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Schroeder ML, Sherafati A, Ulbrich RL, Wheelock MD, Svoboda AM, Klein ED, George TG, Tripathy K, Culver JP, Eggebrecht AT. Mapping cortical activations underlying covert and overt language production using high-density diffuse optical tomography. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120190. [PMID: 37245559 PMCID: PMC10760405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold standard neuroimaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and more recently electrocorticography (ECoG) have provided profound insights regarding the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of language, but they are limited in applications involving naturalistic language production especially in developing brains, during face-to-face dialogues, or as a brain-computer interface. High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) provides high-fidelity mapping of human brain function with comparable spatial resolution to that of fMRI but in a silent and open scanning environment similar to real-life social scenarios. Therefore, HD-DOT has potential to be used in naturalistic settings where other neuroimaging modalities are limited. While HD-DOT has been previously validated against fMRI for mapping the neural correlates underlying language comprehension and covert (i.e., "silent") language production, HD-DOT has not yet been established for mapping the cortical responses to overt (i.e., "out loud") language production. In this study, we assessed the brain regions supporting a simple hierarchy of language tasks: silent reading of single words, covert production of verbs, and overt production of verbs in normal hearing right-handed native English speakers (n = 33). First, we found that HD-DOT brain mapping is resilient to movement associated with overt speaking. Second, we observed that HD-DOT is sensitive to key activations and deactivations in brain function underlying the perception and naturalistic production of language. Specifically, statistically significant results were observed that show recruitment of regions in occipital, temporal, motor, and prefrontal cortices across all three tasks after performing stringent cluster-extent based thresholding. Our findings lay the foundation for future HD-DOT studies of imaging naturalistic language comprehension and production during real-life social interactions and for broader applications such as presurgical language assessment and brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel L Schroeder
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arefeh Sherafati
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Ulbrich
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandra M Svoboda
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Oh, USA
| | - Emma D Klein
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tessa G George
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kalyan Tripathy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam T Eggebrecht
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Ahtam B, Yun HJ, Vyas R, Pienaar R, Wilson JH, Goswami CP, Berto LF, Warfield SK, Sahin M, Grant PE, Peters JM, Im K. Morphological Features of Language Regions in Individuals with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06004-8. [PMID: 37222965 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) exhibit language difficulties. Here, we examined the language-related brain morphometry in 59 participants (7 participants with TSC and comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (TSC + ASD), 13 with TSC but no ASD (TSC-ASD), 10 with ASD-only (ASD), and 29 typically developing (TD) controls). A hemispheric asymmetry was noted in surface area and gray matter volume of several cortical language areas in TD, ASD, and TSC-ASD groups, but not in TSC + ASD group. TSC + ASD group demonstrated increased cortical thickness and curvature values in multiple language regions for both hemispheres, compared to other groups. After controlling for tuber load in the TSC groups, within-group differences stayed the same but the differences between TSC-ASD and TSC + ASD were no longer statistically significant. These preliminary findings suggest that comorbid ASD in TSC as well as tuber load in TSC is associated with changes in the morphometry of language regions. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Ahtam
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hyuk Jin Yun
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rutvi Vyas
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rudolph Pienaar
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Josephine H Wilson
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caroline P Goswami
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura F Berto
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Simon K Warfield
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jurriaan M Peters
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kiho Im
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Wang J, Yamasaki BL, Booth JR. Phonological and Semantic Specialization in 9- to 10-Year-Old Children During Auditory Word Processing. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 4:297-317. [PMID: 37229511 PMCID: PMC10205156 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the core features of brain maturation is functional specialization. Previous research has found that 7- to 8-year-old children start to specialize in both the temporal and frontal lobes. However, as children continue to develop their phonological and semantic skills rapidly until approximately 10 years old, it remained unclear whether any changes in specialization later in childhood would be detected. Thus, the goal of the current study was to examine phonological and semantic specialization in 9- to 10-year-old children during auditory word processing. Sixty-one children were included in the analysis. They were asked to perform a sound judgment task and a meaning judgment task, each with both hard and easy conditions to examine parametric effects. Consistent with previous results from 7- to 8-year-old children, direct task comparisons revealed language specialization in both the temporal and frontal lobes in 9- to 10-year-old children. Specifically, the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus showed greater activation for the sound than the meaning task whereas the left middle temporal gyrus showed greater activation for the meaning than the sound task. Interestingly, in contrast to the previously reported finding that 7- to 8-year-old children primarily engage a general control region during the harder condition for both tasks, we showed that 9- to 10-year-old children recruited language-specific regions to process the more difficult task conditions. Specifically, the left superior temporal gyrus showed greater activation for the phonological parametric manipulation whereas the left ventral inferior frontal gyrus showed greater activation for the semantic parametric manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Brianna L. Yamasaki
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - James R. Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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4
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Feng G, Yan X, Shen L, Perkins K, Mao J, Wu Y, Shi L, Cao F. Distinct neural correlates of poor decoding and poor comprehension in children with reading disability. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3239-3254. [PMID: 35848850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading disability (RD) can manifest itself as a word decoding problem or a reading comprehension problem. In the current study, we identified 3 subtypes of RD: poor decoders (PD), poor comprehenders (PC), and poor-in-both (PB). We found that PD had greater deficits in meta-linguistic skills such as phonological awareness, orthographic skills, and morphological skills than PC, whereas PC had greater deficits in listening comprehension than PD. In the brain, we also found different patterns of deficits during an auditory rhyming judgment task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. PD showed less activation than PC and age controls in the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and pre-supplementary motor area (SMA), brain activation of which was correlated with phonological awareness and working memory. In contrast, PC showed less activation in the left fusiform gyrus than PD and age controls, which was correlated with reading comprehension fluency and morphological skill. Last, PB showed both PD's and PC's deficits, as well as additional deficits in the bilateral lingual gyri. Our findings contribute to revealing different neural signatures of poor decoding and poor comprehension, which are distinct disorders but co-occur very often. These findings implicate possibility and necessity of precise diagnosis and individualized intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Feng
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Management, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Linling Shen
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kyle Perkins
- Department of Teaching and Learning, College of Arts, Sciences and Education, Florida International University (retired professor), Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jiaqi Mao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Psychology, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Rimmele JM, Sun Y, Michalareas G, Ghitza O, Poeppel D. Dynamics of Functional Networks for Syllable and Word-Level Processing. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 4:120-144. [PMID: 37229144 PMCID: PMC10205074 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Speech comprehension requires the ability to temporally segment the acoustic input for higher-level linguistic analysis. Oscillation-based approaches suggest that low-frequency auditory cortex oscillations track syllable-sized acoustic information and therefore emphasize the relevance of syllabic-level acoustic processing for speech segmentation. How syllabic processing interacts with higher levels of speech processing, beyond segmentation, including the anatomical and neurophysiological characteristics of the networks involved, is debated. In two MEG experiments, we investigate lexical and sublexical word-level processing and the interactions with (acoustic) syllable processing using a frequency-tagging paradigm. Participants listened to disyllabic words presented at a rate of 4 syllables/s. Lexical content (native language), sublexical syllable-to-syllable transitions (foreign language), or mere syllabic information (pseudo-words) were presented. Two conjectures were evaluated: (i) syllable-to-syllable transitions contribute to word-level processing; and (ii) processing of words activates brain areas that interact with acoustic syllable processing. We show that syllable-to-syllable transition information compared to mere syllable information, activated a bilateral superior, middle temporal and inferior frontal network. Lexical content resulted, additionally, in increased neural activity. Evidence for an interaction of word- and acoustic syllable-level processing was inconclusive. Decreases in syllable tracking (cerebroacoustic coherence) in auditory cortex and increases in cross-frequency coupling between right superior and middle temporal and frontal areas were found when lexical content was present compared to all other conditions; however, not when conditions were compared separately. The data provide experimental insight into how subtle and sensitive syllable-to-syllable transition information for word-level processing is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Rimmele
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max Planck NYU Center for Language, Music and Emotion, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Georgios Michalareas
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oded Ghitza
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Hearing Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Poeppel
