1
|
Kumar A, Anand VJ, Kumar P. Nitrous Acid (HONO) Dissociation on the Water and Ice Surface: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4867-4875. [PMID: 38850256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, the photodissociation of HONO is a significant source of OH radicals after ozone. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, we showed that HONO can dissociate on ice and water surfaces without light. In addition, the dissociation time of HONO is found to be much less on the ice surface compared to the same time on the water droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Vishva Jeet Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Liang L, Xu W, Ma Q. A review of indoor nitrous acid (HONO) pollution: Measurement techniques, pollution characteristics, sources, and sinks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171100. [PMID: 38387565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is of major concern for human health and well-being. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant, and its indoor mixing ratios are usually higher than outdoor levels, ranging from a few to tens of parts per billion (ppb). HONO exhibits adverse effects to human health due to its respiratory toxicity and mutagenicity. Additionally, HONO can easily undergo photodissociation by ultraviolet light to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH•), which in turn trigger a series of further photochemical oxidation reactions of primary or secondary pollutants. The accumulation of indoor HONO can be attributed to both direct emissions from combustion sources, such as cooking, and secondary formation resulting from enhanced heterogeneous reactions of NOx on indoor surfaces. During the day, the primary sink of indoor HONO is photolysis to OH• and NO. Moreover, adsorption and/or reaction on indoor surfaces, and diffusion to the outside atmosphere contribute to HONO loss both during the day and at night. The level of indoor HONO is also affected by human occupancy, which can influence household factors such as temperature, humidity, light irradiation, and indoor surfaces. This comprehensive review article summarized the research progress on indoor HONO pollution based on indoor air measurements, laboratory studies, and model simulations. The environmental and health effects were highlighted, measurement techniques were summarized, pollution levels, sources and sinks, and household influencing factors were discussed, and the prospects in the future were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maurais J, Wespiser C, Kang H, Ayotte P. Preparation and Characterization of Metastable trans-Dinitrogen Tetroxide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2353-2360. [PMID: 35414177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under atmospheric conditions, NO2 is in equilibrium with its dimers, N2O4, which can exist in the form of constitutional isomers and stereoisomers whose relative stabilities and reactivities are still being debated. Experimental limitations facing the spectroscopic characterization of the isomers of N2O4 prevent us from determining their relative contributions to reaction mechanisms possibly causing discrepancies in the reported reaction orders and rates. Using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, molecular beam deposition, and matrix isolation techniques, it is shown that the relative abundances of NO2 and its dimers can be controlled by heating or cooling the deposited gas. The comparison of spectra acquired from samples prepared using molecular beam deposition with those obtained using tube dosing deposition demonstrates how the N2O4 isomer distributions are sensitive to details of the experimental conditions and sample preparation protocols. These observations not only provide a better understanding of a possible source for the disagreements found in the literature, but also a methodology to control and quantify the chemical speciation in NO2 vapors in terms of the relative abundances of NO2 and of the various isomers of N2O4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josée Maurais
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Clément Wespiser
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakashima Y, Kondo Y. Nitrous acid (HONO) emission factors for diesel vehicles determined using a chassis dynamometer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150927. [PMID: 34655639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust gases are important sources of nitrous acid (HONO). In this study, HONO in diesel vehicle exhaust was measured by incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy using a chassis dynamometer system. The mean HONO concentrations in exhaust gases emitted by passenger cars and light-duty trucks were high when the after treatment devices were not fully working during the warming up period. The HONO/NOx ratio is a good index of HONO formation. The HONO/NOx ratios were 9.7 × 10-3-18.1 × 10-3, and were higher than what we found in a previous study. The estimated HONO emission factors were 7.71-64.70 mg (kg fuel)-1, and were lower than were found in previous studies. The results indicated that the frequency particulate matter is removed from a diesel particle filter affects the HONO concentration in the emitted gases and the HONO emission factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Ran H, Guo Y, Xue C, Liu X, Qu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Mu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, An J. High crop yield losses induced by potential HONO sources - A modelling study in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149929. [PMID: 34478900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere through its photolysis, and can significantly influence ozone (O3) levels, thereby causing considerable crop yield losses. Previous studies have assessed relative crop yield losses by using exposure-response equations with observed or simulated O3, however, the contribution of enhanced O3 due to potential HONO sources to the crop yield losses has never been quantified. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the crop yield losses caused by potential HONO sources in the North China Plain (NCP), which is one of the major grain-producing areas in China suffering from heavy O3 pollution, by using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model during the wheat and maize growing seasons of 2016. HONO simulations were significantly improved after including six potential HONO sources in the WRF-Chem model. The potential HONO sources produced a daily maximum 8-h O3 enhancement of 8.1/8.2 ppb during the wheat/maize growing seasons, respectively, and led to ~11.4%/3.3% relative yield losses for wheat/maize, respectively, corresponding to approximately US$3.78/0.66 billion losses, respectively, in NCP in 2016. The above results suggest that potential HONO sources play a significant role in O3 formation and could induce high crop yield losses globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nodeh-Farahani D, Bentley JN, Crilley LR, Caputo CB, VandenBoer TC. A boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based probe for selective passive sampling of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) indoors. Analyst 2021; 146:5756-5766. [PMID: 34515696 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
