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Palit S, Shrestha AK, Thapa S, L. Grimm S, Coarfa C, Theis F, Simon LM, Shivanna B. Leveraging Integrated RNA Sequencing to Decipher Adrenomedullin's Protective Mechanisms in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:806. [PMID: 38927741 PMCID: PMC11202456 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease commonly affecting premature infants, with limited therapeutic options and increased long-term consequences. Adrenomedullin (Adm), a proangiogenic peptide hormone, has been found to protect rodents against experimental BPD. This study aims to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which Adm influences BPD pathogenesis using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of experimental BPD in mice. Bulk RNA sequencing of Adm-sufficient (wild-type or Adm+/+) and Adm-haplodeficient (Adm+/-) mice lungs, integrated with single-cell RNA sequencing data, revealed distinct gene expression patterns and cell type alterations associated with Adm deficiency and LPS exposure. Notably, computational integration with cell atlas data revealed that Adm-haplodeficient mouse lungs exhibited gene expression signatures characteristic of increased inflammation, natural killer (NK) cell frequency, and decreased endothelial cell and type II pneumocyte frequency. Furthermore, in silico human BPD patient data analysis supported our cell type frequency finding, highlighting elevated NK cells in BPD infants. These results underscore the protective role of Adm in experimental BPD and emphasize that it is a potential therapeutic target for BPD infants with an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Palit
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
| | - Shyam Thapa
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabian Theis
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Simon
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (B.S.)
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Zhang K, Yao E, Aung T, Chuang PT. The alveolus: Our current knowledge of how the gas exchange unit of the lung is constructed and repaired. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:59-129. [PMID: 38729684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian lung completes its last step of development, alveologenesis, to generate sufficient surface area for gas exchange. In this process, multiple cell types that include alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts undergo coordinated cell proliferation, cell migration and/or contraction, cell shape changes, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to produce the gas exchange unit: the alveolus. Full functioning of alveoli also involves immune cells and the lymphatic and autonomic nervous system. With the advent of lineage tracing, conditional gene inactivation, transcriptome analysis, live imaging, and lung organoids, our molecular understanding of alveologenesis has advanced significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the constituents of the alveolus and the molecular pathways that control alveolar formation. We also discuss how insight into alveolar formation may inform us of alveolar repair/regeneration mechanisms following lung injury and the pathogenic processes that lead to loss of alveoli or tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Radiofrequency therapy improves exercise capacity of mice with emphysema. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20056. [PMID: 34625605 PMCID: PMC8501094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is a common phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although resection of emphysematous tissue can improve lung mechanics, it is invasive and fraught with adverse effects. Meanwhile, radiofrequency (RF) treatment is an extracorporeal method that leads to tissue destruction and remodeling, resulting in “volume reduction” and overall improvement in lung compliance of emphysematous lungs. Whether these changes lead to improved exercise tolerance is unknown. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of RF treatment to improve the exercise capacity of mice with emphysema. Fifty-two mice (7 weeks of age) were used in this experiment. A bilateral emphysema model was created by intratracheally instilling porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) (1.5U/100 g body weight). RF treatment (0.5 W/ g body weight) was administered extracorporeally 14 days later and mice were sacrificed after another 21 days. The exercise capacity of mice was measured using a treadmill. Treadmill runs were performed just before PPE instillation (baseline), before RF treatment and before sacrifice. Following sacrifice, lung compliance and mean linear intercept (Lm) were measured and fibrosis was assessed using a modified Ashcroft score. There were 3 experimental groups: controls (instilled with saline, n = 12), emphysema (instilled with porcine pancreatic elastase, PPE, n = 11) and emphysema + treatment (instilled with PPE and given RF, n = 9). At endpoint, the maximum velocity of the emphysema + treatment group was significantly higher than that of the emphysema group, indicating improved exercise tolerance (86.29% of baseline vs 61.69% of baseline, p = 0.01). Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in emphysema as denoted by Lm between the two groups (median 29.60 µm vs 35.68 µm, p = 0.03). The emphysema + treatment group also demonstrated a higher prevalence of lung fibrosis (≧Grade 3) compared with the emphysema group (11.7% vs 5.4%, p < 0.01). No severe adverse events from RF were observed. RF treatment improved the exercise capacity of mice with emphysema. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of RF treatment in improving the functional status of patients with COPD.
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Shrestha AK, Menon RT, Yallampalli C, Barrios R, Shivanna B. Adrenomedullin Deficiency Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2080-2090. [PMID: 34508690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation interrupts alveolarization and causes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Besides mechanical ventilation and hyperoxia, sepsis contributes to BPD pathogenesis. Adrenomedullin (Adm) is a multifunctional peptide that exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs of adult rodents. Whether Adm mitigates sepsis-induced neonatal lung injury is unknown. The lung phenotype of mice exposed to early postnatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was recently shown to be similar to that in human BPD. This model was used to test the hypothesis that Adm-deficient neonatal mice will display increased LPS-induced lung injury than their wild-type (WT) littermates. Adm-deficient mice or their WT littermates were intraperitoneally administered 6 mg/kg of LPS or vehicle daily on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 to 5. The lungs were harvested at several time points to quantify inflammation, alveolarization, and vascularization. The extent of LPS-induced lung inflammation in Adm-deficient mice was 1.6-fold to 10-fold higher than their WT littermates. Strikingly, Adm deficiency induced STAT1 activation and potentiated STAT3 activation in LPS-exposed lungs. The severity of LPS-induced interruption of lung development was also greater in Adm-deficient mice at PND7. At PND14, LPS-exposed WT littermates displayed substantial improvement in lung development, whereas LPS-exposed Adm-deficient mice continued to have decreased lung development. These data indicate that Adm is necessary to decrease lung inflammation and injury and promote repair of the injured lungs in LPS-exposed neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandrasekhar Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Wei Y, Tanaka M, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Cui N, Kakihara S, Zhao Y, Aruga K, Sanjo H, Shindo T. Adrenomedullin Ameliorates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating TGF-ß-Smads Signaling and Myofibroblast Differentiation. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab090. [PMID: 33955458 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible, potentially fatal disease. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide whose activity is regulated by receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2). In the present study, we used the bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model to investigate the pathophysiological significance of the AM-RAMP2 system in the lung. In heterozygous AM knockout mice (AM+/-), hydroxyproline content and Ashcroft scores reflecting the fibrosis severity were significantly higher than in wild-type mice (WT). During the acute phase after BLM administration, FACS analysis showed significant increases in eosinophil, monocyte, and neutrophil infiltration into the lungs of AM+/-. During the chronic phase, fibrosis-related molecules were upregulated in AM+/-. Notably, nearly identical changes were observed in RAMP2+/-. AM administration reduced fibrosis severity. In the lungs of BLM-administered AM+/-, the activation level of Smad3, a receptor-activated Smad, was higher than in WT. In addition, Smad7, an antagonistic Smad, was downregulated and microRNA-21, which targets Smad7, was upregulated compared to WT. Isolated AM+/- lung fibroblasts showed less proliferation and migration capacity than WT fibroblasts. Stimulation with TGF-β increased the numbers of α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts, which were more prominent among AM+/- cells. TGF-β-stimulated AM+/- myofibroblasts were larger and exhibited greater contractility and extracellular matrix production than WT cells. These cells were α-SMA (+), F-actin (+), and Ki-67(-) and appeared to be nonproliferating myofibroblasts (non-p-MyoFbs), which contribute to the severity of fibrosis. Our findings suggest that in addition to suppressing inflammation, the AM-RAMP2 system ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β-Smad3 signaling, microRNA-21 activity and differentiation into non-p-MyoFbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxuan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nanqi Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yunlu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Aruga
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Menon RT, Shrestha AK, Reynolds CL, Barrios R, Caron KM, Shivanna B. Adrenomedullin Is Necessary to Resolve Hyperoxia-Induced Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:711-722. [PMID: 32093901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an infantile lung disease characterized by aberrant angiogenesis and impaired resolution of lung injury. Adrenomedullin (AM) signals through calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein 2 and modulates lung injury initiation. However, its role in lung injury resolution and the mechanisms by which it regulates angiogenesis remain unclear. Consequently, we hypothesized that AM resolves hyperoxia-induced BPD and PH via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). AM-sufficient (ADM+/+) or -deficient (ADM+/-) mice were exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia through postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 14, and the hyperoxia-exposed mice were allowed to recover in normoxia for an additional 56 days. Lung injury and development and PH were quantified at different time points. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were also used to examine the effects of AM signaling on the NOS3 pathway and angiogenesis. Lung blood vessels and NOS3 expression decreased and the extent of hyperoxia-induced BPD and PH increased in ADM+/- mice compared with ADM+/+ mice. Hyperoxia-induced apoptosis and PH resolved by PND14 and PND70, respectively, in ADM+/+ mice but not in ADM+/- mice. Knockdown of ADM, calcitonin receptor-like receptor, and receptor activity-modifying protein 2 in vitro decreased NOS3 expression, nitric oxide generation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, NOS3 knockdown abrogated the angiogenic effects of AM. Collectively, these results indicate that AM resolves hyperoxic lung injury via NOS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Corey L Reynolds
- Mouse Phenotyping Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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7
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Deficiency of the adrenomedullin-RAMP3 system suppresses metastasis through the modification of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Oncogene 2019; 39:1914-1930. [PMID: 31754214 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a primary source of morbidity and mortality in cancer. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide regulated by receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). We previously reported that the AM-RAMP2 system is involved in tumor angiogenesis, but the function of the AM-RAMP3 system remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the actions of the AM-RAMP2 and 3 systems in the tumor microenvironment and their impact on metastasis. PAN02 pancreatic cancer cells were injected into the spleens of mice, leading to spontaneous liver metastasis. Tumor metastasis was enhanced in vascular endothelial cell-specific RAMP2 knockout mice (DI-E-RAMP2-/-). By contrast, metastasis was suppressed in RAMP3-/- mice, where the number of podoplanin (PDPN)-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was reduced in the periphery of tumors at metastatic sites. Because PDPN-positive CAFs are a hallmark of tumor malignancy, we assessed the regulation of PDPN and found that Src/Cas/PDPN signaling is mediated by RAMP3. In fact, RAMP3 deficiency CAFs suppressed migration, proliferation, and metastasis in co-cultures with tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the activation of RAMP2 in RAMP3-/- mice suppressed both tumor growth and metastasis. Based on these results, we suggest that the upregulation of PDPN in DI-E-RAMP2-/- mice increases malignancy, while the downregulation of PDPN in RAMP3-/- mice reduces it. Selective activation of RAMP2 and inhibition of RAMP3 would therefore be expected to suppress tumor metastasis. This study provides the first evidence that understanding and targeting to AM-RAMP systems could contribute to the development of novel therapeutics against metastasis.