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Max Planck NYU Center for Language, Music and Emotion, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; New York, NY, USA
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Nickels K, Beeson PM, Rising K, Jebahi F, Kielar A. Positive changes to written language following phonological treatment in logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia: Case report. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1006350. [PMID: 36760227 PMCID: PMC9905434 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1006350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phonological impairment contributes to deficits in repetition and spoken naming in logopenic variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA), but weakened phonology can also affect written language skills. In this experimental case report, we demonstrate phonological text agraphia in a 71-year-old woman in the early stages of lvPPA that undermined her ability to write meaningful, grammatical sentences. We investigated the therapeutic value of a rigorous treatment protocol to strengthen phonological manipulation skills coupled with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Intervention took place 5 days a week for 2 weeks with active tDCS, followed by a 2-month rest period, and then a second period of phonological treatment with sham tDCS. Over the course of treatment, our participant demonstrated improved phonological transcoding and manipulation skills as well as marked improvement in the proportion of grammatically well-formed, meaningful written narratives. Improvements in spelling and letter selection were also observed. Treatment gains were documented during phonological intervention in both active tDCS and sham treatment phases and were maintained 2 months after the conclusion of intervention. Importantly, improvements were observed in the context of a progressive disorder. These data present compelling evidence regarding the impairment-based approach that targets compromised phonological skills, presenting opportunity for improving functional written communication skills relevant to the everyday lives of individuals with lvPPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn Nickels
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,*Correspondence: Katlyn Nickels,
| | - Pélagie M. Beeson
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kindle Rising
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fatima Jebahi
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Aneta Kielar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Zuo J, Wang S, Meng W. Analogies of human speech and bird song: From vocal learning behavior to its neural basis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1100969. [PMID: 36910811 PMCID: PMC9992734 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal learning is a complex acquired social behavior that has been found only in very few animals. The process of animal vocal learning requires the participation of sensorimotor function. By accepting external auditory input and cooperating with repeated vocal imitation practice, a stable pattern of vocal information output is eventually formed. In parallel evolutionary branches, humans and songbirds share striking similarities in vocal learning behavior. For example, their vocal learning processes involve auditory feedback, complex syntactic structures, and sensitive periods. At the same time, they have evolved the hierarchical structure of special forebrain regions related to vocal motor control and vocal learning, which are organized and closely associated to the auditory cortex. By comparing the location, function, genome, and transcriptome of vocal learning-related brain regions, it was confirmed that songbird singing and human language-related neural control pathways have certain analogy. These common characteristics make songbirds an ideal animal model for studying the neural mechanisms of vocal learning behavior. The neural process of human language learning may be explained through similar neural mechanisms, and it can provide important insights for the treatment of language disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lifang Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiachun Zuo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Li M, Guo F, Wang X, Chen J, Ham J. Effects of robot gaze and voice human-likeness on users’ subjective perception, visual attention, and cerebral activity in voice conversations. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Forkel SJ, Labache L, Nachev P, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Hesling I. Stroke disconnectome decodes reading networks. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2897-2908. [PMID: 36192557 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive functional neuroimaging has been around for over 30 years and has shed light on the brain areas relevant for reading. However, new methodological developments enable mapping the interaction between functional imaging and the underlying white matter networks. In this study, we used such a novel method, called the disconnectome, to decode the reading circuitry in the brain. We used the resulting disconnection patterns to predict a typical lesion that would lead to reading deficits after brain damage. Our results suggest that white matter connections critical for reading include fronto-parietal U-shaped fibres and the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF). The lesion most predictive of a reading deficit would impinge on the left temporal, occipital, and inferior parietal gyri. This novel framework can systematically be applied to bridge the gap between the neuropathology of language and cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Forkel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France. .,Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.
| | - Loïc Labache
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Parashkev Nachev
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3GB, UK
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France.,Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Hesling
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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10
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Nathaniel U, Weiss Y, Barouch B, Katzir T, Bitan T. Start shallow and grow deep: The development of a Hebrew reading brain. Neuropsychologia 2022; 176:108376. [PMID: 36181772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity implies that readers of different orthographies can have different reading networks. Theoretical models suggest that reading acquisition in transparent orthographies relies on mapping smaller orthographic units to phonology, than reading opaque orthographies; but what are the neural mechanisms underlying this difference? Hebrew has a transparent (pointed) script used for beginners, and a non-transparent script used for skilled readers. The current study examined the developmental changes in brain regions associated with phonological and orthographic processes during reading pointed and un-pointed words. Our results highlight some changes that are universal in reading development, such as a developmental increase in frontal involvement (in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis), and increase in left asymmetry (in IFG pars opercularis and superior temporal gyrus, STG) of the reading network. Our results also showed a developmental increase in activation in STG, which stands in contrast to previous studies in other orthographies. We further found an interaction of word length and diacritics in bilateral STG and VWFA across both groups. These findings suggest that children slightly adjust their reading depending on orthographic transparency, relying on smaller units when reading a transparent script and on larger units when reading an opaque script. Our results also showed that phonological abilities across groups correlated with activation in the VWFA, regardless of transparency, supporting the continued role of phonology at all levels of orthographic transparency. Our findings are consistent with multiple route reading models, in which both phonological and orthographic processing of multiple size units continue to play a role in children's reading of transparent and opaque scripts during reading development. The results further demonstrate the importance of taking into account differences between orthographies when constructing neural models of reading acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Nathaniel
- Psychology Department and Institute for Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Israel; Integrated Brain and Behavior Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yael Weiss
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bechor Barouch
- Psychology Department and Institute for Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Tami Katzir
- Department of Learning Disabilities, The E.J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Tali Bitan
- Psychology Department and Institute for Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Israel; Integrated Brain and Behavior Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Israel; Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Shao J, Zhang C, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Pattamadilok C. The effects of alphabetic literacy, linguistic-processing demand and tone type on the dichotic listening of lexical tones. Front Psychol 2022; 13:877684. [PMID: 35959041 PMCID: PMC9360803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.877684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain lateralization of lexical tone processing remains a matter of debate. In this study we used a dichotic listening paradigm to examine the influences of the knowledge of Jyutping (a romanization writing system which provides explicit Cantonese tone markers), linguistic-processing demand and tone type on the ear preference pattern of native tone processing in Hong Kong Cantonese speakers. While participants with little knowledge of Jyutping showed a previously reported left-ear advantage (LEA), those with a good level of Jyutping expertise exhibited either a right-ear advantage or bilateral processing during lexical tone identification and contour tone discrimination, respectively. As for the effect of linguistic-processing demand, while an LEA was found in acoustic/phonetic perception situations, this advantage disappeared and was replaced by a bilateral pattern in conditions that involved a greater extent of linguistic processing, suggesting an increased involvement of the left hemisphere. Regarding the effect of tone type, both groups showed an LEA in level tone discrimination, but only the Jyutping group demonstrated a bilateral pattern in contour tone discrimination. Overall, knowledge of written codes of tones, greater degree of linguistic processing and contour tone processing seem to influence the brain lateralization of lexical tone processing in native listeners of Cantonese by increasing the recruitment of the left-hemisphere language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Department of English Language and Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Caicai Zhang,
| | - Gaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chotiga Pattamadilok
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPL, Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France
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12
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Na Y, Jung J, Tench CR, Auer DP, Pyun SB. Language systems from lesion-symptom mapping in aphasia: A meta-analysis of voxel-based lesion mapping studies. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103038. [PMID: 35569227 PMCID: PMC9112051 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analysis of 2,007 individuals with aphasia from 25 voxel-based lesion mapping studies. Distinctive patterns of lesions in aphasia are associated with different language functions. The patterns of lesion in aphasia support the dual pathway model of language processing.
