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Foster JC, Hodges HR, Beloborodova A, Cohodes EM, Phillips MQ, Anderson E, Fagbenro B, Gee DG. Integrating developmental neuroscience with community-engaged approaches to address mental health outcomes for housing-insecure youth: Implications for research, practice, and policy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 68:101399. [PMID: 38875770 PMCID: PMC11225708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
One in three children in the United States is exposed to insecure housing conditions, including unaffordable, inconsistent, and unsafe housing. These exposures have detrimental impacts on youth mental health. Delineating the neurobehavioral pathways linking exposure to housing insecurity with children's mental health has the potential to inform interventions and policy. However, in approaching this work, carefully considering the lived experiences of youth and families is essential to translating scientific discovery to improve health outcomes in an equitable and representative way. In the current paper, we provide an introduction to the range of stressful experiences that children may face when exposed to insecure housing conditions. Next, we highlight findings from the early-life stress literature regarding the potential neurobehavioral consequences of insecure housing, focusing on how unpredictability is associated with the neural circuitry supporting cognitive and emotional development. We then delineate how community-engaged research (CEnR) approaches have been leveraged to understand the effects of housing insecurity on mental health, and we propose future research directions that integrate developmental neuroscience research and CEnR approaches to maximize the impact of this work. We conclude by outlining practice and policy recommendations that aim to improve the mental health of children exposed to insecure housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Foster
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - H R Hodges
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anna Beloborodova
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Emily M Cohodes
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dylan G Gee
- Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, United States.
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2
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Buchberger ES, Joechner AK, Ngo CT, Lindenberger U, Werkle-Bergner M. Age differences in generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in childhood. Child Dev 2024; 95:e270-e286. [PMID: 38516813 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Memory enables generalization to new situations, and memory specificity that preserves individual episodes. This study investigated generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in 141 4- to 8-year-olds (computerized memory game; 71 females, tested 2020-2021 in Germany). The results replicated age effects in generalization and memory specificity, and a contingency of generalization on object conceptual properties and interobject semantic proximity. Age effects were stronger in generalization than in memory specificity, and generalization was more closely linked to the explicit regularity knowledge in older than in younger children. After an overnight delay, older children retained more generalized and specific memories and showed greater gains but only in generalization. These findings reveal distinct age differences in generalization and memory specificity across childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa S Buchberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Joechner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi T Ngo
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Sherman BE, Huang I, Wijaya EG, Turk-Browne NB, Goldfarb EV. Acute Stress Effects on Statistical Learning and Episodic Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1741-1759. [PMID: 38713878 PMCID: PMC11223726 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Stress is widely considered to negatively impact hippocampal function, thus impairing episodic memory. However, the hippocampus is not merely the seat of episodic memory. Rather, it also (via distinct circuitry) supports statistical learning. On the basis of rodent work suggesting that stress may impair the hippocampal pathway involved in episodic memory while sparing or enhancing the pathway involved in statistical learning, we developed a behavioral experiment to investigate the effects of acute stress on both episodic memory and statistical learning in humans. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: stress (socially evaluated cold pressor) immediately before learning, stress ∼15 min before learning, or no stress. In the learning task, participants viewed a series of trial-unique scenes (allowing for episodic encoding of each image) in which certain scene categories reliably followed one another (allowing for statistical learning of associations between paired categories). Memory was assessed 24 hr later to isolate stress effects on encoding/learning rather than retrieval. We found modest support for our hypothesis that acute stress can amplify statistical learning: Only participants stressed ∼15 min in advance exhibited reliable evidence of learning across multiple measures. Furthermore, stress-induced cortisol levels predicted statistical learning retention 24 hr later. In contrast, episodic memory did not differ by stress condition, although we did find preliminary evidence that acute stress promoted memory for statistically predictable information and attenuated competition between statistical and episodic encoding. Together, these findings provide initial insights into how stress may differentially modulate learning processes within the hippocampus.
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Xu W, Ren L, Hao X, Shi D, Ma Y, Hu Y, Xie L, Geng F. The brain markers of creativity measured by divergent thinking in childhood: Hippocampal volume and functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120586. [PMID: 38548039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Creativity, a high-order cognitive ability, has received wide attention from researchers and educators who are dedicated to promoting its development throughout one's lifespan. Currently, creativity is commonly assessed with divergent thinking tasks, such as the Alternative Uses Task. Recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques have enabled the identification of brain markers for high-order cognitive abilities. One such brain structure of interest in this regard is the hippocampus, which has been found to play an important role in generating creative thoughts in adulthood. However, such role of the hippocampus in childhood is not clear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the associations between creativity, as measured by divergent thinking, and both the volume of the hippocampus and its resting-state functional connectivity in 116 children aged 8-12 years. The results indicate significant relations between divergent thinking and the volume of the hippocampal head and the hippocampal tail, as well as the volume of a subfield comprising cornu ammonis 2-4 and dentate gyrus within the hippocampal body. Additionally, divergent thinking was significantly related to the differences between the anterior and the posterior hippocampus in their functional connectivity to other brain regions during rest. These results suggest that these two subregions may collaborate with different brain regions to support diverse cognitive processes involved in the generation of creative thoughts. In summary, these findings indicate that divergent thinking is significantly related to the structural and functional characteristics of the hippocampus, offering potential insights into the brain markers for creativity during the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liyuan Ren
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxin Hao
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donglin Shi
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yupu Ma
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Aljishi A, Sherman BE, Huberdeau DM, Obaid S, Khan K, Lamsam L, Zibly Z, Sivaraju A, Turk-Browne NB, Damisah EC. Statistical learning in epilepsy: Behavioral and anatomical mechanisms in the human brain. Epilepsia 2024; 65:753-765. [PMID: 38116686 PMCID: PMC10948305 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statistical learning, the fundamental cognitive ability of humans to extract regularities across experiences over time, engages the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in the healthy brain. This leads to the hypothesis that statistical learning (SL) may be impaired in patients with epilepsy (PWE) involving the temporal lobe, and that this impairment could contribute to their varied memory deficits. In turn, studies done in collaboration with PWE, that evaluate the necessity of MTL circuitry through disease and causal perturbations, provide an opportunity to advance basic understanding of SL. METHODS We implemented behavioral testing, volumetric analysis of the MTL substructures, and direct electrical brain stimulation to examine SL across a cohort of 61 PWE and 28 healthy controls. RESULTS We found that behavioral performance in an SL task was negatively associated with seizure frequency irrespective of seizure origin. The volume of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA2/3 correlated with SL performance, suggesting a more specific role of the hippocampus. Transient direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus disrupted SL. Furthermore, the relationship between SL and seizure frequency was selective, as behavioral performance in an episodic memory task was not impacted by seizure frequency. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these results suggest that SL may be hippocampally dependent and that the SL task could serve as a clinically useful behavioral assay of seizure frequency that may complement existing approaches such as seizure diaries. Simple and short SL tasks may thus provide patient-centered endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Aljishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Brynn E. Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Sami Obaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kamren Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Layton Lamsam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zion Zibly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Eyiyemisi C. Damisah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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6
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Coughlin C, Pudhiyidath A, Roome HE, Varga NL, Nguyen KV, Preston AR. Asynchronous development of memory integration and differentiation influences temporal memory organization. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13437. [PMID: 37608740 PMCID: PMC10884351 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Adults remember items with shared contexts as occurring closer in time to one another than those associated with different contexts, even when their objective temporal distance is fixed. Such temporal memory biases are thought to reflect within-event integration and between-event differentiation processes that organize events according to their contextual similarities and differences, respectively. Within-event integration and between-event differentiation are hypothesized to differentially rely on binding and control processes, which may develop at different ages. To test this hypothesis, 5- to 12-year-olds and adults (N = 134) studied quartets of image pairs that contained either the same scene (same-context) or different scenes (different-context). Participants remembered same-context items as occurring closer in time by older childhood (7-9 years), whereas different-context items were remembered as occurring farther apart by early adolescence (10-12 years). The differential emergence of these temporal memory biases suggests within-event integration and between-event differentiation emerge at different ages. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Children are less likely than adults to use contextual information (e.g., location) to organize their continuous experience in memory, as indicated by temporal memory biases. Biases reflecting within-event integration (i.e., remembering elements with a shared context as occurring closer together in time) emerged in late childhood. Biases reflecting between-event differentiation (i.e., remembering elements from different contexts as occurring farther apart in time) emerged in early adolescence. The differential emergence of biases reflecting within-event integration and between-event differentiation suggests they are distinct, yet complementary, processes that support developmental improvements in event memory organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athula Pudhiyidath
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Hannah E. Roome
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Nicole L. Varga
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kim V. Nguyen
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Alison R. Preston
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin
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7
