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Veale R, Takahashi M. Pathways for Naturalistic Looking Behavior in Primate II. Superior Colliculus Integrates Parallel Top-down and Bottom-up Inputs. Neuroscience 2024; 545:86-110. [PMID: 38484836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Volitional signals for gaze control are provided by multiple parallel pathways converging on the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), whose deeper layers output to the brainstem gaze circuits. In the first of two papers (Takahashi and Veale, 2023), we described the properties of gaze behavior of several species under both laboratory and natural conditions, as well as the current understanding of the brainstem and spinal cord circuits implementing gaze control in primate. In this paper, we review the parallel pathways by which sensory and task information reaches SC and how these sensory and task signals interact within SC's multilayered structure. This includes both bottom-up (world statistics) signals mediated by sensory cortex, association cortex, and subcortical structures, as well as top-down (goal and task) influences which arrive via either direct excitatory pathways from cerebral cortex, or via indirect basal ganglia relays resulting in inhibition or dis-inhibition as appropriate for alternative behaviors. Models of attention such as saliency maps serve as convenient frameworks to organize our understanding of both the separate computations of each neural pathway, as well as the interaction between the multiple parallel pathways influencing gaze. While the spatial interactions between gaze's neural pathways are relatively well understood, the temporal interactions between and within pathways will be an important area of future study, requiring both improved technical methods for measurement and improvement of our understanding of how temporal dynamics results in the observed spatiotemporal allocation of gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Veale
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mayu Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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2
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Freire-Cobo C, Rothwell ES, Varghese M, Edwards M, Janssen WGM, Lacreuse A, Hof PR. Neuronal vulnerability to brain aging and neurodegeneration in cognitively impaired marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:49-62. [PMID: 36638681 PMCID: PMC9892246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of neurobiological and neuropathological changes that affect synaptic integrity and function with aging is key to understanding why the aging brain is vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the cellular characteristics in the cerebral cortex of behaviorally characterized marmosets, based on their trajectories of cognitive learning as they transitioned to old age. We found increased astrogliosis, increased phagocytic activity of microglial cells and differences in resting and reactive microglial cell phenotypes in cognitively impaired compared to nonimpaired marmosets. Differences in amyloid beta deposition were not related to cognitive trajectory. However, we found age-related changes in density and morphology of dendritic spines in pyramidal neurons of layer 3 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the CA1 field of the hippocampus between cohorts. Overall, our data suggest that an accelerated aging process, accompanied by neurodegeneration, that takes place in cognitively impaired aged marmosets and affects the plasticity of dendritic spines in cortical areas involved in cognition and points to mechanisms of neuronal vulnerability to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire-Cobo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Emily S Rothwell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mélise Edwards
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - William G M Janssen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Kell AJ, Bokor SL, Jeon YN, Toosi T, Issa EB. Marmoset core visual object recognition behavior is comparable to that of macaques and humans. iScience 2022; 26:105788. [PMID: 36594035 PMCID: PMC9804140 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the smallest simian primates, the common marmoset offers promise as an experimentally tractable primate model for neuroscience with translational potential to humans. However, given its exceedingly small brain and body, the gap in perceptual and cognitive abilities between marmosets and humans requires study. Here, we performed a comparison of marmoset behavior to that of three other species in the domain of high-level vision. We first found that marmosets outperformed rats - a marmoset-sized rodent - on a simple recognition task, with marmosets robustly recognizing objects across views. On a more challenging invariant object recognition task used previously in humans, marmosets also achieved high performance. Notably, across hundreds of images, marmosets' image-by-image behavior was highly similar to that of humans - nearly as human-like as macaque behavior. Thus, core aspects of visual perception are conserved across monkeys and humans, and marmosets present salient behavioral advantages over other small model organisms for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J.E. Kell
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sophie L. Bokor
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - You-Nah Jeon
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Tahereh Toosi
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Elias B. Issa
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA,Corresponding author
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4
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Burkart JM, Adriaense JEC, Brügger RK, Miss FM, Wierucka K, van Schaik CP. A convergent interaction engine: vocal communication among marmoset monkeys. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210098. [PMID: 35876206 PMCID: PMC9315454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the primate origins of the human interaction engine, it is worthwhile to focus not only on great apes but also on callitrichid monkeys (marmosets and tamarins). Like humans, but unlike great apes, callitrichids are cooperative breeders, and thus habitually engage in coordinated joint actions, for instance when an infant is handed over from one group member to another. We first explore the hypothesis that these habitual cooperative interactions, the marmoset interactional ethology, are supported by the same key elements as found in the human interaction engine: mutual gaze (during joint action), turn-taking, volubility, as well as group-wide prosociality and trust. Marmosets show clear evidence of these features. We next examine the prediction that, if such an interaction engine can indeed give rise to more flexible communication, callitrichids may also possess elaborate communicative skills. A review of marmoset vocal communication confirms unusual abilities in these small primates: high volubility and large vocal repertoires, vocal learning and babbling in immatures, and voluntary usage and control. We end by discussing how the adoption of cooperative breeding during human evolution may have catalysed language evolution by adding these convergent consequences to the great ape-like cognitive system of our hominin ancestors. This article is part of the theme issue 'Revisiting the human 'interaction engine': comparative approaches to social action coordination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Burkart