Background Aphasia is one of the most common causes of post-stroke disabilities. As the symptoms and impact of post-stroke aphasia are heterogeneous, it is important to understand how topographical lesion heterogeneity in patients with aphasia is associated with different domains of language impairments. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of neuroanatomical basis in post-stroke aphasia through coordinate based meta-analysis of voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping studies. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of lesion-symptom mapping studies in post-stroke aphasia. We obtained coordinate-based structural neuroimaging data for 2,007 individuals with aphasia from 25 studies that met predefined inclusion criteria. Results Overall, our results revealed that the distinctive patterns of lesions in aphasia are associated with different language functions and tasks. Damage to the insular-motor areas impaired speech with preserved comprehension and a similar pattern was observed when the lesion covered the insular-motor and inferior parietal lobule. Lesions in the frontal area severely impaired speaking with relatively good comprehension. The repetition-selective deficits only arise from lesions involving the posterior superior temporal gyrus. Damage in the anterior-to-posterior temporal cortex was associated with semantic deficits. Conclusion The association patterns of lesion topography and specific language deficits provide key insights into the specific underlying language pathways. Our meta-analysis results strongly support the dual pathway model of language processing, capturing the link between the different symptom complexes of aphasias and the different underlying location of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhye Na
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JeYoung Jung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher R Tench
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Neuroradiology, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Sung-Bom Pyun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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The evolution of combinatoriality and compositionality in hominid tool use: a comparative perspective. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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A distributed network supports spatiotemporal cerebral dynamics of visual naming. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2948-2958. [PMID: 34715419 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral spatiotemporal dynamics of visual naming were investigated in epilepsy patients undergoing stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) monitoring. METHODS Brain networks were defined by Parcel-Activation-Resection-Symptom matching (PARS) approach by matching high-gamma (50-150 Hz) modulations (HGM) in neuroanatomic parcels during visual naming, with neuropsychological outcomes after resection/ablation of those parcels. Brain parcels with >50% electrode contacts simultaneously showing significant HGM were aligned, to delineate spatiotemporal course of naming-related HGM. RESULTS In 41 epilepsy patients, neuroanatomic parcels showed sequential yet temporally overlapping HGM course during visual naming. From bilateral occipital lobes, HGM became increasingly left lateralized, coursing through limbic system. Bilateral superior temporal HGM was noted around response time, and right frontal HGM thereafter. Correlations between resected/ablated parcels, and post-surgical neuropsychological outcomes showed specific regional groupings. CONCLUSIONS Convergence of data from spatiotemporal course of HGM during visual naming, and functional role of specific parcels inferred from neuropsychological deficits after resection/ablation of those parcels, support a model with six cognitive subcomponents of visual naming having overlapping temporal profiles. SIGNIFICANCE Cerebral substrates supporting visual naming are bilaterally distributed with relative hemispheric contribution dependent on cognitive demands at a specific time. PARS approach can be extended to study other cognitive and functional brain networks.
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15
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Clinical Speech fMRI in Children and Adolescents : Development of an Optimal Protocol and Analysis Algorithm. Clin Neuroradiol 2021; 32:185-196. [PMID: 34613421 PMCID: PMC8894226 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-021-01097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, surgical resection is often the only treatment option to achieve long-term seizure control. Prior to brain surgery involving potential language areas, identification of hemispheric language dominance is crucial. Our group developed and validated a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) battery of four pediatric language tasks. The present study aimed at optimizing fMRI data acquisition and analysis using these tasks. Methods We retrospectively analyzed speech fMRI examinations of 114 neuropediatric patients (age range 5.8–17.8 years) who were examined prior to possible epilepsy surgery. In order to evaluate hemispheric language dominance, 1–4 language tasks (vowel identification task VIT, word-chain task WCT, beep-story task BST, synonym task SYT) were measured. Results Language dominance was classified using fMRI activation in the 13 validly lateralizing ROIs (VLR) in frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and cerebellum of the recent validation study from our group: 47/114 patients were classified as left-dominant, 34/114 as bilateral and 6/114 as right-dominant. In an attempt to enlarge the set of VLR, we then compared for each task agreement of these ROI activations with the classified language dominance. We found four additional task-specific ROIs showing concordant activation and activation in ≥ 10 sessions, which we termed validly lateralizing (VLRnew). The new VLRs were: for VIT the temporal language area and for SYT the middle frontal gyrus, the intraparietal sulcus and cerebellum. Finally, in order to find the optimal sequence of measuring the different tasks, we analyzed the success rates of single tasks and all possible task combinations. The sequence 1) VIT 2) WCT 3) BST 4) SYT was identified as the optimal sequence, yielding the highest chance to obtain reliable results even when the fMRI examination has to be stopped, e.g., due to lack of cooperation. Conclusion Our suggested task order together with the enlarged set of VLRnew may contribute to optimize pediatric speech fMRI in a clinical setting. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s00062-021-01097-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Gajardo-Vidal A, Lorca-Puls DL, Team P, Warner H, Pshdary B, Crinion JT, Leff AP, Hope TMH, Geva S, Seghier ML, Green DW, Bowman H, Price CJ. Damage to Broca's area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke. Brain 2021; 144:817-832. [PMID: 33517378 PMCID: PMC8041045 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Broca's area in the posterior half of the left inferior frontal gyrus has long been thought to be critical for speech production. The current view is that long-term speech production outcome in patients with Broca's area damage is best explained by the combination of damage to Broca's area and neighbouring regions including the underlying white matter, which was also damaged in Paul Broca's two historic cases. Here, we dissociate the effect of damage to Broca's area from the effect of damage to surrounding areas by studying long-term speech production outcome in 134 stroke survivors with relatively circumscribed left frontal lobe lesions that spared posterior speech production areas in lateral inferior parietal and superior temporal association cortices. Collectively, these patients had varying degrees of damage to one or more of nine atlas-based grey or white matter regions: Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (together known as Broca's area), ventral premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, insula, putamen, the anterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus and frontal aslant tract. Spoken picture description scores from the Comprehensive Aphasia Test were used as the outcome measure. Multiple regression analyses allowed us to tease apart the contribution of other variables influencing speech production abilities such as total lesion volume and time post-stroke. We found that, in our sample of patients with left frontal damage, long-term speech production impairments (lasting beyond 3 months post-stroke) were solely predicted by the degree of damage to white matter, directly above the insula, in the vicinity of the anterior part of the arcuate fasciculus, with no contribution from the degree of damage to Broca's area (as confirmed with Bayesian statistics). The effect of white matter damage cannot be explained by a disconnection of Broca's area, because speech production scores were worse after damage to the anterior arcuate fasciculus with relative sparing of Broca's area than after damage to Broca's area with relative sparing of the anterior arcuate fasciculus. Our findings provide evidence for three novel conclusions: (i) Broca's area damage does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after left frontal lobe strokes; (ii) persistent speech production impairments after damage to the anterior arcuate fasciculus cannot be explained by a disconnection of Broca's area; and (iii) the prior association between persistent speech production impairments and Broca's area damage can be explained by co-occurring white matter damage, above the insula, in the vicinity of the anterior part of the arcuate fasciculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gajardo-Vidal
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Diego L Lorca-Puls
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ploras Team
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Holly Warner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bawan Pshdary
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer T Crinion
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander P Leff
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas M H Hope
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sharon Geva
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mohamed L Seghier
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Emirates College for Advanced Education, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - David W Green
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Howard Bowman
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems and the School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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17
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Montry KM, Simmonite M, Steele VR, Brook MA, Kiehl KA, Kosson DS. Phonological processing in psychopathic offenders. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 168:43-51. [PMID: 34358580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that psychopathic offenders exhibit dynamic cognitive and behavioral deficits on a variety of lab tasks that differentially activate left hemisphere resources. The Left Hemisphere Activation (LHA) hypothesis is a cognitive perspective that aims to address these deficits by conceptualizing psychopathy as a disorder in which behavior and cognitive processing change dynamically as a function of the differential taxation of left hemisphere resources. This study aimed to investigate whether psychopathic traits are associated with electrophysiological anomalies under conditions that place differential demands on left hemisphere language processing systems. We examined in a sample of 43 incarcerated indivdiuals the evocation of the N320, an event-related potential (ERP) elicited by nontarget stimuli during a phonological/phonetic decision task that has been shown to elicit greater activation and cognitive processing within the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. Findings for a subsample of 18 offenders low in psychopathic traits were generally consistent with previous findings in healthy individuals, suggesting similar electrophysiological activity during phonological processing. However, psychopathic traits impacted the amplitude of the N320. Higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with reduced left-lateralization in phonological processing as well as enhanced ERP differentiation between pronounceable and nonpronounceable stimuli. These findings provide physiological evidence of a relationship between psychopathic traits and anomalous language processing at the phonological level of word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vaughn R Steele
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 200 Retreat Ave, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Michael A Brook
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall, Suite 1314, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The non-profit MIND Research Network, an affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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18