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McHugo M, Roeske MJ, Vandekar SN, Armstrong K, Avery SN, Heckers S. Smaller anterior hippocampal subfields in the early stage of psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:69. [PMID: 38296964 PMCID: PMC10830481 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal volume is smaller in schizophrenia, but it is unclear when in the illness the changes appear and whether specific regions (anterior, posterior) and subfields (CA1, CA2/3, dentate gyrus, subiculum) are affected. Here, we used a high-resolution T2-weighted sequence specialized for imaging hippocampal subfields to test the hypothesis that anterior CA1 volume is lower in early psychosis. We measured subfield volumes across hippocampal regions in a group of 90 individuals in the early stage of a non-affective psychotic disorder and 70 demographically similar healthy individuals. We observed smaller volume in the anterior CA1 and dentate gyrus subfields in the early psychosis group. Our findings support models that implicate anterior CA1 and dentate gyrus subfield deficits in the mechanism of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Roeske
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Marlatte H, Belchev Z, Fraser M, Gilboa A. The effect of hippocampal subfield damage on rapid temporal integration through statistical learning and associative inference. Neuropsychologia 2024; 193:108755. [PMID: 38092332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hippocampus (HPC) supports integration of information across time, often indexed by associative inference (AI) and statistical learning (SL) tasks. In AI, an indirect association between stimuli that never appeared together is inferred, whereas SL involves learning item relationships by extracting regularities across experiences. A recent model of hippocampal function (Schapiro et al., 2017) proposes that the HPC can support temporal integration in both paradigms through its two distinct pathways. METHODS We tested this models' predictions in four patients with varying degrees of bilateral HPC damage and matched healthy controls, with two patients with complementary damage to either the monosynaptic or trisynaptic pathway. During AI, participants studied overlapping paired associates (AB, BC) and their memory was tested for premise pairs (AB) and for inferred pairs (AC). During SL, participants passively viewed a continuous picture sequence that contained an underlying structure of triplets that later had to be recognized. RESULTS Binomial distributions were used to calculate above chance performance at the individual level. For AI, patients with focal HPC damage were impaired at inference but could correctly infer pairs above chance once premise pair acquisition was equated to controls; however, the patient with HPC and cortical damage showed severe impairment at recalling premise and inferred pairs, regardless of accounting for premise pair performance. For SL, none of the patients performed above chance, but notably neither did most controls. CONCLUSIONS Associative inference of indirect relationships can be intact with HPC damage to either hippocampal pathways or the HPC more broadly, provided premise pairs can first be formed. Inference may remain intact through residual HPC tissue supporting premise pair acquisition, and/or through extra-hippocampal structures supporting inference at retrieval. Clear conclusions about hippocampal contributions to SL are precluded by low performance in controls, which we caution is not dissimilar to previous amnesic studies using the same task. This complicates interpretations of studies claiming necessity of hippocampal contributions to SL and warrants the use of a common and reliable task before conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marlatte
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Zorry Belchev
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Madison Fraser
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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9
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Esposito AG, Bauer PJ. Self-derivation through memory integration: a longitudinal examination of performance and relations with academic achievements in elementary classrooms. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2024; 69:101416. [PMID: 38404501 PMCID: PMC10883686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Self-derivation through memory integration is the cognitive process of generating new knowledge by integrating individual facts. Across two studies, we longitudinally examined developmental change, individual stability, and relations with academic performance in a diverse agricultural community. We documented children's self-derivation in their classrooms and examined the relation with self-derivation and academic performance a year later. In Study 1, we examined self-derivation (n = 94; Mage= 6.67; initially grades K and 1) using the same paradigm at both time points. We found evidence of developmental change from Time 1 to Time 2. However, self-derivation accounted for a small portion of the variance in self-derivation (reflecting individual stability) and academic performance measured one year later. In Study 2, we examined self-derivation across two different paradigms with children beginning in Grades 2 and 3 (n = 82; Mage= 8.60). Even across paradigms, we found evidence for individual stability. Year 1 self-derivation also predicted Year 2 academic performance. We posit that self-derivation through integration is a domain-general construct related to academic performance.
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Sherman BE, Turk-Browne NB, Goldfarb EV. Multiple Memory Subsystems: Reconsidering Memory in the Mind and Brain. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:103-125. [PMID: 37390333 PMCID: PMC10756937 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The multiple-memory-systems framework-that distinct types of memory are supported by distinct brain systems-has guided learning and memory research for decades. However, recent work challenges the one-to-one mapping between brain structures and memory types central to this taxonomy, with key memory-related structures supporting multiple functions across substructures. Here we integrate cross-species findings in the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala to propose an updated framework of multiple memory subsystems (MMSS). We provide evidence for two organizational principles of the MMSS theory: First, opposing memory representations are colocated in the same brain structures; second, parallel memory representations are supported by distinct structures. We discuss why this burgeoning framework has the potential to provide a useful revision of classic theories of long-term memory, what evidence is needed to further validate the framework, and how this novel perspective on memory organization may guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth V Goldfarb
- Department of Psychology, Yale University
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven, USA
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11
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Sweet SJ, Van Hedger SC, Batterink LJ. Of words and whistles: Statistical learning operates similarly for identical sounds perceived as speech and non-speech. Cognition 2024; 242:105649. [PMID: 37871411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Statistical learning is an ability that allows individuals to effortlessly extract patterns from the environment, such as sound patterns in speech. Some prior evidence suggests that statistical learning operates more robustly for speech compared to non-speech stimuli, supporting the idea that humans are predisposed to learn language. However, any apparent statistical learning advantage for speech could be driven by signal acoustics, rather than the subjective perception per se of sounds as speech. To resolve this issue, the current study assessed whether there is a statistical learning advantage for ambiguous sounds that are subjectively perceived as speech-like compared to the same sounds perceived as non-speech, thereby controlling for acoustic features. We first induced participants to perceive sine-wave speech (SWS)-a degraded form of speech not immediately perceptible as speech-as either speech or non-speech. After this induction phase, participants were exposed to a continuous stream of repeating trisyllabic nonsense words, composed of SWS syllables, and then completed an explicit familiarity rating task and an implicit target detection task to assess learning. Critically, participants showed robust and equivalent performance on both measures, regardless of their subjective speech perception. In contrast, participants who perceived the SWS syllables as more speech-like showed better detection of individual syllables embedded in speech streams. These results suggest that speech perception facilitates processing of individual sounds, but not the ability to extract patterns across sounds. Our findings suggest that statistical learning is not influenced by the perceived linguistic relevance of sounds, and that it may be conceptualized largely as an automatic, stimulus-driven mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Sweet
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen C Van Hedger
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Huron University College, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura J Batterink
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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12
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Vinci-Booher S, Schlichting ML, Preston AR, Pestilli F. Development of human hippocampal subfield microstructure and relation to associative inference. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10207-10220. [PMID: 37557916 PMCID: PMC10502573 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a complex brain structure composed of subfields that each have distinct cellular organizations. While the volume of hippocampal subfields displays age-related changes that have been associated with inference and memory functions, the degree to which the cellular organization within each subfield is related to these functions throughout development is not well understood. We employed an explicit model testing approach to characterize the development of tissue microstructure and its relationship to performance on 2 inference tasks, one that required memory (memory-based inference) and one that required only perceptually available information (perception-based inference). We found that each subfield had a unique relationship with age in terms of its cellular organization. While the subiculum (SUB) displayed a linear relationship with age, the dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis field 1 (CA1), and cornu ammonis subfields 2 and 3 (combined; CA2/3) displayed nonlinear trajectories that interacted with sex in CA2/3. We found that the DG was related to memory-based inference performance and that the SUB was related to perception-based inference; neither relationship interacted with age. Results are consistent with the idea that cellular organization within hippocampal subfields might undergo distinct developmental trajectories that support inference and memory performance throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Vinci-Booher
- Indiana University, Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Psychology and Human Development, 230 Appleton Pl., Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Margaret L Schlichting
- University of Toronto, Psychology, 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- University of Texas at Austin, Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Alison R Preston
- University of Texas at Austin, Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Franco Pestilli
- University of Texas at Austin, Psychology, 108 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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Vinci-Booher S, Schlichting ML, Preston AR, Pestilli F. Development of human hippocampal subfield microstructure and relation to associative inference. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536066. [PMID: 37066304 PMCID: PMC10104148 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a complex brain structure composed of subfields that each have distinct cellular organizations. While the volume of hippocampal subfields displays age-related changes that have been associated with inference and memory functions, the degree to which the cellular organization within each subfield is related to these functions throughout development is not well understood. We employed an explicit model testing approach to characterize the development of tissue microstructure and its relationship to performance on two inference tasks, one that required memory (memory-based inference) and one that required only perceptually available information (perception-based inference). We found that each subfield had a unique relationship with age in terms of its cellular organization. While the subiculum (SUB) displayed a linear relationship with age, the dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis field 1 (CA1), and cornu ammonis subfields 2 and 3 (combined; CA2/3) displayed non-linear trajectories that interacted with sex in CA2/3. We found that the DG was related to memory-based inference performance and that the SUB was related to perception-based inference; neither relationship interacted with age. Results are consistent with the idea that cellular organization within hippocampal subfields might undergo distinct developmental trajectories that support inference and memory performance throughout development.
