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Özen-Akın G, Cinan S. The lack of Aha! experience can be dependent on the problem difficulty. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1522-1539. [PMID: 38630293 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Previous research on how problem-difficulty affects solution-types of insight-problems has yielded contradictory findings. Thus, we aimed to examine the impact of problem-difficulty on solution-types in both inter- and intra-problem-difficulty contexts. For this, we employed the original 8-coin, and 9-dot problems and four hinted-versions of those that were manipulated by using hints-to-remove-sources-of-difficulty to alter their difficulty level. Those manipulations were executed based on the assumptions of constraint-relaxation and chunk-decomposition as posited by representational change theory. The study involved a total of 165 participants who were tested in five groups (33 per se), with each group receiving an original or hinted problem. Following their correct solutions, problem-solvers classified their solution-types (insight or non-insight solutions) by whether they had an Aha!-experience during the solution. Across all groups, 56.1% of correctly solved insight problems were solved with Aha!-experience, based on participants' self-reports, implying that correct solutions should not be equated with insight. Subsequently, the solution-type rates were compared for both original problems (inter-problem-difficulty) and hinted versions of those at each difficulty level (intra-problem-difficulty). Inter-problem-difficulty comparisons demonstrated that the easier 8-coin problem was more likely to be solved with insight than the harder 9-dot problem. In contrast, intra-problem-difficulty comparisons revealed that harder problems were more likely to be solved with insight. These findings suggest that problem-difficulty should be considered in future studies of insight. Finally, separate analyses on the predictive values of the cognitive-affective-dimensions on solution-types revealed that, after adjusting for problem-difficulty, problem-solvers with higher suddenness scores in both problems exhibited a significantly higher probability of generating insight solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Özen-Akın
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kırklareli University, 39100, Kayalı, Kırklareli, Türkiye.
| | - Sevtap Cinan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, 34134, Fatih, Istanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Peña-Casanova J, Sánchez-Benavides G, Sigg-Alonso J. Updating functional brain units: Insights far beyond Luria. Cortex 2024; 174:19-69. [PMID: 38492440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews Luria's model of the three functional units of the brain. To meet this objective, several issues were reviewed: the theory of functional systems and the contributions of phylogenesis and embryogenesis to the brain's functional organization. This review revealed several facts. In the first place, the relationship/integration of basic homeostatic needs with complex forms of behavior. Secondly, the multi-scale hierarchical and distributed organization of the brain and interactions between cells and systems. Thirdly, the phylogenetic role of exaptation, especially in basal ganglia and cerebellum expansion. Finally, the tripartite embryogenetic organization of the brain: rhinic, limbic/paralimbic, and supralimbic zones. Obviously, these principles of brain organization are in contradiction with attempts to establish separate functional brain units. The proposed new model is made up of two large integrated complexes: a primordial-limbic complex (Luria's Unit I) and a telencephalic-cortical complex (Luria's Units II and III). As a result, five functional units were delineated: Unit I. Primordial or preferential (brainstem), for life-support, behavioral modulation, and waking regulation; Unit II. Limbic and paralimbic systems, for emotions and hedonic evaluation (danger and relevance detection and contribution to reward/motivational processing) and the creation of cognitive maps (contextual memory, navigation, and generativity [imagination]); Unit III. Telencephalic-cortical, for sensorimotor and cognitive processing (gnosis, praxis, language, calculation, etc.), semantic and episodic (contextual) memory processing, and multimodal conscious agency; Unit IV. Basal ganglia systems, for behavior selection and reinforcement (reward-oriented behavior); Unit V. Cerebellar systems, for the prediction/anticipation (orthometric supervision) of the outcome of an action. The proposed brain units are nothing more than abstractions within the brain's simultaneous and distributed physiological processes. As function transcends anatomy, the model necessarily involves transition and overlap between structures. Beyond the classic approaches, this review includes information on recent systemic perspectives on functional brain organization. The limitations of this review are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Peña-Casanova
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Test Barcelona Services, Teià, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Jorge Sigg-Alonso
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), Queretaro, Mexico
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3
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Lewis JD, Acosta H, Tuulari JJ, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Scheinin NM, Lehtola SJ, Rosberg A, Lidauer K, Ukharova E, Saunavaara J, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Karlsson L, Karlsson H. Allometry in the corpus callosum in neonates: Sexual dimorphism. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4609-4619. [PMID: 35722945 PMCID: PMC9491283 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the human brain, allowing interhemispheric communication by connecting homologous areas of the two cerebral hemispheres. In adults, CC size shows a robust allometric relationship with brain size, with larger brains having larger callosa, but smaller brains having larger callosa relative to brain size. Such an allometric relationship has been shown in both males and females, with no significant difference between the sexes. But there is some evidence that there are alterations in these allometric relationships during development. However, it is currently not known whether there is sexual dimorphism in these allometric relationships from birth, or if it only develops later. We study this in neonate data. Our results indicate that there are already sex differences in these allometric relationships in neonates: male neonates show the adult‐like allometric relationship between CC size and brain size; however female neonates show a significantly more positive allometry between CC size and brain size than either male neonates or female adults. The underlying cause of this sexual dimorphism is unclear; but the existence of this sexual dimorphism in neonates suggests that sex‐differences in lateralization have prenatal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henriette Acosta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noora M Scheinin
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu J Lehtola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aylin Rosberg
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kristian Lidauer
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elena Ukharova
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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4
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LARGE-SCALE distributed networks and cerebral hemispheres. Cortex 2022; 152:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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People with jumping to conclusions bias tend to make context-independent decisions rather than context-dependent decisions. Conscious Cogn 2022; 98:103279. [PMID: 35093732 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beads task (BT) uses a probabilistic reasoning paradigm and reveals jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias, the tendency to make premature judgments based on insufficient information (i.e., making fewer draws to decision-DTD). In this study, healthy participants (N = 207) were tested on the 80:20 and 60:40 color ratio versions of BT. We investigated associations of JTC bias with a set of cognitive bias problems and Cognitive Bias Task (CBT), a non-veridical (agent-centered) decision-making task that determines context-dependent and context-independent decision-making bias.Results showed that the converted CBT scores were negatively, and cognitive bias scores were positively correlated with JTC bias (DTD ≤ 2) on both versions of the BT. The CBT demonstrated to have satisfactory convergent and predictive validity for JTC bias. The findings suggest that people with JTC bias fail to solve cognitive bias problems and are more likely to make context-independent response selections than context-dependent response selections.