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Wang J, Pines J, Joanisse M, Booth JR. Reciprocal relations between reading skill and the neural basis of phonological awareness in 7- to 9-year-old children. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118083. [PMID: 33878381 PMCID: PMC8361856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By using a longitudinal design and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), our previous study (Wang et al., 2020) found a scaffolding effect of early phonological processing in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in 6-year-old children on later behavioral reading skill in 7.5-year-old children. Other than this previous study, nothing is known about longitudinal change in the bidirectional relation between reading skill and phonological processing in the brain. To fill this gap, in the current study, we used the same experimental paradigm as in Wang et al. (2020) to measure children's reading skill and brain activity during an auditory phonological awareness task, but with children who were 7.5 years old at Time 1 (T1) and about 1.5 years later when they were 9 years old at Time 2 (T2). The phonological awareness task included both small grain (i.e., onset) and large grain (i.e., rhyme) conditions. In a univariate analysis, we found that better reading skill at T1 predicted lower brain activation in IFG at T2 for onset processing after controlling for brain activation and non-verbal IQ at T1. This suggests that early reading ability reduces the effort of phonemic access, thus supporting the refinement hypothesis. When using general psychophysiological interaction (gPPI), we found that higher functional connectivity from IFG to STG for rhyme processing at T1 predicted better reading skill at T2 after controlling for reading skill and non-verbal IQ at T1. This suggests that the early effectiveness of accessing rhyme representations scaffolds reading acquisition. As both results did not survive multiple comparison corrections, replication of these findings is needed. However, both findings are consistent with prior studies demonstrating that phonological access in the frontal lobe becomes important in older elementary school readers. Moreover, the refinement effect for onsets is consistent with the hypothesis that learning to read allows for better access of small grain phonology, and the scaffolding effect for rhymes supports the idea that reading progresses to larger grain orthography-to-phonology mapping in older skilled readers. The current study, along with our previous study on younger children, indicates that the development of reading skill is associated with (1) the early importance of the quality of the phonological representations to later access of these representations, and (2) early importance of small grain sizes to later development of large grain ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Julia Pines
- Neuroscience Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marc Joanisse
- Department of Psychology & Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Zhang Y, Pattamadilok C, Lau DKY, Bakhtiar M, Yim LY, Leung KY, Zhang C. Early Auditory Event-Related Potentials Are Modulated by Alphabetic Literacy Skills in Logographic Chinese Readers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:663166. [PMID: 34393900 PMCID: PMC8358453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of an alphabetic orthography transforms speech processing in the human brain. Behavioral evidence shows that phonological awareness as assessed by meta-phonological tasks like phoneme judgment, is enhanced by alphabetic literacy acquisition. The current study investigates the time-course of the neuro-cognitive operations underlying this enhancement as revealed by event-related potentials (ERPs). Chinese readers with and without proficiency in Jyutping, a Romanization system of Cantonese, were recruited for an auditory onset phoneme judgment task; their behavioral responses and the elicited ERPs were examined. Proficient readers of Jyutping achieved higher response accuracy and exhibited more negative-going ERPs in three early ERP time-windows corresponding to the P1, N1, and P2 components. The phonological mismatch negativity component exhibited sensitivity to both onset and rhyme mismatch in the speech stimuli, but it was not modulated by alphabetic literacy skills. The sustained negativity in the P1-N1-P2 time-windows is interpreted as reflecting enhanced phonetic/phonological processing or attentional/awareness modulation associated with alphabetic literacy and phonological awareness skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chotiga Pattamadilok
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage (LPL), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Dustin Kai-Yan Lau
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mehdi Bakhtiar
- Unit of Human Communication, Development, and Information Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long-Ying Yim
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Yui Leung
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Jenson D, Saltuklaroglu T. Sensorimotor contributions to working memory differ between the discrimination of Same and Different syllable pairs. Neuropsychologia 2021; 159:107947. [PMID: 34216594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor activity during speech perception is both pervasive and highly variable, changing as a function of the cognitive demands imposed by the task. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether the discrimination of Same (matched) and Different (unmatched) syllable pairs elicit different patterns of sensorimotor activity as stimuli are processed in working memory. Raw EEG data recorded from 42 participants were decomposed with independent component analysis to identify bilateral sensorimotor mu rhythms from 36 subjects. Time frequency decomposition of mu rhythms revealed concurrent event related desynchronization (ERD) in alpha and beta frequency bands across the peri- and post-stimulus time periods, which were interpreted as evidence of sensorimotor contributions to working memory encoding and maintenance. Left hemisphere alpha/beta ERD was stronger in Different trials than Same trials during the post-stimulus period, while right hemisphere alpha/beta ERD was stronger in Same trials than Different trials. A between-hemispheres contrast revealed no differences during Same trials, while post-stimulus alpha/beta ERD was stronger in the left hemisphere than the right during Different trials. Results were interpreted to suggest that predictive coding mechanisms lead to repetition suppression effects in Same trials. Mismatches arising from predictive coding mechanisms in Different trials shift subsequent working memory processing to the speech-dominant left hemisphere. Findings clarify how sensorimotor activity differentially supports working memory encoding and maintenance stages during speech discrimination tasks and have potential to inform sensorimotor models of speech perception and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jenson
- Washington State University, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Tim Saltuklaroglu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Health Professions, Department of Audiology and Speech-Pathology, Knoxville, TN, USA
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21
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Akama H, Yuan Y, Awazu S. Task-induced brain functional connectivity as a representation of schema for mediating unsupervised and supervised learning dynamics in language acquisition. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02157. [PMID: 33951344 PMCID: PMC8213930 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the schema theory advanced by Rumelhart and Norman, we shed light on the individual variability in brain dynamics induced by hybridization of learning methodologies, particularly alternating unsupervised learning and supervised learning in language acquisition. The concept of "schema" implies a latent knowledge structure that a learner holds and updates as intrinsic to his or her cognitive space for guiding the processing of newly arriving information. METHODS We replicated the cognitive experiment of Onnis and Thiessen on implicit statistical learning ability in language acquisition but included additional factors of prosodic variables and explicit supervised learning. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to identify the functional network connections for schema updating by alternately using unsupervised and supervised artificial grammar learning tasks to segment potential words. RESULTS Regardless of the quality of task performance, the default mode network represented the first stage of spontaneous unsupervised learning, and the wrap-up accomplishment for successful subjects of the whole hybrid learning in concurrence with the task-related auditory language networks. Furthermore, subjects who could easily "tune" the schema for recording a high task precision rate resorted even at an early stage to a self-supervised learning, or "superlearning," as a set of different learning mechanisms that act in synergy to trigger widespread neuro-transformation with a focus on the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of the brain dynamics revealed by functional connectivity imaging analysis was able to differentiate the synchronized neural responses with respect to learning methods and the order effect that affects hybrid learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Akama
- Institute of Liberal Arts/Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yixin Yuan
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Autism & Related Disabilities, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shunji Awazu
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jissen Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Pre-Surgery Cognitive Performance and Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping in Patients with Left High-Grade Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061467. [PMID: 33806837 PMCID: PMC8004913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The literature on the effects of high-grade glioma (HGG) growth on cognition is still scarce. (2) Method: A consecutive series of 85 patients with HGG involving the left hemisphere underwent an extended neuropsychological evaluation prior to surgery. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) was used to identify regions related to cognitive performance. (3) Results: The patients' mean level of pre-surgery accuracy was overall high. They showed the greatest difficulties in language with tasks such as naming (42.1% of patients impaired on nouns and 61.4% on verbs), reading (36.3% on words and 32.7% on pseudo-words), auditory lexical decisions (43.9%) and writing (41.3%) being most frequently impaired. VLSM analysis revealed anatomically separated areas along the temporal cortex and the white matter related to impairments on the different tasks, with voxels commonly shared by all tasks restricted to a small region in the ventral superior and middle temporal gyrus. (4) Conclusions: High-grade glioma affects cognition; nonetheless, lesions do not cause diffuse deficits but selectively impact the different language sub-domains along the ventral stream and the dorsal stream for language processing.
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Adaptation to mis-pronounced speech: evidence for a prefrontal-cortex repair mechanism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:97. [PMID: 33420193 PMCID: PMC7794353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech is a complex and ambiguous acoustic signal that varies significantly within and across speakers. Despite the processing challenge that such variability poses, humans adapt to systematic variations in pronunciation rapidly. The goal of this study is to uncover the neurobiological bases of the attunement process that enables such fluent comprehension. Twenty-four native English participants listened to words spoken by a “canonical” American speaker and two non-canonical speakers, and performed a word-picture matching task, while magnetoencephalography was recorded. Non-canonical speech was created by including systematic phonological substitutions within the word (e.g. [s] → [sh]). Activity in the auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) was greater in response to substituted phonemes, and, critically, this was not attenuated by exposure. By contrast, prefrontal regions showed an interaction between the presence of a substitution and the amount of exposure: activity decreased for canonical speech over time, whereas responses to non-canonical speech remained consistently elevated. Grainger causality analyses further revealed that prefrontal responses serve to modulate activity in auditory regions, suggesting the recruitment of top-down processing to decode non-canonical pronunciations. In sum, our results suggest that the behavioural deficit in processing mispronounced phonemes may be due to a disruption to the typical exchange of information between the prefrontal and auditory cortices as observed for canonical speech.