People spend up to 90% of their time indoors, and yet our understanding of indoor air quality and the chemical processes driving it are poorly understood, despite levels of key pollutants typically being higher indoors compared to outdoors. Nitrous acid (HONO) is a species that drives these indoor chemical processes, with potentially detrimental health effects. In this work, a BODIPY-based probe was synthesized with the aim of developing the first selective passive sampler for atmospheric HONO. Our probe and its products are easily detected by UV-Vis spectroscopy with molar extinct coefficients of 37 863 and 33 787 M-1 cm-1, respectively, and a detection limit of 14.8 ng mL-1. When protonated, the probe fluoresces with a quantum yield of 33%, which is turned off upon reaction. The synthesized BODIPY probe was characterized using NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Products were characterized by UV-Vis and ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry. The reaction kinetics of the probe with nitrite was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which had a pseudo-first-order rate of k = 7.7 × 10-4 s-1. The rapid reaction makes this probe suitable for targeted ambient sampling of HONO. This was investigated through a proof-of-concept experiment with gaseous HONO produced by a custom high-purity calibration source delivering the sample to the BODIPY probe in an acidic aqueous solution in clean air and a real indoor air matrix. The probe showed quantitative uptake of HONO in both cases to form the same products observed from reaction with nitrite, with no indication of interferences from ambient NO or NO2. The chemical and physical characteristics of the probe therefore make it ideal for use in passive samplers for selective sampling of HONO from the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan N Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wyche KP, Nichols M, Parfitt H, Beckett P, Gregg DJ, Smallbone KL, Monks PS. Changes in ambient air quality and atmospheric composition and reactivity in the South East of the UK as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142526. [PMID: 33045513 PMCID: PMC7834395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments around the world to impose restrictions on daily life to prevent the spread of the virus. This resulted in unprecedented reductions in anthropogenic activity, and reduced emissions of certain air pollutants, namely oxides of nitrogen. The UK 'lockdown' was enforced on 23/03/2020, which led to restrictions on movement, social interaction, and 'non-essential' businesses and services. This study employed an ensemble of measurement and modelling techniques to investigate changes in air quality, atmospheric composition and boundary layer reactivity in the South East of the UK post-lockdown. The techniques employed included in-situ gas- and particle-phase monitoring within central and local authority air quality monitoring networks, remote sensing by long path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy and Sentinel-5P's TROPOMI, and detailed 0-D chemical box modelling. Findings showed that de-trended NO2 concentrations decreased by an average of 14-38% when compared to the mean of the same period over the preceding 5-years. We found that de-trended particulate matter concentrations had been influenced by interregional pollution episodes, and de-trended ozone concentrations had increased across most sites, by up to 15%, such that total Ox levels were roughly preserved. 0-D chemical box model simulations showed the observed increases in ozone concentrations during lockdown under the hydrocarbon-limited ozone production regime, where total NOx decreased proportionally greater than total non-methane hydrocarbons, which led to an increase in total hydroxyl, peroxy and organic peroxy radicals. These findings suggest a more complex scenario in terms of changes in air quality owing to the COVID-19 lockdown than originally reported and provide a window into the future to illustrate potential outcomes of policy interventions seeking large-scale NOx emissions reductions without due consideration of other reactive trace species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Wyche
- Air Environment Research, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - M Nichols
- Hydrock Consultants Ltd, Merchants House North, Wapping Road, Bristol BS1 4RW, UK
| | - H Parfitt
- Phlorum Ltd, 12 Hunns Mere Way, Brighton BN2 6AH, UK
| | - P Beckett
- Phlorum Ltd, 12 Hunns Mere Way, Brighton BN2 6AH, UK
| | - D J Gregg
- Air Environment Research, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - K L Smallbone
- Air Environment Research, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - P S Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong Y, Du K. Source-resolved attribution of ground-level ozone formation potential from VOC emissions in Metropolitan Vancouver, BC. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137698. [PMID: 32169644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common regulatory approach for managing ground-level ozone (O3) formation is based upon reducing the emission of total VOC in VOC limited regions, and the emission of NOx in NOx limited regions. However, the characteristic VOC species emitted from different sources are of different ozone formation potentials (OFP). Without an in-depth understanding of the relative OFP contributions from specific sources, the effectiveness of the existing approach for controlling ground-level O3 at the regional scale is limited. This study collected and analyzed five years (2012-2016) of monitoring data for 56 most photochemically reactive VOC species at Port Moody, an industrial city in Metro Vancouver, Canada that has experienced elevated O3 levels in its ambience. Source-specific contributions to OFP were quantified for major VOC emitters to deliberate the underlying causes of elevated O3 recently observed in this populated region. Six sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, consisting of fuel production and combustion, fuel evaporation, vehicle exhaust, industrial coatings/solvents, petrochemical source, and other industrial emission. Although the top three contributors to total VOCs are fuel production and combustion (34.5%), fuel evaporation (21.4%), and vehicle exhaust (20.6%), the top three contributors to OFP are fuel production and combustion (27.1%), vehicle exhaust (23.7%), and industrial coatings/solvents (17.2%). Additionally, potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was conducted to generate the geographical distribution of VOC and OFP sources in different seasons. The results revealed that, in the Metro Vancouver area, the OFP hotspots have been significantly different from the VOC emission hotspots. In general, regional sources, especially those located in the northeastern direction of Metro Vancouver, have greater influence on the VOCs levels. However, OFP has been predominantly affected by transportation and industrial sources at the local scale. Therefore, to formulate effective strategies for reducing ground-level O3, the seasonal and spatial variations of major OFP sources should be assessed by the regulatory authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fairhall AJ, Orlando MM, Bartz JA. 355 nm Photodissociation of N 2O 3 Revealed by Velocity-Mapped Ion Imaging. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:472-478. [PMID: 31885271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dinitrogen trioxide is proposed as a precursor to forming nitrous acid, an important source of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. The spectroscopy and properties of N2O3 have been studied at high pressures or low temperatures, but there are no reports of its gas-phase photodissociation. This study investigates the 355 nm photodissociation of N2O3 in a DC-sliced velocity-mapped ion imaging apparatus using linearly polarized nanosecond pump and probe lasers. The N2O3 sample was generated by expanding NO and NO2 seeded in a He carrier gas. After photodissociation, a high fraction of the available energy ends up in translation of the products. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations confirm the parallel transition dipole assignment if the dissociation occurs from a nonplanar N2O3 conformation. The vector correlations are nearly at the physical limits for a system where μ||v⊥J. The DC-sliced velocity-mapped ion imaging technique is well-suited to investigate N2O3 photodissociation since it resolves product speeds and differentiates among the sources of NO+ in an expansion containing NO, NO2, HONO, and N2O3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Fairhall
- Department of Chemistry , Kalamazoo College , 1200 Academy Street , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49006 , United States