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14
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Unger L, Yim H, Savic O, Dennis S, Sloutsky VM. No frills: Simple regularities in language can go a long way in the development of word knowledge. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13373. [PMID: 36680539 PMCID: PMC10293086 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a flourishing of Natural Language Processing models that can mimic many aspects of human language fluency. These models harness a simple, decades-old idea: It is possible to learn a lot about word meanings just from exposure to language, because words similar in meaning are used in language in similar ways. The successes of these models raise the intriguing possibility that exposure to word use in language also shapes the word knowledge that children amass during development. However, this possibility is strongly challenged by the fact that models use language input and learning mechanisms that may be unavailable to children. Across three studies, we found that unrealistically complex input and learning mechanisms are unnecessary. Instead, simple regularities of word use in children's language input that they have the capacity to learn can foster knowledge about word meanings. Thus, exposure to language may play a simple but powerful role in children's growing word knowledge. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/dT83dmMffnM. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Natural Language Processing (NLP) models can learn that words are similar in meaning from higher-order statistical regularities of word use. Unlike NLP models, infants and children may primarily learn only simple co-occurrences between words. We show that infants' and children's language input is rich in simple co-occurrence that can support learning similarities in meaning between words. We find that simple co-occurrences can explain infants' and children's knowledge that words are similar in meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Unger
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
| | - Hyungwook Yim
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Hanyang University
| | | | - Simon Dennis
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
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15
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Guardia T, Mazloum-Farzaghi N, Olsen RK, Tsvetanov KA, Campbell KL. Associative memory is more strongly predicted by age-related differences in the prefrontal cortex than medial temporal lobes. NEUROIMAGE: REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2023.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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16
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Nichols ES, Blumenthal A, Kuenzel E, Skinner JK, Duerden EG. Hippocampus long-axis specialization throughout development: A meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2023. [PMID: 37209288 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human adult hippocampus can be subdivided into the head, or anterior hippocampus and its body and tail, or posterior hippocampus, and a wealth of functional differences along the longitudinal axis have been reported. One line of literature emphasizes specialization for different aspects of cognition, whereas another emphasizes the unique role of the anterior hippocampus in emotional processing. While some research suggests that functional differences in memory between the anterior and posterior hippocampus appear early in development, it remains unclear whether this is also the case for functional differences in emotion processing. The goal of this meta-analysis was to determine whether the long-axis functional specialization observed in adults is present earlier in development. Using a quantitative meta-analysis, long-axis functional specialization was assessed using the data from 26 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, which included 39 contrasts and 804 participants ranging in age from 4 to 21 years. Results indicated that emotion was more strongly localized to the anterior hippocampus, with memory being more strongly localized to the posterior hippocampus, demonstrating long-axis specialization with regard to memory and emotion in children similar to that seen in adults. An additional analysis of laterality indicated that while memory was left dominant, emotion was processed bilaterally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Nichols
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Anna Blumenthal
- Cervo Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Emma G Duerden
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Canada
- Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
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17
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Walk AM, Cannavale CN, Keye SA, Rosok L, Edwards C, Khan N. Weight status impacts children's incidental statistical learning. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 187:34-42. [PMID: 36796729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The expanding literature investigating the cognitive effects of childhood weight status has not included examinations of incidental statistical learning, the process by which children unintentionally acquire knowledge about patterns in their environments, despite evidence that it underlies many higher-level information processing capabilities. In the present study, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) while school-aged participants completed a variation of an oddball task in which stimuli predicted the appearance of a target. Children were asked to respond to the target but were not given any information about the existence of predictive dependencies. We found that children with a healthy weight status had larger P3 amplitudes in response to the predictors that were most meaningful in completing the task, a finding that may suggest optimized learning mechanisms influenced by weight status. These findings offer an important first step to understanding how healthy lifestyle factors may influence incidental statistical learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Walk
- Eastern Illinois University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Corinne N Cannavale
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America
| | - Shelby A Keye
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America
| | - Laura Rosok
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn Edwards
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of Nutritional Sciences, United States of America
| | - Naiman Khan
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of Nutritional Sciences, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Neuroscience Program, United States of America; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, United States of America.
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18
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Aljishi A, Sherman BE, Huberdeau DM, Obaid S, Sivaraju A, Turk-Browne NB, Damisah EC. Statistical learning in epilepsy: Behavioral, anatomical, and causal mechanisms in the human brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538321. [PMID: 37162937 PMCID: PMC10168289 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Statistical learning, the fundamental cognitive ability of humans to extract regularities across experiences over time, engages the medial temporal lobe in the healthy brain. This leads to the hypothesis that statistical learning may be impaired in epilepsy patients, and that this impairment could contribute to their varied memory deficits. In turn, epilepsy patients provide a platform to advance basic understanding of statistical learning by helping to evaluate the necessity of medial temporal lobe circuitry through disease and causal perturbations. We implemented behavioral testing, volumetric analysis of the medial temporal lobe substructures, and direct electrical brain stimulation to examine statistical learning across a cohort of 61 epilepsy patients and 28 healthy controls. Behavioral performance in a statistical learning task was negatively associated with seizure frequency, irrespective of where seizures originated in the brain. The volume of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA2/3 correlated with statistical learning performance, suggesting a more specific role of the hippocampus. Indeed, transient direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus disrupted statistical learning. Furthermore, the relationship between statistical learning and seizure frequency was selective: behavioral performance in an episodic memory task was impacted by structural lesions in the medial temporal lobe and by antiseizure medications, but not by seizure frequency. Overall, these results suggest that statistical learning may be hippocampally dependent and that this task could serve as a clinically useful behavioral assay of seizure frequency distinct from existing neuropsychological tests. Simple and short statistical learning tasks may thus provide patient-centered endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Aljishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Brynn E. Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Sami Obaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Eyiyemisi C. Damisah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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19
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Liu H, Forest TA, Duncan K, Finn AS. What sticks after statistical learning: The persistence of implicit versus explicit memory traces. Cognition 2023; 236:105439. [PMID: 36934685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Statistical learning is a powerful mechanism that extracts even subtle regularities from our information-dense worlds. Recent theories argue that statistical learning can occur through multiple mechanisms-both the conventionally assumed automatic process that precipitates unconscious learning, and an attention-dependent process that brings regularities into conscious awareness. While this view has gained popularity, there are few empirical dissociations of the hypothesized implicit and explicit forms of statistical learning. Here we provide strong evidence for this dissociation in two ways. First, we show in healthy adults (N = 60) that implicit and explicit traces have divergent consolidation trajectories, with implicit knowledge of structure strengthened over a 24-h period, while precise explicit representations tend to decay. Second, we demonstrate that repeated testing strengthens the retention of explicit representations but that implicit statistical learning is uninfluenced by testing. Together these dissociations provide much needed support for the reconceptualization of statistical learning as a multi-component construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Tess Allegra Forest
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Katherine Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Amy S Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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20
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Ren J, Wang M. Development of statistical learning ability across modalities, domains, and languages. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 226:105570. [PMID: 36332433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Statistical learning (SL) is defined as our ability to use statistics (e.g., frequencies or transitional probabilities) to detect implicit regularities in the environment. Limited research has examined the developmental trajectory of SL across domains and modalities, and no previous research has made systematic comparisons across domains, modalities, and languages using comparable tasks. The current study investigated the development of SL ability across 9-, 11-, and 13-year-old native Chinese-speaking children in non-linguistic visual and auditory SL, first-language Chinese visual and auditory SL, and second-language English visual and auditory SL. Results showed that children across the three age groups achieved all types of SL, and they performed better in visual modality than in auditory modality. Furthermore, while visual SL constantly improved from 9- to 11- to 13-year-olds, auditory SL improved only from 11- to 13-year-olds but not from 9- to 11-year-olds, which could be explained by the discrepancy in developmental trajectory between auditory language and working memory. This pattern of age and modality interaction was similar across non-linguistic Chinese and English SL. A significant interaction between modality and language type also showed that better learning was achieved in visual SL as compared with auditory SL in both non-linguistic and English stimuli. However, children performed similarly across the two modalities in Chinese, possibly due to the contribution of tonal information. Together, our findings point to the joint function of age, modality, and language type in SL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Ren
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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21
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Abstract
A schema refers to a structured body of prior knowledge that captures common patterns across related experiences. Schemas have been studied separately in the realms of episodic memory and spatial navigation across different species and have been grounded in theories of memory consolidation, but there has been little attempt to integrate our understanding across domains, particularly in humans. We propose that experiences during navigation with many similarly structured environments give rise to the formation of spatial schemas (for example, the expected layout of modern cities) that share properties with but are distinct from cognitive maps (for example, the memory of a modern city) and event schemas (such as expected events in a modern city) at both cognitive and neural levels. We describe earlier theoretical frameworks and empirical findings relevant to spatial schemas, along with more targeted investigations of spatial schemas in human and non-human animals. Consideration of architecture and urban analytics, including the influence of scale and regionalization, on different properties of spatial schemas may provide a powerful approach to advance our understanding of spatial schemas.
