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Tokushige SI, Matsuda S, Tada M, Yabe I, Takeda A, Tanaka H, Hatakenaka M, Enomoto H, Kobayashi S, Shimizu K, Shimizu T, Kotsuki N, Inomata-Terada S, Furubayashi T, Ichikawa Y, Hanajima R, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y, Terao Y. Roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in temporal integration: Insights from a synchronized tapping task. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 158:1-15. [PMID: 38113692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia for temporal integration. METHODS We studied 39 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD), comprising spinocerebellar atrophy 6 (SCA6), SCA31, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also called SCA3), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Thirteen normal subjects participated as controls. Participants were instructed to tap on a button in synchrony with isochronous tones. We analyzed the inter-tap interval (ITI), synchronizing tapping error (STE), negative asynchrony, and proportion of delayed tapping as indicators of tapping performance. RESULTS The ITI coefficient of variation was increased only in MSA patients. The standard variation of STE was larger in SCD patients than in normal subjects, especially for MSA. Negative asynchrony, which is a tendency to tap the button before the tones, was prominent in SCA6 and MSA patients, with possible basal ganglia involvement. SCA31 patients exhibited normal to supranormal performance in terms of the variability of STE, which was surprising. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar patients generally showed greater STE variability, except for SCA31. The pace of tapping was affected in patients with possible basal ganglia pathology. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that interaction between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia is essential for temporal processing. The cerebellum and basal ganglia and their interaction regulate synchronized tapping, resulting in distinct tapping pattern abnormalities among different SCD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tada
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, 2-11-11, Kagitori-honcho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, 2-11-11, Kagitori-honcho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Megumi Hatakenaka
- Department of Neurology, Morinomiya Hospital, 2-1-88, Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-0025, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Enomoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimizu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Naoki Kotsuki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Furubayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Environment Science, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, 6-45-1 Kunimi, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8551, Japan
| | - Yaeko Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1, Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, the University of Tokyo and International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3, Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba-ken 286-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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Basal ganglia and cerebellum contributions to vocal emotion processing as revealed by high-resolution fMRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10645. [PMID: 34017050 PMCID: PMC8138027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, brain networks underlying emotional voice prosody decoding and processing were focused on modulations in primary and secondary auditory, ventral frontal and prefrontal cortices, and the amygdala. Growing interest for a specific role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum was recently brought into the spotlight. In the present study, we aimed at characterizing the role of such subcortical brain regions in vocal emotion processing, at the level of both brain activation and functional and effective connectivity, using high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Variance explained by low-level acoustic parameters (fundamental frequency, voice energy) was also modelled. Wholebrain data revealed expected contributions of the temporal and frontal cortices, basal ganglia and cerebellum to vocal emotion processing, while functional connectivity analyses highlighted correlations between basal ganglia and cerebellum, especially for angry voices. Seed-to-seed and seed-to-voxel effective connectivity revealed direct connections within the basal ganglia—especially between the putamen and external globus pallidus—and between the subthalamic nucleus and the cerebellum. Our results speak in favour of crucial contributions of the basal ganglia, especially the putamen, external globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus, and several cerebellar lobules and nuclei for an efficient decoding of and response to vocal emotions.
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3
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Lee YJ, Guell X, Hubbard NA, Siless V, Frosch IR, Goncalves M, Lo N, Nair A, Ghosh SS, Hofmann SG, Auerbach RP, Pizzagalli DA, Yendiki A, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Anteraper SA. Functional Alterations in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Anxiety Disorders. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:392-401. [PMID: 33210245 PMCID: PMC8213597 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents with anxiety disorders exhibit excessive emotional and somatic arousal. Neuroimaging studies have shown abnormal cerebral cortical activation and connectivity in this patient population. The specific role of cerebellar output circuitry, specifically the dentate nuclei (DN), in adolescent anxiety disorders remains largely unexplored. Resting-state functional connectivity analyses have parcellated the DN, the major output nuclei of the cerebellum, into three functional territories (FTs) that include default-mode, salience-motor, and visual networks. The objective of this study was to understand whether FTs of the DN are implicated in adolescent anxiety disorders. Forty-one adolescents (mean age 15.19 ± 0.82, 26 females) with one or more anxiety disorders and 55 age- and gender-matched healthy controls completed resting-state fMRI scans and a self-report survey on anxiety symptoms. Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity analyses were performed using the FTs from DN parcellation. Brain connectivity metrics were then correlated with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measures within each group. Adolescents with an anxiety disorder showed significant hyperconnectivity between salience-motor DN FT and cerebral cortical salience-motor regions compared to controls. Salience-motor FT connectivity with cerebral cortical sensorimotor regions was significantly correlated with STAI-trait scores in HC (R2 = 0.41). Here, we report DN functional connectivity differences in adolescents diagnosed with anxiety, as well as in HC with variable degrees of anxiety traits. These observations highlight the relevance of DN as a potential clinical and sub-clinical marker of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ji Lee
