1
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Yan D, Seki A. The Role of Letter-Speech Sound Integration in Native and Second Language Reading: A Study in Native Japanese Readers Learning English. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1123-1140. [PMID: 38437176 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The automatic activation of letter-speech sound (L-SS) associations is a vital step in typical reading acquisition. However, the contribution of L-SS integration during nonalphabetic native and alphabetic second language (L2) reading remains unclear. This study explored whether L-SS integration plays a similar role in a nonalphabetic language as in alphabetic languages and its contribution to L2 reading among native Japanese-speaking adults with varying English proficiency. A priming paradigm in Japanese and English was performed by presenting visual letters or symbols, followed by auditory sounds. We compared behavioral and event-related responses elicited by congruent letter-sound pairs, incongruent pairs, and baseline condition (symbol-sound pairs). The behavioral experiment revealed shorter RTs in the congruent condition for Japanese and English tasks, suggesting a facilitation effect of congruency. The ERP experiment results showed an increased early N1 response to Japanese congruent pairs compared to corresponding incongruent stimuli at the left frontotemporal electrodes. Interestingly, advanced English learners exhibited greater activities in bilateral but predominantly right-lateralized frontotemporal regions for the congruent condition within the N1 time window. Moreover, the enhancement of P2 response to congruent pairs was observed in intermediate English learners. These findings indicate that, despite deviations from native language processing, advanced speakers may successfully integrate letters and sounds during English reading, whereas intermediate learners may encounter difficulty in achieving L-SS integration when reading L2. Furthermore, our results suggest that L2 proficiency may affect the level of automaticity in L-SS integration, with the right P2 congruency effect playing a compensatory role for intermediate learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Yan
- Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ayumi Seki
- Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Japan
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2
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Silva AB, Liu JR, Metzger SL, Bhaya-Grossman I, Dougherty ME, Seaton MP, Littlejohn KT, Tu-Chan A, Ganguly K, Moses DA, Chang EF. A bilingual speech neuroprosthesis driven by cortical articulatory representations shared between languages. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01207-5. [PMID: 38769157 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in decoding speech from brain activity have focused on decoding a single language. Hence, the extent to which bilingual speech production relies on unique or shared cortical activity across languages has remained unclear. Here, we leveraged electrocorticography, along with deep-learning and statistical natural-language models of English and Spanish, to record and decode activity from speech-motor cortex of a Spanish-English bilingual with vocal-tract and limb paralysis into sentences in either language. This was achieved without requiring the participant to manually specify the target language. Decoding models relied on shared vocal-tract articulatory representations across languages, which allowed us to build a syllable classifier that generalized across a shared set of English and Spanish syllables. Transfer learning expedited training of the bilingual decoder by enabling neural data recorded in one language to improve decoding in the other language. Overall, our findings suggest shared cortical articulatory representations that persist after paralysis and enable the decoding of multiple languages without the need to train separate language-specific decoders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Silva
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jessie R Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sean L Metzger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ilina Bhaya-Grossman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian E Dougherty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret P Seaton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaylo T Littlejohn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adelyn Tu-Chan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Moses
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Li L, Yu Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Guan Q, Luo YJ, Li H. Electrophysiological evidence of lexical processing impacted by foreign language reading anxiety. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30061. [PMID: 38720696 PMCID: PMC11076877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have been conducted on the impact of foreign language reading anxiety on reading, primarily focusing on pedagogy and behavior but lacking electrophysiological evidence. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of foreign language reading anxiety on reading and its underlying mechanisms. The results revealed a negative correlation between foreign language reading anxiety and foreign language reading performance, irrespective of the native language. Adults with low levels of foreign language reading anxiety (LFLRA) demonstrated a significant difference in early lexical component N170 amplitude between foreign and native languages. However, this effect was not observed in adults with high levels of foreign language reading anxiety (HFLRA). In terms of N170 latency, HFLRA showed a longer N170 for the foreign language compared to the native language. Furthermore, the N170 effects were predominantly localized over the left occipitotemporal electrodes. Regarding N400 latency, a significant difference was found in LFLRA individuals between foreign and native language processing, while HFLRA individuals did not exhibit this difference. These findings suggest that HFLRA individuals experience inefficient lexical processing (such as orthography or semantics) during reading in foreign language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
- English Department, Jilin Medical College, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yuru Wang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing Guan
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yue-jia Luo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hehui Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
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4
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Dong J, Yan H, Mei L, Wang G, Qu J, Liu X, Xu S, Jiang W, Zheng A, Feng G. Greater Pattern Similarity between Mother Tongue and Second Language in the Right ATL Facilitates Understanding of Written Language. Neuroscience 2024; 544:117-127. [PMID: 38447688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has mapped out the brain regions that respond to semantic stimuli presented visually and auditorily, but there is debate about whether semantic representation is modality-specific (only written or only spoken) or modality-invariant (both written and spoken). The mechanism of semantic representation underlying native (L1) and second language (L2) comprehension in different modalities as well as how this mechanism is influenced by L2 proficiency, remains unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the OpenNEURO database to calculate neural pattern similarity across native and second languages (Spanish and English) for different input modalities (written and spoken) and learning sessions (before and after training). The correlations between behavioral performance and cross-language pattern similarity for L1 and L2 were also calculated. Spanish-English bilingual adolescents (N = 24; ages 16-17; 19 girls) participated in a 3-month English immersion after-school program. As L2 proficiency increased, greater cross-language pattern similarity between L1 and L2 spoken words was observed in the left pars triangularis. Cross-language pattern similarity between L1 and L2 written words was observed in the right anterior temporal lobe. Brain-behavior correlations indicated that increased cross-language pattern similarity between L1 and L2 written words in the right anterior temporal lobe was associated with L2 written word comprehension. This study identified an effective neurofunctional predictor related to L2 written word comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Xi'an GEM Flower Changqing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aoke Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Genyi Feng
- Xi'an GEM Flower Changqing Hospital, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Lin Z, Li X, Qi G, Yang J, Sun H, Guo Q, Wu J, Xu M. Phonological properties of logographic words modulate brain activation in bilinguals: a comparative study of Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae150. [PMID: 38652552 PMCID: PMC11037275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain networks for the first (L1) and second (L2) languages are dynamically formed in the bilingual brain. This study delves into the neural mechanisms associated with logographic-logographic bilingualism, where both languages employ visually complex and conceptually rich logographic scripts. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we examined the brain activity of Chinese-Japanese bilinguals and Japanese-Chinese bilinguals as they engaged in rhyming tasks with Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji. Results showed that Japanese-Chinese bilinguals processed both languages using common brain areas, demonstrating an assimilation pattern, whereas Chinese-Japanese bilinguals recruited additional neural regions in the left lateral prefrontal cortex for processing Japanese Kanji, reflecting their accommodation to the higher phonological complexity of L2. In addition, Japanese speakers relied more on the phonological processing route, while Chinese speakers favored visual form analysis for both languages, indicating differing neural strategy preferences between the 2 bilingual groups. Moreover, multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated that, despite the considerable neural overlap, each bilingual group formed distinguishable neural representations for each language. These findings highlight the brain's capacity for neural adaptability and specificity when processing complex logographic languages, enriching our understanding of the neural underpinnings supporting bilingual language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7186, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Geqi Qi
- Department of Psychology, College of Education Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, West College Road 235, Huhhot 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiyong Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang 110055, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 2-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and System, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street No 5, Beijing 100811, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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6
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Dong J, Zhang W, Li A, Lee Y, Cai H, Jiang W, Yan H. Effects of short-term second language learning on the development of individual semantic networks in written and spoken language. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137558. [PMID: 38007086 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily focused on the relationship between native language (L1) and second language (L2) in the brain, specifically in one language modality, such as written or spoken language. However, there is limited research on how L2 proficiency impacts both modalities. This study aimed to investigate the functional networks involved in reading and speech comprehension for both L1 and L2, and observe changes in these networks as L2 proficiency improves. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a previous research conducted by Gurunandan et al., which involved Spanish-English bilingual participants undergoing a three-month English training program. Participants underwent fMRI scanning and performed a semantic animacy judgment task in both spoken and written language before and after training. Through analysis, distinct neural networks associated with spoken and written language were found between individuals' L1 and L2, both before and after training. Moreover, as L2 proficiency improved, the spoken and written networks for L2 remained distinct from those of the L1. These findings suggest that short-term L2 learning experiences can modify neural networks, but may not be enough to achieve native-like proficiency, supporting the accommodation hypothesis. These results have important implications for language learning and education, indicating that additional short-term training and exposure alone may not bridge the gap between L1 and L2 processing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aqian Li
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Lee
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, China; Department of Linguistics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China.