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Ng-Blichfeldt JP, Gosens R, Dean C, Griffiths M, Hind M. Regenerative pharmacology for COPD: breathing new life into old lungs. Thorax 2019; 74:890-897. [PMID: 30940772 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health concern with few effective treatments. Widespread destruction of alveolar tissue contributes to impaired gas exchange in severe COPD, and recent radiological evidence suggests that destruction of small airways is a major contributor to increased peripheral airway resistance in disease. This important finding might in part explain the failure of conventional anti-inflammatory treatments to restore lung function even in patients with mild disease. There is a clear need for alternative pharmacological strategies for patients with COPD/emphysema. Proposed regenerative strategies such as cell therapy and tissue engineering are hampered by poor availability of exogenous stem cells, discouraging trial results, and risks and cost associated with surgery. An alternative therapeutic approach is augmentation of lung regeneration and/or repair by biologically active factors, which have potential to be employed on a large scale. In favour of this strategy, the healthy adult lung is known to possess a remarkable endogenous regenerative capacity. Numerous preclinical studies have shown induction of regeneration in animal models of COPD/emphysema. Here, we argue that given the widespread and irreversible nature of COPD, serious consideration of regenerative pharmacology is necessary. However, for this approach to be feasible, a better understanding of the cell-specific molecular control of regeneration, the regenerative potential of the human lung and regenerative competencies of patients with COPD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Mandal J, Roth M, Papakonstantinou E, Fang L, Savic S, Tamm M, Stolz D. Adrenomedullin mediates pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 56:8-14. [PMID: 30690080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenomedullin (AM) is a pluripotent peptide hormone with contradictory effects in human health and disease. In chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma and COPD, AM has been shown to inhibit inflammation and cell proliferation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of AM on pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum levels of pro-AM were measured in patients with asthma, COPD and matched controls. The effect of AM on intracellular signaling proteins and cytokine secretion was assessed in primary cultures of epithelial cells (EC) and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) established from endo-bronchial biopsies of patients with asthma, COPD and controls. RESULTS Serum pro-AM was higher in patients with asthma and COPD, compared to controls. AM stimulated cAMP in ASMC but not in EC. In EC, AM decreased Erk1/2 MAPK expression and activation but in ASMC, AM activated Erk1/2. This effect was similar in asthma, COPD and controls. AM stimulated the secretion of pro-angiogenic CXCL1 by EC of controls and CXCL5 by EC of asthma patients. AM did not affect the secretion of IL-6 or IL-8 by EC but stimulated the secretion of IL-6 by ASMC. In EC, AM inhibited the stimulatory effect of TGF-β and IL-4 on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 but had an additive stimulatory effect with TGF-β in ASMC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AM mediates the secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-type and/or a disease-specific way, explaining its association with clinical outcomes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshna Mandal
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Roth
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lei Fang
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Respiratory Cell Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Impaired mRNA Expression of the Migration Related Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells of COPD Patients. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:6089425. [PMID: 28804668 PMCID: PMC5539942 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6089425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective tissue repair and remodeling are main aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been implicated in this direction, as their functional impairment and recruitment could possibly contribute to disease development and progression. The present study characterizes for the first time the expression of migration related chemokine receptors and their ligands in BM-MSCs from COPD patients. CXCR4/SDF1a and CCR7/CCL19-CCL21 mRNA levels were evaluated in BM-MSCs obtained from twelve COPD patients and seven healthy donors. SDF1a protein levels in sera and BM-MSCs' conditioned media were also evaluated. CXCR4, SDF1a, CCL19, and CCL21 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in COPD BM-MSCs while CCR7 levels were undetectable. Notably, SDF1a protein levels were marginally elevated in both patient sera and BM-MSCs' conditioned media while the increase in SDF1a serum levels significantly correlated with disease severity in COPD. Our findings show posttranscriptional regulation of SDF1a levels in BM-MSCs of COPD patients and significant downregulation of SDF1a and CXCR4 mRNA indicating an involvement of the SDF1a signaling pathway in the disease pathophysiology.
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11
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Menon RT, Shrestha AK, Shivanna B. Hyperoxia exposure disrupts adrenomedullin signaling in newborn mice: Implications for lung development in premature infants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:666-671. [PMID: 28438602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of human infants that is characterized by disrupted lung angiogenesis. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide with angiogenic and vasoprotective properties. AM signals via its cognate receptors, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Calcrl) and receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2). Whether hyperoxia affects the pulmonary AM signaling pathway in neonatal mice and whether AM promotes lung angiogenesis in human infants are unknown. Therefore, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) hyperoxia exposure will disrupt AM signaling during the lung development period in neonatal mice; and (2) AM will promote angiogenesis in fetal human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) via extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 activation. We initially determined AM, Calcrl, and RAMP2 mRNA levels in mouse lungs on postnatal days (PND) 3, 7, 14, and 28. Next we determined the mRNA expression of these genes in neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia (70% O2) for up to 14 d. Finally, using HPAECs, we evaluated if AM activates ERK1/2 and promotes tubule formation and cell migration. Lung AM, Calcrl, and RAMP2 mRNA expression increased from PND 3 and peaked at PND 14, a time period during which lung development occurs in mice. Interestingly, hyperoxia exposure blunted this peak expression in neonatal mice. In HPAECs, AM activated ERK1/2 and promoted tubule formation and cell migration. These findings support our hypotheses, emphasizing that AM signaling axis is a potential therapeutic target for human infants with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Shi Z, Chen Y, Cao J, Zeng H, Yang Y, Chen P, Luo H, Peng H, Cai S, Guan C. Intratracheal transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells attenuates smoking-induced COPD in mice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:947-960. [PMID: 28360519 PMCID: PMC5365327 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) might play a protective role in COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intratracheal allogeneic transplantation of bone-marrow-derived EPCs would attenuate the development of smoking-induced COPD in mice. Methods Isolated mononuclear cells from the bone marrow of C57BL/6J mice were cultured in endothelial cell growth medium-2 for 10 days, yielding EPCs. A murine model of COPD was established by passive 90-day exposure of cigarette smoke. On day 30, EPCs or phosphate-buffered saline alone was administered into the trachea. On day 90, EPCs or 30 μL phosphate-buffered saline alone was administered into the trachea, and on day 120, inflammatory cells, antioxidant activity, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were measured. Results After EPC treatment, the lung function of the mice had improved compared with the untreated mice. Mean linear intercept and destructive index were reduced in the EPCs-treated group compared with the untreated group. In addition, the EPCs-treated mice exhibited less antioxidant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with the untreated mice. Moreover, decreased activities of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TUNEL-positive cells in lung tissues were detected in EPCs-treated mice. Conclusion Intratracheal transplantation of EPCs attenuated the development of pulmonary emphysema and lung function disorder probably by alleviating inflammatory infiltration, decelerating apoptosis, inhibiting proteolytic enzyme activity, and improving antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province
| | - Huihui Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Shan Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University
| | - Chaxiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical School, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Hirooka S, Ueno M, Fukuda S, Miyajima A, Hirota T. Effects of Simvastatin on Alveolar Regeneration and Its Relationship to Exposure in Mice with Dexamethasone-Induced Emphysema. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:155-160. [PMID: 28154254 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the relationship between systemic exposure of simvastatin (SV) hydroxy acid (SV-acid), an active form of SV, and its alveolar regeneration rates was investigated using emphysema model mice created by postnatal treatment of dexamethasone. In a model with young animals, the mice were treated with SV for 10 d from postnatal day 42. Similar alveolar regeneration with a % mean linear intercept (Lm) recovery of 60 to 70% by histochemical observation was observed in mice after intraperitoneal administration at dose in the range of 4-100 µg/mouse. The % Lm recovery after oral administration of 20 µg/mouse was comparable with that after intraperitoneal administration at a dose of 4 µg/mouse, when their exposure of SV-acid was almost similar in both treated groups. Regardless of the route of administration, the recovery can depend on the exposure level of SV-acid, and to the maximum was about 60-70%. On the other hand, in a model with adult animals, the mice were intraperitoneally administrated SV at a dose of 4 µg/mouse for 10 d from postnatal day 152. Compared to young animals, less % Lm recovery was observed in adult mice even their systemic exposures of SV-acid were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihomi Hirooka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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14
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Chin K, Wieslander C, Shi H, Balgobin S, Montoya TI, Yanagisawa H, Word RA. Pelvic Organ Support in Animals with Partial Loss of Fibulin-5 in the Vaginal Wall. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152793. [PMID: 27124299 PMCID: PMC4849714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromise of elastic fiber integrity in connective tissues of the pelvic floor is most likely acquired through aging, childbirth-associated injury, and genetic susceptibility. Mouse models of pelvic organ prolapse demonstrate systemic deficiencies in proteins that affect elastogenesis. Prolapse, however, does not occur until several months after birth and is thereby acquired with age or after parturition. To determine the impact of compromised levels of fibulin-5 (Fbln5) during adulthood on pelvic organ support after parturition and elastase-induced injury, tissue-specific conditional knockout (cKO) mice were generated in which doxycycline (dox) treatment results in deletion of Fbln5 in cells that utilize the smooth muscle α actin promoter-driven reverse tetracycline transactivator and tetracycline responsive element-Cre recombinase (i.e., Fbln5f/f/SMA++-rtTA/Cre+, cKO). Fbln5 was decreased significantly in the vagina of cKO mice compared with dox-treated wild type or controls (Fbln5f/f/SMA++-rtTA/Cre-/-). In controls, perineal body length (PBL) and bulge increased significantly after delivery but declined to baseline values within 6-8 weeks. Although overt prolapse did not occur in cKO animals, these transient increases in PBL postpartum were amplified and, unlike controls, parturition-induced increases in PBL (and bulge) did not recover to baseline but remained significantly increased for 12 wks. This lack of recovery from parturition was associated with increased MMP-9 and nondetectable levels of Fbln5 in the postpartum vagina. This predisposition to prolapse was accentuated by injection of elastase into the vaginal wall in which overt prolapse occurred in cKO animals, but rarely in controls. Taken together, our model system in which Fbln5 is conditionally knock-downed in stromal cells of the pelvic floor results in animals that undergo normal elastogenesis during development but lose Fbln5 as adults. The results indicate that vaginal fibulin-5 during development is crucial for baseline pelvic organ support and is also important for protection and recovery from parturition- and elastase-induced prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Wieslander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haolin Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sunil Balgobin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - T. Ignacio Montoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Ann Word
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yoshizawa T, Takizawa S, Shimada S, Tokudome T, Shindo T, Matsumoto K. Effects of Adrenomedullin on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Damage in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:737-46. [PMID: 26902282 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the best known anticancer drugs, and is used in the treatment of lymphoma, lung cancer, stomach cancer, and a number of other cancers. However, DOX has some serious side effects, the worst being lethal heart failure. Occasionally, its side effects result in the cessation of the anticancer treatment, thus having a serious adverse influence on prognosis. Agents that can be administered as alternative prophylactics or to ameliorate the side effects of DOX will be useful in increasing the safety and efficacy of anticancer therapy. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone secreted by many organs, including the heart; it has an organ-protective effect, including antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress. Blood AM levels increase with heart failure; endogenic AM has been suggested in order to protect the heart. Furthermore, exogenous AM administration has shown therapeutic effects for heart failure in patients. However, it is unclear whether AM can protect the heart against drug-induced cardiac injury in vivo. The present study was performed in order to investigate the effects of AM on DOX-induced cardiac damage. Male BALB/c mice were treated with DOX and/or AM. Exogenous AM improved the survival ratio of DOX-treated mice. In addition, AM reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels following DOX treatment. On pathological examination, AM was shown to inhibit DOX-induced cardiac tissue damage, mitochondrial abnormality, and cell death. These findings suggest that AM has a protective effect against DOX-induced cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University
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Yang C, Jiang J, Yang X, Wang H, Du J. Stem/progenitor cells in endogenous repairing responses: new toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury. J Transl Med 2016; 14:47. [PMID: 26865361 PMCID: PMC4750219 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of organs and tissues has stepped into a prospective era of regenerative medicine. However, basic research and clinical practice in the lung regeneration remains crawling. Owing to the complicated three dimensional structures and above 40 types of pulmonary cells, the regeneration of lung tissues becomes a great challenge. Compelling evidence has showed that distinct populations of intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells can regenerate epithelia as well as endothelia in various parts of the respiratory tract. Recently, the discovery of human lung stem cells and their relevant studies has opened the door of hope again, which might put us on the path to repair our injured body parts, lungs on demand. Herein, we emphasized the role of endogenous and exogenous stem/progenitor cells in lungs as well as artificial tissue repair for the injured lungs, which constitute a marvelous toolbox for the treatment of acute lung injury. Finally, we further discussed the potential problems in the pulmonary remodeling and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xuetao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Zhilu, Daping, 400042, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Miyajima A, Ohashi H, Fujishiro A, Matsuoka Y, Hiramatsu A, Hirota T. Effects of All trans-Retinoic Acid on Alveolar Regeneration in Dexamethasone-Induced Emphysema Models and Its Relationship to Exposure in ICR and FVB Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:927-34. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hideaki Ohashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Anri Fujishiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuka Matsuoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ayumi Hiramatsu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takashi Hirota
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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18
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Kai Y, Tomoda K, Yoneyama H, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H. RNA interference targeting carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 diminishes macrophage accumulation, inhibits MMP-9 expression and promotes lung recovery in murine pulmonary emphysema. Respir Res 2015; 16:146. [PMID: 26646821 PMCID: PMC4673861 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are an important mediators in inflammation and leukocyte trafficking. However, their roles in pulmonary emphysema have not been explored. In a murine model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema, we found increased carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3), a specific enzyme that synthesizes chondroitin 6-sulfate proteoglycan (C6SPG). To elucidate the role of C6SPG, we investigated the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CHST3 that inhibits C6SPG-synthesis on the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. METHODS Mice were intraperitoneally injected with CHST3 siRNA or negative control siRNA on day0 and 7 after intratracheal instillation of elastase. Histology, respiratory function, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), elastin staining and gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA were evaluated on day7 and/or day21. RESULTS CHST3 mRNA increased at day 7 and decreased thereafter in lung. CHST3 siRNA successfully inhibited the expression of CHST3 mRNA throughout the study and this was associated with significant reduction of GAGs and C6SPG. Airway destruction and respiratory function were improved by the treatment with CHST3 siRNA. CHST3 siRNA reduced the number of macrophages both in BAL and lung parenchyma and also suppressed the increased expressions of TNF-α and MMP-9 mRNA. Futhermore, CHST3 siRNA improved the reduction of the elastin in the alveolar walls. CONCLUSIONS CHST3 siRNA diminishes accumulation of excessive macrophages and the mediators, leading to accelerate the functional recovery from airway damage by repair of the elastin network associated with pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kai
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yoshino-cho National Health Insurance Yoshino Hospital, 130-1 Oaza Tanji, Yoshino-cho, Yoshino-gun, Nara, 639-3114, Japan.
