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Cano LA, Gerez GD, García MS, Albarracín AL, Farfán FD, Fernández-Jover E. Decision-Making Time Analysis for Assessing Processing Speed in Athletes during Motor Reaction Tasks. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:151. [PMID: 38921845 PMCID: PMC11207928 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) is a widely used measure for testing physical performance in motor tasks. This study focused on assessing the processing speed in athletes. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were assigned to the control (n = 16) or athletes groups (n = 9). They were evaluated during motor reaction tasks based on visual stimuli and three difficulty conditions. Physiological measures were obtained from motion capture and electromyography recordings of several muscles. Two RT phases, decision-making (DMK) and electromechanical delay (EMD), were used to analyze the processing speed. The results show significant RT differences between groups. The athletes were ~30% faster compared to the control group. Despite the fact that all participants were right-handed, RT did not show any differences between hands performances in any group. However, DMK time revealed significant differences between the hands. Controls showed a longer DMK time for the right-hand election, ~20% more than the left, while athletes showed no such disparity. These findings reveal that quantifying the decision-making component of reaction time is crucial to assessing processing speed in sport. This approach could facilitate the monitoring of adaptations in both motor-cognitive and neuromuscular processes. The theoretical implications presented in this study offer perspectives on handedness research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ariel Cano
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Daniel Gerez
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - María Soledad García
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Faculty of Physical Education (FACDEF), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Av. Benjamin Araoz 750, San Miguel de Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - Ana Lía Albarracín
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
| | - Fernando Daniel Farfán
- Neuroscience and Applied Technologies Laboratory (LINTEC), Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), National University of Tucuman (UNT), Superior Institute of Biological Research (INSIBIO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Argentina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Jover
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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De Doncker W, Kuppuswamy A. Lesioned hemisphere-specific phenotypes of post-stroke fatigue emerge from motor and mood characteristics in chronic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16170. [PMID: 38069662 PMCID: PMC11141786 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Post-stroke fatigue commonly presents alongside several comorbidities. The interaction between comorbidities and their relationship to fatigue is not known. In this study, we focus on physical and mood comorbidities, alongside lesion characteristics. We predict the emergence of distinct fatigue phenotypes with distinguishable physical and mood characteristics. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, in 94 first time, non-depressed, moderate to minimally impaired chronic stroke survivors, the relationship between measures of motor function (grip strength, nine-hole peg test time), motor cortical excitability (resting motor threshold), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale-7 (FSS-7) scores, age, gender and side of stroke was established using Spearman's rank correlation. Mood and motor variables were then entered into a k-means clustering algorithm to identify the number of unique clusters, if any. Post hoc pairwise comparisons followed by corrections for multiple comparisons were performed to characterize differences among clusters in the variables included in k-means clustering. RESULTS Clustering analysis revealed a four-cluster model to be the best model (average silhouette score of 0.311). There was no significant difference in FSS-7 scores among the four high-fatigue clusters. Two clusters consisted of only left-hemisphere strokes, and the remaining two were exclusively right-hemisphere strokes. Factors that differentiated hemisphere-specific clusters were the level of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Motor characteristics distinguished the low-depressive left-hemisphere from the right-hemisphere clusters. CONCLUSION The significant differences in side of stroke and the differential relationship between mood and motor function in the four clusters reveal the heterogenous nature of post-stroke fatigue, which is amenable to categorization. Such categorization is critical to an understanding of the interactions between post-stroke fatigue and its presenting comorbid deficits, with significant implications for the development of context-/category-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William De Doncker
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Annapoorna Kuppuswamy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Hamel R, Waltzing BM, Hinder MR, McAllister CJ, Jenkinson N, Galea JM. Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:349-361. [PMID: 38479713 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor sequence learning gradually quickens reaction time, suggesting that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes. Interestingly, evidence has shown that preparing sequence movements decreases short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralateral motor cortex (M1), but also that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s. Therefore, one possibility is that sequence learning alters the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation in bilateral M1s. To examine this, two novel hypotheses were tested: unilateral sequence preparation would decrease SICI in bilateral M1s, and sequence learning would alter such bilateral SICI responses. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s to assess SICI in an index finger muscle during the preparation of sequences initiated by either the right index or little finger. In the absence of sequence learning, SICI decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s during the preparation of sequences initiated by the right index finger, suggesting that SICI decreases in bilateral M1s during unilateral motor preparation. As sequence learning progressed, SICI decreased in the contralateral M1 whilst it increased in the ipsilateral M1. Moreover, these bilateral SICI responses were observed at the onset of motor preparation, suggesting that sequence learning altered baseline SICI levels rather than the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation per se. Altogether, these results suggest that SICI responses in bilateral M1s reflect two motor processes: an acute decrease of inhibition during motor preparation, and a cooperative but bidirectional shift of baseline inhibition levels as sequence learning progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hamel
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - B M Waltzing
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Belgium Avenue Mounier 54, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M R Hinder
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine After School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - C J McAllister
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - N Jenkinson
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J M Galea
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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4
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Bencivenga F, Tullo MG, Sulpizio V, Galati G. Interhemispheric interplay between the left and right premotor cortex during grasping as assessed by dynamic causal modelling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4958. [PMID: 36973324 PMCID: PMC10042845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the contribution of the ipsilateral hemisphere to unilateral movements, and how it is mediated by transcallosal connections, has so far provided contradictory findings. By using dynamic causal modelling (DCM) and Parametric Empirical Bayes analyses applied to fMRI data, we sought to describe effective connectivity during pantomimed and imagined right-hand grasping within the grasping network, namely the anterior intraparietal sulcus, ventral and dorsal (PMd) premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex (M1). The two-fold aim of the present work was to explore a) whether right and left parieto-frontal areas show similar connectivity couplings, and b) the interhemispheric dynamics between these regions across the two hemispheres. We detected a network architecture comparable across hemispheres during executed but not imagined grasping movements. Furthermore, during pantomimed grasping the interhemispheric crosstalk was mainly driven by premotor areas: we found an inhibitory influence from the right PMd toward the left premotor and motor areas and excitatory couplings between homologous ventral premotor and supplementary motor regions. Overall, our results support the view that dissociable components of unilateral grasping execution are encoded by a non-lateralized set of brain areas complexly intertwined by interhemispheric dynamics, whereas motor imagery obeys different principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bencivenga
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Tullo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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5
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Huo C, Sun Z, Xu G, Li X, Xie H, Song Y, Li Z, Wang Y. fNIRS-based brain functional response to robot-assisted training for upper-limb in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1060734. [PMID: 36583188 PMCID: PMC9793407 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1060734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Robot-assisted therapy (RAT) has received considerable attention in stroke motor rehabilitation. Characteristics of brain functional response associated with RAT would provide a theoretical basis for choosing the appropriate protocol for a patient. However, the cortical response induced by RAT remains to be fully elucidated due to the lack of dynamic brain functional assessment tools. Objective To guide the implementation of clinical therapy, this study focused on the brain functional responses induced by RAT in patients with different degrees of motor impairment. Methods A total of 32 stroke patients were classified into a low score group (severe impairment, n = 16) and a high score group (moderate impairment, n = 16) according to the motor function of the upper limb and then underwent RAT training in assistive mode with simultaneous cerebral haemodynamic measurement by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Functional connectivity (FC) and the hemisphere autonomy index (HAI) were calculated based on the wavelet phase coherence among fNIRS signals covering bilateral prefrontal, motor and occipital areas. Results Specific cortical network response related to RAT was observed in patients with unilateral moderate-to-severe motor deficits in the subacute stage. Compared with patients with moderate dysfunction, patients with severe impairment showed a wide range of significant FC responses in the bilateral hemispheres induced by RAT with the assistive mode, especially task-related involvement of ipsilesional supplementary motor areas. Conclusion Under assisted mode, RAT-related extensive cortical response in patients with severe dysfunction might contribute to brain functional organization during motor performance, which is considered the basic neural substrate of motor-related processes. In contrast, the limited cortical response related to RAT in patients with moderate dysfunction may indicate that the training intensity needs to be adjusted in time according to the brain functional state. fNIRS-based assessment of brain functional response assumes great importance for the customization of an appropriate protocol training in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Huo
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Sun
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongcheng Xu
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglou Li