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7
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Dang Q, Ma F, Yuan Q, Fu Y, Chen K, Zhang Z, Lu C, Guo T. Processing negative emotion in two languages of bilinguals: Accommodation and assimilation of the neural pathways based on a meta-analysis. Cereb Cortex 2023:7133665. [PMID: 37083264 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have examined the neural mechanisms of negative emotional words, but scarce evidence is available for the interactions among related brain regions from the functional brain connectivity perspective. Moreover, few studies have addressed the neural networks for negative word processing in bilinguals. To fill this gap, the current study examined the brain networks for processing negative words in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) with Chinese-English bilinguals. To identify objective indicators associated with negative word processing, we first conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis on contrasts between negative and neutral words (including 32 contrasts from 1589 participants) using the activation likelihood estimation method. Results showed that the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), the left amygdala, the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), and the left thalamus were involved in processing negative words. Next, these six clusters were used as regions of interest in effective connectivity analyses using extended unified structural equation modeling to pinpoint the brain networks for bilingual negative word processing. Brain network results revealed two pathways for negative word processing in L1: a dorsal pathway consisting of the left IFG, the left mPFC, and the left PCC, and a ventral pathway involving the left amygdala, the left ITG, and the left thalamus. We further investigated the similarity and difference between brain networks for negative word processing in L1 and L2. The findings revealed similarities in the dorsal pathway, as well as differences primarily in the ventral pathway, indicating both neural assimilation and accommodation across processing negative emotion in two languages of bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinpu Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fengyang Ma
- School of Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Qiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yongben Fu
- The Psychological Education and Counseling Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Keyue Chen
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Taomei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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8
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Zhang J, Li H, Zhang M, Wang Z, Ao X, Jian J, Wei N, Liu H, Ding G, Meng X. Functional preference of the left inferior parietal lobule to second language reading. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119989. [PMID: 36858331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional neural substance for reading in a second language has been reported by prior studies. However, to date, there has been little investigation into whether and how the brain's adaptation to a second language is induced by specific linguistic tasks or is a general effect during reading in a new language. To address this issue, our study investigated Chinese children learning English as a second language by combining cross-sectional and longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. We compared brain activation across four reading tasks, orthographic tasks and phonological tasks in Chinese (the first language, L1) and English (the second language, L2). By comparing the activation pattern across languages, we observed greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) in English compared to Chinese, suggesting a functional preference of the LIPL to L2. In addition, greater correlation between LIPL-related FC and L2 was mainly observed in the phonological task, indicating that LIPL could be associated with phonological processing. Moreover, a proportion of the children were enrolled in an 8-week phonological-based reading-training program. We observed significant functional plasticity of the LIPL elicited by this training program only in the English phonological task and not in the orthographic task, further substantiating that the additional requirements of the LIPL in L2 are mainly associated with phonological processing. The findings provide new insights into understanding the functional contribution of the LIPL to reading in a second language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hehui Li
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Human Communication, Development, and Information Sciences, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengke Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiya Ao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Jian
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PekingU-PolyU Center for Child Development and Learning, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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9
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Du 杜彬 B, Yang 杨振 Z, Wang 王翠翠 C, Li 李媛媛 Y, Tao 陶沙 S. Short-term training helps second-language learners read like native readers: An ERP study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2023; 239:105251. [PMID: 36931112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial study aimed to examine what experience other than immersion may help adult learners read with native-like neural responses. We compared a group of 13 native Chinese English learners completing English letter-sound association training with another group of 12 completing visual symbol-sound association training and included one group of native English readers as the reference. The results showed that after three hours of training, all learners no longer showed attenuated cross-modal mismatch negativity (MMN) to English letter-sound integration as in the pretest. After six hours of training, the learners receiving English letter-sound association training showed enhanced cross-modal MMN and theta oscillations, as native English readers did. The enhanced neural responses were significantly correlated with better phonological awareness. Thus, with training specific to critical second language reading skills of appropriate dosages, adult learners can overcome the constraints of their native language background and learn to read with native-like neural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du 杜彬
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Yang 杨振
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuicui Wang 王翠翠
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, China; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Deqing Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li 李媛媛
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Tao 陶沙
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Li H, Cao Y, Chen C, Liu X, Zhang S, Mei L. The depth of semantic processing modulates cross-language pattern similarity in Chinese-English bilinguals. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2085-2098. [PMID: 36579666 PMCID: PMC9980893 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated factors related to the degree of cross-language overlap in brain activations in bilinguals/multilinguals. However, it is still unclear whether and how the depth of semantic processing (a critical task-related factor) affects the neural pattern similarity between native and second languages. To address this question, 26 Chinese-English bilinguals were scanned with fMRI while performing a word naming task (i.e., a task with shallow semantic processing) and a semantic judgment task (i.e., a task with deep semantic processing) in both native and second languages. Based on three sets of representational similarity analysis (whole brain, ROI-based, and within-language vs. cross-language semantic representation), we found that select regions in the reading brain network showed higher cross-language pattern similarity and higher cross-language semantic representations during deep semantic processing than during shallow semantic processing. These results suggest that compared to shallow semantic processing, deep semantic processing may lead to greater language-independent processing (i.e., cross-language semantic representation) and cross-language pattern similarity, and provide direct quantitative neuroimaging evidence for cognitive models of bilingual lexical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Liu X, Hu L, Qu J, Zhang S, Su X, Li A, Mei L. Neural similarities and differences between native and second languages in the bilateral fusiform cortex in Chinese-English bilinguals. Neuropsychologia 2023; 179:108464. [PMID: 36565993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the field of bilingualism, researchers have proposed an assimilation hypothesis that posits that bilinguals apply the neural network of their native language to process their second language. In Chinese-English bilinguals, the bilateral fusiform gyrus has been identified as the key brain region showing the assimilation process. Specifically, in contrast to left-lateralized activation in the fusiform gyrus in native English speakers, Chinese-English bilinguals recruit the bilateral fusiform cortex to process English words as they do in the processing of Chinese characters. Nevertheless, it is unclear which type of information processing is assimilated in the fusiform gyrus. Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, this study examined the differences in information representation and functional connectivity between both languages in the fusiform subregions in Chinese-English bilinguals. Univariate analysis revealed that both Chinese and English naming elicited strong activations in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, which confirmed the assimilation process at the activation intensity level. RSA indicated that the neural pattern of English phonological information was assimilated by Chinese in the anterior and middle right fusiform gyrus, while those of orthographic and visual form information were not. Further PPI analysis demonstrated that the neural representation of English phonological information in the right anterior fusiform subregion was related to its interaction with the frontotemporal areas for high-level linguistic processing, while the neural representation of English orthographic information in the right middle fusiform subregion was linked to its interaction with the left inferior occipital cortex for visual processing. These results suggest that, despite the recruitment of similar neural resources in one's native and second languages, the assimilation of information representation is limited in the bilateral fusiform cortex. Our results shed light on the neural mechanisms of second language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Su
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, China.