| | - Mia M Orlando
- Department of Chemistry , Kalamazoo College , 1200 Academy Street , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49006 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Bartz
- Department of Chemistry , Kalamazoo College , 1200 Academy Street , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49006 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riedel TP, DeMarini DM, Zavala J, Warren SH, Corse EW, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M. Mutagenic atmospheres resulting from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon and NO x mixtures. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2018; 178:164-172. [PMID: 29725240 PMCID: PMC5921836 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated to limit air pollution and the consequent health effects, the photooxidation products generally are not. Thus, we examined the mutagenicity in Salmonella TA100 of photochemical atmospheres generated in a steady-state atmospheric simulation chamber by irradiating mixtures of single aromatic VOCs, NOx, and ammonium sulfate seed aerosol in air. The 10 VOCs examined were benzene; toluene; ethylbenzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene; 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; m-cresol; and naphthalene. Salmonella were exposed at the air-agar interface to the generated atmospheres for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h. Dark-control exposures produced non-mutagenic atmospheres, illustrating that the gas-phase precursor VOCs were not mutagenic at the concentrations tested. Under irradiation, all but m-cresol and naphthalene produced mutagenic atmospheres, with potencies ranging from 2.0 (p-xylene) to 10.4 (ethylbenzene) revertants m3 mgC-1 h-1. The mutagenicity was due exclusively to direct-acting late-generation products of the photooxidation reactions. Gas-phase chemical analysis showed that a number of oxidized organic chemical species enhanced during the irradiated exposure experiments correlated (r ≥ 0.81) with the mutagenic potencies of the atmospheres. Molecular formulas assigned to these species indicated that they likely contained peroxy acid, aldehyde, alcohol, and other functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theran P. Riedel
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jose Zavala
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Eric W. Corse
- Jacobs Technology, Cary, North Carolina, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong S, Hou S, Zhang Y, Chu B, Liu Y, He H, Zhao P, Ge M. Exploring the nitrous acid (HONO) formation mechanism in winter Beijing: direct emissions and heterogeneous production in urban and suburban areas. Faraday Discuss 2017; 189:213-30. [PMID: 27081740 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) were performed from December 12 to December 22, 2015 in both urban and suburban areas of Beijing to study the formation mechanism of HONO. The measurement campaign in both sites included a clean-haze-clean transformation process. HONO concentrations showed similar variations in the two sites, while they were always higher in the urban area. Moreover, correlations of HONO with NOx, NO2, NO, PM2.5 and relative humidity (RH) were studied to explore possible HONO formation pathways, and the contributions of direct emissions, heterogeneous reactions, and homogeneous reactions were also calculated. This showed that HONO in urban and suburban areas underwent totally different formation procedures, which were affected by meteorological conditions, PM2.5 concentrations, direct emissions, homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous reactions. PM2.5 concentrations and RH would influence the NO2 conversion efficiency. Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 were more efficient in suburban areas and in clean periods while direct emissions and homogeneous reactions contributed more in urban areas and in polluted periods when the concentrations of NOx and NO were at a high level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Siqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Biwu Chu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barsotti F, Bartels-Rausch T, De Laurentiis E, Ammann M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Photochemical Formation of Nitrite and Nitrous Acid (HONO) upon Irradiation of Nitrophenols in Aqueous Solution and in Viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol Proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7486-7495. [PMID: 28581723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Irradiated nitrophenols can produce nitrite and nitrous acid (HONO) in bulk aqueous solutions and in viscous aqueous films, simulating the conditions of a high-solute-strength aqueous aerosol, with comparable quantum yields in solution and viscous films (10-5-10-4 in the case of 4-nitrophenol) and overall reaction yields up to 0.3 in solution. The process is particularly important for the para-nitrophenols, possibly because their less sterically hindered nitro groups can be released more easily as nitrite and HONO. The nitrophenols giving the highest photoproduction rates of nitrite and HONO (most notably, 4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) could significantly contribute to the occurrence of nitrite in aqueous phases in contact with the atmosphere. Interestingly, dew-water evaporation has shown potential to contribute to the gas-phase HONO levels during the morning, which accounts for the possible importance of the studied process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Barsotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elisa De Laurentiis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne , CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino , Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakashima Y, Sadanaga Y. Validation of in situ Measurements of Atmospheric Nitrous Acid Using Incoherent Broadband Cavity-enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:519-524. [PMID: 28392531 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is a useful technique for measuring trace gaseous species in the atmosphere. Recently, IBBCEAS was used to measure concentrations of nitrous acid (HONO) in the troposphere to resolve controversies related to its formation and loss. Here, measurements of HONO and a mixture of HONO and NO2 using IBBCEAS were validated by comparing them with those obtained with a NOx analyzer. Good agreement was found between these methods, given their respective experimental uncertainties. The detection limit of our IBBCEAS instrument was 0.2 ppbv, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1, and a 5-min integration time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakashima Y, Kajii Y. Determination of nitrous acid emission factors from a gasoline vehicle using a chassis dynamometer combined with incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:287-293. [PMID: 27744156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a well-known source of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere. Vehicle exhaust is considered to be one of the primary emission sources of HONO. In this study, measurements of HONO in gasoline vehicle exhaust were carried out using a chassis dynamometer combined with incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. When catalysts were warm, concentrations of HONO were higher than those prior to catalysts warming. Other species, such as CO, and total hydrocarbons (THCs), showed the opposite pattern. There were no correlations evident between HONO and other trace species concentrations immediately after emission. The HONO/NOx ratio, a good proxy for the formation of HONO in atmosphere, ranged from 1.1 to 6.8×10-3, which was consistent with previous studies. HONO emission factors (EFs) were calculated to be 0.01-3.6mgkg-1 fuel, which was different from the vehicle's specifications and those reported under different driving cycles. Annual HONO emissions in Japan were estimated using the calculated EFs and other statistical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan.
