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Wattanathorn J, Somboonporn W, Thukham-Mee W, Sungkamnee S. Memory-Enhancing Effect of 8-Week Consumption of the Quercetin-Enriched Culinary Herbs-Derived Functional Ingredients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172678. [PMID: 36076862 PMCID: PMC9455773 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to great demand for memory enhancers, the memory-enhancing effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of the functional ingredients derived from the combined extract of Polygonum odoratum and Morus alba were investigated. A total of 45 participants randomly received either a placebo or the developed herbal supplement at a dose of 50 or 1500 mg/day. The consumption was done once daily for 8 weeks. Working memory was assessed via both an event-related potential and computerized battery tests at baseline and at the end of the 8-week study period. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase type A and type B (MAO-A, MAO-B) levels were also measured at the end of the study. The subjects who consumed the supplement containing a developed functional ingredient at a dose of 1500 mg/day showed reduced latencies but increased amplitudes of N100 and P300. An improvement in working memory and the suppression of AChE, MAO-A, and MAO-B activities were also observed. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates the cognitive enhancing effect of the developed herbal congee, which may be associated with the suppressions of AChE and both types of MAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-81-8721809
| | - Woraluck Somboonporn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukham-Mee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Sungkamnee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Simal A, Jolicoeur P. Scanning acoustic short-term memory: Evidence for two subsystems with different time-course and memory strength. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 155:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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An Exploratory Study on the Use of Event-Related Potentials as an Objective Measure of Auditory Processing and Therapy Effect in Patients With Tinnitus: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study. Otol Neurotol 2019; 40:e868-e875. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gao J, Song J, Yang Y, Yao S, Guan J, Si H, Zhou H, Ge S, Lin P. Deception Decreases Brain Complexity. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 23:164-174. [PMID: 29993592 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2842104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests the feasibility of lie detection using electroencephalograms (EEGs). However, it is largely unknown whether there are any differences in the nonlinear features of EEGs between guilty and innocent subjects. In this study, we proposed a complexity-based method to distinguish lying from truth telling. A total of 35 participants were randomly divided into two groups, and their EEG signals were recorded with 14 electrodes. Averages for sequential sets of five trials were first calculated for the probe responses within each subject. Next, a common wavelet entropy (WE) measure and an improved one were used to quantify complexity from each five-trial average. The results show that for both measures, the WE values in the guilty subjects are statistically lower than those in the innocent subjects for most of the 14 electrodes. More importantly, using the improved measure, the difference in WE between the two groups of subjects significantly increases for 11 brain regions compared with the values from the common measure. Finally, the highest balanced classification accuracy, 89.64%, is achieved when using the combined WE feature vector in five brain regions from the sites of Pz, P3, C4, Cz, and C3. Our findings indicate that the lying task elicits a more ordered brain activity in some specific brain regions than the task of telling the truth. This study not only demonstrates that improved WE measurements could be a powerful quantitative index for detecting lying but also sheds light on the brain mechanisms underlying deceptive behaviors.