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengyong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Aids Technology and System of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zengyong Li,
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Yonghui Wang,
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6
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Song Q, Cheng X, Zheng R, Yang J, Wu H. Effects of different exercise intensities of race-walking on brain functional connectivity as assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1002793. [PMID: 36310841 PMCID: PMC9614086 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1002793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Race-walking is a sport that mimics normal walking and running. Previous studies on sports science mainly focused on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. However, there is still a lack of research on the central nervous system, especially the real-time changes in brain network characteristics during race-walking exercise. This study aimed to use a network perspective to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on brain functional connectivity. Materials and methods A total of 16 right-handed healthy young athletes were recruited as participants in this study. The cerebral cortex concentration of oxyhemoglobin was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the motor cortex (MC) and occipital cortex (OC) during resting and race-walking states. Three specific periods as time windows corresponding to different exercise intensities were divided from the race-walking time of participants, including initial, intermediate and sprint stages. The brain activation and functional connectivity (FC) were calculated to describe the 0.01-0.1 Hz frequency-specific cortical activities. Results Compared to the resting state, FC changes mainly exist between MC and OC in the initial stage, while PFC was involved in FC changes in the intermediate stage, and FC changes in the sprint stage were widely present in PFC, MC and OC. In addition, from the initial-development to the sprint stage, the significant changes in FC were displayed in PFC and MC. Conclusion This brain functional connectivity-based study confirmed that hemodynamic changes at different exercise intensities reflected different brain network-specific characteristics. During race-walking exercise, more extensive brain activation might increase information processing speed. Increased exercise intensity could facilitate the integration of neural signals such as proprioception, motor control and motor planning, which may be an important factor for athletes to maintain sustained motor coordination and activity control at high intensity. This study was beneficial to understanding the neural mechanisms of brain networks under different exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Song
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Rongna Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Jie Yang,
| | - Hao Wu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu,
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7
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Association between Motor Planning and the Frontoparietal Network in Children: An Exploratory Multimodal Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:926-936. [PMID: 34674790 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence from adult literature shows the involvement of cortical grey matter areas of the frontoparietal lobe and the white matter bundle, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in motor planning. This is yet to be confirmed in children. METHOD A multimodal study was designed to probe the neurostructural basis of childhood motor planning. Behavioural (motor planning), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data were acquired from 19 boys aged 8-11 years. Motor planning was assessed using the one and two colour sequences of the octagon task. The MRI data were preprocessed and analysed using FreeSurfer 6.0. Cortical thickness and cortical surface area were extracted from the caudal middle frontal gyrus (MFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), precentral gyrus (PcG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), superior parietal lobe (SPL) and the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) using the Desikan-Killiany atlas. The DWI data were preprocessed and analysed using ExploreDTI 4.8.6 and the white matter tract, the SLF was reconstructed. RESULTS Motor planning of the two colour sequence was associated with cortical thickness of the bilateral MFG and left SFG, PcG, IPL and SPL. The right SLF was related to motor planning for the two colour sequence as well as with the left cortical thickness of the SFG. CONCLUSION Altogether, morphology within frontodorsal circuity, and the white matter bundles that support communication between them, may be associated with individual differences in childhood motor planning.
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Merrick CM, Dixon TC, Breska A, Lin J, Chang EF, King-Stephens D, Laxer KD, Weber PB, Carmena J, Thomas Knight R, Ivry RB. Left hemisphere dominance for bilateral kinematic encoding in the human brain. eLife 2022; 11:e69977. [PMID: 35227374 PMCID: PMC8887902 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological studies in humans and nonhuman primates have revealed movement representations in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres. Inspired by clinical observations, we ask if this bilateral representation differs for the left and right hemispheres. Electrocorticography was recorded in human participants during an instructed-delay reaching task, with movements produced with either the contralateral or ipsilateral arm. Using a cross-validated kinematic encoding model, we found stronger bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere, an effect that was present during preparation and was amplified during execution. Consistent with this asymmetry, we also observed better across-arm generalization in the left hemisphere, indicating similar neural representations for right and left arm movements. Notably, these left hemisphere electrodes were centered over premotor and parietal regions. The more extensive bilateral encoding in the left hemisphere adds a new perspective to the pervasive neuropsychological finding that the left hemisphere plays a dominant role in praxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Merrick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Tanner C Dixon
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Jack Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California at IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David King-Stephens
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, California Pacific Medical CenterSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Kenneth D Laxer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, California Pacific Medical CenterSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Peter B Weber
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, California Pacific Medical CenterSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jose Carmena
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Robert Thomas Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- UC Berkeley – UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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Dixon TC, Merrick CM, Wallis JD, Ivry RB, Carmena JM. Hybrid dedicated and distributed coding in PMd/M1 provides separation and interaction of bilateral arm signals. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009615. [PMID: 34807905 PMCID: PMC8648118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pronounced activity is observed in both hemispheres of the motor cortex during preparation and execution of unimanual movements. The organizational principles of bi-hemispheric signals and the functions they serve throughout motor planning remain unclear. Using an instructed-delay reaching task in monkeys, we identified two components in population responses spanning PMd and M1. A “dedicated” component, which segregated activity at the level of individual units, emerged in PMd during preparation. It was most prominent following movement when M1 became strongly engaged, and principally involved the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast to recent reports, these dedicated signals solely accounted for divergence of arm-specific neural subspaces. The other “distributed” component mixed signals for each arm within units, and the subspace containing it did not discriminate between arms at any stage. The statistics of the population response suggest two functional aspects of the cortical network: one that spans both hemispheres for supporting preparatory and ongoing processes, and another that is predominantly housed in the contralateral hemisphere and specifies unilateral output. The motor cortex of the brain primarily controls the opposite side of the body, yet neural activity in this area is often observed during movements of either arm. To understand the functional significance of these signals we must first characterize how they are organized across the neural network. Are there patterns of activity that are unique to a single arm? Are there other patterns that reflect shared functions? Importantly, these features may change across time as motor plans are developed and executed. In this study, we analyzed the responses of individual neurons in the motor cortex and modeled their patterns of co-activity across the population to characterize the changes that distinguish left and right arm use. Across preparation and execution phases of the task, we found that signals became gradually more segregated. Despite many neurons modulating in association with either arm, those that were more dedicated to a single (typically contralateral) limb accounted for a disproportionately large amount of the variance. However, there were also weaker patterns of activity that did not distinguish between the two arms at any stage. These results reveal a heterogeneity in the motor cortex that highlights both independent and interactive components of reaching signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C. Dixon
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina M. Merrick
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joni D. Wallis
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Ivry
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Carmena
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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10
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Kusano T, Kurashige H, Nambu I, Moriguchi Y, Hanakawa T, Wada Y, Osu R. Wrist and finger motor representations embedded in the cerebral and cerebellar resting-state activation. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2307-2319. [PMID: 34236531 PMCID: PMC8354910 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that resting-state brain activity consists of multiple components, each corresponding to the spatial pattern of brain activity induced by performing a task. Especially in a movement task, such components have been shown to correspond to the brain activity pattern of the relevant anatomical region, meaning that the voxels of pattern that are cooperatively activated while using a body part (e.g., foot, hand, and tongue) also behave cooperatively in the resting state. However, it is unclear whether the components involved in resting-state brain activity correspond to those induced by the movement of discrete body parts. To address this issue, in the present study, we focused on wrist and finger movements in the hand, and a cross-decoding technique trained to discriminate between the multi-voxel patterns induced by wrist and finger movement was applied to the resting-state fMRI. We found that the multi-voxel pattern in resting-state brain activity corresponds to either wrist or finger movements in the motor-related areas of each hemisphere of the cerebrum and cerebellum. These results suggest that resting-state brain activity in the motor-related areas consists of the components corresponding to the elementary movements of individual body parts. Therefore, the resting-state brain activity possibly has a finer structure than considered previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kusano
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kurashige
- Research and Information Center, Tokai University, 2-3-23 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8619, Japan.