- Department of Psychology, ISEC 672D, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Hubbard
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Viviana Siless
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Lo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Atira Nair
- Department of Psychology, ISEC 672D, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Satrajit S Ghosh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, ISEC 672D, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Gougelet RJ, Terzibas C, Callan DE. Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, and Cortex Mediate Performance of an Aerial Pursuit Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32116611 PMCID: PMC7033450 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The affordance competition hypothesis is an ethologically inspired theory from cognitive neuroscience that provides an integrative neural account of continuous, real-time behavior, and will likely become increasingly relevant to the growing field of neuroergonomics. In the spirit of neuroergonomics in aviation, we designed a three-dimensional, first-person, continuous, and real-time fMRI task during which human subjects maneuvered a simulated airplane in pursuit of a target airplane along constantly changing headings. We introduce a pseudo-event-related, parametric fMRI analysis approach to begin testing the affordance competition hypothesis in neuroergonomic contexts, and attempt to identify regions of the brain that exhibit a linear metabolic relationship with the continuous variables of task performance and distance-from-target. In line with the affordance competition hypothesis, our results implicate the cooperation of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex in such a task, with greater involvement of the basal ganglia during good performance, and greater involvement of cortex and cerebellum during poor performance and when distance-from-target closes. We briefly review the somatic marker and dysmetria of thought hypotheses, in addition to the affordance competition hypothesis, to speculate on the intricacies of the cooperation of these brain regions in a task such as ours. In doing so, we demonstrate how the affordance competition hypothesis and other cognitive neuroscience theories are ready for testing in continuous, real-time tasks such as ours, and in other neuroergonomic settings more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gougelet
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cengiz Terzibas
- Multisensory Cognition and Computation Laboratory, Universal Communication Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel E Callan
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Yousefzadeh SA, Hesslow G, Shumyatsky GP, Meck WH. Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:321. [PMID: 31998074 PMCID: PMC6965020 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of studies in the field of timing and time perception have generally focused on sub- and supra-second time scales, specific behavioral processes, and/or discrete neuronal circuits. In an attempt to find common elements of interval timing from a broader perspective, we review the literature and highlight the need for cell and molecular studies that can delineate the neural mechanisms underlying temporal processing. Moreover, given the recent attention to the function of microtubule proteins and their potential contributions to learning and memory consolidation/re-consolidation, we propose that these proteins play key roles in coding temporal information in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The presence of microtubules at relevant neuronal sites, as well as their adaptability, dynamic structure, and longevity, makes them a suitable candidate for neural plasticity at both intra- and inter-cellular levels. As a consequence, microtubules appear capable of maintaining a temporal code or engram and thereby regulate the firing patterns of PCs and MSNs known to be involved in interval timing. This proposed mechanism would control the storage of temporal information triggered by postsynaptic activation of mGluR7. This, in turn, leads to alterations in microtubule dynamics through a "read-write" memory process involving alterations in microtubule dynamics and their hexagonal lattice structures involved in the molecular basis of temporal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aryana Yousefzadeh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Germund Hesslow
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gleb P. Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Lai RY, Tomishon D, Figueroa KP, Pulst SM, Perlman S, Wilmot G, Gomez CM, Schmahmann JD, Paulson H, Shakkottai VG, Ying SH, Zesiewicz T, Bushara K, Geschwind M, Xia G, Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Kuo SH. Tremor in the Degenerative Cerebellum: Towards the Understanding of Brain Circuitry for Tremor. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:519-526. [PMID: 30830673 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar degenerative pathology has been identified in tremor patients; however, how the degenerative pathology could contribute to tremor remains unclear. If the cerebellar degenerative pathology can directly drive tremor, one would hypothesize that tremor is likely to occur in the diseases of cerebellar ataxia and follows the disease progression in such disorders. To further test this hypothesis, we studied the occurrence of tremor in different disease stages of classical cerebellar degenerative disorders: spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). We further separately analyzed postural tremor and rest tremor, two forms of tremor that both involve the cerebellum. We also explored tremor in different subtypes of SCAs. We found that 18.1% of SCA patients have tremor. Interestingly, SCA patients with tremor have worse ataxia than those without tremor. When stratifying patients into mild, moderate, and severe disease stages according to the severity of ataxia, moderate and severe SCA patients more commonly have tremor than those with mild ataxia, the effect most prominently observed in postural tremor of SCA3 and SCA6 patients. Finally, tremor can independently contribute to worse functional status in SCA2 patients, even after adjusting for ataxia severity. Tremor is more likely to occur in the severe stage of cerebellar degeneration when compared to mild stages. Our results partially support the cerebellar degenerative model of tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yah Lai