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Golob EJ, Winston J, Mock JR. Impact of Spatial and Verbal Short-Term Memory Load on Auditory Spatial Attention Gradients. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2028. [PMID: 29218024 PMCID: PMC5703860 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term memory load can impair attentional control, but prior work shows that the extent of the effect ranges from being very general to very specific. One factor for the mixed results may be reliance on point estimates of memory load effects on attention. Here we used auditory attention gradients as an analog measure to map-out the impact of short-term memory load over space. Verbal or spatial information was maintained during an auditory spatial attention task and compared to no-load. Stimuli were presented from five virtual locations in the frontal azimuth plane, and subjects focused on the midline. Reaction times progressively increased for lateral stimuli, indicating an attention gradient. Spatial load further slowed responses at lateral locations, particularly in the left hemispace, but had little effect at midline. Verbal memory load had no (Experiment 1), or a minimal (Experiment 2) influence on reaction times. Spatial and verbal load increased switch costs between memory encoding and attention tasks relative to the no load condition. The findings show that short-term memory influences the distribution of auditory attention over space; and that the specific pattern depends on the type of information in short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jenna Winston
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Mock JR, Foundas AL, Golob EJ. Cortical activity during cued picture naming predicts individual differences in stuttering frequency. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3093-3101. [PMID: 27472545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developmental stuttering is characterized by fluent speech punctuated by stuttering events, the frequency of which varies among individuals and contexts. Most stuttering events occur at the beginning of an utterance, suggesting neural dynamics associated with stuttering may be evident during speech preparation. METHODS This study used EEG to measure cortical activity during speech preparation in men who stutter, and compared the EEG measures to individual differences in stuttering rate as well as to a fluent control group. Each trial contained a cue followed by an acoustic probe at one of two onset times (early or late), and then a picture. There were two conditions: a speech condition where cues induced speech preparation of the picture's name and a control condition that minimized speech preparation. RESULTS Across conditions stuttering frequency correlated to cue-related EEG beta power and auditory ERP slow waves from early onset acoustic probes. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal two new cortical markers of stuttering frequency that were present in both conditions, manifest at different times, are elicited by different stimuli (visual cue, auditory probe), and have different EEG responses (beta power, ERP slow wave). SIGNIFICANCE The cue-target paradigm evoked brain responses that correlated to pre-experimental stuttering rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Anne L Foundas
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Mock JR, Foundas AL, Golob EJ. Speech preparation in adults with persistent developmental stuttering. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 149:97-105. [PMID: 26197258 PMCID: PMC4586364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Motor efference copy conveys movement information to sensory areas before and during vocalization. We hypothesized speech preparation would modulate auditory processing, via motor efference copy, differently in men who stutter (MWS) vs. fluent adults. Participants (n=12/group) had EEG recorded during a cue-target paradigm with two conditions: speech which allowed for speech preparation, while a control condition did not. Acoustic stimuli probed auditory responsiveness between the cue and target. MWS had longer vocal reaction times (p<0.01) when the cue-target differed (10% of trials), suggesting a difficulty of rapidly updating their speech plans. Acoustic probes elicited a negative slow wave indexing motor efference copy that was smaller in MWS vs. fluent adults (p<0.03). Current density responses in MWS showed smaller left prefrontal responses and auditory responses that were delayed and correlated to stuttering rate. Taken together, the results provide insight into the cortical mechanisms underlying atypical speech planning and dysfluencies in MWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, United States.
| | - Anne L Foundas
- Department of Neurology at University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, United States
| | - Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, United States
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Bashivan P, Bidelman GM, Yeasin M. Spectrotemporal dynamics of the EEG during working memory encoding and maintenance predicts individual behavioral capacity. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3774-84. [PMID: 25288492 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of memory load on encoding and maintenance of information in working memory. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded while participants performed a modified Sternberg visual memory task. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to factorise the EEG signals into distinct temporal activations to perform spectrotemporal analysis and localisation of source activities. We found 'encoding' and 'maintenance' operations were correlated with negative and positive changes in α-band power, respectively. Transient activities were observed during encoding of information in the bilateral cuneus, precuneus, inferior parietal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, and a sustained activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. Strong correlations were also observed between changes in α-power and behavioral performance during both encoding and maintenance. Furthermore, it was also found that individuals with higher working memory capacity experienced stronger neural oscillatory responses during the encoding of visual objects into working memory. Our results suggest an interplay between two distinct neural pathways and different spatiotemporal operations during the encoding and maintenance of information which predict individual differences in working memory capacity observed at the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Bashivan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, 38152, TN, USA
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Horowitz-Kraus T. Pinpointing the deficit in executive functions in adolescents with dyslexia performing the Wisconsin card sorting test: an ERP study. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2014; 47:208-223. [PMID: 22907884 DOI: 10.1177/0022219412453084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents with dyslexia exhibit well-established impairments in executive abilities. The Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) is an executive test that yields surprisingly inconsistent results with this population. The current study aimed to shed light on the contradictory findings in the literature regarding the performance levels by individuals with dyslexia in WCST. We used a computerized-WCST (named the 'Madrid-Card Sorting Test') assessing executive functions using the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) methodology. Adolescents with dyslexia exhibited a higher error rate and slower reaction times. This was most evident in the later trials of the series. However, differences in ERPs between the two groups were found only in the "target-locked" conditions, where individuals with dyslexia displayed decreased ERP components (N100, P300) compared to skilled readers. The changes between the groups in the "shift" compared to the "stay" conditions suggest the central role of working memory both in basic (e.g., shifting) and higher order (e.g., reading) processes in individuals with dyslexia. These findings suggest the central role of working memory both in basic (e.g., shifting) and higher order (e.g., reading) processes in individuals with dyslexia. The intact shifting mechanism and the working memory deficit may guide the building of more efficient intervention programs for individuals with dyslexia in the future.