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution ISLE, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. E. C. Adriaense
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R. K. Brügger
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F. M. Miss
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K. Wierucka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. P. van Schaik
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution ISLE, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Spadacenta S, Dicke PW, Thier P. A prosocial function of head-gaze aversion and head-cocking in common marmosets. Primates 2022; 63:535-546. [PMID: 35838928 PMCID: PMC9463209 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaze aversion is a behavior adopted by several mammalian and non-mammalian species in response to eye contact, and is usually interpreted as a reaction to a perceived threat. Unlike many other primate species, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are thought to have a high tolerance for direct gaze, barely exhibiting gaze avoidance towards conspecifics and humans. Here we show that this does not hold for marmosets interacting with a familiar experimenter who suddenly establishes eye contact in a playful interaction (peekaboo). Video footage synchronously recorded from the perspective of the marmoset and the experimenter showed that the monkeys consistently alternated between eye contact and head-gaze aversion, and that these responses were often preceded by head-cocking. We hypothesize that this behavioral strategy helps marmosets to temporarily disengage from emotionally overwhelming social stimulation due to sight of another individual's face, in order to prepare for a new round of affiliative face-to-face interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Spadacenta
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter W Dicke
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Jovanovic V, Fishbein AR, de la Mothe L, Lee KF, Miller CT. Behavioral context affects social signal representations within single primate prefrontal cortex neurons. Neuron 2022; 110:1318-1326.e4. [PMID: 35108498 PMCID: PMC10064486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether social signal processing in more traditional, head-restrained contexts is representative of the putative natural analog-social communication-by comparing responses to vocalizations within individual neurons in marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC) across a series of behavioral contexts ranging from traditional to naturalistic. Although vocalization-responsive neurons were evident in all contexts, cross-context consistency was notably limited. A response to these social signals when subjects were head-restrained was not predictive of a comparable neural response to the identical vocalizations during natural communication. This pattern was evident both within individual neurons and at a population level, as PFC activity could be reliably decoded for the behavioral context in which vocalizations were heard. These results suggest that neural representations of social signals in primate PFC are not static but highly flexible and likely reflect how nuances of the dynamic behavioral contexts affect the perception of these signals and what they communicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jovanovic
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam Ryan Fishbein
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa de la Mothe
- Department of Psychology, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Laboratory for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cory Thomas Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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7
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How Reliance on Allomaternal Care Shapes Primate Development with Special Reference to the Genus Homo. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76000-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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8
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The application of noninvasive, restraint-free eye-tracking methods for use with nonhuman primates. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:1003-1030. [PMID: 32935327 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years there has been a strong interest in applying eye-tracking techniques to study a myriad of questions related to human and nonhuman primate psychological processes. Eye movements and fixations can provide qualitative and quantitative insights into cognitive processes of nonverbal populations such as nonhuman primates, clarifying the evolutionary, physiological, and representational underpinnings of human cognition. While early attempts at nonhuman primate eye tracking were relatively crude, later, more sophisticated and sensitive techniques required invasive protocols and the use of restraint. In the past decade, technology has advanced to a point where noninvasive eye-tracking techniques, developed for use with human participants, can be applied for use with nonhuman primates in a restraint-free manner. Here we review the corpus of recent studies (N=32) that take such an approach. Despite the growing interest in eye-tracking research, there is still little consensus on "best practices," both in terms of deploying test protocols or reporting methods and results. Therefore, we look to advances made in the field of developmental psychology, as well as our own collective experiences using eye trackers with nonhuman primates, to highlight key elements that researchers should consider when designing noninvasive restraint-free eye-tracking research protocols for use with nonhuman primates. Beyond promoting best practices for research protocols, we also outline an ideal approach for reporting such research and highlight future directions for the field.