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsai JH, Tsai SM, Wang WC, Chiang HL. Water-soluble ionic species of coarse and fine particulate matter and gas precursor characteristics at urban and rural sites of central Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16722-16737. [PMID: 27184148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coarse and fine particulate matter (PM) were taken by a dichotomous sampler, and gas precursors were determined by a denuder sampler at two stations in central Taiwan. Water-soluble ionic constituents of PM and their precursor gases were analyzed by ionic chromatograph. In summer, the daytime/nighttime PM10 concentrations were 37 ± 10/41 ± 18 μg m(-3) and 36 ± 14/34 ± 18 μg m(-3) for Xitun and Jhushan, respectively. Average PM10 concentration in winter was 1.55 and 1.76 times that of summer for Xitun and Jhushan, respectively. PM mass concentrations were similar for both stations, although one station is located in the downtown area of Taichung, and the other is in a rural area with no heavy pollution sources. Water-soluble ionic species content was 38-53 % of PM2.5 and 43-48 % of PM10 mass concentration. HNO3, HCl, and SO2 were high in the daytime; the daytime-to-nighttime concentration ratio was 3.75-6.88 for HNO3,1.7-7.8 for HCl, and 1.45-2.77 for SO2. High NH3 levels were determined in the area, especially in winter, which could be a precursor of NH4 (+) to form particulate matter. In Xitun, motor vehicles downtown and in the industrial district could be sources of air pollution. In contrast, there are few industrial sources at Jhushan; therefore, the transport of air pollutants from upwind of other regions and the accumulation of pollutants could be important PM sources at Jhushan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Horng Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Mei Tsai
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhasi P, Nhlabatsi ZP, Sitha S. Expanding the applicability of electrostatic potentials to the realm of transition states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13002-9. [PMID: 27108668 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Central to any reaction mechanism study, and sometimes a challenging job, is tracing a transition state in a reaction path. For the first time, electrostatic potentials (ESP) of the reactants were used as guiding tactics to predict whether there is a possibility of any transition state in a reaction surface. The main motive behind this strategy is to see whether the directionality nature of the transition state has something to do with the anisotropic natures of the ESP with their embedded directionalities. Strategically, some atmospherically important, but simple, reactions have been chosen for this study, which heretofore were believed to be barrierless. By carefully analysing the ESP maps of the reactants, regions of possible interactions were located. Using the bilinear interpolation of the 2D grids of the ESP surfaces, search co-ordinates were fine-tuned for a local gradient based approach for the search of a transition state. Out of the three reactions studied in this work, we were able to successfully locate transition states, for the first time, in two cases and the third one still proved to be barrierless. This gives a clear indication that though ESP maps can qualitatively predict the possibility of a transition state; it is not always true that there should definitely be a transition state, as some of the reaction surfaces may genuinely be barrierless. But, nevertheless this strategy definitely has credential to be tested for many more reactions, either new or already established, and may be applied to create the initial search co-ordinates for any well-established transition state search method. Moreover, we have observed that the analysis of the ESP maps of the reactants were very much useful in explaining the nature of interactions existing in those observed transition states and we hope the same can also be extended to any transition state in an electrostatically driven reaction potential energy surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bhasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, Lu K, Dong H, Li X, Cheng P, Zou Q, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y. In situ monitoring of atmospheric nitrous acid based on multi-pumping flow system and liquid waveguide capillary cell. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:273-284. [PMID: 27155434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last four decades, various techniques including spectroscopic, wet chemical and mass spectrometric methods, have been developed and applied for the detection of ambient nitrous acid (HONO). We developed a HONO detection system based on long path photometry which consists of three independent modules i.e., sampling module, fluid propulsion module and detection module. In the propulsion module, solenoid pumps are applied. With solenoid pumps the pulsed flow can be computer controlled both in terms of pump stroke volume and pulse frequency, which enables the attainment of a very stable flow rate. In the detection module, a customized Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) is used. The customized LWCC pre-sets the optical fiber in-coupling with the liquid wave guide, providing the option of fast startup and easy maintenance of the absorption photometry. In summer 2014, our system was deployed in a comprehensive campaign at a rural site in the North China Plain. More than one month of high quality HONO data spanning from the limit of detection to 5ppb were collected. Intercomparison of our system with another established system from Forschungszentrum Juelich is presented and discussed. In conclusion, our instrument achieved a detection limit of 10pptV within 2min and a measurement uncertainty of 7%, which is well suited for investigation of the HONO budget from urban to rural conditions in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Troposphere (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Zou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Afif C, Jambert C, Michoud V, Colomb A, Eyglunent G, Borbon A, Daële V, Doussin JF, Perros P. NitroMAC: An instrument for the measurement of HONO and intercomparison with a long-path absorption photometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:105-113. [PMID: 26969550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NitroMAC (French acronym for continuous atmospheric measurements of nitrogenous compounds) is an instrument which has been developed for the semi-continuous measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). This instrument relies on wet chemical sampling and detection using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-visible absorption at 540 nm. Sampling proceeds by dissolution of gaseous HONO in a phosphate buffer solution followed by derivatization with sulfanilamide/N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The performance of this instrument was found to be as follows: a detection limit of around 3 ppt with measurement uncertainty of 10% over an analysis time of 10 min. Intercomparison was made between the instrument and a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) during two experiments in different environments. First, air was sampled in a smog chamber with concentrations up to 18 ppb of nitrous acid. NitroMAC and LOPAP measurements showed very good agreement. Then, in a second experiment, ambient air with HONO concentrations below 250 ppt was sampled. While NitroMAC showed its capability of measuring HONO in moderate and highly polluted environments, the intercomparison results in ambient air highlighted that corrections must be made for minor interferences when low concentrations are measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Afif
- Emissions, Measurements and Modeling of the Atmosphere Laboratory, EGFEM Unit, Center for Analysis and Research, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France.