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22
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Fel JT, Ellis CT, Turk-Browne NB. Automated and manual segmentation of the hippocampus in human infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101203. [PMID: 36791555 PMCID: PMC9957787 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus, critical for learning and memory, undergoes substantial changes early in life. Investigating the developmental trajectory of hippocampal structure and function requires an accurate method for segmenting this region from anatomical MRI scans. Although manual segmentation is regarded as the "gold standard" approach, it is laborious and subjective. This has fueled the pursuit of automated segmentation methods in adults. However, little is known about the reliability of these automated protocols in infants, particularly when anatomical scan quality is degraded by head motion or the use of shorter and quieter infant-friendly sequences. During a task-based fMRI protocol, we collected quiet T1-weighted anatomical scans from 42 sessions with awake infants aged 4-23 months. Two expert tracers first segmented the hippocampus in both hemispheres manually. The resulting inter-rater reliability (IRR) was only moderate, reflecting the difficulty of infant segmentation. We then used four protocols to predict these manual segmentations: average adult template, average infant template, FreeSurfer software, and Automated Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS) software. ASHS generated the most reliable hippocampal segmentations in infants, exceeding the manual IRR of experts. Automated methods thus provide robust hippocampal segmentations of noisy T1-weighted infant scans, opening new possibilities for interrogating early hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Fel
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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23
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Savic O, Unger L, Sloutsky VM. Experience and maturation: The contribution of co-occurrence regularities in language to the development of semantic organization. Child Dev 2023; 94:142-158. [PMID: 35962586 PMCID: PMC9780163 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With development knowledge becomes organized according to semantic links, including early-developing associative (e.g., juicy-apple) and gradually developing taxonomic links (e.g., apple-pear). Word co-occurrence regularities may foster these links: Associative links may form from direct co-occurrence (e.g., juicy-apple), and taxonomic links from shared co-occurrence (e.g., apple and pear co-occur with juicy). Four experiments (2017-2020) investigated this possibility with 4- to 8-year-olds (N = 148, 82 female) and adults (N = 116, 35 female) in a U.S. city with 58.6% White; 29.0% Black, and 5.8% Asian demographics. Results revealed earlier development of the abilities to form direct (ds > 0.536) than the abilities to form shared co-occurrence-based links (ds > 1.291). We argue that the asynchronous development of abilities to form co-occurrence-based links may explain developmental changes in semantic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Savic
- Department of Psychology Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Layla Unger
- Department of Psychology Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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24
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Ayoub LJ, Zhu J, Lee SJ, Mugisha N, Patel K, Duerden EG, Stinson J, Verriotis M, Noel M, Kong D, Moayedi M, McAndrews MP. Age-related effects on the anterior and posterior hippocampal volumes in 6-21 year olds: A model selection approach. Hippocampus 2023; 33:37-46. [PMID: 36519826 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies support significant differences in intrinsic structure, function, and connectivity along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, few studies have investigated the normative development of this dimension. In addition, factors known to influence hippocampal structure, such as sex or puberty, have yet to be characterized when assessing age-related effects on its subregions. This study addresses this gap by investigating the relationship of the anterior (antHC) and posterior (postHC) hippocampus volumes with age, and how these are moderated by sex or puberty, in structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from 183 typically developing participants aged 6-21 years. Based on previous literature, we first anticipated that non-linear models would best represent the relationship between age and the antHC and postHC volumes. We found that age-related effects are region-specific, such that the antHC volume remains stable with increasing age, while the postHC shows a cubic function characterized by overall volume increase with age but a slower rate during adolescence. Second, we hypothesized that models, which include biological sex or pubertal status would best describe these relationships. Contrary to expectation, models comprising either biological sex or pubertal status did not significantly improve model performance. Further longitudinal research is needed to evaluate their effects on the antHC and postHC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth J Ayoub
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Lee
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Mugisha
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Patel
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma G Duerden
- Applied Psychology, Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stinson
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeleine Verriotis
- Pain Research, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dehan Kong
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massieh Moayedi
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Pat McAndrews
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Distinct multivariate structural brain profiles are related to variations in short- and long-delay memory consolidation across children and young adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 59:101192. [PMID: 36566622 PMCID: PMC9803921 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
From early to middle childhood, brain regions that underlie memory consolidation undergo profound maturational changes. However, there is little empirical investigation that directly relates age-related differences in brain structural measures to memory consolidation processes. The present study examined memory consolidation of intentionally studied object-location associations after one night of sleep (short delay) and after two weeks (long delay) in normally developing 5-to-7-year-old children (n = 50) and young adults (n = 39). Behavioural differences in memory retention rate were related to structural brain measures. Our results showed that children, in comparison to young adults, retained correctly learnt object-location associations less robustly over short and long delay. Moreover, using partial least squares correlation method, a unique multivariate profile comprised of specific neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), cerebellar, and hippocampal head and subfield structures in the body was found to be associated with variation in short-delay memory retention. A different multivariate profile comprised of a reduced set of brain structures, mainly consisting of neocortical (prefrontal, parietal, and occipital), hippocampal head, and selective hippocampal subfield structures (CA1-2 and subiculum) was associated with variation in long-delay memory retention. Taken together, the results suggest that multivariate structural pattern of unique sets of brain regions are related to variations in short- and long-delay memory consolidation across children and young adults.