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12
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Intersecting distributed networks support convergent linguistic functioning across different languages in bilinguals. Commun Biol 2023; 6:99. [PMID: 36697483 PMCID: PMC9876897 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
How bilingual brains accomplish the processing of more than one language has been widely investigated by neuroimaging studies. The assimilation-accommodation hypothesis holds that both the same brain neural networks supporting the native language and additional new neural networks are utilized to implement second language processing. However, whether and how this hypothesis applies at the finer-grained levels of both brain anatomical organization and linguistic functions remains unknown. To address this issue, we scanned Chinese-English bilinguals during an implicit reading task involving Chinese words, English words and Chinese pinyin. We observed broad brain cortical regions wherein interdigitated distributed neural populations supported the same cognitive components of different languages. Although spatially separate, regions including the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus, temporal pole, superior and middle temporal gyrus, precentral gyrus and supplementary motor areas were found to perform the same linguistic functions across languages, indicating regional-level functional assimilation supported by voxel-wise anatomical accommodation. Taken together, the findings not only verify the functional independence of neural representations of different languages, but show co-representation organization of both languages in most language regions, revealing linguistic-feature specific accommodation and assimilation between first and second languages.
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13
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Dong J, Yue Q, Li A, Gu L, Su X, Chen Q, Mei L. Individuals' preference on reading pathways influences the involvement of neural pathways in phonological learning. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1067561. [PMID: 36591053 PMCID: PMC9794771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Existing behavioral and neuroimaging studies revealed inter-individual variability in the selection of the two phonological routes in word reading. However, it is not clear how individuals' preferred reading pathways/strategies modulate the involvement of a certain brain region for phonological learning in a new language, and consequently affect their behavioral performance on phonological access. Methods To address this question, the present study recruited a group of native Chinese speakers to learn two sets of artificial language characters, respectively, in addressed-phonology training (i.e., whole-word mapping) and assembled-phonology training conditions (i.e., grapheme-to-phoneme mapping). Results Behavioral results showed that the more lexical pathways participants preferred, the better they performed on newly-acquired addressed characters relative to assembled characters. More importantly, neuroimaging results showed that participants who preferred lexical pathway in phonological access show less involvement of brain regions for addressed phonology (e.g., the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex and right pars triangularis) in the processing of newly-acquired addressed characters. Conclusion These results indicated that phonological access via the preferred pathway required less neural resources to achieve better behavioral performance. These above results provide direct neuroimaging evidence for the influence of reading pathway preference on phonological learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Yue
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lala Gu
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Su
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Leilei Mei,
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14
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Wu Y, Fang F, Li K, Jin Z, Ren X, Lv J, Ding C, Chen C, Han T, Zhang W, Wang N, Lin Z. Functional connectivity differences in speech production networks in Chinese children with Rolandic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 135:108819. [PMID: 35835716 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that language impairments are frequently observed in patients with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). However, how BECTS affects language processing in the Chinese population remains unclear. With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an overt picture-naming task, the present study examined functional connectivity in 27 children with BECTS and 26 healthy controls. The results indicated that children with BECTS showed altered functional connectivity associated with speech production between the left precuneus and the right cerebellum, between the right precuneus and the bilateral thalamus and the left superior temporal gyrus, between the right cuneus and the right postcentral gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule, and between the right cerebellum and right middle frontal gyrus. Collectively, the findings in this study demonstrate the abnormal functional connectivity basis of speech production in Chinese children with BECTS, providing clues to understanding the brain mechanisms of language-related network in patients with BECTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- fMRI Center, The 306 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotun Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junlan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ding
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tongli Han
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Artificial Intelligence & Neuro-Informatics Engineering (ARINE) Laboratory, School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhenglong Lin
- Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan, China; Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Xu X, Jin Y, Pan N, Cao M, Jing J, Ma J, Fan X, Tan S, Song X, Li X. A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study on the White Matter Structures Related to the Phonology in Cantonese-Mandarin Bilinguals. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:851669. [PMID: 35601910 PMCID: PMC9120590 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.851669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantonese and Mandarin are logographic languages, and the phonology is the main difference between the two languages. It is unclear whether the long-term experience of Cantonese-Mandarin bilingualism will shape different brain white matter structures related to phonological processing. A total of 30 Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals and 30 Mandarin monolinguals completed diffusion-weighted imaging scan and phonological processing tasks. The tractography and tract-based spatial statistics were used to investigate the structural differences in the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) between Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals and Mandarin monolinguals. The post-hoc correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the different structures with phonological processing skills. Compared to the Mandarin monolinguals, the Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals had higher fractional anisotropy (FA) along the left ILFs higher mean diffusivity (MD) along the right IFOF and the temporoparietal segment of SLF (tSLF), higher axial diffusivity (AD) in the right IFOF and left ILF, and lower number of streamlines in the bilateral tSLF. The mean AD of the different voxels in the right IFOF and the mean FA of the different voxels in the left ILF were positively correlated with the inverse efficiency score (IES) of the Cantonese auditory and Mandarin visual rhyming judgment tasks, respectively, within the bilingual group. The correlation between FA and IES was different among the groups. The long-term experience of Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals shapes the different brain white matter structures in tSLF, IFOF, and ILF. Compared to the monolinguals, the bilinguals' white matter showed higher diffusivity, especially in the axonal direction. These changes were related to bilinguals' phonological processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Tan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Cao F, Fan Y, Yan X, Chen W, Dodson-Garrett M, Spray GJ, Wang Z, Deng Y. Greater Similarity Between L1 and L2's Brain Network in Adults Than in Children. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:816729. [PMID: 35546873 PMCID: PMC9084229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.816729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been documented that processing L2 and L1 engages a very similar brain network in bilingual adults. However, it is not known whether this similarity is evident in bilingual children as well or it develops with learning from children to adults. In the current study, we compared brain activation in Chinese-English bilingual children and adults during L1 and L2 processing. We found greater similarity between L1 and L2 in adults than in children, supporting the convergence hypothesis which argues that when the proficiency of L2 increases, the L2's brain network converges to the L1's brain network. We also found greater differences between adults and children in the brain for L2 processing than L1 processing, even though there were comparable increase in proficiency from children to adults in L1 and L2. It suggests an elongated developmental course for L2. This study provides important insights about developmental changes in the bilingual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyu Fan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wuying Chen
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Maddie Dodson-Garrett
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gregory J. Spray
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Chinese Language and Literature, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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The influence of orthographic depth on multilinguals' neural networks. Neuropsychologia 2022; 164:108095. [PMID: 34843750 PMCID: PMC8754173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orthographic depth, the consistency and complexity of grapheme-phoneme correspondence, influences brain activation in multilinguals’ first (L1) and second language (L2). The intrinsic functional connectivity of cross-language transfer was investigated between two groups of multilinguals, those whose L2 orthography is deeper than their L1 (S-to-D group) and those whose L2 orthography is shallower than their L1 (D-to-S group). Based on previous reports, we focused on two seed regions: the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) and the left posterior supramarginal gyrus (pSMG). Group comparisons revealed stronger connectivity for the D-to-S group between the left pSMG and the right precuneus/cuneal cortex and the right SMG/angular gyrus. Moreover, we found that the greater the linguistic orthographic distance—the less similar in orthographic depth two languages are—the greater the negative connectivity between the left pSMG and the right pSMG, middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and frontal pole, and a cluster that included the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis, frontal operculum, and insular cortex. When linguistic distance was greater, there was also greater negative connectivity between the VWFA and the left precuneus. Furthermore, stronger connectivity was found between the left pSMG and the right precuneus in multilinguals who spoke at least three languages (trilinguals) compared to those who only spoke two languages (bilinguals). Follow-up analyses revealed that this difference was driven by stronger intrinsic connectivity in D-to-S trilinguals compared to the S-to-D trilinguals. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that multilinguals’ intrinsic functional connectivity is shaped by the orthographic depth of their L2 in relation to L1, as well as differences between bilingualism and trilingualism.