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24
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Luthra S. The Role of the Right Hemisphere in Processing Phonetic Variability Between Talkers. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 2:138-151. [PMID: 37213418 PMCID: PMC10174361 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological models of speech perception posit that both left and right posterior temporal brain regions are involved in the early auditory analysis of speech sounds. However, frank deficits in speech perception are not readily observed in individuals with right hemisphere damage. Instead, damage to the right hemisphere is often associated with impairments in vocal identity processing. Herein lies an apparent paradox: The mapping between acoustics and speech sound categories can vary substantially across talkers, so why might right hemisphere damage selectively impair vocal identity processing without obvious effects on speech perception? In this review, I attempt to clarify the role of the right hemisphere in speech perception through a careful consideration of its role in processing vocal identity. I review evidence showing that right posterior superior temporal, right anterior superior temporal, and right inferior / middle frontal regions all play distinct roles in vocal identity processing. In considering the implications of these findings for neurobiological accounts of speech perception, I argue that the recruitment of right posterior superior temporal cortex during speech perception may specifically reflect the process of conditioning phonetic identity on talker information. I suggest that the relative lack of involvement of other right hemisphere regions in speech perception may be because speech perception does not necessarily place a high burden on talker processing systems, and I argue that the extant literature hints at potential subclinical impairments in the speech perception abilities of individuals with right hemisphere damage.
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25
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Tomasino B, Ius T, Skrap M, Luzzatti C. Phonological and surface dyslexia in individuals with brain tumors: Performance pre-, intra-, immediately post-surgery and at follow-up. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5015-5031. [PMID: 32857483 PMCID: PMC7643394 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We address existing controversies regarding neuroanatomical substrates of reading-aloud processes according to the dual-route processing models, in this particular instance in a series of 49 individuals with brain tumors who performed several reading tasks of real-time neuropsychological testing during surgery (low- to high-grade cerebral neoplasms involving the left hemisphere). We explored how reading abilities in individuals with brain tumors evolve during and after surgery for a brain tumor, and we studied the reading performance in a sample of 33 individuals in a 4-month follow-up after surgery. Impaired reading performance was seen pre-surgery in 7 individuals with brain tumors, intra-surgery in 18 individuals, at immediate post-surgery testing in 26 individuals, and at follow-up in 5 individuals. We classified their reading disorders according to operational criteria for either phonological or surface dyslexia. Neuroimaging results are discussed within the theoretical framework of the dual-route model of reading. Lesion-mask subtraction analyses revealed that areas selectively related with phonological dyslexia were located-along with the left hemisphere dorsal stream-in the Rolandic operculum, the inferior frontal gyrus, the precentral gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, the insula (and/or the underlying external capsule), and parts of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, whereas lesions related to surface dyslexia involved the ventral stream, that is, the left middle and inferior temporal gyrus and parts of the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS "E. Medea,"San Vito al TagliamentoPordenoneItaly
| | - Tamara Ius
- Unità Operativa di Neurochirurgia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata S. Maria della MisericordiaUdineItaly
| | - Miran Skrap
- Unità Operativa di Neurochirurgia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata S. Maria della MisericordiaUdineItaly
| | - Claudio Luzzatti
- Dipartimento di PsicologiaUniversità di Milano‐Bicocca and Milan Centre for NeuroscienceMilanItaly
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26
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Distinct neural substrates of individual differences in components of reading comprehension in adults with or without dyslexia. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117570. [PMID: 33221445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading comprehension is a complex task that depends on multiple cognitive and linguistic processes. According to the updated Simple View of Reading framework, in adults, individual variation in reading comprehension can be largely explained by combined variance in three component abilities: (1) decoding accuracy, (2) fluency, and (3) language comprehension. Here we asked whether the neural correlates of the three components are different in adults with dyslexia as compared to typically-reading adults and whether the relative contribution of these correlates to reading comprehension is similar in the two groups. We employed a novel naturalistic fMRI reading task to identify the neural correlates of individual differences in the three components using whole-brain and literature-driven regions-of-interest approaches. Across all participants, as predicted by the Simple View framework, we found distinct patterns of associations with linguistic and domain-general regions for the three components, and that the left-hemispheric neural correlates of language comprehension in the angular and posterior temporal gyri made the largest contributions to explaining out-of-scanner reading comprehension performance. These patterns differed between the two groups. In typical adult readers, better fluency was associated with greater activation of left occipitotemporal regions, better comprehension with lesser activation in prefrontal and posterior parietal regions, and there were no significant associations with decoding. In adults with dyslexia, better fluency was associated with greater activation of bilateral inferior parietal regions, better comprehension was associated with greater activation in some prefrontal clusters and lower in others, and better decoding skills were associated with lesser activation of bilateral prefrontal and posterior parietal regions. Extending the behavioral findings of skill-level differences in the relative contribution of the three components to reading comprehension, the relative contributions of the neural correlates to reading comprehension differed based on dyslexia status. These findings reveal some of the neural correlates of individual differences in the three components and the underlying mechanisms of reading comprehension deficits in adults with dyslexia.
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27
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Grant JG, Siegel LS, D'Angiulli A. From Schools to Scans: A Neuroeducational Approach to Comorbid Math and Reading Disabilities. Front Public Health 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 33194932 PMCID: PMC7642246 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We bridge two analogous concepts of comorbidity, dyslexia-dyscalculia and reading-mathematical disabilities, in neuroscience and education, respectively. We assessed the cognitive profiles of 360 individuals (mean age 25.79 ± 13.65) with disability in reading alone (RD group), mathematics alone (MD group) and both (comorbidity: MDRD group), with tests widely used in both psychoeducational and neuropsychological batteries. As expected, the MDRD group exhibited reading deficits like those shown by the RD group. The former group also exhibited deficits in quantitative reasoning like those shown by the MD group. However, other deficits related to verbal working memory and semantic memory were exclusive to the MDRD group. These findings were independent of gender, age, or socioeconomic and demographic factors. Through a systematic exhaustive review of clinical neuroimaging literature, we mapped the resulting cognitive profiles to correspondingly plausible neuroanatomical substrates of dyslexia and dyscalculia. In our resulting "probing" model, the complex set of domain-specific and domain-general impairments shown in the comorbidity of reading and mathematical disabilities are hypothesized as being related to atypical development of the left angular gyrus. The present neuroeducational approach bridges a long-standing transdisciplinary divide and contributes a step further toward improved early prediction, teaching and interventions for children and adults with combined reading and math disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Linda S Siegel
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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Deschamps I, Courson M, Dick AS, Tremblay P. The phonological loop: is speech special? Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2307-2321. [PMID: 32734355 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the maintenance of phonological information in verbal working memory (vWM) is carried by a domain-specific short-term storage center-the phonological loop-which is composed of a phonological store and an articulatory rehearsal system. Several brain regions including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) and anterior supramarginal gyri (aSMG) are thought to support these processes. However, recent behavioral evidence suggests that verbal and non-verbal auditory information may be processed as part of a unique domain general short-term storage center instead of through specialized subsystems such as the phonological loop. In the current study, we used a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-delayed priming paradigm with speech (syllables) and acoustically complex non-speech sounds (bird songs) to examine whether the pIFG and aSMG are involved in the processing of verbal information or, alternatively, in the processing of any complex auditory information. Our results demonstrate that TMS delivered to both regions had an effect on performance for speech and non-speech stimuli, but the nature of the effect was different. That is, priming was reduced for the speech sounds because TMS facilitated the detection of different but not identical stimuli, and accuracy was decreased for non-speech sounds. Since TMS interfered with both speech and non-speech sounds, these findings support the existence of an auditory short-term storage center located within the dorsal auditory stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deschamps
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Melody Courson
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pascale Tremblay
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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29