| | - Koichi Tomoda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- Stelic Institute & Co., Inc., 1-9-15 Higashi Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-0044, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
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Tobinaga S, Matsumoto K, Nagayasu T, Furukawa K, Abo T, Yamasaki N, Tsuchiya T, Miyazaki T, Koji T. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Gene Electroporation into Skeletal Muscle as a Novel Gene Therapeutic Approach for Elastase-Induced Pulmonary Emphysema in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:83-94. [PMID: 26160987 PMCID: PMC4491498 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a progressive disease with airspace destruction and an effective therapy is needed. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) promotes pulmonary epithelial proliferation and has the potential to induce lung regeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using KGF gene therapy for treatment of a mouse emphysema model induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Eight-week-old BALB/c male mice treated with intra-tracheal PPE administration were transfected with 80 μg of a recombinant human KGF (rhKGF)-expressing FLAG-CMV14 plasmid (pKGF-FLAG gene), or with the pFLAG gene expressing plasmid as a control, into the quadriceps muscle by electroporation. In the lung, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was augmented, and surfactant protein A (SP-A) and KGF receptor (KGFR) were co-expressed in PCNA-positive cells. Moreover, endogenous KGF and KGFR gene expression increased significantly by pKGF-FLAG gene transfection. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed that the PaO2 level was not significantly reduced on day 14 after PPE instillation with pKGF-FLAG gene transfection compared to that of normal mice. These results indicated that KGF gene therapy with electroporation stimulated lung epithelial proliferation and protected depression of pulmonary function in a mouse emphysema model, suggesting a possible method of treating pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tobinaga
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Katsuro Furukawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takafumi Abo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Naoya Yamasaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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20
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Tomoda K, Kubo K, Dairiki K, Yamaji T, Yamamoto Y, Nishii Y, Nakamura A, Yoshikawa M, Hamada K, Kimura H. Whey peptide-based enteral diet attenuated elastase-induced emphysema with increase in short chain fatty acids in mice. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:64. [PMID: 26059026 PMCID: PMC4460751 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation is present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A whey peptide-based enteral diet reduce inflammation in patients with COPD, but its effect on COPD development has not been determined. On the other hand, it is known that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced by micro-flora in the gut, attenuates bronchial asthma in mice model. Methods Mice with elastase-induced emphysema were fed with 1 of 3 diets (control diet, whey peptide-based enteral diet, or standard enteral diet) to determine the effects of whey peptide-based enteral diet on emphysema and on cecal SCFAs. Results The whey peptide-based enteral diet group exhibited fewer emphysematous changes; significantly lower total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); and significantly higher cecal SCFA levels than either the control or standard enteral diet groups. The total cell count was inversely correlated with total cecal SCFA levels in these three diet groups. Conclusions The whey peptide-based enteral diet attenuates elastase-induced emphysema through the suppression of inflammation in the lung. This may be related to the increase in cecal SCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tomoda
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Kubo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Dairiki
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Div., Meiji Co. Ltd., 540 Naruda, , 250-0862, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Taketo Yamaji
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Div., Meiji Co. Ltd., 540 Naruda, , 250-0862, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Yamamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Yasue Nishii
- Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umami-naka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun,, 635-0832, Nara, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiro Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Hamada
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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21
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Fujita M. New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung regeneration. World J Respirol 2015; 5:34-39. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v5.i1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of airflow limitations that are not fully reversible and is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there has been extensive research examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of COPD, there is no proven clinically effective treatment for promoting recovery from established COPD. At present, regeneration is the only hope for a cure in patients with COPD. In this article, we review current treatments for COPD, focusing particularly on recent advances in lung regeneration based on two major approaches: regeneration-promoting agents and cell therapy. Retinoic acids are the major focus among regeneration-promoting agents, while mesenchymal stem cells are the main topic in the field of cell-based therapy. This article aims to provide valuable information for developing new therapies for COPD.