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Buser T, Cappelen A, Gneezy U, Hoffman M, Tungodden B. Competitiveness, gender and handedness. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021; 43:101037. [PMID: 34242902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conduct an intercultural experiment in three locations on three different continents to elicit competitiveness and study whether individual differences in competitiveness are related to handedness. Being a "lefty" (i.e., having either a dominant left hand or a dominant left foot) is associated with neurological differences which are determined prenatally, and can therefore be seen as a proxy for innate differences. In large-scale data with incentivized choices from 3664 participants from India, Norway and Tanzania, we find a significant gender gap in competitiveness in all cultures. However, we find inconsistent results when comparing the competitiveness of lefties and righties. In north-east India we find that lefties of both genders are significantly more competitive than righties. In Norway we find that lefty men are more competitive than any other group, but women's competitiveness is not related to handedness. In Tanzania, we find no relationship between handedness and the competitiveness of either gender. The merged data show weak evidence of a positive correlation between being a lefty and competitiveness for men, but no such evidence for women. Thus, our data provide suggestive but not robust evidence that individual and gender differences in competitiveness are partially determined by innate factors, where innate factors are proxied by the complex, prenatally shaped trait of handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uri Gneezy
- Rady School of Management, UCSD, United States
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Tenconi E, Collantoni E, Meregalli V, Bonello E, Zanetti T, Veronese A, Meneguzzo P, Favaro A. Clinical and Cognitive Functioning Changes After Partial Hospitalization in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:653506. [PMID: 33959056 PMCID: PMC8093567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.653506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anorexia nervosa is usually associated with emotional and cognitive difficulties. Little knowledge is available about the changes in cognitive functioning in patients undergoing treatments. The aim of the present study was to longitudinally assess the impact of partial hospitalization on clinical and cognitive functioning in anorexia nervosa. Materials and Methods: 56 women with anorexia nervosa according to DSM-5 criteria and 58 healthy women were enrolled in the study. At baseline, all participants underwent clinical, diagnostic and neuropsychological assessment (T0). Patients were also assessed at the end of the treatment program (T1; n = 56). Results: BMI improved significantly throughout treatment. At baseline, patients showed significantly poorer executive abilities and less specific autobiographical memory. After the day-hospital program, decision-making abilities improved significantly. Response to treatment was predicted by BMI at admission and duration of illness, but neuropsychological performance did not contribute to the prediction model. Discussion: Cognitive difficulties, mostly regarding executive functions, resulted differently affected by clinical improvement. In particular, while cognitive monitoring and cognitive inhibition appear to be mostly stable trait-like characteristics, decision-making is both more state-dependent and sensitive to clinical status. None of the cognitive variables added information about the response to day hospital treatment; patients with short duration of illness and a rapidly decreasing BMI would benefit more from intensive interventions than less "acute" patients. These observations, if confirmed by future studies, have important clinical implications in order to understand the impact of malnutrition on cognitive functioning and to provide individualized effective treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Meregalli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Tatiana Zanetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Veronese
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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8
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Leeners B, Krüger T, Geraedts K, Tronci E, Mancini T, Ille F, Egli M, Röblitz S, Wunder D, Saleh L, Schippert C, Hengartner MP. Cognitive function in association with high estradiol levels resulting from fertility treatment. Horm Behav 2021; 130:104951. [PMID: 33561436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The putative association between hormones and cognitive performance is controversial. While there is evidence that estradiol plays a neuroprotective role, hormone treatment has not been shown to improve cognitive performance. Current research is flawed by the evaluation of combined hormonal effects throughout the menstrual cycle or in the menopausal transition. The stimulation phase of a fertility treatment offers a unique model to study the effect of estradiol on cognitive function. This quasi-experimental observational study is based on data from 44 women receiving IVF in Zurich, Switzerland. We assessed visuospatial working memory, attention, cognitive bias, and hormone levels at the beginning and at the end of the stimulation phase of ovarian superstimulation as part of a fertility treatment. In addition to inter-individual differences, we examined intra-individual change over time (within-subject effects). The substantial increases in estradiol levels resulting from fertility treatment did not relate to any considerable change in cognitive functioning. As the tests applied represent a broad variety of cognitive functions on different levels of complexity and with various brain regions involved, we can conclude that estradiol does not show a significant short-term effect on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University hospital Zürich, 8910 Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, Switzerland.
| | - Tillmann Krüger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Geraedts
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University hospital Zürich, 8910 Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, Switzerland.
| | - Enrico Tronci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy.
| | - Toni Mancini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, Italy.
| | - Fabian Ille
- Center of Competence in Aerospace Biomedical Science & Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
| | - Marcel Egli
- Center of Competence in Aerospace Biomedical Science & Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland.
| | - Susanna Röblitz
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Dorothea Wunder
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Gynecological Endocrinology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Cordula Schippert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael P Hengartner
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University for Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Zürich, Switzerland.
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Context-dependency in the Cognitive Bias Task and Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2020; 26:749-762. [PMID: 32342829 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Goldberg, the author of the "novelty-routinization" framework, suggested a new pair of cognitive styles for agent-centered decision-making (DM), context-dependency/independency (CD/CI), quantified by the Cognitive Bias Task (CBT) and supposedly reflecting functional brain hemispheric specialization. To date, there are only three lesion and activation neuroimaging studies on the CBT with the largest sample of 12 participants. The present study is the first to analyze whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), involved in contextual agent-centered DM. METHOD We compared whole-brain resting-state FC of the DLPFC between CD (n = 24) and CI (n = 22) healthy participants. Additionally, we investigated associations between CD/CI and different aspects of executive functions. RESULTS CD participants had stronger positive FC of the DLPFC with motor and visual regions; FC of the left DLPFC was more extensive. CI participants had stronger positive FC of the left DLPFC with right prefrontal and parietal-occipital areas and of the left and right DLPFC with ipsilateral cerebellar hemispheres. No sex differences were found. CD/CI had nonlinear associations with working memory. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that CD and CI are associated with different patterns of DLPFC FC. While CD is associated with FC between DLPFC and areas presumably involved in storing representations of current situation, CI is more likely to be associated with FC between DLPFC and right-lateralized associative regions, probably involved in the inhibition of the CD response and switching from processing of incoming perceptual information to creation of original response strategies.