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26
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Hoffmann M, Schmidt A, Ploner CJ. Musical expertise shapes visual-melodic memory integration. Front Psychol 2022; 13:973164. [PMID: 36353073 PMCID: PMC9637918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.973164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Music can act as a mnemonic device that can elicit multiple memories. How musical and non-musical information integrate into complex cross-modal memory representations has however rarely been investigated. Here, we studied the ability of human subjects to associate visual objects with melodies. Musical laypersons and professional musicians performed an associative inference task that tested the ability to form and memorize paired associations between objects and melodies (“direct trials”) and to integrate these pairs into more complex representations where melodies are linked with two objects across trials (“indirect trials”). We further investigated whether and how musical expertise modulates these two processes. We analyzed accuracy and reaction times (RTs) of direct and indirect trials in both groups. We reasoned that the musical and cross-modal memory demands of musicianship might modulate performance in the task and might thus reveal mechanisms that underlie the association and integration of visual information with musical information. Although musicians showed a higher overall memory accuracy, non-musicians’ accuracy was well above chance level in both trial types, thus indicating a significant ability to associate and integrate musical with visual information even in musically untrained subjects. However, non-musicians showed shorter RTs in indirect compared to direct trials, whereas the reverse pattern was found in musicians. Moreover, accuracy of direct and indirect trials correlated significantly in musicians but not in non-musicians. Consistent with previous accounts of visual associative memory, we interpret these findings as suggestive of at least two complimentary mechanisms that contribute to visual-melodic memory integration. (I) A default mechanism that mainly operates at encoding of complex visual-melodic associations and that works with surprising efficacy even in musically untrained subjects. (II) A retrieval-based mechanism that critically depends on an expert ability to maintain and discriminate visual-melodic associations across extended memory delays. Future studies may investigate how these mechanisms contribute to the everyday experience of music-evoked memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hoffmann
- Berlin Center for Musicians’ Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Hanns Eisler School of Music Berlin, Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Berlin Center for Musicians’ Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Hanns Eisler School of Music Berlin, Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Ploner
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph J. Ploner,
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27
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Schevenels K, Michiels L, Lemmens R, De Smedt B, Zink I, Vandermosten M. The role of the hippocampus in statistical learning and language recovery in persons with post stroke aphasia. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103243. [PMID: 36306718 PMCID: PMC9668653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have aimed for accurate predictions of language recovery in post stroke aphasia, individual language outcomes remain hard to predict. Large-scale prediction models are built using data from patients mainly in the chronic phase after stroke, although it is clinically more relevant to consider data from the acute phase. Previous research has mainly focused on deficits, i.e., behavioral deficits or specific brain damage, rather than compensatory mechanisms, i.e., intact cognitive skills or undamaged brain regions. One such unexplored brain region that might support language (re)learning in aphasia is the hippocampus, a region that has commonly been associated with an individual's learning potential, including statistical learning. This refers to a set of mechanisms upon which we rely heavily in daily life to learn a range of regularities across cognitive domains. Against this background, thirty-three patients with aphasia (22 males and 11 females, M = 69.76 years, SD = 10.57 years) were followed for 1 year in the acute (1-2 weeks), subacute (3-6 months) and chronic phase (9-12 months) post stroke. We evaluated the unique predictive value of early structural hippocampal measures for short-term and long-term language outcomes (measured by the ANELT). In addition, we investigated whether statistical learning abilities were intact in patients with aphasia using three different tasks: an auditory-linguistic and visual task based on the computation of transitional probabilities and a visuomotor serial reaction time task. Finally, we examined the association of individuals' statistical learning potential with acute measures of hippocampal gray and white matter. Using Bayesian statistics, we found moderate evidence for the contribution of left hippocampal gray matter in the acute phase to the prediction of long-term language outcomes, over and above information on the lesion and the initial language deficit (measured by the ScreeLing). Non-linguistic statistical learning in patients with aphasia, measured in the subacute phase, was intact at the group level compared to 23 healthy older controls (8 males and 15 females, M = 74.09 years, SD = 6.76 years). Visuomotor statistical learning correlated with acute hippocampal gray and white matter. These findings reveal that particularly left hippocampal gray matter in the acute phase is a potential marker of language recovery after stroke, possibly through its statistical learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Schevenels
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2 (O&N2), Herestraat 49 box 721, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Laura Michiels
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 7003, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 602, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 7003, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 602, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Bert De Smedt
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 box 3765, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Inge Zink
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2 (O&N2), Herestraat 49 box 721, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2 (O&N2), Herestraat 49 box 721, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 5 (O&N 5), Herestraat 49 box 1020, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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28
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Botdorf M, Dunstan J, Sorcher L, Dougherty LR, Riggins T. Socioeconomic disadvantage and episodic memory ability in the ABCD sample: Contributions of hippocampal subregion and subfield volumes. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 57:101138. [PMID: 35907312 PMCID: PMC9335384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with volumetric differences in stress-sensitive neural structures, including the hippocampus, and deficits in episodic memory. Rodent studies provide evidence that memory deficits arise via stress-related structural differences in hippocampal subdivisions; however, human studies have only provided limited evidence to support this notion. We used a sample of 10,695 9-13-year-old participants from two timepoints of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to assess whether socioeconomic disadvantage relates to episodic memory performance through hippocampal volumes. We explored associations among socioeconomic disadvantage, measured via the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), concurrent subregion (anterior, posterior) and subfield volumes (CA1, CA3, CA4/DG, subiculum), and episodic memory, assessed via the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test at baseline and 2-year follow-up (Time 2). Results showed that higher baseline ADI related to smaller concurrent anterior, CA1, CA4/DG, and subiculum volumes and poorer Time 2 memory performance controlling for baseline memory. Moreover, anterior, CA1, and subiculum volumes mediated the longitudinal association between the ADI and memory. Results suggest that greater socioeconomic disadvantage relates to smaller hippocampal subregion and subfield volumes and less age-related improvement in memory. These findings shed light on the neural mechanisms linking socioeconomic disadvantage and cognitive ability in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Botdorf
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | - Jade Dunstan
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Leah Sorcher
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Lea R Dougherty
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Tracy Riggins
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, United States
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29
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Moreau CN, Joanisse MF, Mulgrew J, Batterink LJ. No statistical learning advantage in children over adults: Evidence from behaviour and neural entrainment. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 57:101154. [PMID: 36155415 PMCID: PMC9507983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Explicit recognition measures of statistical learning (SL) suggest that children and adults have similar linguistic SL abilities. However, explicit tasks recruit additional cognitive processes that are not directly relevant for SL and may thus underestimate children's true SL capacities. In contrast, implicit tasks and neural measures of SL should be less influenced by explicit, higher-level cognitive abilities and thus may be better suited to capturing developmental differences in SL. Here, we assessed SL to six minutes of an artificial language in English-speaking children (n = 56, 24 females, M = 9.98 years) and adults (n = 44; 31 females, M = 22.97 years), using explicit and implicit behavioural measures and an EEG measure of neural entrainment. With few exceptions, children and adults showed largely similar performance on the behavioural explicit and implicit tasks, replicating prior work. Children and adults also demonstrated robust neural entrainment to both words and syllables, with a similar time course of word-level entrainment, reflecting learning of the hidden word structure. These results demonstrate that children and adults have similar linguistic SL abilities, even when learning is assessed through implicit performance-based and neural measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Moreau
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, Perth Dr, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Marc F Joanisse
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, Perth Dr, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Jerrica Mulgrew
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, Perth Dr, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Laura J Batterink
- Western University, Brain and Mind Institute, Perth Dr, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.
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30
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Pudhiyidath A, Morton NW, Viveros Duran R, Schapiro AC, Momennejad I, Hinojosa-Rowland DM, Molitor RJ, Preston AR. Representations of Temporal Community Structure in Hippocampus and Precuneus Predict Inductive Reasoning Decisions. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1736-1760. [PMID: 35579986 PMCID: PMC10262802 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the world is shaped by inferences about underlying structure. For example, at the gym, you might notice that the same people tend to arrive around the same time and infer that they are friends that work out together. Consistent with this idea, after participants are presented with a temporal sequence of objects that follows an underlying community structure, they are biased to infer that objects from the same community share the same properties. Here, we used fMRI to measure neural representations of objects after temporal community structure learning and examine how these representations support inference about object relationships. We found that community structure learning affected inferred object similarity: When asked to spatially group items based on their experience, participants tended to group together objects from the same community. Neural representations in perirhinal cortex predicted individual differences in object grouping, suggesting that high-level object representations are affected by temporal community learning. Furthermore, participants were biased to infer that objects from the same community would share the same properties. Using computational modeling of temporal learning and inference decisions, we found that inductive reasoning is influenced by both detailed knowledge of temporal statistics and abstract knowledge of the temporal communities. The fidelity of temporal community representations in hippocampus and precuneus predicted the degree to which temporal community membership biased reasoning decisions. Our results suggest that temporal knowledge is represented at multiple levels of abstraction, and that perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, and precuneus may support inference based on this knowledge.