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Wang F, Karipidis II, Pleisch G, Fraga-González G, Brem S. Development of Print-Speech Integration in the Brain of Beginning Readers With Varying Reading Skills. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:289. [PMID: 32922271 PMCID: PMC7457077 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning print-speech sound correspondences is a crucial step at the beginning of reading acquisition and often impaired in children with developmental dyslexia. Despite increasing insight into audiovisual language processing, it remains largely unclear how integration of print and speech develops at the neural level during initial learning in the first years of schooling. To investigate this development, 32 healthy, German-speaking children at varying risk for developmental dyslexia (17 typical readers and 15 poor readers) participated in a longitudinal study including behavioral and fMRI measurements in first (T1) and second (T2) grade. We used an implicit audiovisual (AV) non-word target detection task aimed at characterizing differential activation to congruent (AVc) and incongruent (AVi) audiovisual non-word pairs. While children’s brain activation did not differ between AVc and AVi pairs in first grade, an incongruency effect (AVi > AVc) emerged in bilateral inferior temporal and superior frontal gyri in second grade. Of note, pseudoword reading performance improvements with time were associated with the development of the congruency effect (AVc > AVi) in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) from first to second grade. Finally, functional connectivity analyses indicated divergent development and reading expertise dependent coupling from the left occipito-temporal and superior temporal cortex to regions of the default mode (precuneus) and fronto-temporal language networks. Our results suggest that audiovisual integration areas as well as their functional coupling to other language areas and areas of the default mode network show a different development in poor vs. typical readers at varying familial risk for dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Iliana I Karipidis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Georgette Pleisch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Fraga-González
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Bitan T, Weiss Y, Katzir T, Truzman T. Morphological decomposition compensates for imperfections in phonological decoding. Neural evidence from typical and dyslexic readers of an opaque orthography. Cortex 2020; 130:172-191. [PMID: 32659520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the widely held, but un-tested, assumption that morphological decomposition can compensate for missing phonological information in reading opaque orthographies. In addition, we tested whether morphological decomposition can compensate for the phonological decoding deficits in readers with dyslexia. Hebrew provides a unique opportunity to test these questions as it has a rich Semitic morphology, and two versions of script: a transparent orthography (with diacritic marks, 'pointed') and an opaque orthography (without diacritic marks, 'un-pointed'). In two experiments, one behavioral and one fMRI, skilled and dyslexic readers read aloud Hebrew nouns: half bi-morphemic (root + pattern) and half mono-morphemic (non-decomposable). Each word was presented both in the transparent orthography (pointed), and in the opaque orthography (un-pointed). While skilled readers were faster, and showed no effects of diacritics or morphology, dyslexic readers read pointed words more slowly than un-pointed words and bi-morphemic words faster than mono-morphemic words. The imaging results showed: 1) In both groups a morphological effect was found in un-pointed words, in left inferior and middle frontal gyri, associated with morpho-phonological decomposition. 2) Only readers with dyslexia showed a morphological effect in pointed words in the left occipito-temporal cortex, associated with orthographic processing. 3) Dyslexic readers also showed a positive association between morphological awareness and activation in the left occipito-temporal cortex during reading of all words, and activation in inferior frontal cortex during reading of un-pointed bi-morphemic words. Altogether, these findings suggest that in both typical and dyslexic readers morphological decomposition can compensate for the missing phonological information in an opaque orthography. The results also show that readers with dyslexia can rely on morphological decomposition to compensate for their deficits in phonological decoding. Finally, these results highlight the way in which unique language specific properties shape the neural mechanisms underlying typical and atypical reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Bitan
- Department of Psychology and IIPDM, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yael Weiss
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tami Katzir
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tammar Truzman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and IIPDM, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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31
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Bezdicek O, Ballarini T, Albrecht F, Libon DJ, Lamar M, Růžička F, Roth J, Hurlstone MJ, Mueller K, Schroeter ML, Jech R. SERIAL-ORDER recall in working memory across the cognitive spectrum of Parkinson's disease and neuroimaging correlates. J Neuropsychol 2020; 15:88-111. [PMID: 32394540 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine if Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with a greater SERIAL-ORDER (mental manipulation) than ANY-ORDER (auditory span, storage) deficit in working memory (WM). We investigated WM combining neuropsychological measures with the study of brain functional connectivity. A cohort of 160 patients with idiopathic PD, classified as PD-MCI (n = 87) or PD with normal cognition (PD-NC; n = 73), and 70 matched healthy controls were studied. Verbal WM was assessed with the Backward Digit Span Task (BDT; Lamar et al., 2007, Neuropsychologia, 45, 245), measuring SERIAL-ORDER and ANY-ORDER recall. Resting-state MRI data were collected for 15 PD-MCI, 15 PD-NC and 30 controls. Hypothesis-driven seed-based functional connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was compared between the three groups and correlated with BDT performance. We found the main effect of the test (impairment in SERIAL ORDER > ANY ORDER) and group ((NC = PD-NC) > PD-MCI) in BDT performance that was even more pronounced in SERIAL ORDER when controlling for ANY ORDER variability but not vice versa. Furthermore, PD-MCI compared to other groups were characterized by the functional disconnection between the bilateral DLPFC and the cerebellum. In functional correlations, DLPFC connectivity was positively related to both SERIAL- and ANY-ORDER performance. In conclusion, PD-MCI patients evidenced greater SERIAL-ORDER (manipulation and cognitive control) than ANY-ORDER (storage) working memory impairment than PD-NC and controls with a disrupted DLPFC resting-state connectivity that was also related to the verbal WM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bezdicek
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tommaso Ballarini
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David J Libon
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Departments of Geriatric, Gerontology, and Psychology, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Roth
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Hurlstone
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic, Leipzig, Germany.,FTLD Consortium, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Nelson MJ, Moeller S, Basu A, Christopher L, Rogalski EJ, Greicius M, Weintraub S, Bonakdarpour B, Hurley RS, Mesulam MM. Taxonomic Interference Associated with Phonemic Paraphasias in Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:2529-2541. [PMID: 31800048 PMCID: PMC7174997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonemic paraphasias are thought to reflect phonological (post-semantic) deficits in language production. Here we present evidence that phonemic paraphasias in non-semantic primary progressive aphasia (PPA) may be associated with taxonomic interference. Agrammatic and logopenic PPA patients and control participants performed a word-to-picture visual search task where they matched a stimulus noun to 1 of 16 object pictures as their eye movements were recorded. Participants were subsequently asked to name the same items. We measured taxonomic interference (ratio of time spent viewing related vs. unrelated foils) during the search task for each item. Target items that elicited a phonemic paraphasia during object naming elicited increased taxonomic interference during the search task in agrammatic but not logopenic PPA patients. These results could reflect either very subtle sub-clinical semantic distortions of word representations or partial degradation of specific phonological word forms in agrammatic PPA during both word-to-picture matching (input stage) and picture naming (output stage). The mechanism for phonemic paraphasias in logopenic patients seems to be different and to be operative at the pre-articulatory stage of phonological retrieval. Glucose metabolic imaging suggests that degeneration in the left posterior frontal lobe and left temporo-parietal junction, respectively, might underlie these different patterns of phonemic paraphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nelson
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - S Moeller
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - A Basu
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - L Christopher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - E J Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - M Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - S Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - B Bonakdarpour
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - R S Hurley
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - M-M Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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33
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Li Y, Yang Y, Tang AC, Liu N, Wang X, Du Y, Hu W. English spoken word segmentation activates the prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction in Chinese ESL learners: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Brain Res 2020; 1733:146693. [PMID: 32006554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A direct measure of spoken lexical processing based on neuroimaging technology would provide us useful information to understand the neural mechanisms underlying speech or auditory language processing. The neural mechanisms of spoken word segmentation for English as a second language (ESL) learners remain elusive. The present study, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), addresses this issue by measuring hemodynamic responses in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a word-spotting task, designed with two task conditions (easy vs. difficult). Thirty participants, divided into a high listening proficiency group (HLG) and a low listening proficiency group (LLG), were tested. Results revealed significantly less TPJ activation in the HLG than in the LLG. Further analyses supported this result by showing that activation in the TPJ was in a negative correlation with listening proficiency. This association appears to be related to the more efficient use of processing resources in a bottom-up fashion for accurate and efficient sensory representations in high proficient language learners. In contrast, cortical activation in the PFC increased with listening proficiency and was stronger in the difficult task condition than in the easy task condition, implying that recruitment of top-down cognitive control functions might play a role in word segmentation. Our results suggest that the combination of the functions mediated via bottom-up sensory input processing (demonstrated in the TPJ activation) and top-down cognitive processing (demonstrated in the PFC activation) are crucial for ESL listeners' spoken word segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yilong Yang
- Research Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China; School of English Studies, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Akaysha C Tang
- The Laboratory of Neuroscience for Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Modern Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiping Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Normal University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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34