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10
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Goto T, Higaki N, Kishimoto T, Tomotake Y, Ichikawa T. Does Periodontal Tactile Input Uniquely Increase Cerebral Blood Flow in the Prefrontal Cortex? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080482. [PMID: 32722618 PMCID: PMC7465782 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously studied the effect of peripheral sensory information from sensory periodontal ligament receptors on prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. In the dental field, an alternative dental implant without periodontal sensation can be applied for missing teeth. In this study, we examine whether periodontal tactile input could increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the PFC against elderly patients with dental implants lacking periodontal tactile (implant group), elderly individuals with natural teeth (elderly group), and young individuals with natural teeth (young group). The experimental task of maintaining occlusal force as closed-loop stimulation was performed. Compared with the young group, the elderly group showed significantly lower CBF. Contrastingly, compared with the young group, the implant group showed significantly lower CBF. There were no significant differences between the elderly and implant groups. Regarding the mean occlusal force value, compared with the young group and the elderly group, the implant group had a numerically, but not significantly, larger occlusal force exceeding the directed range. In conclusion, the periodontal tactile input does not uniquely increase PFC activity. However, increased CBF in the PFC due to the periodontal tactile input in the posterior region requires existing attention behavior function in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Goto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (N.H.); (T.K.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-633-7347
| | - Nobuaki Higaki
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (N.H.); (T.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Takahiro Kishimoto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (N.H.); (T.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Yoritoki Tomotake
- Oral Implant Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Tetsuo Ichikawa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Rehabilitation, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (N.H.); (T.K.); (T.I.)
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Commentary on “Consciousness in a multilevel architecture: Evidence from the right side of the brain” by B.M. Velichkovsky et al. Conscious Cogn 2019; 73:102753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Leeners B, Krüger THC, Geraedts K, Tronci E, Mancini T, Egli M, Röblitz S, Saleh L, Spanaus K, Schippert C, Zhang Y, Ille F. Associations Between Natural Physiological and Supraphysiological Estradiol Levels and Stress Perception. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31244718 PMCID: PMC6579809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor for impaired general, mental, and reproductive health. The role of physiological and supraphysiological estradiol concentrations in stress perception and stress processing is less well understood. We, therefore, conducted a prospective observational study to investigate the association between estradiol, stress perception, and stress-related cognitive performance within serial measurements either during the natural menstrual cycle or during fertility treatment, where estradiol levels are strongly above the physiological level of a natural cycle, and consequently, represent a good model to study dose-dependent effects of estradiol. Data from 44 women receiving in vitro fertilization (IVF) at the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology in Zurich, Switzerland was compared to data from 88 women with measurements during their natural menstrual cycle. The German version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Cognitive Bias Test (CBT), in which cognitive performance is tested under time stress were used to evaluate subjective and functional aspects of stress. Estradiol levels were investigated at four different time points during the menstrual cycle and at two different time points during a fertility treatment. Cycle phases were associated with PSQ worry and cognitive bias in normally cycling women, but different phases of fertility treatment were not associated with subjectively perceived stress and stress-related cognitive bias. PSQ lack of joy and PSQ demands related to CBT in women receiving fertility treatment but not in women with a normal menstrual cycle. Only strong changes of the estradiol level during fertility treatment were weakly associated with CBT, but not with subjectively experienced stress. Our research emphasizes the multidimensional character of stress and the necessity to adjust stress research to the complex nature of stress perception and processing. Infertility is associated with an increased psychological burden in patients. However, not all phases of the process to overcome infertility do significantly increase patient stress levels. Also, research on the psychological burden of infertility should consider that stress may vary during the different phases of fertility treatment. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02098668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann H C Krüger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Geraedts
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tronci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Toni Mancini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marcel Egli
- Centre of Competence in Aerospace Biomedical Science & Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Röblitz
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spanaus
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Schippert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian Ille
- Centre of Competence in Aerospace Biomedical Science & Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
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13
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Tulviste J, Goldberg E, Podell K, Vaht M, Harro J, Bachmann T. BDNF polymorphism in non-veridical decision making and differential effects of rTMS. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Leeners B, Kruger THC, Geraedts K, Tronci E, Mancini T, Ille F, Egli M, Röblitz S, Saleh L, Spanaus K, Schippert C, Zhang Y, Hengartner MP. Lack of Associations between Female Hormone Levels and Visuospatial Working Memory, Divided Attention and Cognitive Bias across Two Consecutive Menstrual Cycles. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:120. [PMID: 28725187 PMCID: PMC5495858 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interpretation of observational studies on associations between prefrontal cognitive functioning and hormone levels across the female menstrual cycle is complicated due to small sample sizes and poor replicability. Methods: This observational multisite study comprised data of n = 88 menstruating women from Hannover, Germany, and Zurich, Switzerland, assessed during a first cycle and n = 68 re-assessed during a second cycle to rule out practice effects and false-positive chance findings. We assessed visuospatial working memory, attention, cognitive bias and hormone levels at four consecutive time-points across both cycles. In addition to inter-individual differences we examined intra-individual change over time (i.e., within-subject effects). Results: Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone did not relate to inter-individual differences in cognitive functioning. There was a significant negative association between intra-individual change in progesterone and change in working memory from pre-ovulatory to mid-luteal phase during the first cycle, but that association did not replicate in the second cycle. Intra-individual change in testosterone related negatively to change in cognitive bias from menstrual to pre-ovulatory as well as from pre-ovulatory to mid-luteal phase in the first cycle, but these associations did not replicate in the second cycle. Conclusions: There is no consistent association between women's hormone levels, in particular estrogen and progesterone, and attention, working memory and cognitive bias. That is, anecdotal findings observed during the first cycle did not replicate in the second cycle, suggesting that these are false-positives attributable to random variation and systematic biases such as practice effects. Due to methodological limitations, positive findings in the published literature must be interpreted with reservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital ZürichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann H C Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Geraedts
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital ZürichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tronci
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Toni Mancini
- Department of Computer Science, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Fabian Ille
- Center of Competence in Aerospace, Biomedical Science and Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and ArtsLucerne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Egli
- Center of Competence in Aerospace, Biomedical Science and Technology, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and ArtsLucerne, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Röblitz
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Zuse InstituteBerlin, Germany
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital ZürichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spanaus
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital ZürichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Schippert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical SchoolHanover, Germany
| | - Yuangyuang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Hengartner
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University for Applied Sciences (ZHAW)Zurich, Switzerland