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18
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Cargnelutti E, Tomasino B, Fabbro F. Effects of Linguistic Distance on Second Language Brain Activations in Bilinguals: An Exploratory Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:744489. [PMID: 35069147 PMCID: PMC8770833 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.744489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this quantitative meta-analysis, we used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach to address the effects of linguistic distance between first (L1) and second (L2) languages on language-related brain activations. In particular, we investigated how L2-related networks may change in response to linguistic distance from L1. Thus, we examined L2 brain activations in two groups of participants with English as L2 and either (i) a European language (European group, n = 13 studies) or (ii) Chinese (Chinese group, n = 18 studies) as L1. We further explored the modulatory effect of age of appropriation (AoA) and proficiency of L2. We found that, irrespective of L1-L2 distance-and to an extent-irrespective of L2 proficiency, L2 recruits brain areas supporting higher-order cognitive functions (e.g., cognitive control), although with group-specific differences (e.g., the insula region in the European group and the frontal cortex in the Chinese group). The Chinese group also selectively activated the parietal lobe, but this did not occur in the subgroup with high L2 proficiency. These preliminary results highlight the relevance of linguistic distance and call for future research to generalize findings to other language pairs and shed further light on the interaction between linguistic distance, AoA, and proficiency of L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cargnelutti
- Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Languages, Literature, Communication, Education, and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Kang X, Matthews S, Yip V, Wong PCM. Language and nonlanguage factors in foreign language learning: evidence for the learning condition hypothesis. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2021; 6:28. [PMID: 34526507 PMCID: PMC8443555 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The question of why native and foreign languages are learned with a large performance gap has prompted language researchers to hypothesize that they are subserved by fundamentally different mechanisms. However, this hypothesis may not have taken into account that these languages can be learned under different conditions (e.g., naturalistic vs. classroom settings). With a large sample of 636 third language (L3) learners who learned Chinese and English as their first (L1) and second (L2) languages, the present study examined the association of learning success across L1-L3. We argue that learning conditions may reveal how these languages are associated in terms of learning success. Because these languages were learned under a continuum of naturalistic to classroom conditions from L1 to L3, this sample afforded us a unique opportunity to evaluate the hypothesis that similar learning conditions between languages could be an important driving force determining language learning success. After controlling for nonlanguage factors such as musical background and motivational factors and using a convergence of analytics including the general linear models, the structural equation models, and machine learning, we found that the closer two languages were on the continuum of learning conditions, the stronger their association of learning success. Specifically, we found a significant association between L1 and L2 and between L2 and L3, but not between L1 and L3. Our results suggest that learning conditions may have important implications for the learning success of L1-L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Matthews
- Department of Linguistics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Virginia Yip
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C M Wong
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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20
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Nichols ES, Gao Y, Fregni S, Liu L, Joanisse MF. Individual differences in representational similarity of first and second languages in the bilingual brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5433-5445. [PMID: 34469016 PMCID: PMC8519873 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current theories of bilingualism disagree on the extent to which separate brain regions are used to maintain or process one's first and second language. The present study took a novel multivariate approach to address this question. We examined whether bilinguals maintain distinct neural representations of two languages; specifically, we tested whether brain areas that are involved in processing word meaning in either language are reliably representing each language differently, and whether language representation is influenced by individual differences in proficiency level and age of acquisition (AoA) of L2. Thirty‐one English–Mandarin bilingual adults performed a picture–word matching task in both languages. We then used representational similarity analysis to examine which brain regions reliably showed different patterns of activity for each language. We found that both proficiency and AoA predicted dissimilarity between language representations in several brain areas within the language network as well as several regions of the ventral visual pathway, demonstrating that top‐down language knowledge and individual language experience shapes concept representation in this processing stream. The results support the model of an integrated language system in bilinguals, along with a novel description of how representations for each language change with proficiency level and L2 AoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Nichols
- Department of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Education, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sofia Fregni
- Faculty of Psychology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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21
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Yan X, Perkins K, Cao F. A hierarchical deficit model of reading disability: Evidence from dynamic causal modelling analysis. Neuropsychologia 2021; 154:107777. [PMID: 33549584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficits have been documented in visuo-orthographic processing as well as phonological retrieval/manipulation during visual word reading in individuals with reading disability (RD); however, the relationship between these deficits remains unclear. Previously, we found that during word reading, visuo-orthographic deficit appears to be a neural signature of RD, but deficits in phonological retrieval/manipulation appears to be a consequence of being RD (Cao et al., 2020). Therefore, in the current study, we directly tested the hypothesis that during visual word reading, deficit in phonological retrieval/manipulation may result from weakened input from visuo-orthographic regions, and that this relationship tends to be universal across languages. We conducted a dynamic causal modelling analysis of fMRI data from Chinese-English bilingual children (9-11 years, N = 78) with or without RD during a visual word rhyming judgment task. We found a weaker connection from the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) to the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (dIFG) in children with RD and reading controls than the connection found in age controls for both Chinese and English. This finding suggests that the phonological deficit at the dIFG may result from weak input from the visuo-orthographic region and this connection appears to be responsive to reading level rather than RD, because the reading-control children were similar to children with RD. We also found that the left ITG was selectively connected with language-specific regions (i.e., the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) for Chinese and the left ventral inferior frontal gyrus (vIFG) for English) depending on the language being processed; however, this language selectivity was reduced in children with RD, suggesting that decreased language specialization is associated with RD. Using a double control design, our study suggests that during reading, the visuo-orthographic deficit of RD constrains the development of the connection from orthography to phonology and to other language-specific processing due to distorted quantity and quality of reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | | | - Fan Cao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China.