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Koike K, Ishigami A, Sato Y, Hirai T, Yuan Y, Kobayashi E, Tobino K, Sato T, Sekiya M, Takahashi K, Fukuchi Y, Maruyama N, Seyama K. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice and provides pulmonary restoration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:347-57. [PMID: 24032444 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) is a potent antioxidant and is essential for collagen synthesis. We investigated whether VC treatment prevents and cures smoke-induced emphysema in senescence marker protein-30 knockout (SMP30-KO) mice, which cannot synthesize VC. Two smoke-exposure experiments using SMP30-KO mice were conducted. In the first one (a preventive study), 4-month-old mice received minimal VC (0.0375 g/l) [VC(L)] or physiologically sufficient VC (1.5 g/l) [VC(S)] and exposed to cigarette smoke or smoke-free air for 2 months. Pulmonary evaluations followed when the mice were 6 months of age. The second study began after the establishment of smoke-induced emphysema (a treatment study). These mice no longer underwent smoke exposure but received VC(S) or VC(L) treatment for 2 months. Morphometric analysis was performed, and measurements of oxidative stress, collagen synthesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the lungs were evaluated. Chronic smoke exposure caused emphysema (29.6% increases of mean linear intercepts [MLI] and 106.5% increases of destructive index compared with the air-only group) in 6-month-old SMP30-KO mice, and this emphysema closely resembled human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoke-induced emphysema persisted in the VC(L) group after smoking cessation, whereas VC treatment provided pulmonary restoration (18.5% decrease of MLI and 41.3% decrease of destructive index compared with VC(L) group). VC treatment diminished oxidative stress, increased collagen synthesis, and improved vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the lungs. Our results suggest that VC not only prevents smoke-induced emphysema in SMP30-KO mice but also restores emphysematous lungs. Therefore, VC may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Koike
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Stessuk T, Ruiz MA, Greco OT, Bilaqui A, Ribeiro-Paes MJDO, Ribeiro-Paes JT. Phase I clinical trial of cell therapy in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: follow-up of up to 3 years. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 35:352-7. [PMID: 24255620 PMCID: PMC3832317 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20130113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major inflammatory disease of the
airways and an enormous therapeutic challenge. Within the spectrum of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary emphysema is characterized by the
destruction of the alveolar walls with an increase in the air spaces distal to the
terminal bronchioles but without significant pulmonary fibrosis. Therapeutic
options are limited and palliative since they are unable to promote morphological
and functional regeneration of the alveolar tissue. In this context, new
therapeutic approaches, such as cell therapy with adult stem cells, are being
evaluated. Objective This article aims to describe the follow-up of up to 3 years after the beginning
of a phase I clinical trial and discuss the spirometry parameters achieved by
patients with advanced pulmonary emphysema treated with bone marrow mononuclear
cells. Methods Four patients with advanced pulmonary emphysema were submitted to autologous
infusion of bone marrow mononuclear cells. Follow-ups were performed by spirometry
up to 3 years after the procedure. Results The results showed that autologous cell therapy in patients having chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease is a safe procedure and free of adverse effects.
There was an improvement in laboratory parameters (spirometry) and a slowing down
in the process of pathological degeneration. Also, patients reported improvements
in the clinical condition and quality of life. Conclusions Despite being in the initial stage and in spite of the small sample, the results
of the clinical protocol of cell therapy in advanced pulmonary emphysema as
proposed in this study, open new therapeutic perspectives in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. It is worth emphasizing that this study corresponds to the
first study in the literature that reports a change in the natural history of
pulmonary emphysema after the use of cell therapy with a pool of bone marrow
mononuclear cells.
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Kawago M, Yoshimasu T, Tabata Y, Yamamoto M, Hirai Y, Kinoshita T, Okamura Y. Intrapleural administration of gelatin-embedded, sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor for the regeneration of emphysematous lungs in rats. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 147:1644-9. [PMID: 24021953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-airway and intra-arterial administration of gelatin-embedded, sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor has stimulated regeneration of emphysematous lungs in animal experiments, but these routes of administration may also cause harm. This study investigated the effectiveness of intrapleural administration of gelatin-embedded, sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor. This animal experiment preceded our clinical trial of intrapleural administration of sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease accompanied by pneumothorax. METHODS Pulmonary emphysema was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using porcine elastase. Gelatin-embedded, sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor was administered via the left pleural cavity. The rats were divided into a group that received gelatin-embedded, sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF(+) group, n = 6), and a group that did not (FGF(-)group, n = 6). Animals were sacrificed after 14 days, and the results were evaluated by histologic examination. RESULTS In the FGF(+) group, the mean linear intercept value of the alveolar septa was significantly shorter on the treated side than on the untreated side (65.1 ± 7.0 vs 114.4 ± 7.5 μm; P = .0005). There was no significant difference in the mean linear intercept value between the treated and untreated sides in the FGF(-) group. CONCLUSIONS Intrapleural administration of sustained-release basic fibroblast growth factor induced lung regeneration in rats with elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Kawago
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Yoshimasu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hirai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Minami Wakayama Medical Center, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamura
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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25
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Cell therapy with bone marrow mononuclear cells in elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:210-8. [PMID: 23242964 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls with loss of gas exchange surface and consequent progressive dyspnea. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of cell therapy with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in an animal model of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. Emphysema was induced in C57Bl/J6 female mice by intranasal instillation of elastase. After 21 days, the mice received bone marrow mononuclear cells from EGFP male mice with C57Bl/J6 background. The groups were assessed by comparison and statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the groups treated with BMMC and evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days. Analysis of the mean linear intercept (Lm) values for the different groups allowed to observe that the group treated with BMMC and evaluated after 21 days showed the most significant result. The group that received no treatment showed a statistically significant difference when compared to other groups, except the group treated and evaluated after 21 days, evidencing the efficacy of cell therapy with BMMC in pulmonary emphysema.