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Bennett MR, Hatton S, Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J. Behavior, neuropsychology and fMRI. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:1-25. [PMID: 27393370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists in the late 20th century began the task of identifying the part(s) of the brain concerned with normal behavior as manifest in the psychological capacities as affective powers, reasoning, behaving purposively and the pursuit of goals, following introduction of the 'functional magnetic resonance imaging' (fMRI) method for identifying brain activity. For this research program to be successful two questions require satisfactory answers. First, as the fMRI method can currently only be used on stationary subjects, to what extent can neuropsychological tests applicable to such stationary subjects be correlated with normal behavior. Second, to what extent can correlations between the various neuropsychological tests on the one hand, and sites of brain activity determined with fMRI on the other, be regarded as established. The extent to which these questions have yet received satisfactory answers is reviewed, and suggestions made both for improving correlations of neuropsychological tests with behavior as well as with the results of fMRI-based observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Sean Hatton
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain & Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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Tenconi E, Degortes D, Clementi M, Collantoni E, Pinato C, Forzan M, Cassina M, Santonastaso P, Favaro A. Clinical and genetic correlates of decision making in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 38:327-37. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Positive association of video game playing with left frontal cortical thickness in adolescents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91506. [PMID: 24633348 PMCID: PMC3954649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Playing video games is a common recreational activity of adolescents. Recent research associated frequent video game playing with improvements in cognitive functions. Improvements in cognition have been related to grey matter changes in prefrontal cortex. However, a fine-grained analysis of human brain structure in relation to video gaming is lacking. In magnetic resonance imaging scans of 152 14-year old adolescents, FreeSurfer was used to estimate cortical thickness. Cortical thickness across the whole cortical surface was correlated with self-reported duration of video gaming (hours per week). A robust positive association between cortical thickness and video gaming duration was observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left frontal eye fields (FEFs). No regions showed cortical thinning in association with video gaming frequency. DLPFC is the core correlate of executive control and strategic planning which in turn are essential cognitive domains for successful video gaming. The FEFs are a key region involved in visuo-motor integration important for programming and execution of eye movements and allocation of visuo-spatial attention, processes engaged extensively in video games. The results may represent the biological basis of previously reported cognitive improvements due to video game play. Whether or not these results represent a-priori characteristics or consequences of video gaming should be studied in future longitudinal investigations.
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Harciarek M, Malaspina D, Sun T, Goldberg E. Schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia: shared causation? Int Rev Psychiatry 2013; 25:168-77. [PMID: 23611347 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.765389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between specific genes and particular diseases in neuropsychiatry is unclear, and newer studies focus on shared domains of neurobiological and cognitive pathology across different disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for an association between schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia, including symptom similarity, familial co-morbidity, and neuroanatomical changes. Genetic as well as epigenetic findings from both schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia are also discussed. As a result, we introduce the hypothesis of a shared susceptibility for certain subgroups of schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia. This common causation may involve the same gene(s) at different stages of life: early in schizophrenia and late in frontotemporal dementia. Additionally, we provide a rationale for future research that should emphasize both genetic and cognitive parallels between certain forms of schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia in a synergistic, coordinated way, placing both in the context of aberrant lateralization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Harciarek
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Poland
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19
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Exploring the relationship between boredom and sustained attention. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:59-67. [PMID: 22729457 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Boredom is a common experience, prevalent in neurological and psychiatric populations, yet its cognitive characteristics remain poorly understood. We explored the relationship between boredom proneness, sustained attention and adult symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results showed that high boredom-prone individuals (HBP) performed poorly on measures of sustained attention and showed increased symptoms of ADHD and depression. The results also showed that HBP individuals can be characterised as either apathetic-in which the individual is unconcerned with his/her environment, or as agitated-in which the individual is motivated to engage in meaningful activities, although attempts to do so fail to satisfy. Apathetic boredom proneness was associated with attention lapses, whereas agitated boredom proneness was associated with decreased sensitivity to errors of sustained attention, and increased symptoms of adult ADHD. Our results suggest there is a complex relationship between attention and boredom proneness.
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Goldberg E, Funk BA, Podell K. How the brain deals with novelty and ambiguity: implications for neuroaesthetics. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-012-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim SM, Han DH, Lee YS, Kim JE, Renshaw PF. Changes in brain activity in response to problem solving during the abstinence from online game play. J Behav Addict 2012; 1:41-9. [PMID: 26165305 DOI: 10.1556/jba.1.2012.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have suggested that addictive disorders including substance abuse and pathologic gambling might be associated with dysfunction on working memory and prefrontal activity. We hypothesized that excessive online game playing is associated with deficits in prefrontal cortex function and that recovery from excessive online game playing might improve prefrontal cortical activation in response to working memory stimulation. METHODS Thirteen adolescents with excessive online game playing (AEOP) and ten healthy adolescents (HC) agreed to participate in this study. The severity of online game play and playing time were evaluated for a baseline measurement and again following four weeks of treatment. Brain activation in response to working memory tasks (simple and complex calculations) at baseline and subsequent measurements was assessed using BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS Compared to the HC subjects, the AEOP participants exhibited significantly greater activity in the right middle occipital gyrus, left cerebellum posterior lobe, left premotor cortex and left middle temporal gyrus in response to working memory tasks during baseline measurements. After four weeks of treatment, the AEOP subjects showed increased activity within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left occipital fusiform gyrus. After four weeks of treatment, changes in the severity of online game playing were negatively correlated with changes in the mean β value of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to complex stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the effects of online game addiction on working memory may be similar to those observed in patients with substance dependence.
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Beauty and its perception: historical development of concepts, neuroaesthetics, and gender-differences. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-012-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Goldberg E, Roediger D, Kucukboyaci NE, Carlson C, Devinsky O, Kuzniecky R, Halgren E, Thesen T. Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain. Cortex 2011; 49:200-10. [PMID: 22176871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemispheric asymmetry represents a cardinal feature of cerebral organization, but the nature of structural and functional differences between the hemispheres is far from fully understood. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging morphometry, we identified several volumetric differences between the two hemispheres of the human brain. Heteromodal inferoparietal and lateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere, as is visual cortex. Heteromodal mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere, as are somatosensory, parts of motor, and auditory cortices. Thus, heteromodal association cortices are more extensively represented on the lateral aspect of the right than in the left hemisphere, and modality-specific cortices are more extensively represented on the lateral aspect of the left than in the right hemisphere. On the mesial aspect heteromodal association cortices are more extensively represented in the left than right hemisphere.