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Yurgil KA, Golob EJ. Cortical potentials in an auditory oddball task reflect individual differences in working memory capacity. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1263-74. [PMID: 24016201 PMCID: PMC4082305 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study determined whether auditory cortical responses associated with mechanisms of attention vary with individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and perceptual load. The operation span test defined subjects with low versus high WMC, who then discriminated target/nontarget tones while EEG was recorded. Infrequent white noise distracters were presented at midline or ±90° locations, and perceptual load was manipulated by varying nontarget frequency. Amplitude of the N100 to distracters was negatively correlated with WMC. Relative to targets, only high WMC subjects showed attenuated N100 amplitudes to nontargets. In the higher WMC group, increased perceptual load was associated with decreased P3a amplitudes to distracters and longer-lasting negative slow wave to nontargets. Results show that auditory cortical processing is associated with multiple facets of attention related to WMC and possibly higher-level cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Yurgil
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA 92161
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Edward J. Golob
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
- Program in Neuroscience, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
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Fischer T, Graupner ST, Velichkovsky BM, Pannasch S. Attentional dynamics during free picture viewing: Evidence from oculomotor behavior and electrocortical activity. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:17. [PMID: 23759704 PMCID: PMC3671178 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most empirical evidence on attentional control is based on brief presentations of rather abstract stimuli. Results revealed indications for a dynamic interplay between bottom-up and top-down attentional mechanisms. Here we used a more naturalistic task to examine temporal signatures of attentional mechanisms on fine and coarse time scales. Subjects had to inspect digitized copies of 60 paintings, each shown for 40 s. We simultaneously measured oculomotor behavior and electrophysiological correlates of brain activity to compare early and late intervals (1) of inspection time of each picture (picture viewing) and (2) of the full experiment (time on task). For picture viewing, we found an increase in fixation duration and a decrease of saccadic amplitude while these parameters did not change with time on task. Furthermore, early in picture viewing we observed higher spatial and temporal similarity of gaze behavior. Analyzing electrical brain activity revealed changes in three components (C1, N1 and P2) of the eye fixation-related potential (EFRP); during picture viewing; no variation was obtained for the power in the frontal beta- and in the theta activity. Time on task analyses demonstrated no effects on the EFRP amplitudes but an increase of power in the frontal theta and beta band activity. Thus, behavioral and electrophysiological measures similarly show characteristic changes during picture viewing, indicating a shifting balance of its underlying (bottom-up and top-down) attentional mechanisms. Time on task also modulated top-down attention but probably represents a different attentional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Department of Psychology, Technische Universitaet Dresden Germany
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Papageorgiou C, Karanasiou IS, Tsianaka EI, Kyprianou M, Papadimitriou GN, Uzunoglu NK. Motive related positivity: Decision-making during a prisoners' dilemma task. J Integr Neurosci 2013; 12:183-99. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635213500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bittrich K, Schulze K, Koelsch S. Electrophysiological correlates of verbal and tonal working memory. Brain Res 2012; 1432:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jongsma MLA, Gerrits NJHM, van Rijn CM, Quiroga RQ, Maes JHR. Event related potentials to digit learning: tracking neurophysiologic changes accompanying recall performance. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 85:41-8. [PMID: 22020270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to track recall performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) across multiple trials in a digit-learning task. When a sequence is practiced by repetition, the number of errors typically decreases and a learning curve emerges. Until now, almost all ERP learning and memory research has focused on effects after a single presentation and, therefore, fails to capture the dynamic changes that characterize a learning process. However, the current study used a free-recall task in which a sequence of ten auditory digits was presented repeatedly. Auditory sequences of ten digits were presented in a logical order (control sequences) or in a random order (experimental sequences). Each sequence was presented six times. Participants had to reproduce the sequence after each presentation. EEG recordings were made at the time of the digit presentations. Recall performance for the control sequences was close to asymptote right after the first learning trial, whereas performance for the experimental sequences initially displayed primacy and recency effects. However, these latter effects gradually disappeared over the six repetitions, resulting in near-asymptotic recall performance for all digits. The performance improvement for the middle items of the list was accompanied by an increase in P300 amplitude, implying a close correspondence between this ERP component and the behavioral data. These results, which were discussed in the framework of theories on the functional significance of the P300 amplitude, add to the scarce empirical data on the dynamics of ERP responses in the process of intentional learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijtje L A Jongsma