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darya Tomishon
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karla P Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Susan Perlman
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George Wilmot
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Sarah H Ying
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theresa Zesiewicz
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Khalaf Bushara
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guangbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - S H Subramony
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Abstract
It is a clinical experience that acute lesions of the cerebellum induce pathological tremor, which tends to improve. However, quantitative characteristics, imaging correlates, and recovery of cerebellar tremor have not been systematically investigated. We studied the prevalence, quantitative parameters measured with biaxial accelerometry, and recovery of pathological tremor in 68 patients with lesions affecting the cerebellum. We also investigated the correlation between the occurrence and characteristics of tremor and lesion localization using 3D T1-weighted MRI images which were normalized and segmented according to a spatially unbiased atlas template for the cerebellum. Visual assessment detected pathological tremor in 19% while accelerometry in 47% of the patients. Tremor was present both in postural and intentional positions, but never at rest. Two types of pathological tremor were distinguished: (1) low-frequency tremor in 36.76% of patients (center frequency 2.66 ± 1.17 Hz) and (2) normal frequency-high-intensity tremor in 10.29% (center frequency 8.79 ± 1.43 Hz). The size of the lesion did not correlate with the presence or severity of tremor. Involvement of the anterior lobe and lobule VI was related to high tremor intensity. In all followed up patients with acute cerebellar ischemia, the tremor completely recovered within 8 weeks. Our results indicate that cerebellar lesions might induce pathological postural and intentional tremor of 2-3 Hz frequency. Due to its low frequency and low amplitude, quantitative tremorometry is neccessary to properly identify it. There is no tight correlation between lesion localization and quantitative characteristics of cerebellar tremor.
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Bareš M, Apps R, Avanzino L, Breska A, D'Angelo E, Filip P, Gerwig M, Ivry RB, Lawrenson CL, Louis ED, Lusk NA, Manto M, Meck WH, Mitoma H, Petter EA. Consensus paper: Decoding the Contributions of the Cerebellum as a Time Machine. From Neurons to Clinical Applications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:266-286. [PMID: 30259343 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time perception is an essential element of conscious and subconscious experience, coordinating our perception and interaction with the surrounding environment. In recent years, major technological advances in the field of neuroscience have helped foster new insights into the processing of temporal information, including extending our knowledge of the role of the cerebellum as one of the key nodes in the brain for this function. This consensus paper provides a state-of-the-art picture from the experts in the field of the cerebellar research on a variety of crucial issues related to temporal processing, drawing on recent anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioral, and clinical research.The cerebellar granular layer appears especially well-suited for timing operations required to confer millisecond precision for cerebellar computations. This may be most evident in the manner the cerebellum controls the duration of the timing of agonist-antagonist EMG bursts associated with fast goal-directed voluntary movements. In concert with adaptive processes, interactions within the cerebellar cortex are sufficient to support sub-second timing. However, supra-second timing seems to require cortical and basal ganglia networks, perhaps operating in concert with cerebellum. Additionally, sensory information such as an unexpected stimulus can be forwarded to the cerebellum via the climbing fiber system, providing a temporally constrained mechanism to adjust ongoing behavior and modify future processing. Patients with cerebellar disorders exhibit impairments on a range of tasks that require precise timing, and recent evidence suggest that timing problems observed in other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia may reflect disrupted interactions between the basal ganglia and cerebellum.The complex concepts emerging from this consensus paper should provide a foundation for further discussion, helping identify basic research questions required to understand how the brain represents and utilizes time, as well as delineating ways in which this knowledge can help improve the lives of those with neurological conditions that disrupt this most elemental sense. The panel of experts agrees that timing control in the brain is a complex concept in whom cerebellar circuitry is deeply involved. The concept of a timing machine has now expanded to clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bareš
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centre for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Pavel Filip
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Gerwig
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Charlotte L Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas A Lusk
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium -Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elijah A Petter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Interactive roles of the cerebellum and striatum in sub-second and supra-second timing: Support for an initiation, continuation, adjustment, and termination (ICAT) model of temporal processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:739-755. [PMID: 27773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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