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Cleary MJ, Scott AJ. Developments in clinical neuropsychology: implications for school psychological services. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2011; 81:1-7. [PMID: 21158859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 2000 Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health, a significant percentage of children and adolescents have emotional or behavioral problems serious enough to merit a mental health diagnosis. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 reemphasized the schools' importance in supporting cognitive and behavioral development in students, particularly those identified with learning problems. In this article, we examine the growing specialty of clinical neuropsychology and provide suggestions for integrating this field into school-based psychological services. METHODS This article provides a review of the neuropsychological bases for many childhood learning disorders and addresses how school psychologists can work with clinical neuropsychologists to better address the needs of exceptional children through neuropsychological testing. RESULTS There is substantial neurological evidence for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as disorders of reading, language, and mathematics. Close collaborative partnerships between clinical neuropsychologists and school psychologists will help develop assessment protocols that are likely to result in more effective intervention services for students with neuropsychological conditions. CONCLUSIONS Schools are being asked to support the physical, cognitive, and emotional development in students, particularly those identified with chronic physical and mental health challenges. Dissatisfaction with minimal screenings, the growing awareness of the neurology of learning disorders, and the passage of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 obliges all school-based mental health providers to consider how to fully integrate the tools of clinical neuropsychology into school-based psychological services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cleary
- Department of Public Health and Social Work, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA.
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Podell K, Gifford K, Bougakov D, Goldberg E. Neuropsychological assessment in traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010; 33:855-76. [PMID: 21093682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurological injury that can affect the cognitive, emotional, psychological, and physical functioning of an individual. The clinical neuropsychologist working with TBI patients must take a holistic approach when assessing and treating the patient and consider the patient in total, including premorbid and post-incident factors, to formulate a comprehensive and accurate picture of the patient. This approach will guide the clinician regarding multiple types of treatment the patient may require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Podell
- Division of Neuropsychology, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place-1E, Detroit, MI 48322, USA.
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26
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Fallahpour K, Clarke SD, Goldberg E, Hermens DF, Falconer EM, Gordon E. Alterations in theta activity associated with novelty and routinization processing in ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Impulsive-reflective attitude, behavioural inhibition and motor skills: Are they linked? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025409361009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to examine whether the inhibitory processes and impulsive-cognitive style can influence the emergence of coordination level among 61 children aged 3 to 5 years. Luria’s tapping tasks, Day—Night tasks, Hand—Candle tasks, Go—NoGo tasks and the Trail Making Tests of Reitan, all involving inhibitory processes, were conducted. The reflective attitude of children was determined with Kagan’s Matching Familiar Figures Test. The performances of unipedal stance, overarm throw and hopping were recorded for each child. The results showed that the inhibition task performances were correlated with coordination level for the three motor skills for the 3—4-year-olds children only. More specifically, the non-verbal inhibition was more a coordination level predictor than the verbal or delayed inhibition.
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Abstract
This study consisted of 124 brain-injured participants who were administered the Meyers Neuropsychological Battery (MNB) and (Meyers, 2003); the MNB contains commonly used neuropsychological instruments. These individuals had defined lesions on CT/MRI studies. The current study examined the performance of more modern versions of older tests and some newer neuropsychological tests to determine their sensitivity to lesion location as identified in the brain scans. The results showed 84% concordance with previously hypothesized localization results. Tables of sensitivity to various localizations were constructed along with functional maps for the various tests. These data will assist the clinician in assessing consistency in cognitive impairment across test performance. Newer versions of tests seem to perform as well or better than their previous versions for localization; although localization is not the main purpose of modern neuropsychological assessment, the current data do indicate that the modern versions of neuropsychological tests do perform generally as expected. Memory tests were found to be the most sensitive to injury regardless of the location of injury.
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Harkin BL, Mayes GM. Implicit awareness of ambiguity: A role in the development of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:861-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leiserson V, Pihl RO. Reward-Sensitivity, Inhibition of Reward-Seeking, and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Working Memory Function in Problem Gamblers not in Treatment. J Gambl Stud 2007; 23:435-55. [PMID: 17570042 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-007-9065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the central role of perseverative chasing in problem gambling, the present study sought to find evidence for three hypothesized components of perseveration in problem gamblers: reward-sensitivity dominance, deficient inhibition of reward-seeking behavior, and working memory deficits. This was the first attempt to examine working memory deficits in problem gamblers using a conditional association task, which is associated with posterior-dorsolateral prefrontal functioning. In a sample that was not in treatment, and representative in terms of comorbidity, problem gamblers performed significantly worse on the conditional association working memory tasks after controlling for general memory function, compared to demographically-matched controls. This is significant because deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal region have been consistently associated with perseveration, which suggests that problem gamblers' perseverative chasing may be associated with a working memory deficit. Problem gamblers were not significantly higher than at-risk gamblers in terms of reward-sensitivity dominance (measured as a personality trait in terms of extraversion) suggesting that it may not be specifically associated with problem gambling. Sensation-seeking was also not associated with problem gambling in a sample that corrected for the methodological problems of previous studies which examined it. The need for gambling research to focus specifically on the perseverative inability to stop gambling is emphasized, and the present findings of specific working memory deficits in problem gamblers suggest the need for further examination of working memory as a potential risk factor for problem gambling. We propose that subsequent studies examine working memory in terms of the self-regulatory capacity for goal maintenance where attention must specifically be allocated to resist interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Leiserson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1.