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22
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Liberto GMD, Nie J, Yeaton J, Khalighinejad B, Shamma SA, Mesgarani N. Neural representation of linguistic feature hierarchy reflects second-language proficiency. Neuroimage 2020; 227:117586. [PMID: 33346131 PMCID: PMC8527895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring a new language requires individuals to simultaneously and gradually learn linguistic attributes on multiple levels. Here, we investigated how this learning process changes the neural encoding of natural speech by assessing the encoding of the linguistic feature hierarchy in second-language listeners. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded from native Mandarin speakers with varied English proficiency and from native English speakers while they listened to audio-stories in English. We measured the temporal response functions (TRFs) for acoustic, phonemic, phonotactic, and semantic features in individual participants and found a main effect of proficiency on linguistic encoding. This effect of second-language proficiency was particularly prominent on the neural encoding of phonemes, showing stronger encoding of “new” phonemic contrasts (i.e., English contrasts that do not exist in Mandarin) with increasing proficiency. Overall, we found that the nonnative listeners with higher proficiency levels had a linguistic feature representation more similar to that of native listeners, which enabled the accurate decoding of language proficiency. This result advances our understanding of the cortical processing of linguistic information in second-language learners and provides an objective measure of language proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni M Di Liberto
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jingping Nie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Jeremy Yeaton
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR 7290, CNRS, France. Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | - Bahar Khalighinejad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Shihab A Shamma
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; Institute for Systems Research, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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23
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Factors Modifying the Amount of Neuroanatomical Overlap between Languages in Bilinguals-A Systematic Review of Neurosurgical Language Mapping Studies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120983. [PMID: 33333820 PMCID: PMC7765203 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosurgery on individuals with lesions around language areas becomes even more complicated when the patient is bilingual. It is thus important to understand the principles that predict the likelihood of convergent versus separate neuroanatomical organization of the first (L1) and the second language (L2) in these individuals. We reviewed all English-language publications on neurosurgical language mapping in bilinguals before January 2020 in three databases (e.g., PubMed). Our search yielded 28 studies with 207 participants. The reviewed data suggest several principles of language organization in bilingual neurosurgical patients: (1) separate cortical areas uniquely dedicated to each language in both anterior and posterior language sites are the rule rather than occasional findings, (2) In cases where there was a convergent neuroanatomical representation for L1 and L2, two factors explained the overlap: an early age of L2 acquisition and a small linguistic distance between L1 and L2 and (3) When L1 and L2 diverged neuroanatomically, more L1-specific sites were identified for early age of L2 acquisition, high L2 proficiency and a larger linguistic distance. This work provides initial evidence-based principles predicting the likelihood of converging versus separate neural representations of L1 and L2 in neurosurgical patients.
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24
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Ferreira RA, Vinson D, Dijkstra T, Vigliocco G. Word learning in two languages: Neural overlap and representational differences. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107703. [PMID: 33307100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neural basis of newly learned words in Spanish as a mother tongue (L1) and English as a second language (L2). Participants acquired new names for real but unfamiliar concepts in both languages over the course of two days. On day 3, they completed a semantic categorization task during fMRI scanning. The results revealed largely overlapping brain regions for newly learned words in Spanish and English. However, Spanish showed a heightened BOLD response within prefrontal cortex (PFC), due to increased competition of existing lexical representations. In contrast, English displayed higher activity than Spanish within primary auditory cortex, which suggests increased phonological processing due to more irregular phonological-orthographic mappings. Overall, these results suggest that novel words are learned similarly in Spanish L1 and English L2, and that they are represented in largely overlapping brain regions. However, they differ in terms of cognitive control and phonological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ferreira
- Facultad de Educación, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David Vinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ton Dijkstra
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriella Vigliocco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Wu Y, Ma J, Cai L, Wang Z, Fan M, Chu J, Zhang Y, Li X. Brain Activity during Visual and Auditory Word Rhyming Tasks in Cantonese-Mandarin-English Trilinguals. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120936. [PMID: 33291662 PMCID: PMC7761916 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the brain activity during phonological processing of second languages (L2) is similar to that of the first language (L1) in trilingual individuals, especially when the L1 is logographic, and the L2s are logographic and alphabetic, respectively. To explore this issue, this study examined brain activity during visual and auditory word rhyming tasks in Cantonese–Mandarin–English trilinguals. Thirty Chinese college students whose L1 was Cantonese and L2s were Mandarin and English were recruited. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted while subjects performed visual and auditory word rhyming tasks in three languages (Cantonese, Mandarin, and English). The results revealed that in Cantonese–Mandarin–English trilinguals, whose L1 is logographic and the orthography of their L2 is the same as L1—i.e., Mandarin and Cantonese, which share the same set of Chinese characters—the brain regions for the phonological processing of L2 are different from those of L1; when the orthography of L2 is quite different from L1, i.e., English and Cantonese who belong to different writing systems, the brain regions for the phonological processing of L2 are similar to those of L1. A significant interaction effect was observed between language and modality in bilateral lingual gyri. Regions of interest (ROI) analysis at lingual gyri revealed greater activation of this region when using English than Cantonese and Mandarin in visual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zengjian Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
| | - Miao Fan
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chu
- Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Children’s Health Care, National Center for Women and Children’s Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.W.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-3135-7869
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26
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Dong J, Li A, Chen C, Qu J, Jiang N, Sun Y, Hu L, Mei L. Language distance in orthographic transparency affects cross-language pattern similarity between native and non-native languages. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:893-907. [PMID: 33112483 PMCID: PMC7856648 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How native and non-native languages are represented in the brain is one of the most important questions in neurolinguistics. Much research has found that the similarity in neural activity of native and non-native languages are influenced by factors such as age of acquisition, language proficiency, and language exposure in the non-native language. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the similarity between native and non-native languages in orthographic transparency, a key factor that affects the cognitive and neural mechanisms of phonological access, modulates the cross-language similarity in neural activation and which brain regions show the modulatory effects of language distance in orthographic transparency. To address these questions, the present study used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to precisely estimate the neural pattern similarity between native language and two non-native languages in Uyghur-Chinese-English trilinguals, whose third language (i.e., English) was more similar to the native language (i.e., Uyghur) in orthography than to their second language (i.e., Chinese). Behavioral results revealed that subjects responded faster to words in the non-native language with more similar orthography to their native language in the word naming task. More importantly, RSA revealed greater neural pattern similarity between Uyghur and English than between Uyghur and Chinese in select brain areas for phonological processing, especially in the left hemisphere. Further analysis confirmed that those brain regions represented phonological information. These results provide direct neuroimaging evidence for the modulatory effect of language distance in orthographic transparency on cross-language pattern similarity between native and non-native languages during word reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Cao F, Yan X, Yan X, Zhou H, Booth JR. Reading Disability in Chinese Children Learning English as an L2. Child Dev 2020; 92:e126-e142. [PMID: 32864778 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether there are common or specific deficits of reading disability (RD) in first (L1) and second languages (L2), Chinese children (9-11 years, N = 76) with or without RD who learn English as an L2 were studied during a visual word rhyming judgment task. Evidence was found for common deficits in L1 and L2 in visuo-orthographic processes in left inferior temporal gyrus and left precuneus, as well as in phonological processes in left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus as children with RD showed less activation than controls in both languages. Furthermore, the visuo-orthographic deficit appears to be a RD effect, whereas the phonological deficit appears to be a reading/performance effect. Some weak evidence for language specific effects was also found.