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Kolosova IA, Angelini D, Fan C, Skinner J, Cheadle C, Johns RA. Resistin-like molecule α stimulates proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells while maintaining their multipotency. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:239-47. [PMID: 22891677 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule α (RELMα) is highly upregulated in the lungs of mice subjected to hypoxia. It is secreted from pulmonary epithelium and causes potent mitogenic, angiogenic, and vasoconstrictive effects in the lung vasculature. By using bone marrow transplantation in mice, we previously showed that RELMα is able to increase the number of bone marrow-derived cells in lung tissue, especially in the remodeling pulmonary vasculature. The current study investigated the effect of RELMα on progenitor stem cell content in mouse lung. Hypoxia, while stimulating RELMα expression, caused an increase in the number of Sca1(+)/CD45(-) progenitor cells in lungs of wild-type mice, but not in lungs of RELMα knockout mice. An in vitro study with cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed that RELMα induced a robust proliferative response that was dependent on Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and Erk activation. RELMα treatment of MSCs caused upregulation of a large number of genes involved in cell cycle, mitosis, organelle, and cytoskeleton biogenesis, and DNA metabolism. MSCs cultured in RELMα-supplemented media were able to maintain their differentiation potential into adipogenic, osteogenic, or mesenchymal phenotypes, although adipogenic differentiation was partially inhibited. These results demonstrate that RELMα may be involved in stem cell proliferation in the lung, without affecting differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kolosova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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27
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larráyoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:804717. [PMID: 23049570 PMCID: PMC3462413 DOI: 10.1155/2012/804717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells as a strategy for tissue repair and regeneration is one of the biomedical research areas that has attracted more interest in the past few years. Despite the classic belief that the central nervous system (CNS) was immutable, now it is well known that cell turnover occurs in the mature CNS. Postnatal neurogenesis is subjected to tight regulation by many growth factors, cell signals, and transcription factors. An emerging molecule involved in this process is adrenomedullin (AM). AM, a 52-amino acid peptide which exerts a plethora of physiological functions, acts as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem and progenitor cells. AM regulates the proliferation rate and the differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of stem/progenitor cells, probably through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The active peptides derived from the AM gene are able to regulate the cytoskeleton dynamics, which is extremely important for mature neural cell morphogenesis. In addition, a defective cytoskeleton may impair cell cycle and migration, so AM may contribute to neural stem cell growth regulation by allowing cells to pass through mitosis. Regulation of AM levels may contribute to program stem cells for their use in medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Kubo H. Concise review: clinical prospects for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regenerative approaches. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197868 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming a major cause of death worldwide. COPD is characterized by a progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation caused by chronic small airway disease and lung parenchymal destruction. Clinically available drugs improve airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms but cannot cure the disease. Slowing the progressive lung destruction or rebuilding the destroyed lung structure is a promising strategy to cure COPD. In contrast to small animal models, pharmacological lung regeneration is difficult in human COPD. Maturation, aging, and senescence in COPD lung cells, including endogenous stem cells, may affect the regenerative capacity following pharmacological therapy. The lung is a complex organ composed of more than 40 different cell types; therefore, detailed analyses, such as epigenetic modification analysis, in each specific cell type have not been performed in lungs with COPD. Recently, a method for the direct isolation of individual cell types from human lung has been developed, and fingerprints of each cell type in COPD lungs can be analyzed. Research using this technique combined with the recently discovered lung endogenous stem-progenitor populations will give a better understanding about the fate of COPD lung cells and provide a future for cell-based therapy to treat this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
Fibrotic lung injury is often attributed to a myriad of factors, including environmental exposure, age, genetic predisposition, epigenetics, coexisting conditions, acute lung injury, and viral infection. No effective therapies, other than lung transplantation, have proven effective against lung fibrosis. Loss of cellular homeostasis mechanisms in alveolar epithelial type I cells and any inability of type II progenitor cells to resist and repair epithelial injury are indicators that impaired response to injury and regeneration is a critical component of this disorder. The alveolar epithelium has a limited repertoire of responses to injury, which are dictated by the alveolar milieu, a repository of cytokines and growth factors that affect recruitment of other cells to the site of injury, or the proliferation of resident cells at the site of injury. The identification and characterization of the cytokines, growth factors, and other biomarkers that dictate the response to disease is key to understanding, diagnosing, treating, and determining the trajectory of various lung disorders. Corrective therapy of the alveolar milieu may therefore prove to be beneficial in many presently serious and incurable lung diseases that likely begin and progress with injury to the alveolar epithelium.
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31
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Larrayoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, García-Sanmartín J, Vicario-Abejón C, Martínez A. Role of adrenomedullin in the growth and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 297:175-234. [PMID: 22608560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394308-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have captured the imagination of the general public by their potential as new therapeutic tools in the fight against degenerative diseases. This potential is based on their capability for self-renewal and at the same time for producing progenitor cells that will eventually provide the building blocks for tissue and organ regeneration. These processes are carefully orchestrated in the organism by means of a series of molecular cues. An emerging molecule which is responsible for some of these physiological responses is adrenomedullin, a 52-amino acid regulatory peptide which increases proliferation and regulates cell fate of stem cells of different origins. Adrenomedullin binds to specific membrane receptors in stem cells and induces several intracellular pathways such as those involving cAMP, Akt, or MAPK. Regulation of adrenomedullin levels may help in directing the growth and differentiation of stem cells for applications (e.g., cell therapy) both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
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32
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Martinez FJ, Donohue JF, Rennard SI. The future of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment--difficulties of and barriers to drug development. Lancet 2011; 378:1027-37. [PMID: 21907866 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem with a rising incidence and morbidity, few pharmacotherapeutic advances have been made over the past several decades. The challenges of development of such agents are multifactorial and include rudimentary understanding of the biological genesis of human disease, inadequate in-vitro and in-vivo models, unvalidated biomarkers, inefficient physiological and clinical endpoints, and variable regulatory review worldwide. Blockade of various inflammatory pathways and mediators is a reasonable therapeutic strategy to alter the natural history of COPD. Substantial heterogeneity is evident with respect to clinical presentation, physiology, imaging, response to therapy, decline in lung function, and survival. Numerous endpoints have been proposed for clinical studies in COPD, with new approaches under study. The novel strategy that seems most promising is the use of biomarkers. We hope that with these approaches novel pharmacotherapies will be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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33
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Huh JW, Kim SY, Lee JH, Lee JS, Van Ta Q, Kim M, Oh YM, Lee YS, Lee SD. Bone marrow cells repair cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L255-66. [PMID: 21622846 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00253.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of stem cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not well known although stem cell therapy is effective in models of other pulmonary diseases. We tested the capacities of bone marrow cells (BMCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and conditioned media of MSCs (MSC-CM) to repair cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Inbred female Lewis rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 mo and then received BMCs, MSCs, or MSC-CM from male Lewis rats. For 2 mo after injection, the BMC treatment gradually alleviated the cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and restored the increased mean linear intercept. The BMC treatment significantly increased cell proliferation and the number of small pulmonary vessels, reduced apoptotic cell death, attenuated the mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and inhibited muscularization in small pulmonary vessels. However, only a few male donor cells were detected from 1 day to 1 mo after BMC administration. The MSCs and cell-free MSC-CM also induced the repair of emphysema and increased the number of small pulmonary vessels. Our data show that BMC, MSCs, and MSC-CM treatment repaired cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. The repair activity of these treatments is consistent with a paracrine effect rather than stem cell engraftment because most of the donor cells disappeared and because cell-free MSC-CM also induced the repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Huh
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan Univ. School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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34
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Franco-Montoya ML, Boucherat O, Thibault C, Chailley-Heu B, Incitti R, Delacourt C, Bourbon JR. Profiling target genes of FGF18 in the postnatal mouse lung: possible relevance for alveolar development. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1226-40. [PMID: 21878612 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding alveolarization mechanisms could help improve prevention and treatment of diseases characterized by reduced alveolar number. Although signaling through fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors is essential for alveolarization, involved ligands are unidentified. FGF18, the expression of which peaks coincidentally with alveolar septation, is likely to be involved. Herein, a mouse model with inducible, lung-targeted FGF18 transgene was used to advance the onset of FGF18 expression peak, and genome-wide expression changes were determined by comparison with littermate controls. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm expression changes of selected up- and downregulated genes and to determine their expression profiles in the course of lung postnatal development. This allowed identifying so-far unknown target genes of the factor, among which a number are known to be involved in alveolarization. The major target was adrenomedullin, a promoter of lung angiogenesis and alveolar development, whose transcript was increased 6.9-fold. Other genes involved in angiogenesis presented marked expression increases, including Wnt2 and cullin2. Although it appeared to favor cell migration notably through enhanced expression of Snai1/2, FGF18 also induced various changes consistent with prevention of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Together with antifibrotic effects driven by induction of E prostanoid receptor 2 and repression of numerous myofibroblast markers, this could prevent alveolar septation-driving mechanisms from becoming excessive and deleterious. Last, FGF18 up- or downregulated genes of extracellular matrix components and epithelial cell markers previously shown to be up- or downregulated during alveolarization. These findings therefore argue for an involvement of FGF18 in the control of various developmental events during the alveolar stage.
