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Sunny A, Manjarrez J, Caballero-Viñas C, Bolom-Huet R, Gómez-Ortiz Y, Domínguez-Vega H, Heredia-Bobadilla RL, Torres-Romero EJ, González-Fernández A. Modelling the effects of climate and land-cover changes on the potential distribution and landscape connectivity of three earth snakes (Genus Conopsis, Günther 1858) in central Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:52. [PMID: 37889338 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic land use and climate change are the greatest threats to biodiversity, especially for many globally endangered reptile species. Earth snakes (Conopsis spp.) are a poorly studied group endemic to Mexico. They have limited dispersal abilities and specialized niches, making them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Species distribution models (SDMs) were used to assess how future climate and land-cover change scenarios might influence the distribution and habitat connectivity of three earth snakes: Conopsis biserialis (Taylor and Smith), C. lineata (Kennicott), and C. nasus (Günther). Two climate models, CNRM-CM5 (CN) and MPI-ESM-LR (MP) (Representative Concentration Pathway 85), were explored with ENMeval Maxent modelling. Important SDM environmental variables and environmental niche overlap between species were also examined. We found that C. biserialis and C. lineata were restricted by maximum temperatures whereas C. nasus was restricted by minimum ones and was more tolerant to arid vegetation. C. biserialis and C. lineata were primarily distributed in the valleys and mountains of the highlands of the TMBV, while C. nasus was mainly distributed in the Altiplano Sur (Zacatecano-Potosino). C. lineata had the smallest potential distribution and suffered the greatest contraction in the future whereas C. nasus was the least affected species in future scenarios. The Sierra de las Cruces and the Sierra Chichinautzin were identified as very important areas for connectivity. Our results suggest that C. lineata may be the most vulnerable of the three species to anthropogenic and climate changes whereas C. nasus seems to be less affected by global warming than the other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Sunny
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Javier Manjarrez
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Caballero-Viñas
- Instituto de Geología, Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - René Bolom-Huet
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yuriana Gómez-Ortiz
- División de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de México, Libramiento Francisco Villa SN, 50640, San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hublester Domínguez-Vega
- División de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de México, Libramiento Francisco Villa SN, 50640, San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rosa Laura Heredia-Bobadilla
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Erik Joaquín Torres-Romero
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Puebla, San Mateo Cuanalá, Juan C. Bonilla, 72640, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Andrea González-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Análisis Geo-Espacial (LAGE), Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior S/N, Coyoacán, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Vargas-Jaimes J, González-Fernández A, Joaquín Torres-Romero E, Bolom-Huet R, Manjarrez J, Gopar-Merino F, P. Pacheco X, Garrido-Garduño T, Chávez C, Sunny A. Impact of climate and land cover changes on the potential distribution of four endemic salamanders in Mexico. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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León‐Tapia MÁ, Rico Y, Fernández JA, Arellano E, Espinosa de los Monteros A. Role of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on genetic differentiation and evolutionary history of the Transvolcanic deer mouse
Peromyscus hylocetes
(Rodentia: Cricetidae) throughout the Mexican central highlands. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ángel León‐Tapia
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Filogenética, Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología A.C Xalapa Mexico
| | - Yessica Rico
- Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Pátzcuaro Mexico
| | - Jesús A. Fernández
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
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Manjarrez J, Macías Garcia C, Drummond H. Congenital feeding response to a novel prey in a Mexican gartersnake. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8718. [PMID: 32185111 PMCID: PMC7060902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored chemosensory, ingestive and prey-catching responses of neonate Mexican Black-bellied Gartersnakes (Thamnophis melanogaster) to crayfish (Cambarellus montezumae). By comparing snakes from a recently discovered crayfish-eating population and a typical non-crayfish-eating population, we asked which behavioral components change as a species enlarges its feeding niche. In the crayfish-eating population chemosensory responsiveness to crayfish was not enhanced but its heritability was higher. Neonates of both populations showed similar preference for freshly-molted versus unmolted crayfish, and whereas the tendency to ingest both crayfish stages remained stable between ages 15 and 90 days in the non-crayfish-eating population, in the crayfish-eating population it actually decreased. Techniques to catch and manipulate molted crayfish were similar in the two populations. We discuss the possibility that there is no increase in the behavioral response to eat crayfish by the neonates of the crayfish-eating populations, possibly due to the absence of ecological and spatial isolation between the two T. melanogaster populations. The crayfish ingestion in some population of T. melanogaster can be explained by environmental differences between populations, or by recent origin of crayfish ingestion in T. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Manjarrez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Constantino Macías Garcia
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hugh Drummond
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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Monroy-Vilchis O, Heredia-Bobadilla RL, Zarco-González MM, Ávila-Akerberg V, Sunny A. Genetic diversity and structure of two endangered mole salamander species of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. HERPETOZOA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e38023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important factor leading to amphibian population declines and extinctions is habitat degradation and destruction. To help prevent further extinctions, studies are needed to make appropriate conservation decisions in small and fragmented populations. The goal of this study was to provide data from the population genetics of two micro-endemic mole salamanders from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Nine microsatellite markers were used to study the population genetics of 152 individuals from twoAmbystomaspecies. We sampled 38 individuals in two localities forA. altamiraniandA. rivualre. We found medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity in the populations. However, all the populations presented few alleles per locus and genotypes. We found strong genetic structure between populations for each species. Effective population size was small but similar to that of the studies from other mole salamanders with restricted distributions or with recently fragmented habitats. Despite the medium to high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity, we found few alleles, evidence of a genetic bottleneck and that the effective population size is small in all populations. Therefore, this study is important to propose better management plans and conservation efforts for these species.