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Meinhold T, Hofer W, Pieper T, Kudernatsch M, Staudt M. Presurgical Language fMRI in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults : A Validation Study. Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 30:691-704. [PMID: 31960077 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate four established, child-friendly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language tasks (word chain task [WCT], vowel identification task [VIT], synonym task [SYT] and beep story task [BST]) in a predominantly pediatric cohort. METHODS Intracarotid amobarbital procedures (IAP) (n = 17) and unchanged language after hemispherotomy (n = 6) were used as gold standards. The fMRI activations of nine regions of interest (ROI) in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes as well as in the cerebellum were visually assessed in 23 fMRI examinations (in total 117 fMRI task sessions) of 23 patients (age range 10.0-23.0 years) with drug-refractory epilepsies. RESULTS The ROIs were considered valid when they showed activation in more than 25% of all sessions for the respective task and never showed false lateralization (in comparison to gold standards). Thus, 13 valid, task-specific ROIs were identified: 5 ROIs for the WCT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, cerebellum), 3 ROIs for the VIT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus), 3 ROIs for the SYT (frontal operculum, inferior frontal gyrus, temporal language area) and 2 ROIs for the BST (inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus). CONCLUSION Clinical fMRI using the battery of four tasks is a valid tool for lateralizing language in children, adolescents and young adults. Each task proved to be specifically useful, which confirms that applying different tasks increases the probability of diagnosing language dominance in presurgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Meinhold
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany. .,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Hofer
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Tom Pieper
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Kudernatsch
- Center for Neurosurgery and Epilepsy Surgery, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Research Institute "Rehabilitation, Transition, Palliation", PMU Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Staudt
- Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schön Clinic Vogtareuth, Krankenhausstraße 20, 83569, Vogtareuth, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Jenson D, Thornton D, Harkrider AW, Saltuklaroglu T. Influences of cognitive load on sensorimotor contributions to working memory: An EEG investigation of mu rhythm activity during speech discrimination. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang J, Joanisse MF, Booth JR. Neural representations of phonology in temporal cortex scaffold longitudinal reading gains in 5- to 7-year-old children. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116359. [PMID: 31733372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether phonological processes measured through brain activation are crucial for the development of reading skill (i.e. scaffolding hypothesis) and/or whether learning to read words fine-tunes phonology in the brain (i.e. refinement hypothesis). We specifically looked at how different grain sizes in two brain regions implicated in phonological processing played a role in this bidirectional relation. According to the dual-stream model of speech processing and previous empirical studies, the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) appears to be a perceptual region associated with phonological representations, whereas the dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) appears to be an articulatory region that accesses phonological representations in STG during more difficult tasks. 36 children completed a reading test outside the scanner and an auditory phonological task which included both small (i.e. onset) and large (i.e. rhyme) grain size conditions inside the scanner when they were 5.5-6.5 years old (Time 1) and once again approximately 1.5 years later (Time 2). To study the scaffolding hypothesis, a regression analysis was carried out by entering brain activation in either STG or IFG for either small (onset > perceptual) or large (rhyme > perceptual) grain size phonological processing at T1 as the predictors and reading skill at T2 as the dependent measure, with several covariates of no interest included. To study the refinement hypothesis, the regression analysis included reading skill at T1 as the predictor and brain activation in either STG or IFG for either small or large grain size phonological processing at T2 as the dependent measures, with several covariates of no interest included. We found that only posterior STG, regardless of grain size, was predictive of reading gains. Parallel models with only behavioral accuracy were not significant. Taken together, our results suggest that the representational quality of phonology in temporal cortex is crucial for reading development. Moreover, our study provides neural evidence supporting the scaffolding hypothesis, suggesting that brain measures of phonology could be helpful in early identification of reading difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Department of Psychology & Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Reading and spelling skills are differentially related to phonological processing: Behavioral and fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100683. [PMID: 31377570 PMCID: PMC6969364 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The manuscript reports a study on a large sample (N = 170) of Polish speaking 8-13 year old children, whose brain activation was measured in relation to tasks that require auditory phonological processing. We aimed to relate brain activation to individual differences in reading and spelling. We found that individual proficiency in both reading and spelling significantly correlated with activation of the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex encompassing the Visual Word Form Area which has been implicated in automatic orthographic activations. Reading but not spelling was found to correlate with activation in the left anterior dorsal stream (anterior supramarginal and postcentral gyri). Our results indicate that the level of both reading and spelling is related to activity in areas involved in the storage of fine-grained orthographic representations. However, only the reading level is uniquely related to activity of regions responsible for the articulation, motor planning and grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence, which form the basis for effective decoding skill.
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Pattamadilok C, Planton S, Bonnard M. Spoken language coding neurons in the Visual Word Form Area: Evidence from a TMS adaptation paradigm. Neuroimage 2019; 186:278-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Luthra S, Guediche S, Blumstein SE, Myers EB. Neural substrates of subphonemic variation and lexical competition in spoken word recognition. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 34:151-169. [PMID: 31106225 PMCID: PMC6516505 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2018.1531140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In spoken word recognition, subphonemic variation influences lexical activation, with sounds near a category boundary increasing phonetic competition as well as lexical competition. The current study investigated the interplay of these factors using a visual world task in which participants were instructed to look at a picture of an auditory target (e.g., peacock). Eyetracking data indicated that participants were slowed when a voiced onset competitor (e.g., beaker) was also displayed, and this effect was amplified when acoustic-phonetic competition was increased. Simultaneously-collected fMRI data showed that several brain regions were sensitive to the presence of the onset competitor, including the supramarginal, middle temporal, and inferior frontal gyri, and functional connectivity analyses revealed that the coordinated activity of left frontal regions depends on both acoustic-phonetic and lexical factors. Taken together, results suggest a role for frontal brain structures in resolving lexical competition, particularly as atypical acoustic-phonetic information maps on to the lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Luthra
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
| | - Sara Guediche
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 69, 20009 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Sheila E Blumstein
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI, USA 02912
- Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University 2 Stimson Ave, Providence, RI, USA 02912
| | - Emily B Myers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
- Department of Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut 850 Bolton Road, Unit 1085, Storrs, CT, USA 06269
- Haskins Laboratories 300 George Street, Suite 900, New Haven, CT, USA 06511
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Saltuklaroglu T, Bowers A, Harkrider AW, Casenhiser D, Reilly KJ, Jenson DE, Thornton D. EEG mu rhythms: Rich sources of sensorimotor information in speech processing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 187:41-61. [PMID: 30509381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Saltuklaroglu
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Andrew Bowers
- University of Arkansas, Epley Center for Health Professions, 606 N. Razorback Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ashley W Harkrider
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Devin Casenhiser
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kevin J Reilly
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David E Jenson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA
| | - David Thornton
- Department of Hearing, Speech, and Language Sciences, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
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Thornton D, Harkrider AW, Jenson D, Saltuklaroglu T. Sensorimotor activity measured via oscillations of EEG mu rhythms in speech and non-speech discrimination tasks with and without segmentation demands. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 187:62-73. [PMID: 28431691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of the role of sensorimotor processing in speech and non-speech segmentation can be achieved with more temporally precise measures. Twenty adults made same/different discriminations of speech and non-speech stimuli pairs, with and without segmentation demands. Independent component analysis of 64-channel EEG data revealed clear sensorimotor mu components, with characteristic alpha and beta peaks, localized to premotor regions in 70% of participants.Time-frequency analyses of mu components from accurate trials showed that (1) segmentation tasks elicited greater event-related synchronization immediately following offset of the first stimulus, suggestive of inhibitory activity; (2) strong late event-related desynchronization in all conditions, suggesting that working memory/covert replay contributed substantially to sensorimotor activity in all conditions; (3) stronger beta desynchronization in speech versus non-speech stimuli during stimulus presentation, suggesting stronger auditory-motor transforms for speech versus non-speech stimuli. Findings support the continued use of oscillatory approaches for helping understand segmentation and other cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thornton
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, United States.