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28
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Kim SY, Liu L, Liu L, Cao F. Neural representational similarity between L1 and L2 in spoken and written language processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4935-4951. [PMID: 32820847 PMCID: PMC7643388 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research on the brain mechanisms of L1 and L2 processing in bilinguals, it is still unknown whether language modality (i.e., visual vs. auditory) plays a role in determining whether L1 and L2 are processed similarly. Therefore, we examined the neural representational similarity in neural networks between L1 and L2 in spoken and written word processing in Korean-English-Chinese trilinguals. Participants performed both visual and auditory rhyming judgments in the three languages: Korean, English, and Chinese. The results showed greater similarity among the three languages in the auditory modality than in the visual modality, suggesting more differentiated networks for written word processing in the three languages than spoken word processing. In addition, there was less similarity between spoken and written word processing in L1 than the L2s, suggesting a more specialized network for each modality in L1 than L2s. Finally, the similarity between the two L2s (i.e., Chinese and English) was greater than that between each L2 and L1 after task performance was regressed out, especially in the visual modality, suggesting that L2s are processed similarly. These findings provide important insights about spoken and written language processing in the bilingual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Young Kim
- Department of English Language and Literature, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,Hanyang Institute for Phonetics and Cognitive Sciences of Language, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Ma J, Wu Y, Sun T, Cai L, Fan X, Li X. Neural substrates of bilingual processing in a logographic writing system: An fMRI study in Chinese Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals. Brain Res 2020; 1738:146794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Bouhali F, Mongelli V, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Cohen L. Reading music and words: The anatomical connectivity of musicians' visual cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 212:116666. [PMID: 32087374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Musical score reading and word reading have much in common, from their historical origins to their cognitive foundations and neural correlates. In the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOT), the specialization of the so-called Visual Word Form Area for word reading has been linked to its privileged structural connectivity to distant language regions. Here we investigated how anatomical connectivity relates to the segregation of regions specialized for musical notation or words in the VOT. In a cohort of professional musicians and non-musicians, we used probabilistic tractography combined with task-related functional MRI to identify the connections of individually defined word- and music-selective left VOT regions. Despite their close proximity, these regions differed significantly in their structural connectivity, irrespective of musical expertise. The music-selective region was significantly more connected to posterior lateral temporal regions than the word-selective region, which, conversely, was significantly more connected to anterior ventral temporal cortex. Furthermore, musical expertise had a double impact on the connectivity of the music region. First, music tracts were significantly larger in musicians than in non-musicians, associated with marginally higher connectivity to perisylvian music-related areas. Second, the spatial similarity between music and word tracts was significantly increased in musicians, consistently with the increased overlap of language and music functional activations in musicians, as compared to non-musicians. These results support the view that, for music as for words, very specific anatomical connections influence the specialization of distinct VOT areas, and that reciprocally those connections are selectively enhanced by the expertise for word or music reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouhali
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry & Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Valeria Mongelli
- Neurobiology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Fédération de Neurologie, F-75013, Paris, France
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31
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Ou J, Li W, Yang Y, Wang N, Xu M. Earlier second language acquisition is associated with greater neural pattern dissimilarity between the first and second languages. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 203:104740. [PMID: 31982650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is controversial as to how age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency level of the second language influence the similarities and differences between the first (L1) and the second (L2) language brain networks. In this functional MRI study, we used representational similarity analysis to quantify the degree of neural similarity between L1 and L2 during sentence comprehension tasks in 26 adult Chinese-English bilinguals, who learned English as L2 at different ages and had different proficiency levels. We found that although L1 and L2 processing activated similar brain regions, greater neural pattern dissimilarity between L1 and L2 was associated with earlier AoA in the left inferior and middle frontal gyri after the effect of proficiency level was controlled. On the other hand, the association between proficiency level and the neural pattern dissimilarity between L1 and L2 was not significant when the effect of AoA was partialled out. The results suggest that the activity pattern of L2 is more distinct from that of L1 in bilingual individuals who acquired L2 earlier and that the contribution of AoA to the neural pattern dissimilarity is greater than that of proficiency level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ou
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- Artificial Intelligence and Neuro-informatics Engineering (ARINE) Laboratory, School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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32
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Mitsuhashi T, Sugano H, Asano K, Nakajima T, Nakajima M, Okura H, Iimura Y, Suzuki H, Tange Y, Tanaka T, Aoki S, Arai H. Functional MRI and Structural Connectome Analysis of Language Networks in Japanese-English Bilinguals. Neuroscience 2020; 431:17-24. [PMID: 32027993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the mechanisms of neural plasticity involved in language. We hypothesized that alterations which occur in bilinguals could reflect the mechanisms of acquisition of a second language and simulate neural plasticity related to language. We compared spatial characteristics of story listening-related hemodynamic modulations and subcortical fiber networks between monolinguals and bilinguals. Participants were Japanese monolinguals and Japanese-English bilinguals whose first language was Japanese. We divided bilinguals into early and late bilinguals depending on whether the age of acquisition was before after 7 years of age. We applied intergroup analysis to investigate the following: (1) blood oxygen level-dependent response (BOLD) responses during story listening by block-based fMRI; (2) number of fibers (NOFs) between specific edges by DTI. Both bilingual samples showed larger BOLD responses (BRs) in the right putamen and bilateral superior temporal gyri compared to the Japanese monolinguals in fMRI. Late bilinguals demonstrated bigger BRs in the right anterior temporal lobe and left medial parietal lobe than early bilinguals. Early bilinguals showed a higher NOFs between the right putamen and precentral gyrus than monolinguals and late bilinguals in DTI. Late bilinguals showed a lower NOFs between the left superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus than monolinguals and early bilinguals. Early bilinguals reinforce the subcortical fiber network between the right putamen and precentral gyrus, and activate the right putamen to gain alternative language function. We conclude that these key cerebral regions and subcortical fiber networks could contribute to the neural plasticity of language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sugano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiko Asano
- Department of General Education, Juntendo University, 1-1-1, Hirakagakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakajima
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Okura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tange
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Tanaka
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Bilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:834-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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34
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Qi Z, Legault J. Neural hemispheric organization in successful adult language learning: Is left always right? PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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L1 Reading Experience Influences L2 Lexical Learning: Spanish Learning in Chinese Speakers and English Speakers. Neuroscience 2019; 416:255-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Cross-Language Pattern Similarity in the Bilateral Fusiform Cortex Is Associated with Reading Proficiency in Second Language. Neuroscience 2019; 410:254-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Cargnelutti E, Tomasino B, Fabbro F. Language Brain Representation in Bilinguals With Different Age of Appropriation and Proficiency of the Second Language: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Imaging Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 31178707 PMCID: PMC6537025 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Language representation in the bilingual brain is the result of many factors, of which age of appropriation (AoA) and proficiency of the second language (L2) are probably the most studied. Many studies indeed compare early and late bilinguals, although it is not yet clear what the role of the so-called critical period in L2 appropriation is. In this study, we carried out coordinate-based meta-analyses to address this issue and to inspect the role of proficiency in addition to that of AoA. After the preliminary inspection of the early (also very early) and late bilinguals' language networks, we explored the specific activations associated with each language and compared them within and between the groups. Results confirmed that the L2 language brain representation was wider than that associated with L1. This was observed regardless of AoA, although differences were more relevant in the late bilinguals' group. In particular, L2 entailed a greater enrollment of the brain areas devoted to the executive functions, and this was also observed in proficient bilinguals. The early bilinguals displayed many activation clusters as well, which also included the areas involved in cognitive control. Interestingly, these regions activated even in L1 of both early and late bilingual groups, although less consistently. Overall, these findings suggest that bilinguals in general are constantly subjected to cognitive effort to monitor and regulate the language use, although early AoA and high proficiency are likely to reduce this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cargnelutti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, DILL, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- PERCRO Perceptual Robotics Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