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Andrade-Díaz MS, Sarquis JA, Loiselle BA, Giraudo AR, Díaz-Gómez JM. Expansion of the agricultural frontier in the largest South American Dry Forest: Identifying priority conservation areas for snakes before everything is lost. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221901. [PMID: 31504037 PMCID: PMC6736240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation planning relies on integrating existing knowledge, social-environmental contexts, and potential threats to identify gaps and opportunities for action. Here we present a case study on how priority areas for conservation can be determined using existing information on biodiversity occurrence and threats. Specifically, our goals are: (1) to model the ecological niche of twelve endemic snake species in the Dry Chaco Forest, (2) to quantify the impact of the deforestation rates on their distributions, (3) to propose high priority areas for conservation in order to improve the actual protected area system, and (4) to evaluate the influence of the human footprint on the optimization of selected priority areas. Our results demonstrate that Argentinian Dry Chaco represent, on average, ~74% of the distribution of endemic snake species and deforestation has reduced suitable areas of all snake species in the region. Further, the current protected areas are likely insufficient to conserve these species as only very low percentages (3.27%) of snakes’ ranges occur within existing protected areas. Our models identified high priority areas in the north of the Chaco forest where continuous, well-conserved forest still exists. These high priority areas include transition zones within the foothill forest and areas that could connect patches of forest between the western and eastern Chaco forest. Our findings identify spatial priorities that minimize conflicts with human activities, a key issue for this biodiversity hotspot area. We argue that consultation with stakeholders and decision-makers are urgently needed in order to take concrete actions to protect the habitat, or we risk losing the best conservation opportunities to protect endemic snakes that inhabit the Argentinian Dry Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Andrade-Díaz
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Universidad Nacional de Salta), Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Andrés Sarquis
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bette A. Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Alejandro R. Giraudo
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Díaz-Gómez
- Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Universidad Nacional de Salta), Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina
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Noteworthy records and ecological niche modeling of the rare and endangered Goldman’s diminutive woodrat Nelsonia goldmani (Rodentia: Cricetidae) endemic to central Mexican highlands. MAMMALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nelsonia goldmani is an uncommon rodent, endemic to highland microhabitats in central Mexico. Few individuals have been reported in scarce localities after being discovered in 1903 resulting in a lack of knowledge about its geographic distribution and actual presence in its habitat; such situation makes this species of national interest priority for conservation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to summarize collecting records, confirm the presence of this species in the field and estimate its ecological niche. We searched specimens in biological collections, carried out an ecological niche modeling (ENM) analysis and looked for individuals of N. goldmani in the field over a 2-year period. Our results identified only 43 specimens in biological collections, whose collecting localities had not been reported previously. The ENM analysis showed that the environmental suitability areas for this species are restricted and isolated with an apparent lack of environmental connectivity. Regarding fieldwork, we collected only five individuals in two localities. The possible environmental specificity and the lack of sampling focused on specific microhabitats could explain the low detection of the species thus far. Further research is needed to plan conservation actions to protect its populations.
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Sunny A, Gandarilla-Aizpuro FJ, Monroy-Vilchis O, Zarco-Gonzalez MM. Potential distribution and habitat connectivity of Crotalus triseriatus in Central Mexico. HERPETOZOA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e36361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dusky rattlesnake, Crotalustriseriatus, used to be very abundant in many parts of the highlands of central Mexico, but with the increasing human population and associated activities, the rattlesnake habitats and populations have suffered drastic reductions and fragmentation. At the moment, the most important habitat features, associated with the presence of C.triseriatus, the current potential distribution and the landscape connectivity amongst the populations of the State of Mexico and Mexico City, are unknown. Therefore, we used the maximum entropy modelling software (MAXENT) to analyse the current potential distribution and most important habitat features, associated with the presence of the species. The variables with the highest contribution to the model were: proportion of Abies forest, minimum temperature of coldest month, maximum temperature of the warmest month, proportion of Pinus forest and annual precipitation. Furthermore, we found connectivity corridors only within mountain chains. Our results highlight the necessity for conserving the patches of Abies forest and preserving the populations of C.triseriatus and the connectivity of the landscape.