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Razumnikova OM, Vol'f NV. Gender differences in interhemisphere interactions during distributed and directed attention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 37:429-34. [PMID: 17505791 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-007-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of gender in the functional organization of the hemispheres was studied in relation to the conditions of focusing of attention during the memorization of competitively presented verbal information. Analysis of the reactivity of the coherence of cortical biopotentials in six frequency ranges (4-30 Hz) showed that voluntary selection of information from one auditory channel, as compared with the situation in which attention was distributed between both ears, was accompanied by an increase in the anterofrontal interaction in men and in the parietal-occipital areas of the cortex in the theta1 range in women. In the beta1 range, focusing of attention to the right or left ear during memorizing of words was associated with a contralateral increase in intrahemisphere coherence in men, while there were no significant changes in coherence in women. Changes in coherence in the theta1 and beta1 rhythms, depending on the conditions of distribution of attention and the nature of correlational connections between the reproduction of words and the patterns of reactivity of coherence in these frequency ranges, suggest that word remembering in men is associated mainly with a dominance of regulatory influences from the anterior attention system, while in women it was associated mainly with the posterior system.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Razumnikova
- State Research Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Mirabilio D, Di Tommaso S, Riccardi I, Marinelli M, Daneluzzo E, Stratta P, D'Albenzio L, Rossi A. Predictors of social cognition in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006; 2:571-6. [PMID: 19412505 PMCID: PMC2671956 DOI: 10.2147/nedt.2006.2.4.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to explore neurocognitive, clinical and community functioning variables in order to predict "social reasoning" in a sample of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder. Cognitive and community functioning, and social reasoning have been evaluated, together with the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) and DSM-IV Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), in a sample of 46 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. Our findings show that global functioning as reflected by GAF is the strongest predictor of the social reasoning as evaluated by the Wason's Selection Task (WST). Other community functioning variables such as the Life Skills Profile (LSP) sub-scores do not provide significant prediction of social reasoning. Similarly, neurocognitive measures, in terms of attention and contextual reasoning, have no predictive effect on social reasoning. Our findings show that social cognition should be considered as an additional cognitive domain more related to functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mirabilio
- Unità Operativa di Psicologia Clinica a Villa Serena - Città S. Angelo (PE) Italy.
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Verdejo-García A, Vilar-López R, Pérez-García M, Podell K, Goldberg E. Altered adaptive but not veridical decision-making in substance dependent individuals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006; 12:90-9. [PMID: 16433948 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617706060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is associated with impaired judgment in unstructured situations in which success depends on self-regulation of behavior according to internal goals (adaptive decision-making). However most executive measures are aimed at assessing decision-making in structured scenarios, in which success is determined by external criteria inherent to the situation (veridical decision-making). The aim of this study was to examine the performance of Substance Abusers (SA, n = 97) and Healthy Comparison participants (HC, n = 81) in two behavioral tasks that mimic the uncertainty inherent in real-life decision-making: the Cognitive Bias Task (CB) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (administered only to SA). A related goal was to study the interdependence between performances on both tasks. We conducted univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to contrast the decision-making performance of both groups; and used correlation analyses to study the relationship between both tasks. SA showed a marked context-independent decision-making strategy on the CB's adaptive condition, but no differences were found on the veridical conditions in a subsample of SA (n = 34) and HC (n = 22). A high percentage of SA (75%) also showed impaired performance on the IGT. Both tasks were only correlated when no impaired participants were selected. Results indicate that SA show abnormal decision-making performance in unstructured situations, but not in veridical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verdejo-García
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
Given the pervasive nature of executive deficit, assessment of executive functions is of crucial importance in neuropsychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, and other related areas. A number of neuropsychologic tests of executive function commonly are used in assessing several clinical disorders, including but not limited to traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and dementia. Because the concept of executive control in its current form constitutes an over arching construct, a construct that is based on the cognitive symptoms of the frontal lobe disorder caused by many disparate underlying conditions, no single measure of executive function can adequately tap the construct in its entirety.Therefore, it is necessary to administer several tests of executive function,each assessing a particular aspect of the executive function. An appropriate combination of such neuropsychologic tests and batteries, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower test, Stroop test, the D-KEFS, and the ECB, provides an adequate but relatively crude mechanism for assessing executive systems dysfunction. Neuroscientists continue to refine their understanding of the nature of executive control, and additional innovative procedures that reflect state-of-the-art insights of cognitive neuroscience have been introduced recently. Among a few first steps in that direction are nonveridical, actor-centered procedures such as the CBT and the Iowa Gambling Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkhonon Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Aoyagi K, Aihara M, Goldberg E, Nakazawa S. Lateralization of the frontal lobe functions elicited by a cognitive bias task is a fundamental process. Lesion study. Brain Dev 2005; 27:419-23. [PMID: 16122629 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience researchers have hypothesized that context-dependent and context-independent response selection is associated with the left and right frontal lobe, respectively, in right-handed adult males. Patients with left frontal lobe lesions show context-independent reasoning in a cognitive bias task (CBT), while those with right frontal lesions show context-dependent reasoning. Young children show more context-independent responses in a modified CBT (mCBT), while adolescents and adults show more context-dependent responses. We investigated the cognitive bias of right-handed children with unilateral frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci to explore the plasticity of lateralization in the frontal lobes. The study included eight children with left frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci (LLF) and four children with right frontal lobe lesions/epileptic foci (RLF). Twenty-three right-handed age-matched males served as controls. A computer presented version of the original card-choice task that was simplified and modified for children was used (mCBT). Simple visual stimuli differed dichotomously in shape, color, number, and shading. A target object presented alone was followed by two choices from which subjects made selection based on preference. Considering all four characteristics, the degree of similarity between the target and the subjects' choice was scored for 30 trials. A high score indicated a context-dependent response selection bias and a low score indicated a context-independent bias. The RLF subjects had a higher converted score (mean: 26.8+/-2.2), while LLF subjects showed a lower converted score (mean: 7.75+/-6.3). There were highly significant differences between LLF subjects and the other groups (P<0.001 vs. controls or RLF subjects). No significant correlations were observed between the converted scores and the age at onset, time since insult, or IQ in either LLF or RLF subjects. These findings suggest that the lateralization of frontal lobe function elicited by mCBT is fundamental and independent of language lateralization, rather than secondary to it. Furthermore, these findings also indicate that the timetable for the development of lateralized frontal lobe functions depends upon biologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakurou Aoyagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Tamaho, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Williams LM, Grieve SM, Whitford TJ, Clark CR, Gur RC, Goldberg E, Flor-Henry P, Peduto AS, Gordon E. NEURAL SYNCHRONY AND GRAY MATTER VARIATION IN HUMAN MALES AND FEMALES: AN INTEGRATION OF 40 HZ GAMMA SYNCHRONY AND MRI MEASURES. J Integr Neurosci 2005; 4:77-93. [PMID: 16035142 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635205000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent cognition requires activity to be brought together across diverse brain networks. Synchronous, in-phase oscillations in the high-frequency (40 Hz) Gamma range are thought to be one mechanism underlying the functional integration of brain networks. While sex differences have been observed across a range of cognitive functions, their role in normal cortical synchronization has not been elucidated. We recorded Gamma phase synchrony in 500 male and 500 female subjects during an auditory oddball task, which taps discrimination of task-relevant signals. Results revealed a marked sex-linked dissociation in the spatio-temporal pattern of cortical synchronization. Females showed increased Gamma synchrony in the frontal brain, while males showed enhanced synchrony in the parieto-occipital region. These differences were not accounted for by sex differences in whole brain MRI volume. However, there were positive associations between Gamma synchrony and gray matter for females, while these relationships were negative for males. Sex differences in the profile of cortical synchronization may reflect distinct aspects of evolutionary advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Williams
- The Brain Dynamics Center, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Abstract
In this paper, it is examined how neuroscience can help to understand the nature of volition by addressing the question whether volitions can be localized in the brain. Volitions, as acts of the will, are special mental events or activities by which an agent consciously and actively exercises her agency to voluntarily direct her thoughts and actions. If we can pinpoint when and where volitional events or activities occur in the brain and find out their neural underpinnings, this can substantively aid to demystify the concept of volition. After first discussing some methodological issues regarding whether it is possible to locate volition in the brain, various approaches by which neuroscientists and psychologists explore the neural correlates and substrates of volition are examined. Although different psychological conceptualizations of volition shape different perspectives toward understanding the functions of volition, the explorations of the neural basis of volition converge on certain common brain areas and structures. A unifying conception of volition that helps to make better sense of recent empirical findings is then suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100039.