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31
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Yu J, Fischer NL. Asymmetric generalizability of multimodal brain-behavior associations across age-groups. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5593-5604. [PMID: 35906870 PMCID: PMC9704787 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning methods have increasingly been used to map out brain-behavior associations (BBA), and to predict out-of-scanner behavior of unseen subjects. Given the brain changes that occur in the context of aging, the accuracy of these predictions is likely to depend on how similar the training and testing data sets are in terms of age. To this end, we examined how well BBAs derived from an age-group generalize to other age-groups. We partitioned the CAM-CAN data set (N = 550) into the young, middle, and old age-groups, then used the young and old age-groups to construct prediction models for 11 behavioral outcomes using multimodal neuroimaging features (i.e., structural and resting-state functional connectivity, and gray matter volume/cortical thickness). These models were then applied to all three age-groups to predict their behavioral scores. When the young-derived models were used, a graded pattern of age-generalization was generally observed across most behavioral outcomes-predictions are the most accurate in the young subjects in the testing data set, followed by the middle and then old-aged subjects. Conversely, when the old-derived models were used, the disparity in the predictive accuracy across age-groups was mostly negligible. These findings hold across different imaging modalities. These results suggest the asymmetric age-generalization of BBAs-old-derived BBAs generalized well to all age-groups, however young-derived BBAs generalized poorly beyond their own age-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- Psychology, School of Social SciencesNational Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Nastassja L. Fischer
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE)Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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32
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Esposito AG, Bauer PJ. Determinants of elementary-school academic achievement: Component cognitive abilities and memory integration. Child Dev 2022; 93:1777-1792. [PMID: 35759209 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Children are on a quest for knowledge. To achieve it, children must integrate separate but related episodes of learning. The theoretical model of memory integration posits that the process is supported by component cognitive abilities. In turn, memory integration predicts accumulation of a knowledge base. We tested this model in two studies (data collected in 2016-2018) with second (8-year-olds; n = 391; 196 female; 36% Black, 27% Hispanic/Latinx, 29% White, and 8% multiracial) and third (9-year-olds; n = 282; 148 female; 36% Black, 31% Hispanic/Latinx, 27% White, and 5% multiracial) graders. The results support the theoretical model and the role of verbal comprehension in learning new information, and also indicate that verbal comprehension alone is not sufficient to build knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena G Esposito
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia J Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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33
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Coughlin C, Ben-Asher E, Roome HE, Varga NL, Moreau MM, Schneider LL, Preston AR. Interpersonal Family Dynamics Relate to Hippocampal CA Subfield Structure. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:872101. [PMID: 35784846 PMCID: PMC9247275 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.872101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Social environments that are extremely enriched or adverse can influence hippocampal volume. Though most individuals experience social environments that fall somewhere in between these extremes, substantially less is known about the influence of normative variation in social environments on hippocampal structure. Here, we examined whether hippocampal volume tracks normative variation in interpersonal family dynamics in 7- to 12-year-olds and adults recruited from the general population. We focused on interpersonal family dynamics as a prominent feature of one's social world. Given evidence that CA1 and CA2 play a key role in tracking social information, we related individual hippocampal subfield volumes to interpersonal family dynamics. More positive perceptions of interpersonal family dynamics were associated with greater CA1 and CA2/3 volume regardless of age and controlling for socioeconomic status. These data suggest that CA subfields are sensitive to normative variation in social environments and identify interpersonal family dynamics as an impactful environmental feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Coughlin
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Eliya Ben-Asher
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hannah E. Roome
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nicole L. Varga
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michelle M. Moreau
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lauren L. Schneider
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alison R. Preston
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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34
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Botdorf M, Canada KL, Riggins T. A meta-analysis of the relation between hippocampal volume and memory ability in typically developing children and adolescents. Hippocampus 2022; 32:386-400. [PMID: 35301771 PMCID: PMC9313816 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory is supported by a network of brain regions, with the hippocampus serving a critical role in this cognitive process. Previous meta-analyses on the association between hippocampal structure and memory have largely focused on adults. Multiple studies have since suggested that hippocampal volume is related to memory performance in children and adolescents; however, the strength and direction of this relation varies across reports, and thus, remains unclear. To further understand this brain-behavior relation, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between hippocampal volume (assessed as total volume) and memory during typical development. Across 25 studies and 61 memory outcomes with 1357 participants, results showed a small, but significant, positive association between total hippocampal volume and memory performance. Estimates of the variability across studies in the relation between total volume and memory were not explained by differences in memory task type (delayed vs. immediate; relational vs. nonrelational), participant age range, or the method of normalization of hippocampal volumes. Overall, findings suggest that larger total hippocampal volume relates to better memory performance in children and adolescents and that this relation is similar across the memory types and age ranges assessed. To facilitate enhanced generalization across studies in the future, we discuss considerations for the field moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Botdorf
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kelsey L. Canada
- Institute of GerontologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
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35
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Fló A, Benjamin L, Palu M, Dehaene-Lambertz G. Sleeping neonates track transitional probabilities in speech but only retain the first syllable of words. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4391. [PMID: 35292694 PMCID: PMC8924158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting statistical regularities from the environment is a primary learning mechanism that might support language acquisition. While it has been shown that infants are sensitive to transition probabilities between syllables in speech, it is still not known what information they encode. Here we used electrophysiology to study how full-term neonates process an artificial language constructed by randomly concatenating four pseudo-words and what information they retain after a few minutes of exposure. Neural entrainment served as a marker of the regularities the brain was tracking during learning. Then in a post-learning phase, evoked-related potentials (ERP) to different triplets explored which information was retained. After two minutes of familiarization with the artificial language, neural entrainment at the word rate emerged, demonstrating rapid learning of the regularities. ERPs in the test phase significantly differed between triplets starting or not with the correct first syllables, but no difference was associated with subsequent violations in transition probabilities. Thus, our results revealed a two-step learning process: neonates segmented the stream based on its statistical regularities, but memory encoding targeted during the word recognition phase entangled the ordinal position of the syllables but was still incomplete at that age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fló
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France.
| | - Lucas Benjamin
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Marie Palu
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif/Yvette, France
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36
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Developmental differences in memory reactivation relate to encoding and inference in the human brain. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:415-428. [PMID: 34782728 PMCID: PMC8973118 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that children can draw on their memories to make novel inferences, it is unknown whether they do so through the same neural mechanisms as adults. We measured memory reinstatement as participants aged 7-30 years learned new, related information. While adults brought memories to mind throughout learning, adolescents did so only transiently, and children not at all. Analysis of trial-wise variability in reactivation showed that discrepant neural mechanisms-and in particular, what we interpret as suppression of interfering memories during learning in early adolescence-are nevertheless beneficial for later inference at each developmental stage. These results suggest that while adults build integrated memories well-suited to informing inference directly, children and adolescents instead must rely on separate memories to be individually referenced at the time of inference decisions.
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37
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Keresztes A, Raffington L, Bender AR, Bögl K, Heim C, Shing YL. Longitudinal Developmental Trajectories Do Not Follow Cross-Sectional Age Associations in Hippocampal Subfield and Memory Development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101085. [PMID: 35278767 PMCID: PMC8917271 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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38
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Measuring statistical learning by eye-tracking. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Statistical learning—the skill to pick up probability-based regularities of the environment—plays a crucial role in adapting to the environment and learning perceptual, motor, and language skills in healthy and clinical populations. Here, we developed a new method to measure statistical learning without any manual responses. We used the Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task, adapted to eye-tracker, which, besides measuring reaction times (RTs), enabled us to track learning-dependent anticipatory eye movements. We found robust, interference-resistant learning on RT; moreover, learning-dependent anticipatory eye movements were even more sensitive measures of statistical learning on this task. Our method provides a way to apply the widely used ASRT task to operationalize statistical learning in clinical populations where the use of manual tasks is hindered, such as in Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, it also enables future basic research to use a more sensitive version of this task to measure predictive processing.