| | - Isao Nambu
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Yoshiya Moriguchi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.,Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- The Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, 2-2-2 Hikaridai Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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11
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Tisseyre J, Amarantini D, Tallet J. Behavioural and cerebral asymmetries of mirror movements are specific to rhythmic task and related to higher attentional and executive control. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113429. [PMID: 34175358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mirror movements (MM) refer to the involuntary movements or contractions occurring in homologous muscles contralateral to the unilateral voluntary movements. This behavioural manifestation increases in elderly. In right-handed adults, some studies report asymmetry in MM production, with greater MM in the right dominant hand during voluntary movements of the left non-dominant hand than the opposite. However, other studies report contradictory results, suggesting that MM asymmetry could depend on the characteristics of the task. The present study investigates the behavioural asymmetry of MM and its associated cerebral correlates during a rhythmic task and a non-rhythmic task using low-force contractions (i.e., 25 % MVC). We determined the quantity and the intensity of MM using electromyography (EMG) and cerebral correlates through electroencephalography (EEG) in right-handed healthy young and middle-aged adults during unimanual rhythmic vs. non-rhythmic tasks. Overall, results revealed (1) behavioural asymmetry of MM specific to the rhythmic task and irrespective of age, (2) cerebral asymmetry of motor activations specific to the rhythmic task and irrespective of age and (3) greater attentional and executive activations in the rhythmic task compared to the non-rhythmic task. In line with our hypotheses, behavioural and cerebral motor asymmetries of MM seem to be specific to the rhythmic task. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive-motor interactions: greater attentional and executive control required in the rhythmic tasks could contribute to the increased occurrence of involuntary movements in both young and middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tisseyre
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - David Amarantini
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Tallet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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12
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Porcaro C, Mayhew SD, Bagshaw AP. Role of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex in the Visuo-Motor Network During Fine Contractions and Accurate Performance. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150011. [PMID: 33622198 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that continuous sensory feedback plays a crucial role in accurate motor control in everyday life. Feedback information is used to adapt force output and to correct errors. While primary motor cortex contralateral to the movement (cM1) plays a dominant role in this control, converging evidence supports the idea that ipsilateral primary motor cortex (iM1) also directly contributes to hand and finger movements. Similarly, when visual feedback is available, primary visual cortex (V1) and its interactions with the motor network also become important for accurate motor performance. To elucidate this issue, we performed and integrated behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) measurements during isometric compression of a compliant rubber bulb, at 10% and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, both with and without visual feedback. We used a semi-blind approach (functional source separation (FSS)) to identify separate functional sources of mu-frequency (8-13[Formula: see text]Hz) EEG responses in cM1, iM1 and V1. Here for the first time, we have used orthogonal FSS to extract multiple sources, by using the same functional constraint, providing the ability to extract different sources that oscillate in the same frequency range but that have different topographic distributions. We analyzed the single-trial timecourses of mu power event-related desynchronization (ERD) in these sources and linked them with force measurements to understand which aspects are most important for good task performance. Whilst the amplitude of mu power was not related to contraction force in any of the sources, it was able to provide information on performance quality. We observed stronger ERDs in both contralateral and ipsilateral motor sources during trials where contraction force was most consistently maintained. This effect was most prominent in the ipsilateral source, suggesting the importance of iM1 to accurate performance. This ERD effect was sustained throughout the duration of visual feedback trials, but only present at the start of no feedback trials, consistent with more variable performance in the absence of feedback. Overall, we found that the behavior of the ERD in iM1 was the most informative aspect concerning the accuracy of the contraction performance, and the ability to maintain a steady level of contraction. This new approach of using FSS to extract multiple orthogonal sources provides the ability to investigate both contralateral and ipsilateral nodes of the motor network without the need for additional information (e.g. electromyography). The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio provided by FSS opens the possibility of extracting complex EEG features on an individual trial basis, which is crucial for a more nuanced understanding of fine motor performance, as well as for applications in brain-computer interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Porcaro
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, (ISTC) - National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,S. Anna Institute and Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), Crotone, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering - Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Matsumoto T, Watanabe T, Kuwabara T, Yunoki K, Chen X, Kubo N, Kirimoto H. Excitability of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex During Unilateral Goal-Directed Movement. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:617146. [PMID: 33679346 PMCID: PMC7925409 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.617146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have revealed that the activity of the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand (ipsi-M1) plays an important role in motor control. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ipsi-M1 excitability would be influenced by goal-directed movement and laterality during unilateral finger movements. Method Ten healthy right-handed subjects performed four finger tapping tasks with the index finger: (1) simple tapping (Tap) task, (2) Real-word task, (3) Pseudoword task, and (4) Visually guided tapping (VT) task. In the Tap task, the subject performed self-paced simple tapping on a touch screen. In the real-word task, the subject tapped letters displayed on the screen one by one to create a Real-word (e.g., apple). Because the action had a specific purpose (i.e., creating a word), this task was considered to be goal-directed as compared to the Tap task. In the Pseudoword task, the subject tapped the letters to create a pseudoword (e.g., gdiok) in the same manner as in the Real-word task; however, the word was less meaningful. In the VT task, the subject was required to touch a series of illuminated buttons. This task was considered to be less goal-directed than the Pseudoword task. The tasks were performed with the right and left hand, and a rest condition was added as control. Single- and paired-pulse TMS were applied to the ipsi-M1 to measure corticospinal excitability and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) in the resting first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Results We found the smaller SICI in the ipsi-M1 during the VT task compared with the resting condition. Further, both SICI and LICI were smaller in the right than in the left M1, regardless of the task conditions. Discussion We found that SICI in the ipsi-M1 is smaller during visual illumination-guided finger movement than during the resting condition. Our finding provides basic data for designing a rehabilitation program that modulates the M1 ipsilateral to the moving limb, for example, for post-stroke patients with severe hemiparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuwabara
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yunoki
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nami Kubo
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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You Y, Correas A, Jao Keehn RJ, Wagner LC, Rosen BQ, Beaton LE, Gao Y, Brocklehurst WT, Fishman I, Müller RA, Marinkovic K. MEG Theta during Lexico-Semantic and Executive Processing Is Altered in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1116-1130. [PMID: 33073290 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have revealed atypical activation during language and executive tasks in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the spatiotemporal stages of processing associated with these dysfunctions remain poorly understood. Using an anatomically constrained magnetoencephalography approach, we examined event-related theta oscillations during a double-duty lexical decision task that combined demands on lexico-semantic processing and executive functions. Relative to typically developing peers, high-functioning adolescents with ASD had lower performance accuracy on trials engaging selective semantic retrieval and cognitive control. They showed an early overall theta increase in the left fusiform cortex followed by greater activity in the left-lateralized temporal (starting at ~250 ms) and frontal cortical areas (after ~450 ms) known to contribute to language processing. During response preparation and execution, the ASD group exhibited elevated theta in the anterior cingulate cortex, indicative of greater engagement of cognitive control. Simultaneously increased activity in the ipsilateral motor cortex may reflect a less lateralized and suboptimally organized motor circuitry. Spanning early sensory-specific and late response selection stages, the higher event-related theta responsivity in ASD may indicate compensatory recruitment to offset inefficient lexico-semantic retrieval under cognitively demanding conditions. Together, these findings provide further support for atypical language and executive functions in high-functioning ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi You
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Angeles Correas
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - R Joanne Jao Keehn
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Laura C Wagner
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Burke Q Rosen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauren E Beaton
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Yangfeifei Gao