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Shimoyama H, Aihara M, Fukuyama H, Hashikawa K, Aoyagi K, Goldberg E, Nakazawa S. Context-dependent reasoning in a cognitive bias task Part II. SPECT activation study. Brain Dev 2004; 26:37-42. [PMID: 14729413 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(03)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A cognitive bias task (CBT) delineates two different cognitive selection mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex. To identify functional anatomy of context-dependent reasoning, we used technetium-99mhexamethyl- propyleneamine oxime (99mTc HM-PAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and statistical parametric mapping. Twelve right-handed men 20-24 years old were instructed to look at a target card and then select the choice card (among two) that they preferred (modified CBT; mCBT). They also selected a choice card 2 weeks later without prior presentation of a target card (control task). In both tasks, 99mTc HM-PAO was injected intravenously about 15 s after initiation of the mCBT or control task. Brain images were obtained using a gamma camera and reconstructed by a UNIX-based workstation. Statistical analysis compared all activated images to control images. Results associated with P values of less than 0.01 (Z score > 2.36) were depicted on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. All subjects preferred choices more similar to the target. SPECT activation occurred bilaterally in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and middle temporal gyri during performance of the CBT. Additionally, the left inferior prefrontal cortex and left fusiform gyrus showed significant activation compared with the control task. A neural network linking the temporal and prefrontal cortices prominently seen in the left hemisphere participates in context-dependent reasoning. Knowledge of such neural systems is essential for understanding prefrontal lobe function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shimoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Tamaho-cho, Nakakomagun, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan
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40
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Aihara M, Aoyagi K, Goldberg E, Nakazawa S. Age shifts frontal cortical control in a cognitive bias task from right to left: part I. Neuropsychological study. Brain Dev 2003; 25:555-9. [PMID: 14580669 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(03)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two functionally and neurally distinct cognitive selection mechanisms involve the prefrontal lobes: those based on internal representations (context dependent) and those involving exploratory processing of novel situations (context independent). We used a cognitive bias task (CBT) representing contextual reasoning to correlate lateralization with age in the frontal lobes. Subjects included 37 healthy right-handed male children and adolescents (age range, 5-18 years). Controls were 19 right-handed men from 20 to 30 years old. A computer-presented version of the original card-choice task simplified, modified for children was used (modified CBT; mCBT). Simple visual stimuli differed dichotomously in shape, color, number, and shading. A target object presented alone was followed by two choices from which subjects selected according to preference. Considering all four characteristics, similarity between target and subject choice was scored for 30 trials. A high score implied a context-dependent response selection bias and a low score, a context-independent bias. Similarity increased significantly with age. The youngest children (5-7 years) scored lower than ages from 11 years to adulthood. Between 7 and 9 years, scores began to increase with age to reach an adult level by age 13-16. Young children showed context-independent responses representing right frontal lobe function, while adolescents and adults showed context-dependent responses implicating left frontal lobe function. The locus of frontal cortical control in right-handed male subjects thus shifts from right to left as cognitive contextual reasoning develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Aihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Tamaho-cho, Nakakomagun, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Krawczyk DC. Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neural basis of human decision making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26:631-64. [PMID: 12479840 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural basis of decision making has been an elusive concept largely due to the many subprocesses associated with it. Recent efforts involving neuroimaging, neuropsychological studies, and animal work indicate that the prefrontal cortex plays a central role in several of these subprocesses. The frontal lobes are involved in tasks ranging from making binary choices to making multi-attribute decisions that require explicit deliberation and integration of diverse sources of information. In categorizing different aspects of decision making, a division of the prefrontal cortex into three primary regions is proposed. (1) The orbitofrontal and ventromedial areas are most relevant to deciding based on reward values and contribute affective information regarding decision attributes and options. (2) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is critical in making decisions that call for the consideration of multiple sources of information, and may recruit separable areas when making well defined versus poorly defined decisions. (3) The anterior and ventral cingulate cortex appear especially relevant in sorting among conflicting options, as well as signaling outcome-relevant information. This topic is broadly relevant to cognitive neuroscience as a discipline, as it generally comprises several aspects of cognition and may involve numerous brain regions depending on the situation. The review concludes with a summary of how these regions may interact in deciding and possible future research directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Krawczyk
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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Widholm JJ, Clarkson GB, Strupp BJ, Crofton KM, Seegal RF, Schantz SL. Spatial reversal learning in Aroclor 1254-exposed rats: sex-specific deficits in associative ability and inhibitory control. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174:188-98. [PMID: 11446834 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been associated with cognitive deficits in children exposed in utero. Cognitive deficits due to PCB exposure have also been documented in animal models, but the underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for those deficits remain to be elucidated. The current study examined the effects of gestational and lactational exposure to PCBs on spatial discrimination-reversal learning (spatial RL) in rats using standard two-lever operant testing chambers. Pregnant Long-Evans rats (10/dose) received either 0 or 6 mg/kg Aroclor 1254 (A1254) po in corn oil from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21. One male and one female from each litter were tested on spatial RL beginning at 190-220 days of age. Animals were reinforced with a 45-mg food pellet for pressing the lever associated with the correct spatial location (either left or right). After reaching 85% correct performance for 2 consecutive days, the opposite spatial location was reinforced. Five of these position reversals were given. Male rats exposed to A1254 made significantly more total errors (121.6 +/- 12.5) on the first reversal than controls (90.7 +/- 5.8). In contrast, female rats exposed to A1254 exhibited deficits on the fourth and fifth reversals (23.6 +/- 4.2, 17.0 +/- 2.8 and 36.7 +/- 4.7, 26.8 +/- 2.5 for control and exposed animals, respectively). Response-pattern analyses in the A1254-exposed male and female rats revealed fundamental differences in the underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for the deficits. A1254-exposed males exhibited an increased tendency to incorrectly respond to the previously correct stimulus (i.e., perseverate) following a reversal while A1254-exposed females exhibited impairments in their ability to make new associations with a reinforced spatial location (i.e., associative deficit). These data provide new insights into the underlying behavioral mechanisms that may be responsible for the spatial learning deficits observed in PCB-exposed rodents and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Widholm
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA.
