenoAgeAccel]) at late adulthood was calculated. Survey analysis procedures with the survey weights were performed.

RESULTS

Across adulthood, maximal overweight, nonobese to obese, and stable obesity were consistently associated with higher PhenoAgeAccel. For instance, from young to middle adulthood, compared with participants who had stable normal weight, participants experiencing maximal overweight, moving from the nonobese to obese, and maintaining obesity had 1.71 (standard error [SE], 0.21; P < 0.001), 3.62 (SE, 0.28; P < 0.001), and 6.61 (SE, 0.58; P < 0.001) higher PhenoAgeAccel values, respectively. From young to middle adulthood, relative to absolute weight loss or gain of <2.5 kg, weight loss of ≥2.5 kg was marginally associated with lower PhenoAgeAccel (P = 0.054), whereas an obese to nonobese pattern from middle to late adulthood was associated with higher PhenoAgeAccel (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Maximal overweight, nonobese to obese, and stable obesity across adulthood, as well as an obese to nonobese pattern from middle to late adulthood, were associated with accelerated biological aging. In contrast, weight loss from young to middle adulthood was associated with decelerated biological aging. The findings highlight the potential role of weight management across adulthood for aging. Monitoring weight fluctuation may help identify the population at high risk of accelerated aging.

Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke After Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Morbid Obesity With or Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea

[Figure: see text].

Weight change during middle age and risk of stroke and coronary heart disease: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The impact of weight changes in middle age on the incidence of cardiovascular disease has not been well elucidated. We investigated whether a 5-year weight change was associated with risk of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle-aged individuals.

METHODS

We analyzed data of 74,928 participants aged 40-69 years who provided responses to the baseline and 5-year follow-up questionnaires in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Weight change was calculated by subtracting self-reported weight at baseline from that at 5-year follow-up. Stroke and CHD events were confirmed by reviewing hospital records.

RESULTS

During 997,406 person-years of follow-up, we documented 3,975 stroke and 914 CHD events. The multivariable HRs of stroke for losing ≥5 kg compared to stable weight (change ≤2 kg) was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.01-1.37) in men versus 1.33 (1.13-1.57) for losing ≥5 kg and 1.61 (1.36-1.92) for gaining ≥5 kg in women (U-shaped association). These associations did not change after the exclusion of early events. The multivariable HR of CHD for gaining ≥5 kg was 1.22 (0.95-1.58) in men. After exclusion of early events within another 5 years, that positive association became stronger [multivariable HR 1.34 (1.00-1.82)].

CONCLUSIONS

Weight gain during middle age was associated with an increased risk of stroke in women and an increased risk of CHD in men. Weight loss was associated with an increased risk of stroke in both men and women.

Systematic evaluation during early-phase ischemia predicts outcomes in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice

Identifying outcome predictors for ischemic stroke is beneficial for choosing correct intervention protocols. Thus, it is necessary to systemically evaluate histological outcome-associated changes such as hemodynamics, behavior, and body weight during the early phase of ischemia. Here, 50 mice were subjected to 45-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using Longa's method. Hemodynamic changes were monitored by Doppler laser probe, and behaviors were evaluated by scales while the tissues were visualized by staining. The results by correlation analysis demonstrated that with a probe located near the posterior boundary zone of MCA territory, the latency of anoxic depolarization, as well as the cerebral blood flow reduction during MCAO were confirmed to be predictors for the infarct volume on day 3 post-ischemia; histology showed that the risk of a space-occupying secondary hemorrhage was significantly correlated with the increase of infarct volume versus the traditional Bederson's neurological deficit scale, a renewed combined behavioral scoring method performed nicely to reflect the severity of tissue lesions. Weight loss was a valuable metric for the enlargement of both infarct volume and secondary hemorrhage. Monitoring changes during early-phase ischemia may benefit the optimization of ischemia models and the discovery of potential intervention targets.See Video Abstract, http:/links.lww.com/WNR/A601).