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | | | - Inna Fishman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Downey JE, Quick KM, Schwed N, Weiss JM, Wittenberg GF, Boninger ML, Collinger JL. The Motor Cortex Has Independent Representations for Ipsilateral and Contralateral Arm Movements But Correlated Representations for Grasping. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5400-5409. [PMID: 32494819 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor commands for the arm and hand generally arise from the contralateral motor cortex, where most of the relevant corticospinal tract originates. However, the ipsilateral motor cortex shows activity related to arm movement despite the lack of direct connections. The extent to which the activity related to ipsilateral movement is independent from that related to contralateral movement is unclear based on conflicting conclusions in prior work. Here we investigate bilateral arm and hand movement tasks completed by two human subjects with intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in the left hand and arm area of the motor cortex. Neural activity was recorded while they attempted to perform arm and hand movements in a virtual environment. This enabled us to quantify the strength and independence of motor cortical activity related to continuous movements of each arm. We also investigated the subjects' ability to control both arms through a brain-computer interface. Through a number of experiments, we found that ipsilateral arm movement was represented independently of, but more weakly than, contralateral arm movement. However, the representation of grasping was correlated between the two hands. This difference between hand and arm representation was unexpected and poses new questions about the different ways the motor cortex controls the hands and arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Downey
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 1523, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Kristin M Quick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Nathaniel Schwed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - George F Wittenberg
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Michael L Boninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States
| | - Jennifer L Collinger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 1523, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States
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16
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Barany DA, Revill KP, Caliban A, Vernon I, Shukla A, Sathian K, Buetefisch CM. Primary motor cortical activity during unimanual movements with increasing demand on precision. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:728-739. [PMID: 32727264 PMCID: PMC7509291 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00546.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, performance of unilateral hand movements is associated with primary motor cortex activity ipsilateral to the moving hand (M1ipsi), in addition to contralateral activity (M1contra). The magnitude of M1ipsi activity increases with the demand on precision of the task. However, it is unclear how demand-dependent increases in M1ipsi recruitment relate to the control of hand movements. To address this question, we used fMRI to measure blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity during performance of a task that varied in demand on precision. Participants (n = 23) manipulated an MRI-compatible joystick with their right or left hand to move a cursor into targets of different sizes (small, medium, large, extra large). Performance accuracy, movement time, and number of velocity peaks scaled with target size, whereas reaction time, maximum velocity, and initial direction error did not. In the univariate analysis, BOLD activation in M1contra and M1ipsi was higher for movements to smaller targets. Representational similarity analysis, corrected for mean activity differences, revealed multivoxel BOLD activity patterns during movements to small targets were most similar to those for medium targets and least similar to those for extra-large targets. Only models that varied with demand (target size, performance accuracy, and number of velocity peaks) correlated with the BOLD dissimilarity patterns, though differently for right and left hands. Across individuals, M1contra and M1ipsi similarity patterns correlated with each other. Together, these results suggest that increasing demand on precision in a unimanual motor task increases M1 activity and modulates M1 activity patterns.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) predominantly controls unilateral hand movements, but the role of ipsilateral M1 is unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how M1 activity is modulated by unimanual movements at different levels of demand on precision. Our results show that task characteristics related to demand on precision influence bilateral M1 activity, suggesting that in addition to contralateral M1, ipsilateral M1 plays a key role in controlling hand movements to meet performance precision requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashwin Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - K Sathian
- Departments of Neurology and Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Chettouf S, Rueda-Delgado LM, de Vries R, Ritter P, Daffertshofer A. Are unimanual movements bilateral? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Barry AJ, Triandafilou KM, Stoykov ME, Bansal N, Roth EJ, Kamper DG. Survivors of Chronic Stroke Experience Continued Impairment of Dexterity But Not Strength in the Nonparetic Upper Limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1170-1175. [PMID: 32113974 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of the less affected upper limb in people with stroke compared with normative values. To examine less affected upper limb function in those whose prestroke dominant limb became paretic and those whose prestroke nondominant limb became paretic. DESIGN Cohort study of survivors of chronic stroke (7.2±6.7y post incident). SETTING The study was performed at a freestanding academic rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS Survivors of chronic stroke (N=40) with severe hand impairment (Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment rating of 2-3 on Stage of Hand) participated in the study. In 20 participants the prestroke dominant hand (DH) was tested (nondominant hand [NH] affected by stroke), and in 20 participants the prestroke NH was tested (DH affected by stroke). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. Data from survivors of stroke were compared with normative age- and sex-matched data from neurologically intact individuals. RESULTS When combined, DH and NH groups performed significantly worse on fine motor tasks with their nonparetic hand relative to normative data (P<.007 for all measures). Even the participants who continued to use their prestroke DH as their primary hand after the stroke demonstrated reduced fine motor skills compared with normative data. In contrast, grip strength was not significantly affected in either group of survivors of stroke (P>.140). CONCLUSIONS Survivors of stroke with severe impairment of the paretic limb continue to present significant upper extremity impairment in their nominally nonparetic limb even years after stroke. This phenomenon was observed regardless of whether the DH or NH hand was primarily affected. Because this group of survivors of stroke is especially dependent on the nonparetic limb for performing functional tasks, our results suggest that the nonparetic upper limb should be targeted for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naveen Bansal
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elliot J Roth
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek G Kamper
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Closed-Loop Engineering for Advanced Rehabilitation Research Core, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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19
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Wilkins KB, Yao J. Coordination of multiple joints increases bilateral connectivity with ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116344. [PMID: 31730924 PMCID: PMC7192312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most activities of daily life require simultaneous coordination of both proximal and distal joints, motor preparation during such movements has not been well studied. Previous results for motor preparation have focused on hand/finger movements. For simple hand/finger movements, results have found that such movements typically evoke activity primarily in the contralateral motor cortices. However, increasing the complexity of the finger movements, such as during a distal sequential finger-pressing task, leads to additional recruitment of ipsilateral resources. It has been suggested that this involvement of the ipsilateral hemisphere is critical for temporal coordination of distal joints. The goal of the current study was to examine whether increasing simultaneous coordination of multiple joints (both proximal and distal) leads to a similar increase in coupling with ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices during motor preparation compared to a simple distal movement such as hand opening. To test this possibility, 12 healthy individuals participated in a high-density EEG experiment in which they performed either hand opening or simultaneous hand opening while lifting at the shoulder on a robotic device. We quantified within- and cross-frequency cortical coupling across the sensorimotor cortex for the two tasks using dynamic causal modeling. Both hand opening and simultaneous hand opening while lifting at the shoulder elicited coupling from secondary motor areas to primary motor cortex within the contralateral hemisphere exclusively in the beta band, as well as from ipsilateral primary motor cortex. However, increasing the task complexity by combining hand opening while lifting at the shoulder also led to an increase in cross-frequency coupling within the ipsilateral hemisphere including theta, beta, and gamma frequencies, as well as a change in the coupling frequency of the interhemispheric coupling between the primary motor and premotor cortices. These findings demonstrate that increasing the demand of joint coordination between proximal and distal joints leads to increases in communication with the ipsilateral hemisphere as previously observed in distal sequential finger tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Wilkins
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience, Northwestern University, 320 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience, Northwestern University, 320 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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20
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Pinet S, Dell GS, Alario FX. Tracking Keystroke Sequences at the Cortical Level Reveals the Dynamics of Serial Order Production. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1030-1043. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Response selection is often studied by examining single responses, although most actions are performed within an overarching sequence. Understanding processes that order and execute items in a sequence is thus essential to give a complete picture of response selection. In this study, we investigate response selection by comparing single responses and response sequences as well as unimanual and bimanual sequences. We recorded EEG while participants were typing one- or two-keystroke sequences. Irrespective of stimulus modality (visual or auditory), response-locked analysis revealed distinct contralateral and ipsilateral components previously associated with activation and inhibition of alternative responses. Unimanual sequences exhibited a similar activation/inhibition pattern as single responses, but with the activation component of the pattern expressed more strongly, reflecting the fact that the hand will be used for two strokes. In contrast, bimanual sequences were associated with successive activation of each of the corresponding motor cortices controlling each keystroke and no traceable inhibitory component. In short, the activation component of the two-keystroke sequence EEG pattern can be understood from the addition of activation components of single-stroke sequences; the inhibition of the hand not being used is only evidenced when that hand is not planned for the next stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Pinet