| | - Corinne Jambert
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Colomb
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Gregory Eyglunent
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, Orléans, France
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Daële
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, Orléans, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Pascal Perros
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pusede SE, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG, Markovic MZ, Young CJ, Veres PR, Roberts JM, Washenfelder RA, Brown SS, Ren X, Tsai C, Stutz J, Brune WH, Browne EC, Wooldridge PJ, Graham AR, Weber R, Goldstein AH, Dusanter S, Griffith SM, Stevens PS, Lefer BL, Cohen RC. An Atmospheric Constraint on the NO2 Dependence of Daytime Near-Surface Nitrous Acid (HONO). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12774-12781. [PMID: 26436410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations suggest a large and unknown daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) to the atmosphere. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed, many of which involve chemistry that reduces nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on some time scale. To examine the NO2 dependence of the daytime HONO source, we compare weekday and weekend measurements of NO2 and HONO in two U.S. cities. We find that daytime HONO does not increase proportionally to increases in same-day NO2, i.e., the local NO2 concentration at that time and several hours earlier. We discuss various published HONO formation pathways in the context of this constraint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Pusede
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Trevor C VandenBoer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Milos Z Markovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Cora J Young
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Rebecca A Washenfelder
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Catalina Tsai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashley R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robin Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Barry L Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comparisons of measured nitrous acid (HONO) concentrations in a pollution period at urban and suburban Beijing, in autumn of 2014. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Castro-Palacio JC, Nagy T, Bemish RJ, Meuwly M. Computational study of collisions between O(3P) and NO(2Π) at temperatures relevant to the hypersonic flight regime. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:164319. [PMID: 25362311 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions involving N and O atoms dominate the energetics of the reactive air flow around spacecraft when reentering the atmosphere in the hypersonic flight regime. For this reason, the thermal rate coefficients for reactive processes involving O((3)P) and NO((2)Π) are relevant over a wide range of temperatures. For this purpose, a potential energy surface (PES) for the ground state of the NO2 molecule is constructed based on high-level ab initio calculations. These ab initio energies are represented using the reproducible kernel Hilbert space method and Legendre polynomials. The global PES of NO2 in the ground state is constructed by smoothly connecting the surfaces of the grids of various channels around the equilibrium NO2 geometry by a distance-dependent weighting function. The rate coefficients were calculated using Monte Carlo integration. The results indicate that at high temperatures only the lowest A-symmetry PES is relevant. At the highest temperatures investigated (20,000 K), the rate coefficient for the "O1O2+N" channel becomes comparable (to within a factor of around three) to the rate coefficient of the oxygen exchange reaction. A state resolved analysis shows that the smaller the vibrational quantum number of NO in the reactants, the higher the relative translational energy required to open it and conversely with higher vibrational quantum number, less translational energy is required. This is in accordance with Polanyi's rules. However, the oxygen exchange channel (NO2+O1) is accessible at any collision energy. Finally, this work introduces an efficient computational protocol for the investigation of three-atom collisions in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond J Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsai JH, Chang LP, Chiang HL. Airborne pollutant characteristics in an urban, industrial and agricultural complex metroplex with high emission loading and ammonia concentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:74-83. [PMID: 25037046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The size distribution of particulate mass and water-soluble ionic constituents and their gaseous precursors was investigated in a subtropical area, southern Taiwan. Field sampling and chemical analysis of particulate matter (PM) were conducted using a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI, and gaseous pollutants were determined by a denuder-filter pack system. PM size mass distribution, mass concentration and ionic species concentration were measured during the day and at night in the winter and summer. Average PM concentrations in the winter were as high as 132 ± 42 μg/m(3), and PM mass concentrations in the summer were as low as 38 ± 19 μg/m(3). Generally, PM concentration was 111 ± 60 μg/m(3) at night, which was 20% higher than that in the daytime. The size-segregated mass distribution of PM mass concentration was over 85% in the 0.1-3.2 μm range. Ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate were the dominant water-soluble ionic species in PM, contributing 34%-48% of PM mass. High ammonia (12.9-49 μg/m(3)) and SO2 (2.6-27 μg/m(3)) were observed in the gas precursors. The molar ratio [Formula: see text] was 3.18 ± 1.20 at PM1.0, which indicated that the PM was rich in ammonium. Therefore, the excess ammonium could neutralize nitrate to form ammonium nitrate, after the more stable ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Horng Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Peng Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsai JH, Chang LP, Chiang HL. Size mass distribution of water-soluble ionic species and gas conversion to sulfate and nitrate in particulate matter in southern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4587-4602. [PMID: 23263756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI were employed to determine the size-segregated mass distributions of ambient particulate matter (PM) and water-soluble ionic species for particulate constituents. In addition, gas precursors, including HCl, HONO, HNO3, SO2, and NH3 gases, were analyzed by an annular denuder system. PM size mass distribution, mass concentration, and ionic species concentration were measured during the day and at night during episode and non-episode periods in winter and summer. Average total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations during episode days in winter were as high as 153 ± 33 μg/m(3), and PM mass concentrations in summer were as low as one-third of that in winter. Generally, PM concentration at night was higher than that in the daytime in southern Taiwan during the sampling periods. In winter during the episode periods, the size-segregated mass distribution of PM mass concentration was mostly in the 0.32-3.2-μm range, and the PM concentration increased significantly in the range of 0.32-3.2 μm at night. Ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate were the dominant water-soluble ionic species in PM, contributing 34-48% of TSP mass. High concentrations of ammonia (12.9-49 μg/m(3)) and SO2 (2.6-27 μg/m(3)) were observed in the gas precursors. The conversion ratio was high in the PM size range of 0.18-3.2 μm both during the day and at night in winter, and the conversion ratio of episode days was 20% higher than that of non-episode days. The conversion factor was high for both nitrogen and sulfur species at nighttime, especially on episode days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Horng Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Research Center for Climate Change and Environmental Quality, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