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, DCC, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Stephane M, Ince NF, Kuskowski M, Leuthold A, Tewfik AH, Nelson K, McClannahan K, Fletcher CR, Tadipatri VA. Neural oscillations associated with the primacy and recency effects of verbal working memory. Neurosci Lett 2010; 473:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Papageorgiou C, Giannakakis GA, Nikita KS, Anagnostopoulos D, Papadimitriou GN, Rabavilas A. Abnormal auditory ERP N100 in children with dyslexia: comparison with their control siblings. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:26. [PMID: 19558644 PMCID: PMC2707365 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has implicated deficits of the working memory (WM) and attention in dyslexia. The N100 component of event-related potentials (ERP) is thought to reflect attention and working memory operation. However, previous studies showed controversial results concerning the N100 in dyslexia. Variability in this issue may be the result of inappropriate match up of the control sample, which is usually based exclusively on age and gender. METHODS In order to address this question the present study aimed at investigating the auditory N100 component elicited during a WM test in 38 dyslexic children in comparison to those of 19 unaffected sibling controls. Both groups met the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). ERP were evoked by two stimuli, a low (500 Hz) and a high (3000 Hz) frequency tone indicating forward and reverse digit span respectively. RESULTS As compared to their sibling controls, dyslexic children exhibited significantly reduced N100 amplitudes induced by both reverse and forward digit span at Fp1, F3, Fp2, Fz, C4, Cz and F4 and at Fp1, F3, C5, C3, Fz, F4, C6, P4 and Fp2 leads respectively. Memory performance of the dyslexics group was not significantly lower than that of the controls. However, enhanced memory performance in the control group is associated with increased N100 amplitude induced by high frequency stimuli at the C5, C3, C6 and P4 leads and increased N100 amplitude induced by low frequency stimuli at the P4 lead. CONCLUSION The present findings are in support of the notion of weakened capture of auditory attention in dyslexia, allowing for a possible impairment in the dynamics that link attention with short memory, suggested by the anchoring-deficit hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalabos Papageorgiou
- National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
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Azizian A, Polich J. Evidence for attentional gradient in the serial position memory curve from event-related potentials. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 19:2071-81. [PMID: 17892393 PMCID: PMC2748728 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of primacy versus recency effects in free recall is suggested to reflect either two distinct memory systems, or the operation of a single system that is modulated by allocation of attention and less vulnerable to interference. Behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERPs) measures were used to investigate the encoding substrates of the serial position curve and subsequent recall in young adults. Participants were instructed to remember lists of words consisting of 12 common nouns each presented once every 1.5 sec, with a recall signal following the last word to indicate that all remembered items should be written on paper. This procedure was repeated for 20 different word lists. Both performance and late ERP amplitudes reflected classic recall serial position effects. Greater recall and larger late positive component amplitudes were obtained for the primacy and recency items, with less recall and smaller amplitudes for the middle words. The late positive component was larger for recalled compared to unrecalled primacy items, but it did not differ between memory performance outcomes for the recency items. The close relationship between the enhanced amplitude and primacy retrieval supports the view that this positive component reflects one of a process series related to attentional gradient and encoding of events for storage in memory. Recency effects appear to index operations determined by the anticipation of the last stimulus presentation, which occurred for both recalled and unrecalled memory items. Theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Azizian
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Auditory event-related potentials during a spatial working memory task. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:1176-89. [PMID: 18313978 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sensory cortical activity can be jointly governed by bottom-up (e.g. stimulus features) and top-down (e.g. memory, attention) factors. We tested the hypothesis that auditory sensory cortical activity is affected by encoding and retrieval of spatial information. METHODS Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during working memory and passive listening conditions. Trials contained three noise bursts (two "items" at different locations, followed by a "probe"). In the working memory task subjects determined if the probe matched an item location. The influence of long-term memory was evaluated by training to one location that was always a non-match. Auditory ERPs were analyzed to items and probes (N100, P200, late positive wave-LPW). RESULTS Reaction times varied significantly among probes (trained non-match<matches<non-match). In only the Passive condition N100 and P200 amplitudes to the first item were significantly larger than the second item. Probe ERP amplitudes (N100, LPW) were comparable for match and trained non-match probes relative to non-matches. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that top-down factors during encoding modify sensory responses to successive items. Probe ERPs reflect sequence factors, such as recency and stimulus probability, and retrieval mechanisms not evident in passive listening. SIGNIFICANCE Results support a contribution of auditory cortex to working memory.