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38
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Brice H, Mencl WE, Frost SJ, Bick AS, Rueckl JG, Pugh KR, Frost R. Neurobiological signatures of L2 proficiency: Evidence from a bi-directional cross-linguistic study. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2019; 50:7-16. [PMID: 30976136 PMCID: PMC6452641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that convergence of print and speech processing across a network of primarily left-hemisphere regions of the brain is a predictor of future reading skills in children, and a marker of fluent reading ability in adults. The present study extends these findings into the domain of second-language (L2) literacy, through brain imaging data of English and Hebrew L2 learners. Participants received an fMRI brain scan, while performing a semantic judgement task on spoken and written words and pseudowords in both their L1 and L2, alongside a battery of L1 and L2 behavioural measures. Imaging results show, overall, show a similar network of activation for reading across the two languages, alongside significant convergence of print and speech processing across a network of left-hemisphere regions in both L1 and L2 and in both cohorts. Importantly, convergence is greater for L1 in occipito-temporal regions tied to automatic skilled reading processes including the visual word-form area, but greater for L2 in frontal regions of the reading network, tied to more effortful, active processing. The main groupwise brain effects tell a similar story, with greater L2 than L1 activation across frontal, temporal and parietal regions, but greater L1 than L2 activation in parieto-occipital regions tied to automatic mapping processes in skilled reading. These results provide evidence for the shifting of the reading networks towards more automatic processing as reading proficiency rises and the mappings and statistics of the new orthography are learned and incorporated into the reading system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atira Sara Bick
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jay G. Rueckl
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
| | - Kenneth R. Pugh
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- University of Connecticut, CT
- Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ram Frost
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
- Basque Centre on Cognition Brain and Language, Spain
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39
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Wang C, Yang Z, Cao F, Liu L, Tao S. Letter-sound integration in native Chinese speakers learning English: Brain fails in automatic responses but succeeds with more attention. Cogn Neurosci 2018; 10:100-116. [PMID: 30270811 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2018.1529665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Both native language background and second-language proficiency may shape brain responses to a second language. Using cross-modal mismatch negativity (MMN) (pre-attentive processing) and audiovisual P300 (attentive processing) paradigms, this study examined how native Chinese speakers with various second-language proficiency responded to English letter-sound integration and what role visual attention may play in this process. The results indicated that native Chinese speakers failed to integrate letters and sounds in pre-attentive stage of reading, regardless of their English proficiency level, in contrast to the successful letter-sound integration shown by native English speakers. With more explicit visual attention resources, native Chinese speakers integrated English letters and sounds just as successfully as native English speakers did. These findings suggest that native language background may exert profound constraints on automatic brain responses to a second language, and attention may help the brain overcome these constraints and respond as required by the second language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhen Yang
- b Department of Psychology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fan Cao
- c Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,d School of Humanities and Social Science , the Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen , China
| | - Li Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
| | - Sha Tao
- a State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research , Beijing Normal University , Beijing , China
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40
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Li H, Qu J, Chen C, Chen Y, Xue G, Zhang L, Lu C, Mei L. Lexical learning in a new language leads to neural pattern similarity with word reading in native language. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:98-109. [PMID: 30136328 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested similar neural activations for word reading in native and second languages. However, such similarities were qualitatively determined (i.e., overlapping activation based on traditional univariate activation analysis). In this study, using representational similarity analysis and an artificial language training paradigm, we quantitatively computed cross-language neural pattern similarity to examine the modulatory effect of proficiency in the new language. Twenty-four native Chinese speakers were trained to learn 30 words in a logographic artificial language for 12 days and scanned while performing a semantic decision task after 4-day training and after 12-day training. Results showed that higher proficiency in the new language was associated with higher cross-language pattern similarity in select regions of the reading network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengrou Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Oliver M, Carreiras M, Paz-Alonso PM. Functional Dynamics of Dorsal and Ventral Reading Networks in Bilinguals. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5431-5443. [PMID: 28122808 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's world, bilingualism is increasingly common. However, it is still unclear how left-lateralized dorsal and ventral reading networks are tuned to reading in proficient second-language learners. Here, we investigated differences in functional regional activation and connectivity as a function of L1 and L2 reading, L2 orthographic depth, and task demands. Thirty-seven late bilinguals with the same L1 and either an opaque or transparent L2 performed perceptual and semantic reading tasks in L1 and L2 during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Results revealed stronger regional recruitment for L2 versus L1 reading and stronger connectivity within the dorsal stream during L1 versus L2 reading. Differences in orthographic depth were associated with a segregated profile of left ventral occipitotemporal (vOT) coactivation with dorsal regions for the transparent L2 group and with ventral regions for the opaque L2 group. Finally, semantic versus perceptual demands modulated left vOT engagement, supporting the interactive account of the contribution of vOT to reading, and were associated with stronger coactivation within the ventral network. Our findings support a division of labor between ventral and dorsal reading networks, elucidating the critical role of the language used to read, L2 orthographic depth, and task demands on the functional dynamics of bilingual reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Oliver
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, 2009 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, 2009 Gipuzkoa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Basque Language and Communication, EHU/UPV, Bilbao, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pedro M Paz-Alonso
- BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, 2009 Gipuzkoa, Spain
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42
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Kim SY, Liu L, Cao F. How does first language (L1) influence second language (L2) reading in the brain? Evidence from Korean-English and Chinese-English bilinguals. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:1-13. [PMID: 28437658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine how L1 influences L2 reading in the brain, two late bilingual groups, Korean-English (KE) and Chinese-English (CE), performed a visual word rhyming judgment task in their L2 (English) and were compared to L1 control groups (i.e., KK and CC). The results indicated that the L2 activation is similar to the L1 activation for both KE and CE language groups. In addition, conjunction analyses revealed that the right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus were more activated in KK and KE than CC and CE, suggesting that these regions are more involved in Korean speakers than Chinese speakers for both L1 and L2. Finally, an ROI analysis at the left middle frontal gyrus revealed greater activation for CE than for KE and a positive correlation with accuracy in CE, but a negative correlation in KE. Taken together, we found evidence that important brain regions for L1 are carried over to L2 reading, maybe more so in highly proficient bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Young Kim
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of English Language and Literature, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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43
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Xu M, Baldauf D, Chang CQ, Desimone R, Tan LH. Distinct distributed patterns of neural activity are associated with two languages in the bilingual brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603309. [PMID: 28706990 PMCID: PMC5507633 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A large body of previous neuroimaging studies suggests that multiple languages are processed and organized in a single neuroanatomical system in the bilingual brain, although differential activation may be seen in some studies because of different proficiency levels and/or age of acquisition of the two languages. However, one important possibility is that the two languages may involve interleaved but functionally independent neural populations within a given cortical region, and thus, distinct patterns of neural computations may be pivotal for the processing of the two languages. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate pattern analyses, we tested this possibility in Chinese-English bilinguals when they performed an implicit reading task. We found a broad network of regions wherein the two languages evoked different patterns of activity, with only partially overlapping patterns of voxels in a given region. These regions, including the middle occipital cortices, fusiform gyri, and lateral temporal, temporoparietal, and prefrontal cortices, are associated with multiple aspects of language processing. The results suggest the functional independence of neural computations underlying the representations of different languages in bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Daniel Baldauf