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Slewa-Younan S, Gordon E, Williams L, Haig AR, Goldberg E. Sex differences, gamma activity and schizophrenia. Int J Neurosci 2001; 107:131-44. [PMID: 11328687 DOI: 10.3109/00207450109149762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the possibility that the more favourable clinical prognosis in females with schizophrenia may be associated with their greater network interconnectedness, which is possibly reflected in enhanced "Gamma" (40 Hz) electrical brain activity. An auditory "oddball" task was administered to 35 patients with schizophrenia and 35 age and sex matched controls (25 males and 10 females). Peak Gamma amplitude (from a time series of Gamma activity averaged for 40 target stimuli, as well as the immediately preceding 40 background tones) was examined across 19 sites. Peak Gamma activity occurred 250 to 450 ms in targets and 350 to 550 ms in backgrounds. Multiple within and between group MANOVAs were undertaken analysing both Peak Gamma amplitude (microvolts) and latency (milliseconds). Within-group, the control males showed a pattern of earlier Gamma latency in the right compared with the left hemisphere (F(1, 33)=3.70, p<.06), while control females exhibited delayed latency frontally compared with the posterior region (F(1, 33)=6.25, p<.04). This male lateralization finding and the anterior/posterior gradient in females is consistent with Goldberg's model. The patient group however, failed to show this male lateralized and female frontal-posterior pattern of Gamma activity, suggesting suboptimal network integration in the patient group, in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Slewa-Younan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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44
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Peterson BS, Feineigle PA, Staib LH, Gore JC. Automated measurement of latent morphological features in the human corpus callosum. Hum Brain Mapp 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0193(200104)12:4<232::aid-hbm1018>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
Adaptive decision making and veridical decision making are based on different mechanisms. Veridical decision making is based on the identification of the correct response, which is intrinsic to the external situation and is actor-independent. Adaptive decision making is actor-centered and is guided by the actor's priorities. The prefrontal cortex is particularly critical for adaptive decision making and less so for veridical decision making. However, most experimental procedures used in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology focus on veridical decision making and ignore adaptive decision making. Innovative experimental procedures are required to characterize the contribution of the prefrontal cortex to adaptive decision making. We have designed a prototype for such procedures, the Cognitive Bias Task, and present the novel findings generated by this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goldberg
- NYU Medical Center, New York, New York 10019, USA.
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46
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Van Horn JD, Gold JM, Esposito G, Ostrem JL, Mattay V, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Changing patterns of brain activation during maze learning. Brain Res 1998; 793:29-38. [PMID: 9630492 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has found that patterns of brain activation involving the frontal cortex during novel task performance change dramatically following practice and repeat performance. Evidence for differential left vs. right frontal lobe activation, respectively, during episodic memory encoding and retrieval has also been reported. To examine these potentially related issues regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in 15 normal volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET) during the naive and practiced performance of a maze task paradigm. SPM analysis indicated a largely right-sided, frontal lobe activation during naive performance. Following training and practice, performance of the same maze task elicited a more posterior pattern of rCBF activation involving posterior cingulate and precuneus. The change in the pattern of rCBF activation between novel and practiced task conditions agrees with results found in previous studies using repeat task methodology, and indicates that the neural circuitry required for encoding novel task information differs from that required when the same task has become familiar and information is being recalled. The right-sided preponderance of activation during naive performance may relate to task novelty and the spatially-based nature of the stimuli, whereas posterior areas activated during repeat performance are those previously found to be associated with visuospatial memory recall. Activation of these areas, however, does not agree with previously reported findings of left-sided activation during verbal episodic memory encoding and right-sided activation during retrieval, suggesting different neural substrates for verbal and visuospatial processing within memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Van Horn
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH, Neuroscience Center at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, William A. White Building, SE, Washington, DC 20032, USA.
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47
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Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies into the cognitive consequences of frontal lobe epileptic dysfunction may have proved inconclusive, due to a factor not commonly accounted for: Damage or disturbance during different epochs of development may give rise to different levels of neuropsychological dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the influence of age at onset on cognitive performance in a group of subjects with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). METHODS Seventy-four subjects (42 with left, and 32 with right) FLE were classified into early (0-6 years), intermediate (7-11 years) or late onset (> or =12 years) and their performance recorded on a battery of measures assessing both executive and motor skills. RESULTS On the measures of executive functioning, no consistent pattern emerged, whereas on the measures of motor skill, the results suggested that a right-sided early onset (i.e., 0-6 years) did not impair performance compared to a later lesion within the same hemisphere. Furthermore, this sparing of performance was not observed within the left hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results suggest that individuals with differing ages of epilepsy onset will be differentially impaired on certain cognitive tasks. Several tentative ramifications of these results are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Upton
- University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Llandaff, UK
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48
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Fabiani M, Friedman D. Dissociations between memory for temporal order and recognition memory in aging. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35:129-41. [PMID: 9025117 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Young and old subjects participated in an experiment in which trials testing memory for temporal order (recency memory) and recognition memory were randomly intermixed with study trials in a continuous sequence. A dissociation was found between recency and recognition memory performance for pictorial stimuli. Relative to young adults, older adults performed at chance on recency memory trials whereas they were not impaired on recognition memory. Recency performance was correlated with measures derived from the Wisconsin Card Sorting test, whereas recognition performance was not. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the frontal lobes in temporal-order memory and of possible frontal lobe deterioration in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabiani
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
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49
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Lawson JS. Gender Issues in Electroconvulsive Therapy. Psychiatr Ann 1996. [DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-19961101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Brand EF, Das-smaal EA, De Jong PF. Subtypes of children with attention disabilities. Child Neuropsychol 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049608401356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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