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Sumich A, Kumari V, Dodd P, Ettinger U, Hughes C, Zachariah E, Sharma T. N100 and P300 amplitude to Go and No-Go variants of the auditory oddball in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:265-77. [PMID: 18022352 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P300 amplitude reduction is reliably seen in schizophrenia. Inconsistent reports of isolated frontal and/or parietal deficits in unaffected family members may be clarified using a task that places greater load on frontal function. METHOD Go and No-Go versions of the auditory oddball task were performed by eighteen schizophrenia patients, age-matched unaffected siblings and healthy controls matched closely to unaffected siblings on age, sex, education, socioeconomic-status, handedness and ethnicity. Groups were compared on P300 and N100 amplitude and latency. Spearman correlations were used to test the relationship between ERP amplitudes and neuropsychological measures of executive function and memory. The relationship between schizotypy--as measured using the structured interview--and ERPs was explored in a combined group of siblings and controls. RESULTS Independent of task, patients had lower P300 than controls and reduced parietal amplitude compared to siblings. Siblings had enhanced frontocentral N100 compared to controls. No-Go P300 amplitude and N100 latency was associated with executive function measures. There were significant intraclass correlations between patients and siblings for No-Go P300 amplitude, particularly at the central midline electrode. Frontocentral N100 and P300 amplitude were positively correlated with anxiety-related aspects of schizotypy. CONCLUSION Enhanced N100 is present in unaffected siblings. Parietal P300 is intact in unaffected siblings, but reduced in patients. The No-Go-oddball is more sensitive than the Go-oddball to executive function deficits in patients and as an index of heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sumich
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, BIAU, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Marchand Y, Lefebvre CD, Connolly JF. Correlating digit span performance and event-related potentials to assess working memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 62:280-9. [PMID: 16797756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a computerized and modified version of the Digit Span Backwards (DB) task from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III). The modified DB version (ERP-DB task) was divided into two sections of 2, 4, 6 and 8 digits in length (Group 1) and 3, 5 and 7 digits in length (Group 2). Each trial had a study phase and a test phase. For the study phase, a series of digits was presented sequentially and aurally to 20 participants (10 for each group). For the test phase, a second series of digits was also presented sequentially and aurally that either corresponded to the reverse order of the digits in the study phase (correct condition) or had one digit in the sequence replaced by an incorrect digit (incorrect condition). The traditional DB task of the WAIS-III was also administered for comparison purposes. A prolonged positive slow wave (PSW) peaking between 450 and 750 ms was elicited to incorrect condition trials. For each participant, a derived measure was calculated from the ERP differentiation between correct and incorrect conditions. The derived measure was defined as the mean of the t-values obtained from the correct and incorrect waveform comparison, within the temporal interval that encompassed this component. The strongest statistical correlations between the derived measure and the traditional DB test scores were found at the Pz site (Group 1: r=0.79; Group 2: r=0.59). This statistical approach shows that it is possible to adequately relate an individual's performance on a traditional measure of working memory and ERP patterns. Overall, we believe that this kind of ERP approach holds promise as a technique for assessing quantitatively non-communicative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Marchand
- Institute for Biodiagnostics (Atlantic), National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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21
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Jacobs J, Hwang G, Curran T, Kahana MJ. EEG oscillations and recognition memory: Theta correlates of memory retrieval and decision making. Neuroimage 2006; 32:978-87. [PMID: 16843012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of memory retrieval have identified electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of a test item's old-new status, reaction time, and memory load. In the current study, we used a multivariate analysis to disentangle the effects of these correlated variables. During retrieval, power of left-parietal theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations increased in proportion to how well a test item was remembered, and theta in central regions correlated with decision making. We also studied how these oscillatory dynamics complemented event-related potentials. These findings are the first to demonstrate that distinct patterns of theta oscillations can simultaneously relate to different aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jacobs