El Zein A, Romanias MN, Bedjanian Y. Kinetics and products of heterogeneous reaction of HONO with Fe2O3 and Arizona Test Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6325-6331. [PMID: 23701254 DOI: 10.1021/es400794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics and products of the reaction of HONO with solid films of Fe2O3 and Arizona Test Dust (ATD) were investigated using a low pressure flow reactor (1 - 10 Torr) combined with a modulated molecular beam mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake of HONO was studied as a function of HONO concentration ([HONO]0 = (0.6 - 15.0) × 10(12) molecules cm(-3)), relative humidity (RH = 3 × 10(-4) - 84.1%) and temperature (T = 275 - 320 K). Initial reactive uptake coefficients were found to be similar under dark conditions and in the presence of UV irradiation (JNO2 = 0.012 s(-1)) and independent of the HONO concentration and temperature. In contrast, the relative humidity (RH) was found to have a strong impact on the uptake coefficients: γ (ATD) = 3.8 × 10(-6) (RH)(-0.61) and γ (Fe2O3) = 1.7 × 10(-6) (RH)(-0.62) (γ calculated with BET surface area, 30% conservative uncertainty). In both reactions of HONO studied, NO2 and NO were observed as gaseous products with yields of (60 ± 9) and (40 ± 6) %, respectively, independent of relative humidity, temperature, concentration of HONO and UV irradiation intensity. The observed data point to minor importance of the HONO uptake on mineral aerosol compared with other known sinks of HONO in the atmosphere, which are its dry deposition and photolysis in night-time and during the day, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atallah El Zein
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, CNRS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Spataro F, Ianniello A, Esposito G, Allegrini I, Zhu T, Hu M. Occurrence of atmospheric nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing (China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 447:210-224. [PMID: 23384645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric concentrations of nitrous acid (HONO) have been measured during two field campaigns in the winter and summer of 2007 at Beijing (China). The results were discussed from the standpoint of temporal and diurnal variations and meteorological effects. The daily average HONO concentrations were in the range of 0.03-2.91ppb and didn't show temporal variation between the winter and summer periods. The temporal trends seemed to be largely affected by meteorological conditions. HONO concentrations showed very typical diurnal variations during intensive winter and summer periods. Nitrogen oxides were key precursors of HONO formation and the HONO/NO2 values were higher than those reported for direct emission (<1%), indicating the prevalence of secondary chemical HONO formation on direct emission during both periods. We used a pseudo steady state approach (PSS), which included homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and direct emission, explaining on average about 83% and 48% of the observed HONO levels during the intensive winter and summer periods, respectively. The daytime unknown HONO production was on average 2.58ppbh(-1) during the summer period. The HNO3 and fine particulate NO3(-) photolysis contributed weakly as HONO source. Including these sources in the PSS calculation, we explained about 53% of the observed HONO levels. The results showed that heterogeneous JNO2 dependent processes on aerosol and ground surfaces, involving NO2 as HONO precursor, were HONO sources during the summer measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spataro
- CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria Km 29.3, CP10, 00015 Monterotondo S., Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Assessment of HONO Measurements: The FIONA Campaign at EUPHORE. DISPOSAL OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS IN URBAN AREAS AND MEGA CITIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5034-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
27
|
Tsai JH, Lai WF, Chiang HL. Characteristics of particulate constituents and gas precursors during the episode and non-episode periods. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:27-40. [PMID: 23447862 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.727769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Size-segregated distribution of ambient particulate matter (PM) was determined using a micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) and a nano-MOUDI in southern Taiwan. Eleven water-soluble ionic species including six anions (NO3-, SO4(2-), Cl-, F-, NO2-, Br-) and five cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) for particulate inorganic ions and five gaseous pollutants (i.e., HNO2, HNO3, HCl, SO2, NH3) were analyzed during episode and non-episode periods. The particulate mass concentration was about 30 microg/ m3 higher at night than during the day, and it reached 162 microg/m3 during the episode periods. The difference was mainly attributable to the particle size of 0.1-2.5 microm. Nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and chloride ions were the dominant inorganic ions in PM. HONO and NH3 concentrations were high at night; in contrast, HNO3, HCl, and SO2 were high during the day. The equivalent ratio of {[NO3-] + 2 [SO4(2-)}/[NH4+] was about 0.98 and revealed a high correlation between {[NO3-] + 2[SO4(2-)]} and [NH4+] that clearly pointed to ammonium neutralization or condensation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate in PM0.32. The precursor gases and ionic species in different particle sizes did not reveal a strong correlation, which could be attributed to the complex of source emissions, atmospheric reactions and meteorological parameters in the area. IMPLICATIONS Size-segregated distribution and chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols play important roles in their visibility reduction, health effects, and toxicity in urban areas. Inorganic ionic species are major constituents in particulate matter, except carbonaceous chemicals. In this work, the compositions of water-soluble ions in particulate matter and acid/base gaseous pollutants (such as HNO2, HNO3, HCl, SO2, NH3) were determined during the day and at night during episode and non-episode periods from 2006 to 2007 in southern Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Horng Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Research Center for Climate Change and Environmental Quality, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Zhu RS, Lai KY, Lin MC. Ab Initio Chemical Kinetics for the Hydrolysis of N2O4 Isomers in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4466-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ke-Yu Lai
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - M. C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu J, Zhang Y, Zheng S, He Y. Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing: a model sensitivity study. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:645-656. [PMID: 22894099 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most previous O3 simulations were based only on gaseous phase photochemistry. However, some aerosol-related processes, namely, heterogeneous reactions occurring on the aerosol surface and photolysis rate alternated by aerosol radiative influence, may affect O3 photochemistry under high aerosol loads. A three-dimensional air quality model, Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization, and Dissolution, was employed to simulate the effects of the above-mentioned processes on O3 formation under typical high O3 episodes in Beijing during summer. Five heterogeneous reactions, i.e., NO2, NO3, N2O5, HO2, and O3, were individually investigated to elucidate their effects on 03 formation. The results showed that the heterogeneous reactions significantly affected O3 formation in the urban plume. NO2 heterogeneous reaction increased O3 to 90 ppb, while HO2 heterogeneous reaction decreased O3 to 33 ppb. In addition, O3 heterogeneous loss decreased O3 to 31 ppb. The effects of NO2, NO3, and N2O5 heterogeneous reactions showed opposite O3 concentration changes between the urban and extra-urban areas because of the response of the reactions to the two types of O3 formation regimes. When the aerosol radiative influence was included, the photolysis rate decreased and O3 decreased significantly to 73 ppb O3. The two aerosol-related processes should be considered in the study of O3 formation because high aerosol concentration is a ubiquitous phenomenon that affects the urban- and regional air quality in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tsai JH, Huang YS, Shieh ZX, Chiang HL. Concentration characteristics of VOCs and acids/bases in the gas phase and water-soluble ions in the particle phase at an electrical industry park during construction and mass production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:540-551. [PMID: 21469015 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.551747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electronics industry is a major business in the Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP). Particulate samples and 11 water-soluble ionic species in the particulate phase were measured by ionic chromatography (IC). Additionally, acid and base gases were sampled by denuder absorption and analyzed by IC. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected in stainless-steel canisters four times daily and analyzed via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Ozone formation potential (OFP) was measured using maximum increment reactivity. In addition, airborne pollutants during (1) construction and (2) mass production were measured. Particulate matter concentration did not increase significantly near the optoelectronic plant during construction, but it was higher than during mass production. SO(2), HNO(2) and NH(3) were the dominant gases in the denuder absorption system. Nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium ions predominated both in PM(2.5) and PM(10-2.5); but calcium ion concentration was significantly higher in PM(10-2.5) samples during construction. Toluene, propane, isopentane, and n-butane may have come from vehicle exhaust. Construction equipment emitted high concentrations of ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and toluene. During mass production, methyl ethyl ketone), acetone and ethyl acetate were significantly higher than during construction, although there was continuous rain. The aromatic group constituted >50% of the VOC concentration totals and contributed >70% of OFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun H Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seisel S, Rossi MJ. The heterogeneous reaction of HONO and HBr on ice and on sulfuric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Njegic B, Raff JD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gordon MS, Gerber RB. Catalytic Role for Water in the Atmospheric Production of ClNO. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4609-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp912155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bosiljka Njegic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jonathan D. Raff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yabushita A, Enami S, Sakamoto Y, Kawasaki M, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Anion-catalyzed dissolution of NO2 on aqueous microdroplets. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4844-8. [PMID: 19331373 DOI: 10.1021/jp900685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-seven years after NO(x) (NO + NO(2)) were identified as essential components of photochemical smog, atmospheric chemical models fail to correctly predict *OH/HO(2)* concentrations under NO(x)-rich conditions. This deficiency is due, in part, to the uncertain rates and mechanism for the reactive dissolution of NO(2)(g) (2NO(2) + H(2)O = NO(3)(-) + H(+) + HONO) in fog and aerosol droplets. Thus, state-of-the-art models parametrize the uptake of NO(2) by atmospheric aerosol from data obtained on "deactivated tunnel wall residue". Here, we report experiments in which NO(3)(-) production on the surface of microdroplets exposed to NO(2)(g) for approximately 1 ms is monitored by online thermospray mass spectrometry. NO(2) does not dissolve in deionized water (NO(3)(-) signals below the detection limit) but readily produces NO(3)(-) on aqueous NaX (X = Cl, Br, I) microdroplets with NO(2) uptake coefficients gamma that vary nonmonotonically with electrolyte concentration and peak at gamma(max) approximately 10(-4) for [NaX] approximately 1 mM, which is >10(3) larger than that in neat water. Since I(-) is partially oxidized to I(2)(*-) in this process, anions seem to capture NO(2)(g) into X-NO(2)(*-) radical anions for further reaction at the air/water interface. By showing that gamma is strongly enhanced by electrolytes, these results resolve outstanding discrepancies between previous measurements in neat water versus NaCl-seeded clouds. They also provide a general mechanism for the heterogeneous conversion of NO(2)(g) to (NO(3)(-) + HONO) on the surface of aqueous media.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gherman T, Venables DS, Vaughan S, Orphal J, Ruth AA. Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the near-ultraviolet: application to HONO and NO2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:890-895. [PMID: 18323118 DOI: 10.1021/es0716913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The first application of incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) in the near-ultraviolet for the simultaneous detection of two key atmospheric trace species, HONO and NO2, is reported. For both compounds the absorption is measured between 360 and 380 nm with a compact cavity-enhanced spectrometer employing a high power light-emitting diode. Detection limits of approximately 4 ppbv for HONO and approximately 14 ppbv for NO2 are reported for a static gas cell setup using a 20 s acquisition time. Based on an acquisition time of 10 min and an optical cavity length of 4.5 m detection limits of approximately 0.13 ppbv and approximately 0.38 ppbv were found for HONO and NO2 in a 4 m3 atmospheric simulation chamber, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for in situ monitoring of these important species in laboratory studies or field campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Titus Gherman
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kleffmann J. Daytime Sources of Nitrous Acid (HONO) in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1137-44. [PMID: 17427162 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the self-cleaning agent of the atmosphere and a key species in the formation of harmful photooxidants during summer smog. Recent field measurements using very sensitive HONO instruments have shown that daytime HONO concentrations are much higher than has been assumed previously and that the contribution of HONO to the radical formation was underestimated in the past. A strong photochemical HONO source has been proposed, which contributes to the primary OH radical production up to 56 %. These exciting results initiated new laboratory studies, in which new sources of HONO have been identified. It is demonstrated that HONO is photochemically formed 1) on surfaces treated with nitric acid, 2) by reduction of NO(2) on photosensitized organic surfaces like humic acids and c) in the gas phase photolysis of ortho-substituted nitroaromatics. Although significant uncertainties still exist on the exact mechanisms, these additional sources might explain daytime observations in the atmosphere and demonstrate that HONO should be generally measured in field campaigns, besides other radical sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleffmann
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou X, Huang G, Civerolo K, Roychowdhury U, Demerjian KL. Summertime observations of HONO, HCHO, and O3at the summit of Whiteface Mountain, New York. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Asatryan R, Bozzelli JW, Simmie JM. Thermochemistry for enthalpies and reaction paths of nitrous acid isomers. INT J CHEM KINET 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
39
|