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LPC
- Johns Hopkins University
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21
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Chye L, Riek S, de Rugy A, Carson RG, Carroll TJ. Unilateral movement preparation causes task-specific modulation of TMS responses in the passive, opposite limb. J Physiol 2018; 596:3725-3738. [PMID: 29775218 DOI: 10.1113/jp275433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Activity in the primary motor cortices of both hemispheres increases during unilateral movement preparation, but the functional role of ipsilateral motor cortex activity is unknown. Ipsilateral motor cortical activity could represent subliminal 'motor planning' for the passive limb. Alternatively, it could represent the state of the active limb, to support coordination between the limbs should a bimanual movement be required. Here we assessed how preparation of forces toward different directions, with the left wrist, alters evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of left motor cortex. Preparation of a unilateral movement caused excitability increases in ipsilateral motor cortex that reflected forces produced with the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. These results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb. ABSTRACT Corticospinal excitability is modulated for muscles on both sides of the body during unilateral movement preparation. For the effector, there is a progressive increase in excitability, and a shift in direction of muscle twitches evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) toward the impending movement. By contrast, the directional characteristics of excitability changes in the opposite (passive) limb have not been fully characterized. Here we assessed how preparation of voluntary forces towards four spatially distinct visual targets with the left wrist alters muscle twitches and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS of left motor cortex. MEPs were facilitated significantly more in muscles homologous to agonist rather than antagonist muscles in the active limb, from 120 ms prior to voluntary EMG onset. Thus, unilateral motor preparation has a directionally specific influence on pathways projecting to the opposite limb that corresponds to the active muscles rather than the direction of movement in space. The directions of TMS-evoked twitches also deviated toward the impending force direction of the active limb, according to muscle-based coordinates, following the onset of voluntary EMG. The data indicate that preparation of a unilateral movement increases task-dependent excitability in ipsilateral motor cortex, or its downstream projections, that reflects the forces applied by the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. The results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chye
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephan Riek
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard G Carson
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Säfström D, Domellöf E. Brain activations supporting linking of action phases in a sequential manual task. Neuroimage 2018; 172:608-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Mason J, Frazer AK, Horvath DM, Pearce AJ, Avela J, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Ipsilateral corticomotor responses are confined to the homologous muscle following cross-education of muscular strength. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:11-22. [PMID: 28829918 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education of strength occurs when strength-training 1 limb increases the strength of the untrained limb and is restricted to the untrained homologous muscle. Cortical circuits located ipsilateral to the trained limb might be involved. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine the corticomotor responses from the untrained homologous (biceps brachii) and nonhomologous (flexor carpi radialis) muscle following strength-training of the right elbow flexors. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the untrained left biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis during a submaximal contraction from 20 individuals (10 women, 10 men; aged 18-35 years; training group, n = 10; control group, n = 10) before and after 3 weeks of strength-training the right biceps brachii at 80% of 1-repetition maximum. Recruitment-curves for corticomotor excitability and inhibition of the untrained homologous and nonhomologous muscle were constructed and assessed by examining the area under the recruitment curve. Strength-training increased strength of the trained elbow flexors (29%), resulting in an 18% increase in contralateral strength of the untrained elbow flexors (P < 0.0001). The trained wrist flexors increased by 19%, resulting in a 12% increase in strength of the untrained wrist flexors (P = 0.005). TMS showed increased corticomotor excitability and decreased corticomotor inhibition for the untrained homologous muscle (P < 0.05); however, there were no changes in the untrained nonhomologous muscle (P > 0.05). These findings show that the cross-education of muscular strength is spatially distributed; however, the neural adaptations are confined to the motor pathway ipsilateral to the untrained homologous agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
| | - Deanna M Horvath
- b Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- c Discipline of Sport & Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- d Department of Biology and Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- e Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK.,f Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
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24
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Volz LJ, Vollmer M, Michely J, Fink GR, Rothwell JC, Grefkes C. Time-dependent functional role of the contralesional motor cortex after stroke. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:165-174. [PMID: 28794977 PMCID: PMC5540833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After stroke, movements of the paretic hand rely on altered motor network dynamics typically including additional activation of the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1). The functional implications of contralesional M1 recruitment to date remain a matter of debate. We here assessed the role of contralesional M1 in 12 patients recovering from a first-ever stroke using online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Short bursts of TMS were administered over contralesional M1 or a control site (occipital vertex) while patients performed different motor tasks with their stroke-affected hand. In the early subacute phase (1–2 weeks post-stroke), we observed significant improvements in maximum finger tapping frequency when interfering with contralesional M1, while maximum grip strength and speeded movement initiation remained unaffected. After > 3 months of motor recovery, disruption of contralesional M1 activity did not interfere with performance in any of the three tasks, similar to what we observed in healthy controls. In patients with mild to moderate motor deficits, contralesional M1 has a task- and time-specific negative influence on motor performance of the stroke-affected hand. Our results help to explain previous contradicting findings on the role of contralesional M1 in recovery of function. Online TMS to contralesional M1 improves movement frequency in subacute but not chronic stroke. No effects were observed for grip strength or speeded movement initiation. Contralesional M1 has a task- and time-specific negative influence on motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Volz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - M Vollmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - J Michely
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | - G R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany
| | - J C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - C Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Germany
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25
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Corticospinal and transcallosal modulation of unilateral and bilateral contractions of lower limbs. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2197-2214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Wischnewski M, Kowalski GM, Rink F, Belagaje SR, Haut MW, Hobbs G, Buetefisch CM. Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2803-13. [PMID: 26961108 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1 on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a left-hand motor task. Ten healthy participants manipulated a joystick to point to targets of two different sizes. For aIHI, the conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to iM1, and the test stimulus (TS) to cM1, with an interstimulus interval of 10 ms. The amount of the inhibitory effect of the CS on the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the subsequent TS was expressed as percentage of the mean MEP amplitude evoked by the single TS. Across different time points of aIHI measurements in the premovement period, there was a significant effect for target size on aIHI. Preparing to point to small targets was associated with weaker aIHI compared with pointing to large targets. The present findings suggest that, during the premovement period, aIHI from iM1 on cM1 is modulated by the demand on accuracy of the motor task. This is consistent with task fMRI findings showing bilateral M1 activation during high-precision movements but only unilateral M1 activity during low-precision movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samir R Belagaje
- Department of Neurology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Gerald Hobbs
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Department of Neurology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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27
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McGrath RL, Kantak SS. Reduced asymmetry in motor skill learning in left-handed compared to right-handed individuals. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 45:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Gabitov E, Manor D, Karni A. Learning from the other limb's experience: sharing the 'trained' M1 representation of the motor sequence knowledge. J Physiol 2015; 594:169-88. [PMID: 26442464 PMCID: PMC4704505 DOI: 10.1113/jp270184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Participants were scanned during the untrained‐hand performance of a motor sequence, intensively trained a day earlier, and also a similarly constructed but novel, untrained sequence. The superior performance levels for the trained, compared to the untrained sequence, were associated with a greater magnitude of activity within the primary motor cortex (M1), bilaterally, for the trained sequence. The differential responses in the ‘trained’ M1, ipsilateral to the untrained hand, were positively correlated with experience‐related differences in the functional connectivity between the ‘trained’ M1 and (1) its homologue and (2) the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) within the contralateral hemisphere. No significant correlation was evident between experience‐related differences in M1 – M1 and M1 – PMd connectivity measures. These results suggest that the transfer of sequence‐specific information between the two primary motor cortices is predominantly mediated by excitatory mechanisms driven by the ‘trained’ M1 via two independent neural pathways.