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento 38100, Italy
| | - Chun Qi Chang
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
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44
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Gao Y, Sun Y, Lu C, Ding G, Guo T, Malins JG, Booth JR, Peng D, Liu L. Dynamic spatial organization of the occipito-temporal word form area for second language processing. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:20-28. [PMID: 28610849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the left occipito-temporal region having shown consistent activation in visual word form processing across numerous studies in different languages, the mechanisms by which word forms of second languages are processed in this region remain unclear. To examine this more closely, 16 Chinese-English and 14 English-Chinese late bilinguals were recruited to perform lexical decision tasks to visually presented words in both their native and second languages (L1 and L2) during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Here we demonstrate that visual word form processing for L1 versus L2 engaged different spatial areas of the left occipito-temporal region. Namely, the spatial organization of the visual word form processing in the left occipito-temporal region is more medial and posterior for L2 than L1 processing in Chinese-English bilinguals, whereas activation is more lateral and anterior for L2 in English-Chinese bilinguals. In addition, for Chinese-English bilinguals, more lateral recruitment of the occipito-temporal region was correlated with higher L2 proficiency, suggesting higher L2 proficiency is associated with greater involvement of L1-preferred mechanisms. For English-Chinese bilinguals, higher L2 proficiency was correlated with more lateral and anterior activation of the occipito-temporal region, suggesting higher L2 proficiency is associated with greater involvement of L2-preferred mechanisms. Taken together, our results indicate that L1 and L2 recruit spatially different areas of the occipito-temporal region in visual word processing when the two scripts belong to different writing systems, and that the spatial organization of this region for L2 visual word processing is dynamically modulated by L2 proficiency. Specifically, proficiency in L2 in Chinese-English is associated with assimilation to the native language mechanisms, whereas L2 in English-Chinese is associated with accommodation to second language mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China; School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Taomei Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | | | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Danling Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Unsuccessful letter–sound integration in English reading by native Chinese speakers: evidence from an event related potentials study. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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How does language distance between L1 and L2 affect the L2 brain network? An fMRI study of Korean–Chinese–English trilinguals. Neuroimage 2016; 129:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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47
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Wu J, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yao C, Zhuang D, Qiu T, Guo Q, Hu X, Mao Y, Zhou L. Direct evidence from intraoperative electrocortical stimulation indicates shared and distinct speech production center between Chinese and English languages. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4972-85. [PMID: 26351094 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese processing has been suggested involving distinct brain areas from English. However, current functional localization studies on Chinese speech processing use mostly "indirect" techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography, lacking direct evidence by means of electrocortical recording. In this study, awake craniotomies in 66 Chinese-speaking glioma patients provide a unique opportunity to directly map eloquent language areas. Intraoperative electrocortical stimulation was conducted and the positive sites for speech arrest, anomia, and alexia were identified separately. With help of stereotaxic neuronavigation system and computational modeling, all positive sites elicited by stimulation were integrated and a series of two- and three-dimension Chinese language probability maps were built. We performed statistical comparisons between the Chinese maps and previously derived English maps. While most Chinese speech arrest areas located at typical language production sites (i.e., 50% positive sites in ventral precentral gyrus, 28% in pars opercularis and pars triangularis), which also serve English production, an additional brain area, the left middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's areas 6/9), was found to be unique in Chinese production (P < 0.05). Moreover, Chinese speakers' inferior ventral precentral gyrus (Brodmann's area 6) was used more than that in English speakers. Our finding suggests that Chinese involves more perisylvian region (extending to left middle frontal gyrus) than English. This is the first time that direct evidence supports cross-cultural neurolinguistics differences in human beings. The Chinese language atlas will also helpful in brain surgery planning for Chinese-speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Sun Y, Peng D, Ding G, Qi T, Desroches AS, Liu L. The dynamic nature of assimilation and accommodation procedures in the brains of Chinese-English and English-Chinese bilinguals. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4144-57. [PMID: 26189500 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The framework of assimilation and accommodation has been proposed to explain the brain mechanisms supporting second language reading acquisition (Perfetti et al. [2007]: Bilingual Lang Cogn 10:131). Assimilation refers to using the procedures of the native language network in the acquisition of a new writing system, whereas accommodation refers to using second language procedures for reading the newly acquired writing system. We investigated assimilation and accommodation patterns in the brains of bilingual individuals by recruiting a group of Chinese-English bilinguals and a group of English-Chinese bilinguals to perform lexical decision tasks in both English and Chinese. The key question was whether the assimilation/accommodation procedures supporting second language reading in the brains of Chinese-English and English-Chinese bilinguals were dynamic, i.e., modulated by proficiency in the second language and perceptual features of the second language's script. Perceptual features of the scripts were manipulated through orthographic degradation by inserting spaces between the radicals of a Chinese character or between the syllables of an English word. This manipulation disrupts the visual configuration of the orthography but does not change its more fundamental design principles. We found that for English-Chinese bilinguals, higher proficiency was associated with greater accommodation, suggesting that the accommodation procedure in a bilingual individual's brain is modulated by second language proficiency. Most interestingly, we found that the assimilation/accommodation effects vanished or diminished when orthographically degraded scripts were processed by both Chinese-English and English-Chinese bilinguals, suggesting that the assimilation/accommodation procedures in a bilingual individual's brain are modulated by perceptual features of orthography. This work therefore offers a new, dynamic perspective for our understanding of the assimilation/accommodation framework for second language acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.,School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Danling Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Amy S Desroches
- Department of Psychology, the University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Li Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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49
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Mei L, Xue G, Lu ZL, Chen C, Wei M, He Q, Dong Q. Long-term experience with Chinese language shapes the fusiform asymmetry of English reading. Neuroimage 2015; 110:3-10. [PMID: 25598049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested differential engagement of the bilateral fusiform gyrus in the processing of Chinese and English. The present study tested the possibility that long-term experience with Chinese language affects the fusiform laterality of English reading by comparing three samples: Chinese speakers, English speakers with Chinese experience, and English speakers without Chinese experience. We found that, when reading words in their respective native language, Chinese and English speakers without Chinese experience differed in functional laterality of the posterior fusiform region (right laterality for Chinese speakers, but left laterality for English speakers). More importantly, compared with English speakers without Chinese experience, English speakers with Chinese experience showed more recruitment of the right posterior fusiform cortex for English words and pseudowords, which is similar to how Chinese speakers processed Chinese. These results suggest that long-term experience with Chinese shapes the fusiform laterality of English reading and have important implications for our understanding of the cross-language influences in terms of neural organization and of the functions of different fusiform subregions in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Mei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging and Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Miao Wei
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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50
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Similarities and differences in brain activation and functional connectivity in first and second language reading: Evidence from Chinese learners of English. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:275-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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