Ramazan KA, Wingen LM, Miller Y, Chaban GM, Gerber RB, Xantheas SS, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Experimental and Theoretical Approach to the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of NO2: Key Role of Molecular Nitric Acid and Its Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6886-97. [PMID: 16722704 DOI: 10.1021/jp056426n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although heterogeneous chemistry on surfaces in the troposphere is known to be important, there are currently only a few techniques available for studying the nature of surface-adsorbed species as well as their chemistry and photochemistry under atmospheric conditions of 1 atm pressure and in the presence of water vapor. We report here a new laboratory approach using a combination of long path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR that allows the simultaneous observation and measurement of gases and surface species. Theory is used to identify the surface-adsorbed intermediates and products, and to estimate their relative concentrations. At intermediate relative humidities typical of the tropospheric boundary layer, the nitric acid formed during NO2 heterogeneous hydrolysis is shown to exist both as nitrate ions from the dissociation of nitric acid formed on the surface and as molecular nitric acid. In both cases, the ions and HNO3 are complexed to water molecules. Upon pumping, water is selectively removed, shifting the NO(3-)-HNO3(H2O)y equilibria toward more dehydrated forms of HNO3 and ultimately to nitric acid dimers. Irradiation of the nitric acid-water film using 300-400 nm radiation generates gaseous NO, while irradiation at 254 nm generates both NO and HONO, resulting in conversion of surface-adsorbed nitrogen oxides into photochemically active NO(x). These studies suggest that the assumption that deposition or formation of nitric acid provides a permanent removal mechanism from the atmosphere may not be correct. Furthermore, a potential role of surface-adsorbed nitric acid and other species formed during the heterogeneous hydrolysis of NO2 in the oxidation of organics on surfaces, and in the generation of gas-phase HONO on local to global scales, should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Ramazan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hao N, Zhou B, Chen D, Chen LM. Observations of nitrous acid and its relative humidity dependence in Shanghai. J Environ Sci (China) 2006; 18:910-5. [PMID: 17278746 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(06)60013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid, HNO2, is an important precursor of OH radicals in the troposphere. Measurements of HNO2 and NO2, using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), were performed in Shanghai, China for a period from October 22, 2004 to January 4, 2005. The mean (and median) hourly concentrations of HNO2 and NO2 during this period were 1.1 (0.7) ppb and 24 (21.4) ppb respectively. A correlation between HNO2/NO2 and PMI,( mass concentrations was obtained. This correlation suggests that significant heterogeneous chemical production of HNO2 may occur through NO2 reactions on aerosol surfaces. This hypothesis was further supported by detailed analysis of selected pollution episodes in this study. At the same time, the water dependence of HNO2 formation was studied by analysis of relative humidity (RH). It showed that the maximum HNO2/NO2 ratio was increased along with RH below 70% and inhibited at RH>70%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Y, Fan SH, Wang SL. Chemiluminescence determination of nitrogen oxide in air with a sequential injection method. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
George C, Strekowski RS, Kleffmann J, Stemmler K, Ammann M. Photoenhanced uptake of gaseous NO2 on solid organic compounds: a photochemical source of HONO? Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:195-210; discussion 241-64, 519-24. [PMID: 16161785 DOI: 10.1039/b417888m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In several recent field campaigns the existence of a strong daytime source of nitrous acid was demonstrated. The mechanism of this source remains unclear. Accordingly, in the present laboratory study, the effect of light (in the range 300-500 nm) on the uptake kinetics of NO2 on various surfaces taken as proxies for organic surfaces encountered in the troposphere (as organic aerosol but also ground surfaces) was investigated. In this collaborative study, the uptake kinetics and product formation rate were measured by different flow tube reactors in combination with a sensitive HONO instrument. Uptake on light absorbing aromatic compounds was significantly enhanced when irradiated with light of 300-420 nm, and HONO was formed with high yield when the gas was humidified. Especially organic substrates containing a combination of electron donors, such as phenols, and of compounds yielding excited triplet states, such as aromatic ketones, showed a high reactivity towards NO2. Based on the results reported a mechanism is suggested, in which photosensitised electron transfer is occurring. The results show that HONO can be efficiently formed during the day in the atmosphere at much longer wavelengths compared to the recently proposed nitrate photolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C George
- Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie a l'Environnement (UCBL-CNRS), 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li G, Zhang R, Fan J, Tie X. Impacts of black carbon aerosol on photolysis and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
44
|
Kleffmann J, Benter T, Wiesen P. Heterogeneous Reaction of Nitric Acid with Nitric Oxide on Glass Surfaces under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040184u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleffmann
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stutz J, Alicke B, Ackermann R, Geyer A, Wang S, White AB, Williams EJ, Spicer CW, Fast JD. Relative humidity dependence of HONO chemistry in urban areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Björn Alicke
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Ralf Ackermann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Andreas Geyer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Allen B. White
- Environmental Technology Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eric J. Williams
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Jerome D. Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Griffin RJ. Modeling the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere of the south coast air basin of California. 2. HOx radical production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:753-757. [PMID: 14968860 DOI: 10.1021/es034129v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The production of HOx radicals in the South Coast Air Basin of California is investigated during the smog episode of September 9, 1993 using the California Institute of Technology (CIT) air-quality model. Sources of HOx(hydroxyl, hydroperoxy, and organic peroxy radicals) incorporated into the associated gas-phase chemical mechanism include the combination of excited-state singlet oxygen (formed from ozone (O3) photolysis (hv)) with water, the photolysis of nitrous acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde (HCHO) or higher aldehydes and ketones), the consumption of aldehydes and alkenes (ALK) by the nitrate radical, and the consumption of alkenes by O3 and the oxygen atom (O). At a given time or location for surface cells and vertical averages, each route of HOx formation may be the greatest contributor to overall formation except HCHO-hv, H2O2-hv, and ALK-O, the latter two of which are insignificant pathways in general. The contribution of the ALK-O3 pathway is dependent on the stoichiometric yield of OH, but this pathway, at least for the studied smog episode, may not be as generally significant as previous research suggests. Future emissions scenarios yield lower total HOx production rates and a shift in the relative importance of individual pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lei W. Chemical characterization of ozone formation in the Houston-Galveston area: A chemical transport model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
48
|
Tang Y. Impacts of dust on regional tropospheric chemistry during the ACE-Asia experiment: A model study with observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Usher
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|