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Pesonen M, Björnberg CH, Hämäläinen H, Krause CM. Brain oscillatory 1–30Hz EEG ERD/ERS responses during the different stages of an auditory memory search task. Neurosci Lett 2006; 399:45-50. [PMID: 16490308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) responses of 1-30 Hz EEG frequencies during the different stages of an auditory Sternberg memory task were examined. The ERD/ERS responses were examined separately for successive memory set items (four) and for the two recognition conditions (YES/NO). The presentation of the memory set elicited ERS responses in the theta and alpha frequencies, and also beta ERD responses. These ERD/ERS responses elicited during encoding were found to evolve with successive memory set item presentation. The ERD/ERS responses elicited during the presentation of the probe dissociated significantly between the two recognition conditions (YES/NO). When the probe was included in the memory set (YES condition), recognition elicited stronger alpha and beta frequency ERD responses as compared to the NO condition. The findings from the current study verify that alpha ERD/ERS responses robustly dissociate between auditory encoding and recognition. The increasing alpha ERS responses with increasing memory set item presentation during encoding may be correlates of the functioning phonological loop, active memory maintenance and/or attention. The alpha ERD responses during recognition are undoubtedly associated with auditory memory search processes and distinguish between previously presented versus not presented verbal material. We propose that alpha ERD/ERS responses reflect explicitly auditory memory processes, discriminating between auditory encoding and recognition. Theta ERS responses may be associated with working memory processes, and possibly more specifically with the functioning of the central executive. Beta ERD/ERS responses may reflect also cognitive and/or memory processing, rather than merely the activity of the motor cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Pesonen
- Cognitive Science Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Peters J, Suchan B, Zhang Y, Daum I. Visuo-verbal interactions in working memory: Evidence from event-related potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:406-15. [PMID: 16099628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is thought to involve separate modality-specific storage systems. Interactions between these storage systems were investigated using a novel cross-modal 2-back paradigm. 2-back, 1-back and target items were presented either visually as a verbalizable linedrawing or auditorily as a digitized spoken word. ERPs for auditory targets were primarily modulated by the presentation modality of the 2-back item, whereas ERPs for visual targets were largely modulated by presentation modality of the 1-back item. Results indicate that verbalizable pictures are only partially transformed into a phonological code for rehearsal in working memory. Furthermore, results support the idea of a more stable and persistent auditory short-term store as opposed to a more transiently activated visual store for verbalizable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Peters
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Lefebvre CD, Marchand Y, Eskes GA, Connolly JF. Assessment of working memory abilities using an event-related brain potential (ERP)-compatible digit span backward task. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:1665-80. [PMID: 15908268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 03/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effectiveness of an ERP-compatible Digit Span Backward (ERP-DB) task to determine working memory abilities in healthy participants. METHODS Participants were administered both the standard digit span backward and ERP-DB tasks. The ERP-DB task was divided into two sections, consisting of 2, 4, 6 and 8 (Group 1) and 3, 5, and 7 (Group 2) set sizes. A set of digits was aurally presented, followed by a second set that either corresponded to the reverse order of the first set (correct condition) or had one digit in the sequence replaced by an incorrect digit (incorrect condition). RESULTS Two posterior positive components were found to distinguish the two conditions; an earlier positive component (P200/P300) was elicited in the correct condition, whereas a comparatively robust and prolonged positive slow wave (PSW) was elicited in the incorrect condition. Furthermore, the PSW and the difference in PSW amplitude between incorrect and correct conditions (dPSW) dissipated as working memory load increased and were related to working memory capacity. CONCLUSIONS The PSW, dPSW and P200/P300 components were found to be associated with working memory abilities and may have the potential to act as neurophysiological markers for the assessment of working memory capacity. SIGNIFICANCE This research lends support for the utility of the ERP-DB task as a means of assessing working memory abilities, which may have implications for testing patients with expressive communication impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste D Lefebvre
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax NS, Canada B3H 4J1.
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