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39
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Solar KG, Treit S, Beaulieu C. High resolution diffusion tensor imaging of the hippocampus across the healthy lifespan. Hippocampus 2021; 31:1271-1284. [PMID: 34599623 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human hippocampus is difficult to image given its small size, location, shape, and complex internal architecture. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown age-related hippocampal volume changes that vary along the anterior-posterior axis. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides complementary measures related to microstructure, but there are few hippocampus DTI studies investigating change with age in healthy participants, and all have been limited by low spatial resolution. The current study uses high resolution 1 mm isotropic DTI of 153 healthy volunteers aged 5-74 years to investigate diffusion and volume trajectories of the hippocampus (whole, head, body, and tail) and correlations with memory. Hippocampal volume showed age-related changes that differed between head (peaking at midlife), body (no changes), and tail (decreasing across the age span). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivities (MD, AD, RD) yielded peaks or minima, respectively, at ~30-35 years in all three subregions of the hippocampus. Greater magnitude changes were observed during development than in aging. Age trajectories for both volume and DTI were similar between males and females. Correlations between tests of memory and FA and/or volume were significant in younger subjects (5-17 years), but not in 18-49 year olds or 50-74 year olds. MD was significantly correlated with memory performance in 18-49 year olds, but not in other age groups. Given the diffusion-weighted image contrast and resolution, head digitations could be examined revealing that the majority of subjects had 3-4 (48%) or 2 (32%) bilaterally with no effect of age. One millimeter isotropic DTI yielded high quality diffusion-weighted maps of the human hippocampus that showed regionally specific age effects and cognitive correlations along the anterior-posterior axis from 5 to 74 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grant Solar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Treit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Ellis CT, Skalaban LJ, Yates TS, Bejjanki VR, Córdova NI, Turk-Browne NB. Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3358-3364.e4. [PMID: 34022155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is essential for human memory.1 The protracted maturation of memory capacities from infancy through early childhood2-4 is thus often attributed to hippocampal immaturity.5-7 The hippocampus of human infants has been characterized in terms of anatomy,8,9 but its function has never been tested directly because of technical challenges.10,11 Here, we use recently developed methods for task-based fMRI in awake human infants12 to test the hypothesis that the infant hippocampus supports statistical learning.13-15 Hippocampal activity increased with exposure to visual sequences of objects when the temporal order contained regularities to be learned, compared to when the order was random. Despite the hippocampus doubling in anatomical volume across infancy, learning-related functional activity bore no relationship to age. This suggests that the hippocampus is recruited for statistical learning at the youngest ages in our sample, around 3 months. Within the hippocampus, statistical learning was clearer in anterior than posterior divisions. This is consistent with the theory that statistical learning occurs in the monosynaptic pathway,16 which is more strongly represented in the anterior hippocampus.17,18 The monosynaptic pathway develops earlier than the trisynaptic pathway, which is linked to episodic memory,19,20 raising the possibility that the infant hippocampus participates in statistical learning before it forms durable memories. Beyond the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex showed statistical learning, consistent with its role in adult memory integration21 and generalization.22 These results suggest that the hippocampus supports the vital ability of infants to extract the structure of their environment through experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lena J Skalaban
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tristan S Yates
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Vikranth R Bejjanki
- Department of Psychology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Natalia I Córdova
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Nicholas B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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41
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Miller-Goldwater HE, Cronin-Golomb LM, Porter BM, Bauer PJ. Developmental differences in reactivation underlying self-derivation of new knowledge through memory integration. Cogn Psychol 2021; 129:101413. [PMID: 34304109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-derivation of novel facts through integration of memory content is fundamental to acquiring new knowledge and a means of building a semantic knowledge base. It involves combining memory content acquired across separate episodes of learning to generate new knowledge that was not explicitly taught in either episode. To self-derive, one needs to reactivate earlier learned memory content upon exposure to related content and then integrate the learning episodes. Previous research found developmental differences in the conditions under which integration occurs. Adults spontaneously integrate whereas 7- to 9-year-old children seemingly integrate only upon direct tests that verbally prompt for integration. Yet it is unclear whether children engage in the preliminary process of reactivation prior to the direct tests. To address this gap in the current research, we developed an eye-tracking paradigm and tested whether adults and 7- to 9-year-old children engage in the process of reactivation prior to direct tests. The direct tests verbally prompted for integration of memory content requiring self-derivation through both open-ended and forced-choice formats. Both adults and children engaged in reactivation prior to the direct tests. The extent of their reactivation predicted their performance on the direct tests. However, adults showed stronger evidence of reactivation and performed better than children on the direct tests. This work contributes to understandings of developmental differences in the underlying processes involved in the development of new knowledge.
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Ngo CT, Benear SL, Popal H, Olson IR, Newcombe NS. Contingency of semantic generalization on episodic specificity varies across development. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2690-2697.e5. [PMID: 33887184 PMCID: PMC8222141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semantic memory-general knowledge of ideas and concepts-includes generalization processes that support inference. Episodic memory, on the other hand, preserves the specificity of individual events by binding together unique combinations of elements from an episode and relies on pattern separation to distinguish similar experiences. These two memory systems play complementary roles, supporting different mnemonic goals, but the nature and extent of their interdependence is unclear.1,2 Some models suggest that new information is encoded initially as hippocampus-dependent episodic memory and then, either through repetition or gist extraction, becomes semantic over time.3,4 These models also posit a neocortical route to semantic memory acquisition exists that can bypass the hippocampus.3 Both proposed routes are slow learning mechanisms, yet generalization can occur rapidly. Recent models suggest that fast generalization relies, in part, on the retrieval of individual but related episodes.5,6 Such episodic memory gating mechanisms render fast generalization contingent on the memory specificity of instances, a pattern that has been observed in adults.7,8 None of these models take into account the observation that generalization and episodic specificity have asynchronous developmental profiles, with generalization emerging years before episodic memory.9,10 We ask two questions about generalized and specific memory during early childhood: first, is rapid generalization contingent on remembering specific past memories? And second, does the strength or nature of this contingency differ across development? We found that the interdependence of generalization and episodic memory varies across development: generalization success in adults, but not in children, was contingent on context binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi T Ngo
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susan L Benear
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haroon Popal
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingrid R Olson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Unger L, Fisher AV. The Emergence of Richly Organized Semantic Knowledge from Simple Statistics: A Synthetic Review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021; 60:100949. [PMID: 33840880 PMCID: PMC8026144 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As adults, we draw upon our ample knowledge about the world to support such vital cognitive feats as using language, reasoning, retrieving knowledge relevant to our current goals, planning for the future, adapting to unexpected events, and navigating through the environment. Our knowledge readily supports these feats because it is not merely a collection of stored facts, but rather functions as an organized, semantic network of concepts connected by meaningful relations. How do the relations that fundamentally organize semantic concepts emerge with development? Here, we cast a spotlight on a potentially powerful but often overlooked driver of semantic organization: Rich statistical regularities that are ubiquitous in both language and visual input. In this synthetic review, we show that a driving role for statistical regularities is convergently supported by evidence from diverse fields, including computational modeling, statistical learning, and semantic development. Finally, we identify a number of key avenues of future research into how statistical regularities may drive the development of semantic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Unger
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus OH
| | - Anna V Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA
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44
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Prompt-facilitated learning: The development of unprompted memory integration and subsequent self-derivation. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:1473-1487. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Canada KL, Hancock GR, Riggins T. Modeling longitudinal changes in hippocampal subfields and relations with memory from early- to mid-childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100947. [PMID: 33774332 PMCID: PMC8039550 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been suggested to show protracted postnatal developmental growth across childhood. Most previous studies during this developmental period have been cross-sectional in nature and have focused on age-related differences in either hippocampal subregions or subfields, but not both, potentially missing localized changes. This study capitalized on a latent structural equation modeling approach to examine the longitudinal development of hippocampal subfields (cornu ammonis (CA) 2-4/dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, subiculum) in both the head and the body of the hippocampus, separately, in 165 typically developing 4- to 8-year-old children. Our findings document differential development of subfields within hippocampal head and body. Specifically, within hippocampal head, CA1 volume increased between 4-5 years and within hippocampal body, CA2-4/DG and subiculum volume increased between 5-6 years. Additionally, changes in CA1 volume in the head and changes in subiculum in the body between 4-5 years related to improvements in memory between 4-5 years. These findings demonstrate the protracted development of subfields in vivo during early- to mid-childhood, illustrate the importance of considering subfields separately in the head and body of the hippocampus, document co-occurring development of brain and behavior, and highlight the strength of longitudinal data and latent modeling when examining brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.