| | | | - David Jenson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, United States
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Disentangling phonological and articulatory processing: A neuroanatomical study in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 2018; 121:175-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Toscano JC, Anderson ND, Fabiani M, Gratton G, Garnsey SM. The time-course of cortical responses to speech revealed by fast optical imaging. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 184:32-42. [PMID: 29960165 PMCID: PMC6102048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has sought to describe the time-course of spoken word recognition, from initial acoustic cue encoding through lexical activation, and identify cortical areas involved in each stage of analysis. However, existing methods are limited in either temporal or spatial resolution, and as a result, have only provided partial answers to the question of how listeners encode acoustic information in speech. We present data from an experiment using a novel neuroimaging method, fast optical imaging, to directly assess the time-course of speech perception, providing non-invasive measurement of speech sound representations, localized to specific cortical areas. We find that listeners encode speech in terms of continuous acoustic cues at early stages of processing (ca. 96 ms post-stimulus onset), and begin activating phonological category representations rapidly (ca. 144 ms post-stimulus). Moreover, cue-based representations are widespread in the brain and overlap in time with graded category-based representations, suggesting that spoken word recognition involves simultaneous activation of both continuous acoustic cues and phonological categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Toscano
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Villanova University, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| | - Nathaniel D Anderson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Susan M Garnsey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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Flinker A, Knight RT. Broca’s area in comprehension and production, insights from intracranial studies in humans. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zilles K, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic and receptorarchitectonic organization in Broca's region and surrounding cortex. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Giorgis V, Filippini M, Macasaet JA, Masnada S, Veggiotti P. Neurobehavioral consequences of continuous spike and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) in a pediatric population: A pattern of developmental hindrance. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 74:1-9. [PMID: 28654799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuous spike and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) is a typical EEG pattern defined as diffuse, bilateral and recently also unilateral or focal localization spike-wave occurring in slow sleep or non-rapid eye movement sleep. Literature results so far point out a progressive deterioration and decline of intellectual functioning in CSWS patients, i.e. a loss of previously normally acquired skills, as well as persistent neurobehavioral disorders, beyond seizure and EEG control. The objective of this study was to shed light on the neurobehavioral impact of CSWS and to identify the potential clinical risk factors for development. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study involving a series of 16 CSWS idiopathic patients age 3-16years, considering the entire duration of epilepsy from the onset to the outcome, i.e. remission of CSWS pattern. All patients were longitudinally assessed taking into account clinical (sex, age at onset, lateralization and localization of epileptiform abnormalities, spike wave index, number of antiepileptic drugs) and behavioral features. Intelligent Quotient (IQ) was measured in the whole sample, whereas visuo-spatial attention, visuo-motor skills, short term memory and academic abilities (reading and writing) were tested in 6 out of 16 patients. RESULTS Our results showed that the most vulnerable from an intellectual point of view were those children who had an early-onset of CSWS whereas those with later onset resulted less affected (p=0.004). Neuropsychological outcome was better than the behavioral one and the lexical-semantic route in reading and writing resulted more severely affected compared to the phonological route. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive deterioration is one but not the only consequence of CSWS. Especially with respect to verbal skills, CSWS is responsible of a pattern of consequences in terms of developmental hindrance, including slowing of development and stagnation, whereas deterioration is rare. Behavioral and academic problems tend to persist beyond epilepsy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Melissa Filippini
- Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Kim SY, Liu L, Cao F. How does first language (L1) influence second language (L2) reading in the brain? Evidence from Korean-English and Chinese-English bilinguals. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:1-13. [PMID: 28437658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine how L1 influences L2 reading in the brain, two late bilingual groups, Korean-English (KE) and Chinese-English (CE), performed a visual word rhyming judgment task in their L2 (English) and were compared to L1 control groups (i.e., KK and CC). The results indicated that the L2 activation is similar to the L1 activation for both KE and CE language groups. In addition, conjunction analyses revealed that the right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus were more activated in KK and KE than CC and CE, suggesting that these regions are more involved in Korean speakers than Chinese speakers for both L1 and L2. Finally, an ROI analysis at the left middle frontal gyrus revealed greater activation for CE than for KE and a positive correlation with accuracy in CE, but a negative correlation in KE. Taken together, we found evidence that important brain regions for L1 are carried over to L2 reading, maybe more so in highly proficient bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Young Kim
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of English Language and Literature, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Saltuklaroglu T, Harkrider AW, Thornton D, Jenson D, Kittilstved T. EEG Mu (µ) rhythm spectra and oscillatory activity differentiate stuttering from non-stuttering adults. Neuroimage 2017; 153:232-245. [PMID: 28400266 PMCID: PMC5569894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is linked to sensorimotor deficits related to internal modeling mechanisms. This study compared spectral power and oscillatory activity of EEG mu (μ) rhythms between persons who stutter (PWS) and controls in listening and auditory discrimination tasks. EEG data were analyzed from passive listening in noise and accurate (same/different) discrimination of tones or syllables in quiet and noisy backgrounds. Independent component analysis identified left and/or right μ rhythms with characteristic alpha (α) and beta (β) peaks localized to premotor/motor regions in 23 of 27 people who stutter (PWS) and 24 of 27 controls. PWS produced μ spectra with reduced β amplitudes across conditions, suggesting reduced forward modeling capacity. Group time-frequency differences were associated with noisy conditions only. PWS showed increased μ-β desynchronization when listening to noise and early in discrimination events, suggesting evidence of heightened motor activity that might be related to forward modeling deficits. PWS also showed reduced μ-α synchronization in discrimination conditions, indicating reduced sensory gating. Together these findings indicate spectral and oscillatory analyses of μ rhythms are sensitive to stuttering. More specifically, they can reveal stuttering-related sensorimotor processing differences in listening and auditory discrimination that also may be influenced by basal ganglia deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Saltuklaroglu
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ashley W Harkrider
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - David Thornton
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - David Jenson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tiffani Kittilstved
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Amit E, Hoeflin C, Hamzah N, Fedorenko E. An asymmetrical relationship between verbal and visual thinking: Converging evidence from behavior and fMRI. Neuroimage 2017; 152:619-627. [PMID: 28323162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans rely on at least two modes of thought: verbal (inner speech) and visual (imagery). Are these modes independent, or does engaging in one entail engaging in the other? To address this question, we performed a behavioral and an fMRI study. In the behavioral experiment, participants received a prompt and were asked to either silently generate a sentence or create a visual image in their mind. They were then asked to judge the vividness of the resulting representation, and of the potentially accompanying representation in the other format. In the fMRI experiment, participants had to recall sentences or images (that they were familiarized with prior to the scanning session) given prompts, or read sentences and view images, in the control, perceptual, condition. An asymmetry was observed between inner speech and visual imagery. In particular, inner speech was engaged to a greater extent during verbal than visual thought, but visual imagery was engaged to a similar extent during both modes of thought. Thus, it appears that people generate more robust verbal representations during deliberate inner speech compared to when their intent is to visualize. However, they generate visual images regardless of whether their intent is to visualize or to think verbally. One possible interpretation of these results is that visual thinking is somehow primary, given the relatively late emergence of verbal abilities during human development and in the evolution of our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Amit
- Brown University, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, United States.
| | | | | | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Klimovich-Gray A, Bozic M, Marslen-Wilson WD. Domain-specific and Domain-general Processing in Left Perisylvian Cortex: Evidence from Russian. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:382-397. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The processing of words containing inflectional affixes triggers morphophonological parsing and affix-related grammatical information processing. Increased perceptual complexity related to stem-affix parsing is hypothesized to create predominantly domain-general processing demands, whereas grammatical processing primarily implicates domain-specific linguistic demands. Exploiting the properties of Russian morphology and syntax, we designed an fMRI experiment to separate out the neural systems supporting these two demand types, contrasting inflectional complexity, syntactic (phrasal) complexity, and derivational complexity in three comparisons: (a) increase in parsing demands while controlling for grammatical complexity (inflections vs. phrases), (b) increase in grammatical processing demands, and (c) combined demands of morphophonological parsing and grammatical processing (inflections and phrases vs. derivations). Left inferior frontal and bilateral temporal areas are most active when the two demand types are combined, with inflectional and phrasal complexity contrasting strongly with derivational complexity (which generated only bilateral temporal activity). Increased stem-affix parsing demands alone did not produce unique activations, whereas grammatical structure processing activated bilateral superior and middle temporal areas. Selective left frontotemporal language system engagement for short phrases and inflections seems to be driven by simultaneous and interdependent domain-general and domain-specific processing demands.
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