Abstract Following unimanual training on a novel sequence of movements, sequence‐specific performance may improve overnight not only in the trained hand, but also in the hand afforded no actual physical experience. It is not clear, however, how transfer to the untrained hand is achieved. In the present study, we examined whether and how interaction between the two primary motor cortices contributes to the performance of a sequence of movements, extensively trained the day before, by the untrained hand. Acordingly, we studied participants during the untrained‐hand performance of a finger‐to‐thumb opposition sequence (FOS), intensively trained a day earlier (T‐FOS), and a similarly constructed, but novel, untrained FOS (U‐FOS). Changes in neural signals driven by task performance were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. To minimize potential differences as a result of the rate of sequence execution per se, participants performed both sequences at an identical paced rate. The analyses showed that the superior fluency in executing the T‐FOS compared to the U‐FOS was associated with higher activity within the primary motor cortex (M1), bilaterally, for the T‐FOS. The differential responses in the ‘trained’ M1 were positively correlated with experience‐related differences in the functional connectivity between the ‘trained’ M1 and (1) its left homologue and (2) the left dorsal premotor cortex. However, no significant correlation was evident between the changes in connectivity in these two routes. These results suggest that the transfer of sequence‐specific information between the two primary motor cortices is predominantly mediated by excitatory mechanisms driven by the ‘trained’ M1 via at least two independent neural pathways. Participants were scanned during the untrained‐hand performance of a motor sequence, intensively trained a day earlier, and also a similarly constructed but novel, untrained sequence. The superior performance levels for the trained, compared to the untrained sequence, were associated with a greater magnitude of activity within the primary motor cortex (M1), bilaterally, for the trained sequence. The differential responses in the ‘trained’ M1, ipsilateral to the untrained hand, were positively correlated with experience‐related differences in the functional connectivity between the ‘trained’ M1 and (1) its homologue and (2) the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) within the contralateral hemisphere. No significant correlation was evident between experience‐related differences in M1 – M1 and M1 – PMd connectivity measures. These results suggest that the transfer of sequence‐specific information between the two primary motor cortices is predominantly mediated by excitatory mechanisms driven by the ‘trained’ M1 via two independent neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Gabitov
- The EJ Safra Brain Research Centre for Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Laboratory of Human Brain and Learning, The Sagol Department of Neurobiology and the Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Manor
- The Laboratory of Human Brain and Learning, The Sagol Department of Neurobiology and the Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,FMRI Unit, Department of Medical Imaging, C. Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- The EJ Safra Brain Research Centre for Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Laboratory of Human Brain and Learning, The Sagol Department of Neurobiology and the Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,FMRI Unit, Department of Medical Imaging, C. Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel
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29
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Buetefisch CM. Role of the Contralesional Hemisphere in Post-Stroke Recovery of Upper Extremity Motor Function. Front Neurol 2015; 6:214. [PMID: 26528236 PMCID: PMC4607877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of optimal treatment strategies to improve recovery is limited by the incomplete understanding of the neurobiological principles of recovery. Motor cortex (M1) reorganization of the lesioned hemisphere (ipsilesional M1) plays a major role in post-stroke motor recovery and is a primary target for rehabilitation therapy. Reorganization of M1 in the hemisphere contralateral to the stroke (contralesional M1) may, however, serve as an additional source of cortical reorganization and related recovery. The extent and outcome of such reorganization depends on many factors, including lesion size and time since stroke. In the chronic phase post-stroke, contralesional M1 seems to interfere with motor function of the paretic limb in a subset of patients, possibly through abnormally increased inhibition of lesioned M1 by the contralesional M1. In such patients, decreasing contralesional M1 excitability by cortical stimulation results in improved performance of the paretic limb. However, emerging evidence suggests a potentially supportive role of contralesional M1. After infarction of M1 or its corticospinal projections, there is abnormally increased excitatory neural activity and activation in contralesional M1 that correlates with favorable motor recovery. Decreasing contralesional M1 excitability in these patients may result in deterioration of paretic limb performance. In animal stroke models, reorganizational changes in contralesional M1 depend on the lesion size and rehabilitation treatment and include long-term changes in neurotransmitter systems, dendritic growth, and synapse formation. While there is, therefore, some evidence that activity in contralesional M1 will impact the extent of motor function of the paretic limb in the subacute and chronic phase post-stroke and may serve as a new target for rehabilitation treatment strategies, the precise factors that specifically influence its role in the recovery process remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA ; Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA , USA
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30
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Klein PA, Duque J, Labruna L, Ivry RB. Comparison of the two cerebral hemispheres in inhibitory processes operative during movement preparation. Neuroimage 2015; 125:220-232. [PMID: 26458519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies suggest that in right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere plays a dominant role in praxis, relative to the right hemisphere. However hemispheric asymmetries assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has not shown consistent differences in corticospinal (CS) excitability of the two hemispheres during movements. In the current study, we systematically explored hemispheric asymmetries in inhibitory processes that are manifest during movement preparation and initiation. Single-pulse TMS was applied over the left or right primary motor cortex (M1LEFT and M1RIGHT, respectively) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral hand while participants performed a two-choice reaction time task requiring a cued movement of the left or right index finger. In Experiments 1 and 2, TMS probes were obtained during a delay period following the presentation of the preparatory cue that provided partial or full information about the required response. MEPs were suppressed relative to baseline regardless of whether they were elicited in a cued or uncued hand. Importantly, the magnitude of these inhibitory changes in CS excitability was similar when TMS was applied over M1LEFT or M1RIGHT, irrespective of the amount of information carried by the preparatory cue. In Experiment 3, there was no preparatory cue and TMS was applied at various time points after the imperative signal. When CS excitability was probed in the cued effector, MEPs were initially inhibited and then rose across the reaction time interval. This function was similar for M1LEFT and M1RIGHT TMS. When CS excitability was probed in the uncued effector, MEPs remained inhibited throughout the RT interval. However, MEPs in right FDI became more inhibited during selection and initiation of a left hand movement, whereas MEPs in left FDI remained relatively invariant across RT interval for the right hand. In addition to these task-specific effects, there was a global difference in CS excitability across experiments between the two hemispheres. When the intensity of stimulation was set to 115% of the resting threshold, MEPs were larger when the TMS probe was applied over the M1LEFT than over M1RIGHT. In summary, while the latter result suggests that M1LEFT is more excitable than M1RIGHT, the recruitment of preparatory inhibitory mechanisms is similar within the two cerebral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, Cognition and Actions Lab, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Cognition and Actions Lab, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of CA, Berkeley, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CA, Berkeley, USA
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31
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Sartori L, Betti S, Perrone C, Castiello U. Congruent and Incongruent Corticospinal Activations at the Level of Multiple Effectors. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:2063-70. [PMID: 26102231 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Motor resonance is defined as the subliminal activation of the motor system while observing actions performed by others. However, resonating with another person's actions is not always an appropriate response: In real life, people do not just imitate but rather respond in a suitable fashion. A growing body of neurophysiologic studies has demonstrated that motor resonance can be overridden by complementary motor responses (such as preparing a precision grip on a small object when seeing an open hand in sign of request). In this study, we investigated the relationship between congruent and incongruent corticospinal activations at the level of multiple effectors. The modulation of motor evoked potentials evoked by single-pulse TMS over the motor cortex was assessed in upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing a penalty kick straight in their direction. Study results revealed a double dissociation: Seeing the soccer player kicking the ball triggered a motor resonance in the observer's lower limb, whereas the upper limb response afforded by the object was overridden. On the other hand, seeing the ball approaching the observers elicited a complementary motor activation in upper limbs while motor resonance in lower limbs disappeared. Control conditions showing lateral kicks, mimicked kicks, and a ball in penalty area were also included to test the motor coding of object affordances. Results point to a modulation of motor responses in different limbs over the course of action and in function of their relevance in different contexts. We contend that ecologically valid paradigms are now needed to shed light on the motor system functioning in complex forms of interaction.