| | - Gregory R Hancock
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
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46
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Homayouni R, Yu Q, Ramesh S, Tang L, Daugherty AM, Ofen N. Test-retest reliability of hippocampal subfield volumes in a developmental sample: Implications for longitudinal developmental studies. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2327-2339. [PMID: 33751637 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (Hc) is composed of cytoarchitectonically distinct subfields: dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis sectors 1-3 (CA1-3), and subiculum. Limited evidence suggests differential maturation rates across the Hc subfields. While longitudinal studies are essential in demonstrating differential development of Hc subfields, a prerequisite for interpreting meaningful longitudinal effects is establishing test-retest consistency of Hc subfield volumes measured in vivo over time. Here, we examined test-retest consistency of Hc subfield volumes measured from structural MR images in two independent developmental samples. Sample One (n = 28, ages 7-20 years, M = 12.64, SD = 3.35) and Sample Two (n = 28, ages 7-17 years, M = 11.72, SD = 2.88) underwent MRI twice with a 1-month and a 2-year delay, respectively. High-resolution PD-TSE-T2 -weighted MR images (0.4 × 0.4 × 2 mm3 ) were collected and manually traced using a longitudinal manual demarcation protocol. In both samples, we found excellent consistency of Hc subfield volumes between the two visits, assessed by two-way mixed intraclass correlation (ICC (3) single measures ≥ 0.87), and no difference between children and adolescents. The results further indicated that discrepancies between repeated measures were not related to Hc subfield volumes, or visit number. In addition to high consistency, with the applied longitudinal protocol, we detected significant variability in Hc subfield volume changes over the 2-year delay, implying high sensitivity of the method in detecting individual differences. Establishing unbiased, high longitudinal consistency of Hc subfield volume measurements optimizes statistical power of a hypothesis test and reduces standard error of the estimate, together improving external validity of the measures in constructing theoretical models of memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Homayouni
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qijing Yu
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sruthi Ramesh
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lingfei Tang
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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47
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Fló A. Evidence of ordinal position encoding of sequences extracted from continuous speech. Cognition 2021; 213:104646. [PMID: 33707004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infants' capacity to extract statistical regularities from sequential information is impressive and well documented. However, statistical learning's underlying mechanism remains mostly unknown, and its role in language acquisition is still under debate. To shed light on these issues, here we address the question of which information human subjects extract and encode after familiarisation with a continuous sequence of stimuli and its dependence on the type of segmentation cues and on the stimuli modality. Specifically, we investigate whether adults and 5-month-old infants learn the syllables' co-occurrence in the stream or generate a representation of the Words that include syllables' ordinal position. We test if subtle pauses signalling word boundaries change the encoding and, in adults, if it varies across modalities. In six behavioural experiments, we show that: (i) Adults and infants learn the streams' statistical structure. (ii) Ordinal encoding emerges in the auditory modality, and pauses enhanced it. However, (iii) ordinal encoding seems to depend on the learning stage and not on pauses marking Words' edges. Interestingly, (iv) for visual presentation of orthographic syllables, we do not find evidence of ordinal encoding in adults. Our results support the emergence, in the auditory modality, of a Word representation where its constituents are associated with an ordinal position at play already early in life, bringing new insights into speech processing and language acquisition. Additionally, we successfully use for the first time pupillometry in an infant segmentation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fló
- Language, Cognition, and Development Laboratory, Scuola Internazionale di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France.
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48
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Age-Related Increases in Posterior Hippocampal Granularity Are Associated with Remote Detailed Episodic Memory in Development. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1738-1754. [PMID: 33443075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1738-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory is critical to human functioning. In adults, episodic memory involves a distributed neural circuit in which the hippocampus plays a central role. As episodic memory abilities continue to develop across childhood and into adolescence, studying episodic memory maturation can provide insight into the development and construction of these hippocampal networks, and ultimately clues to their function in adulthood. While past developmental studies have shown that the hippocampus helps to support memory in middle childhood and adolescence, the extent to which ongoing maturation within the hippocampus contributes to developmental change in episodic memory abilities remains unclear. In contrast, slower maturing regions, such as the PFC, have been suggested to be the neurobiological locus of memory improvements into adolescence. However, it is also possible that the methods used to detect hippocampal development during middle childhood and adolescence are not sensitive enough. Here, we examine how temporal covariance (or differentiation) in voxel representations within anterior and posterior hippocampus change with age to support the development of detailed recollection in male and female developing humans. We find age-related increases in the distinctiveness of temporal activation profiles in the posterior, but not anterior, hippocampus. Second, we show that this measure of granularity, when present during postencoding rest periods, correlates with the recall of detailed memories of preceding stimuli several weeks postencoding, suggesting that granularity may promote memory stabilization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Studying hippocampal maturation can provide insight into episodic memory development, as well as clues to episodic functioning in adulthood. Past work has shown evidence both for and against hippocampal contributions to age-related improvements in memory performance, but has relied heavily on univariate approaches (averaging activity across hippocampal voxels), which may not be sensitive to nuanced developmental change. Here we use a novel approach, examining time signatures in individual hippocampal voxels to reveal regionally specific (anterior vs posterior hippocampus) differences in the distinctiveness (granularity) of temporal activation profiles across development. Importantly, posterior hippocampus granularity during windows of putative memory stabilization was associated with long-term memory specificity. This suggests that the posterior hippocampus gradually builds the capacity to support detailed episodic recall.
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49
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The Formation and Retrieval of Holistic Event Memories Across Development. J Cogn 2021; 4:13. [PMID: 33615134 PMCID: PMC7880000 DOI: 10.5334/joc.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Event memories consist of associations between their constituent elements, leading to their holistic retrieval via the process of pattern completion. This holistic retrieval can occur, under specific conditions, when each within-event association is encoded in a separate temporal context: adults are able to integrate the information into a single coherent representation. In this study, we sought to replicate the holistic retrieval of simultaneously encoded event elements in children, and examine whether children can similarly integrate across separated encoding contexts. Children (aged 6–7 years; 9–10 years) and adults encoded two series of three-element “events” consisting of an animal, object, and location. In the simultaneous condition, they encountered all three event elements at once; in the separated condition, they encountered each pairwise association separately (animal-object, animal-location, object-location). After encoding, they were tested on the retrieval of each within-event association using a 4-alternative-forced-choice task. We inferred the presence of holistic retrieval using a measure of retrieval dependency—the statistical dependency between retrieval of within-event associations. Memory for the pairs improved across ages, but there were no developmental differences in retrieval dependency. In the simultaneous encoding condition, all three age groups showed retrieval dependency. However, counter to previous studies, retrieval dependency was not observed in any age group following separated encoding. The results from the simultaneous encoding condition support the idea that pattern completion processes are developed by early childhood. The absence of retrieval dependency in adults following separated encoding prevent conclusions regarding the developmental trajectory of mnemonic integration.
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50
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Costanzo F, Alfieri P, Caciolo C, Bergonzini P, Perrino F, Zampino G, Leoni C, Menghini D, Digilio MC, Tartaglia M, Vicari S, Carlesimo GA. Recognition Memory in Noonan Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:169. [PMID: 33572736 PMCID: PMC7910957 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and the clinically related NS with multiple lentiginous (NMLS) are genetic conditions characterized by upregulated RAS mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS-MAPK) signaling, which is known to impact hippocampus-dependent memory formation and consolidation. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed characterization of the recognition memory of children and adolescents with NS/NMLS. We compared 18 children and adolescents affected by NS and NMLS with 22 typically developing (TD) children, matched for chronological age and non-verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ), in two different experimental paradigms, to assess familiarity and recollection: a Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP) and a Task Dissociation Procedure (TDP). Differences in verbal skills between groups, as well as chronological age, were considered in the analysis. Participants with NS and NSML showed reduced recollection in the PDP and impaired associative recognition in the TDP, compared to controls. These results indicate poor recollection in the recognition memory of participants with NS and NSML, which cannot be explained by intellectual disability or language deficits. These results provide evidence of the role of mutations impacting RAS-MAPK signaling in the disruption of hippocampal memory formation and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Cristina Caciolo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Paola Bergonzini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Francesca Perrino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
- Rehabilitation Center UILMD Lazio Onlus, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.D.); (M.T.)
- Medical Genetics, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
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