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9
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Rothwell ES, Freire-Cobo C, Varghese M, Edwards M, Janssen WGM, Hof PR, Lacreuse A. The marmoset as an important primate model for longitudinal studies of neurocognitive aging. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23271. [PMID: 34018622 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline has been extensively studied in humans, but the majority of research designs are cross-sectional and compare across younger and older adults. Longitudinal studies are necessary to capture variability in cognitive aging trajectories but are difficult to carry out in humans and long-lived nonhuman primates. Marmosets are an ideal primate model for neurocognitive aging as their naturally short lifespan facilitates longitudinal designs. In a longitudinal study of marmosets tested on reversal learning starting in middle-age, we found that, on average, the group of marmosets declined in cognitive performance around 8 years of age. However, we found highly variable patterns of cognitive aging trajectories across individuals. Preliminary analyses of brain tissues from this cohort also show highly variable degrees of neuropathology. Future work will tie together behavioral trajectories with brain pathology and provide a window into the factors that predict age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Rothwell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmen Freire-Cobo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mélise Edwards
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William G M Janssen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Pandey S, Simhadri S, Zhou Y. Rapid Head Movements in Common Marmoset Monkeys. iScience 2020; 23:100837. [PMID: 32058952 PMCID: PMC6997856 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze shifts, the directing of the eyes to an approaching predator, preferred food source, or potential mate, have universal biological significance for the survival of a species. Our knowledge of gaze behavior is based primarily on visually triggered responses, whereas head orientation triggered by auditory stimuli remains poorly characterized. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a diurnal, small-bodied (∼350 g), New World monkey species, known for its rich behavioral repertoires during social interactions. We used a lightweight head tracking system to measure marmosets' reflexive head orientations toward a natural stimulus presented from behind. We found that marmoset could rotate its head at angular velocities above 1,000°/s and maintained target accuracy for a wide range of rotation amplitudes (up to 250°). This unusual, saccadic head orienting behavior offers opportunities for understanding the many biological factors that have shaped the evolution of sensorimotor controls of gaze orientation by the primate brain. Marmosets can make rapid, reflexive head turns in response to natural stimuli The peak velocity of marmoset head turns can exceed that of primate eye saccades When the environment is lit, head movements are faster than when it is dark
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Pandey
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Avenue, Coor Hall 3470, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sravanthi Simhadri
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Avenue, Coor Hall 3470, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Avenue, Coor Hall 3470, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Courellis HS, Nummela SU, Metke M, Diehl GW, Bussell R, Cauwenberghs G, Miller CT. Spatial encoding in primate hippocampus during free navigation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000546. [PMID: 31815940 PMCID: PMC6922474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus comprises two neural signals-place cells and θ oscillations-that contribute to facets of spatial navigation. Although their complementary relationship has been well established in rodents, their respective contributions in the primate brain during free navigation remains unclear. Here, we recorded neural activity in the hippocampus of freely moving marmosets as they naturally explored a spatial environment to more explicitly investigate this issue. We report place cells in marmoset hippocampus during free navigation that exhibit remarkable parallels to analogous neurons in other mammalian species. Although θ oscillations were prevalent in the marmoset hippocampus, the patterns of activity were notably different than in other taxa. This local field potential oscillation occurred in short bouts (approximately .4 s)-rather than continuously-and was neither significantly modulated by locomotion nor consistently coupled to place-cell activity. These findings suggest that the relationship between place-cell activity and θ oscillations in primate hippocampus during free navigation differs substantially from rodents and paint an intriguing comparative picture regarding the neural basis of spatial navigation across mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristos S. Courellis
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel U. Nummela
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Metke
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Diehl
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Robert Bussell
- Center for Functional MRI, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Gert Cauwenberghs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Cory T. Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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