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32
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Chinellato E, Castiello U, Sartori L. Motor interference in interactive contexts. Front Psychol 2015; 6:791. [PMID: 26113835 PMCID: PMC4462640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Action observation and execution share overlapping neural substrates, so that simultaneous activation by observation and execution modulates motor performance. Previous literature on simple prehension tasks has revealed that motor influence can be two-sided: facilitation for observed and performed congruent actions and interference for incongruent actions. But little is known of the specific modulations of motor performance in complex forms of interaction. Is it possible that the very same observed movement can lead either to interference or facilitation effects on a temporally overlapping congruent executed action, depending on the context? To answer this question participants were asked to perform a reach-to-grasp movement adopting a precision grip (PG) while: (i) observing a fixation cross, (ii) observing an actor performing a PG with interactive purposes, (iii) observing an actor performing a PG without interactive purposes. In particular, in the interactive condition the actor was shown trying to pour some sugar on a large cup located out of her reach but close to the participant watching the video, thus eliciting in reaction a complementary whole-hand grasp. Notably, fine-grained kinematic analysis for this condition revealed a specific delay in the grasping and reaching components and an increased trajectory deviation despite the observed and executed movement’s congruency. Moreover, early peaks of trajectory deviation seem to indicate that socially relevant stimuli are acknowledged by the motor system very early. These data suggest that interactive contexts can determine a prompt modulation of stimulus–response compatibility effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eris Chinellato
- School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Umberto Castiello
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova Padova, Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova Padova, Italy ; Centro Beniamino Segre, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Sartori
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova Padova, Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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33
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Greenhouse I, Saks D, Hoang T, Ivry RB. Inhibition during response preparation is sensitive to response complexity. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:2792-800. [PMID: 25717168 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00999.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor system excitability is transiently suppressed during the preparation of movement. This preparatory inhibition is hypothesized to facilitate response selection and initiation. Given that demands on selection and initiation processes increase with movement complexity, we hypothesized that complexity would influence preparatory inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we probed corticospinal excitability during a delayed-response task in which participants were cued to prepare right- or left-hand movements of varying complexity. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over right primary motor cortex to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of the left hand. MEP suppression was greater during the preparation of responses involving coordination of the FDI and adductor digiti minimi relative to easier responses involving only the FDI, independent of which hand was cued to respond. In contrast, this increased inhibition was absent when the complex responses required sequential movements of the two muscles. Moreover, complexity did not influence the level of inhibition when the response hand was fixed for the trial block, regardless of whether the complex responses were performed simultaneously or sequentially. These results suggest that preparatory inhibition contributes to response selection, possibly by suppressing extraneous movements when responses involve the simultaneous coordination of multiple effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Dylan Saks
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Timothy Hoang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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34
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Buetefisch CM, Revill KP, Shuster L, Hines B, Parsons M. Motor demand-dependent activation of ipsilateral motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:999-1009. [PMID: 24848477 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00110.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) in hand motor control during complex task performance remains controversial. Bilateral M1 activation is inconsistently observed in functional (f)MRI studies of unilateral hand performance. Two factors limit the interpretation of these data. As the motor tasks differ qualitatively in these studies, it is conceivable that M1 contributions differ with the demand on skillfulness. Second, most studies lack the verification of a strictly unilateral execution of the motor task during the acquisition of imaging data. Here, we use fMRI to determine whether ipsilateral M1 activity depends on the demand for precision in a pointing task where precision varied quantitatively while movement trajectories remained equal. Thirteen healthy participants used an MRI-compatible joystick to point to targets of four different sizes in a block design. A clustered acquisition technique allowed simultaneous fMRI/EMG data collection and confirmed that movements were strictly unilateral. Accuracy of performance increased with target size. Overall, the pointing task revealed activation in contralateral and ipsilateral M1, extending into contralateral somatosensory and parietal areas. Target size-dependent activation differences were found in ipsilateral M1 extending into the temporal/parietal junction, where activation increased with increasing demand on accuracy. The results suggest that ipsilateral M1 is active during the execution of a unilateral motor task and that its activity is modulated by the demand on precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Department. of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Kate Pirog Revill
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda Shuster
- Department of Speech Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Benjamin Hines
- Department. of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Parsons
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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35
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Chiou SY, Wang RY, Liao KK, Yang YR. Homologous muscle contraction during unilateral movement does not show a dominant effect on leg representation of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72231. [PMID: 23991067 PMCID: PMC3749103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-activation of homo- and heterotopic representations in the primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to a unilateral motor task has been observed in neuroimaging studies. Further analysis showed that the ipsilateral M1 is involved in motor execution along with the contralateral M1 in humans. Additionally, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have revealed that the size of the co-activation in the ipsilateral M1 has a muscle-dominant effect in the upper limbs, with a prominent decline of inhibition within the ipsilateral M1 occurring when a homologous muscle contracts. However, the homologous muscle-dominant effect in the ipsilateral M1 is less clear in the lower limbs. The present study investigates the response of corticospinal output and intracortical inhibition in the leg representation of the ipsilateral M1 during a unilateral motor task, with homo- or heterogeneous muscles. We assessed functional changes within the ipsilateral M1 and in corticospinal outputs associated with different contracting muscles in 15 right-handed healthy subjects. Motor tasks were performed with the right-side limb, including movements of the upper and lower limbs. TMS paradigms were measured, consisting of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and recruitment curves (RCs) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the right M1, and responses were recorded from the left rectus femoris (RF) and left tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. TMS results showed that significant declines in SICI and prominent increases in MEPs of the left TA and left RF during unilateral movements. Cortical activations were associated with the muscles contracting during the movements. The present data demonstrate that activation of the ipsilateral M1 on leg representation could be increased during unilateral movement. However, no homologous muscle-dominant effect was evident in the leg muscles. The results may reflect that functional coupling of bilateral leg muscles is a reciprocal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Chiou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwong-Kum Liao
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ruddy KL, Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating cross education of motor function. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:397. [PMID: 23908616 PMCID: PMC3725409 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross education is the process whereby training of one limb gives rise to enhancements in the performance of the opposite, untrained limb. Despite interest in this phenomenon having been sustained for more than a century, a comprehensive explanation of the mediating neural mechanisms remains elusive. With new evidence emerging that cross education may have therapeutic utility, the need to provide a principled evidential basis upon which to design interventions becomes ever more pressing. Generally, mechanistic accounts of cross education align with one of two explanatory frameworks. Models of the “cross activation” variety encapsulate the observation that unilateral execution of a movement task gives rise to bilateral increases in corticospinal excitability. The related conjecture is that such distributed activity, when present during unilateral practice, leads to simultaneous adaptations in neural circuits that project to the muscles of the untrained limb, thus facilitating subsequent performance of the task. Alternatively, “bilateral access” models entail that motor engrams formed during unilateral practice, may subsequently be utilized bilaterally—that is, by the neural circuitry that constitutes the control centers for movements of both limbs. At present there is a paucity of direct evidence that allows the corresponding neural processes to be delineated, or their relative contributions in different task contexts to be ascertained. In the current review we seek to synthesize and assimilate the fragmentary information that is available, including consideration of knowledge that has emerged as a result of technological advances in structural and functional brain imaging. An emphasis upon task dependency is maintained throughout, the conviction being that the neural mechanisms that mediate cross education may only be understood in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Ruddy
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK ; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Where one hand meets the other: limb-specific and action-dependent movement plans decoded from preparatory signals in single human frontoparietal brain areas. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1991-2008. [PMID: 23365237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0541-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning object-directed hand actions requires successful integration of the movement goal with the acting limb. Exactly where and how this sensorimotor integration occurs in the brain has been studied extensively with neurophysiological recordings in nonhuman primates, yet to date, because of limitations of non-invasive methodologies, the ability to examine the same types of planning-related signals in humans has been challenging. Here we show, using a multivoxel pattern analysis of functional MRI (fMRI) data, that the preparatory activity patterns in several frontoparietal brain regions can be used to predict both the limb used and hand action performed in an upcoming movement. Participants performed an event-related delayed movement task whereby they planned and executed grasp or reach actions with either their left or right hand toward a single target object. We found that, although the majority of frontoparietal areas represented hand actions (grasping vs reaching) for the contralateral limb, several areas additionally coded hand actions for the ipsilateral limb. Notable among these were subregions within the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), ventral premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, presupplementary motor area, and motor cortex, a region more traditionally implicated in contralateral movement generation. Additional analyses suggest that hand actions are represented independently of the intended limb in PPC and PMd. In addition to providing a unique mapping of limb-specific and action-dependent intention-related signals across the human cortical motor system, these findings uncover a much stronger representation of the ipsilateral limb than expected from previous fMRI findings.