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9
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Sunny A, Duarte-deJesus L, Aguilera-Hernández A, Ramírez-Corona F, Suárez-Atilano M, Percino-Daniel R, Manjarrez J, Monroy-Vilchis O, González-Fernández A. Genetic diversity and demography of the critically endangered Roberts' false brook salamander (Pseudoeurycea robertsi) in Central Mexico. Genetica 2019; 147:149-164. [PMID: 30879155 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-019-00058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Land use changes are threatening the maintenance of biodiversity. Genetic diversity is one of the main indicators of biological diversity and is highly important as it shapes the capability of populations to respond to environmental changes. We studied eleven populations of Pseudoeurycea robertsi, a micro-endemic and critically endangered species from the Nevado de Toluca Volcano, a mountain that is part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 71 individuals and genotyped 9 microsatellites from 150 individuals. Our results based on the cytochrome b showed two divergent lineages, with moderate levels of genetic diversity and a recently historical demographic expansion. Microsatellite-based results indicated low levels of heterozygosity for all populations and few alleles per locus, as compared with other mole salamander species. We identified two genetically differentiated subpopulations with a significant level of genetic structure. These results provide fundamental data for the development of management plans and conservation efforts for this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Sunny
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico.
| | - Luis Duarte-deJesus
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Arlene Aguilera-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Ramírez-Corona
- Taller de Sistemática y Biogeografía, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Suárez-Atilano
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Percino-Daniel
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Manjarrez
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Octavio Monroy-Vilchis
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Andrea González-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario #100, Colonia Centro, 50000, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico
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Sunny A, Monroy-Vilchis O, Zarco-González MM. Genetic diversity and structure of Crotalus triseriatus, a rattlesnake of central Mexico. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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González-Fernández A, Manjarrez J, García-Vázquez U, D'Addario M, Sunny A. Present and future ecological niche modeling of garter snake species from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4618. [PMID: 29666767 PMCID: PMC5903425 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Land use and climate change are affecting the abundance and distribution of species. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) is a very diverse region due to geological history, geographic position, and climate. It is also one of the most disturbed regions in Mexico. Reptiles are particularly sensitive to environmental changes due to their low dispersal capacity and thermal ecology. In this study, we define the important environmental variables (considering climate, topography, and land use) and potential distribution (present and future) of the five Thamnophis species present in TMVB. To do so, we used the maximum entropy modeling software (MAXENT). First, we modeled to select the most important variables to explain the distribution of each species, then we modeled again using only the most important variables and projected these models to the future considering a middle-moderate climate change scenario (rcp45), and land use and vegetation variables for the year 2050 (generated according to land use changes that occurred between years 2002 and 2011). Arid vegetation had an important negative effect on habitat suitability for all species, and minimum temperature of the coldest month was important for four of the five species. Thamnophis cyrtopsis was the species with the lowest tolerance to minimum temperatures. The maximum temperature of the warmest month was important for T. scalaris and T. cyrtopsis. Low percentages of agriculture were positive for T. eques and T. melanogaster but, at higher values, agriculture had a negative effect on habitat suitability for both species. Elevation was the most important variable to explain T. eques and T. melanogaster potential distribution while distance to Abies forests was the most important variable for T. scalaris and T. scaliger. All species had a high proportion of their potential distribution in the TMVB. However, according to our models, all Thamnophis species will experience reductions in their potential distribution in this region. T. scalaris will suffer the biggest reduction because this species is limited by high temperatures and will not be able to shift its distribution upward, as it is already present in the highest elevations of the TMVB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Manjarrez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Uri García-Vázquez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maristella D'Addario
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Armando Sunny
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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Heredia-Bobadilla RL, Monroy-Vilchis O, Zarco-González MM, Martínez-Gómez D, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Sunny A. Genetic variability and structure of an isolated population of Ambystoma altamirani, a mole salamander that lives in the mountains of one of the largest urban areas in the world. J Genet 2018; 96:873-883. [PMID: 29321345 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are globally threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation; species within the order Ambystoma are not the exception, as there are 18 species of mole salamanders in México, of which 16 are endemic and all species are under some national or international status of protection. The mole salamander, Ambystoma altamirani is a microendemic species, which is distributed in central México, within the trans-Mexican volcanic belt, and is one of the most threatened species due to habitat destruction and the introduction of exotic species. Nine microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic structure, genetic variability, effective population size, presence of bottlenecks and inbreeding coefficient of one population of A. altamirani to generate information which might help to protect and conserve this threatened species. We found two genetic subpopulations with significant level of genetic structure (FST = 0.005) and high levels of genetic variability (Ho = 0.883; He = 0.621); we also found a small population size (Ne = 8.8), the presence of historical (M = 0.486) and recent bottlenecks under IAM and TPM models, with a low, but significant coefficient of inbreeding (FIS = -0.451). This information will help us to raise conservation strategies of this microendemic mole salamander species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Laura Heredia-Bobadilla
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto literario # 100, Colonia Centro, CP 50000 Toluca, Estado de México, México.
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