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Arfeller C, Schwarzbach J, Ubaldi S, Ferrari P, Barchiesi G, Cattaneo L. Whole-brain haemodynamic after-effects of 1-Hz magnetic stimulation of the posterior superior temporal cortex during action observation. Brain Topogr 2012; 26:278-91. [PMID: 22772359 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is active when observing biological motion. We investigated the functional connections of the pSTS node within the action observation network by measuring the after-effect of focal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants received 1-Hz rTMS over the pSTS region for 10 min and underwent fMRI immediately after. While scanned, they were shown short video clips of a hand grasping an object (grasp clips) or moving next to it (control clips). rTMS-fMRI was repeated for four consecutive blocks. In two blocks we stimulated the left pSTS region and in the other two the right pSTS region. For each side TMS was applied with an effective intensity (95 % of motor threshold) or with ineffective intensity (50 % of motor threshold). Brain regions showing interactive effects of (clip type) × (TMS intensity) were identified in the lateral temporo-occipital cortex, in the anterior intraparietal region and in the ventral premotor cortex. Remote effects of rTMS were mostly limited to the stimulated hemisphere and consisted in an increase of blood oxygen level-dependent responses to grasp clips compared to control clips. We show that the pSTS occupies a pivotal relay position during observation of goal-directed actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Arfeller
- Center for Mind-Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Via delle Regole, 101, 38123, Mattarello, TN, Italy
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Diedrichsen J, Wiestler T, Krakauer JW. Two distinct ipsilateral cortical representations for individuated finger movements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1362-77. [PMID: 22610393 PMCID: PMC3643717 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Movements of the upper limb are controlled mostly through the contralateral hemisphere. Although overall activity changes in the ipsilateral motor cortex have been reported, their functional significance remains unclear. Using human functional imaging, we analyzed neural finger representations by studying differences in fine-grained activation patterns for single isometric finger presses. We demonstrate that cortical motor areas encode ipsilateral movements in 2 fundamentally different ways. During unimanual ipsilateral finger presses, primary sensory and motor cortices show, underneath global suppression, finger-specific activity patterns that are nearly identical to those elicited by contralateral mirror-symmetric action. This component vanishes when both motor cortices are functionally engaged during bimanual actions. We suggest that the ipsilateral representation present during unimanual presses arises because otherwise functionally idle circuits are driven by input from the opposite hemisphere. A second type of representation becomes evident in caudal premotor and anterior parietal cortices during bimanual actions. In these regions, ipsilateral actions are represented as nonlinear modulation of activity patterns related to contralateral actions, an encoding scheme that may provide the neural substrate for coordinating bimanual movements. We conclude that ipsilateral cortical representations change their informational content and functional role, depending on the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Diedrichsen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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van Wijk BCM, Beek PJ, Daffertshofer A. Differential modulations of ipsilateral and contralateral beta (de)synchronization during unimanual force production. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2088-97. [PMID: 22583034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral movement is usually accompanied by ipsilateral activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). It is still largely unclear whether this activity reflects interhemispheric 'cross-talk' of contralateral M1 that facilitates movement, or results from processes that inhibit motor output. We investigated the role of beta power in ipsilateral M1 during unimanual force production. Significant ipsilateral beta desynchronization occurred during continuous dynamic but not during static force production. Moreover, event-related time-frequency analysis revealed bilateral desynchronization patterns, whereas post-movement synchronization was confined to the contralateral hemisphere. Our findings indicate that ipsilateral activation is not merely the result of interhemispheric cross-talk but involves additional processes. Given observations of differential blood oxygen level-dependent responses in ipsilateral and contralateral M1, and the correlation between beta desynchronization and the firing rate of pyramidal tract neurons in contralateral M1 during movement, we speculate that beta desynchronization in contra- and ipsilateral M1 arises from distinct neural activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C M van Wijk
- Research Institute MOVE, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Master S, Tremblay F. Task-related enhancement in corticomotor excitability during haptic sensing with the contra- or ipsilateral hand in young and senior adults. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:27. [PMID: 22416786 PMCID: PMC3325869 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haptic sensing with the fingers represents a unique class of manipulative actions, engaging motor, somatosensory and associative areas of the cortex while requiring only minimal forces and relatively simple movement patterns. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we investigated task-related changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude associated with unimanual haptic sensing in two related experiments. In Experiment I, we contrasted changes in the excitability of the hemisphere controlling the task hand in young and old adults under two trial conditions, i.e. when participants either touched a fine grating (smooth trials) or touched a coarse grating to detect its groove orientation (grating trials). In Experiment II, the same contrast between tasks was performed but with TMS applied over the hemisphere controlling the resting hand, while also addressing hemispheric (right vs. left) and age differences. Results In Experiment I, a main effect of trial type on MEP amplitude was detected (p = 0.001), MEPs in the task hand being ~50% larger during grating than smooth trials. No interaction with age was detected. Similar results were found for Experiment II, trial type having a large effect on MEP amplitude in the resting hand (p < 0.001) owing to selective increase in MEP size (~2.6 times greater) for grating trials. No interactions with age or side (right vs. left) were detected. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that adding a haptic component to a simple unilateral finger action can elicit robust corticomotor facilitation not only in the working hemisphere but also in the opposite hemisphere. The fact that this facilitation seems well preserved with age, when task difficulty is adjusted, has some potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Master
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Fling BW, Seidler RD. Task-dependent effects of interhemispheric inhibition on motor control. Behav Brain Res 2011; 226:211-7. [PMID: 21944939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interhemispheric communication consists of a complex balance of facilitation and inhibition that is modulated in a task-dependent manner. However, it remains unclear how individual differences in interhemispheric interactions relate to motor performance. To assess interhemispheric inhibition, we utilized the ipsilateral silent period technique (iSP; evoked by suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation), which elicits inhibition of volitional motor activity. Participants performed three force production tasks: (1) unimanual (right hand) constant force, (2) bimanual constant force, (bimanual simultaneous) and (3) bimanual with right hand constant force and left hand sine wave tracking (bimanual independent). We found that individuals with greater IHI capacity demonstrated reduced mirror EMG activity in the left hand during unimanual right hand contraction. However, these same individuals demonstrated the poorest performance during the bimanual independent force production task. We suggest that a high capacity for IHI from one motor cortex to another can effectively prevent "motor overflow" during unimanual tasks, but it can also limit interhemispheric cooperation during independently controlled bimanual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett W Fling
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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