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35
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Tsuji H, Fujimoto H, Matsuura D, Nishino T, Lee KM, Renne R, Yoshimura H. Comparison of mouse strains and exposure conditions in acute cigarette smoke inhalation studies. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:602-15. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.596851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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36
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Hind M, Maden M. Is a regenerative approach viable for the treatment of COPD? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:106-15. [PMID: 21265829 PMCID: PMC3085872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common with huge worldwide morbidity. Anti-inflammatory drug development strategies have proved disappointing and current treatment is aimed at symptomatic relief. Only lung transplantation with all its attendant difficulties offers hope of cure and the outlook for affected patients is bleak. Lung regeneration therapies aim to reverse the structural and functional deficits in COPD either by delivery of exogenous lung cells to replace lost tissue, delivery of exogenous stem cells to induce a local paracrine effect probably through an anti-inflammatory action or by the administration of small molecules to stimulate the endogenous regenerative ability of lung cells. In animal models of emphysema and disrupted alveolar development each of these strategies has shown some success but there are potential tumour-inducing dangers with a cellular approach. Small molecules such as all-trans retinoic acid have been successful in animal models although the mechanism is not completely understood. There are currently two Pharma-sponsored trials in progress concerning patients with COPD, one of a specific retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist and another using mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hind
- Royal Brompton Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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37
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Zhen G, Xue Z, Zhao J, Gu N, Tang Z, Xu Y, Zhang Z. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation increases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in papain-induced emphysematous lungs and inhibits apoptosis of lung cells. Cytotherapy 2011; 12:605-14. [PMID: 20429787 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003745888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by loss of alveolar structures. We have found that bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation ameliorates papain-induced pulmonary emphysema. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. It has been shown that blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway leads to apoptosis of lung cells and pulmonary emphysema, and MSC are capable of secreting VEGF. We hypothesized that MSC transplantation may have a protective effect on pulmonary emphysema by increasing VEGF-A expression and inhibiting apoptosis of lung cells. METHODS We examined the morphology and expression of VEGF-A in rat lung after papain treatment and MSC transplantation. We also used a co-culture system in which MSC and cells prepared from papain-treated lungs or control lungs were cultured together. The levels of VEGF-A in cells and culture medium were determined, and apoptosis of cultured lung cells was evaluated. RESULTS VEGF-A expression in rat lungs was decreased after papain treatment, which was partly rescued by MSC transplantation. MSC production of VEGF-A was increased when MSC were co-cultured with cells prepared from papain-treated lungs. Furthermore, the apoptosis of papain-treated lung cells was inhibited when co-cultured with MSC. The induction of MSC production of VEGF-A by papain-treated lung cells was inhibited by adding anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibody to the medium. CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of MSC transplantation on pulmonary emphysema may be partly mediated by increasing VEGF-A expression and inhibiting the apoptosis of lung cells. TNF-alpha released from papain-treated lung cells induces MSC to secret VEGF-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhen
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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38
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Molecular basis of lung tissue regeneration. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59:231-44. [PMID: 21484549 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-010-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have expanded our understanding of lung endogenous stem cells, and this knowledge provides us with new ideas for future regenerative therapy for lung diseases. In studies using animal models for lung regeneration, compensatory lung growth, and lung repair, promising reagents for lung regeneration have been discovered. Stem or progenitor cells are needed for alveolar regeneration, lung growth, and lung repair after injury. Endogenous progenitor cells mainly participate in alveologenesis. However, human lung endogenous progenitor cells have not yet been clearly defined. Recently discovered human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells may give us a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of lung diseases. In parallel with such basic research, projects geared toward clinical application are proceeding. Cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells to treat acute lung injury is one of the promising areas for this research. The creation of bioartificial lungs, which are based on decellularized lungs, is another interesting approach for future clinical applications. Although lungs are the most challenging organ for regenerative medicine, our cumulative knowledge of lung regeneration and of endogenous progenitor cells makes clear the possibilities and limitations of regenerative medicine for lung diseases.
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39
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Deville JL, Salas S, Figarella-Branger D, Ouafik L, Daniel L. Adrenomedullin as a therapeutic target in angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:1059-72. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.522328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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40
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Cornwell WD, Kim V, Song C, Rogers TJ. Pathogenesis of inflammation and repair in advanced COPD. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 31:257-66. [PMID: 20496295 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1254066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by an abnormal persistent inflammatory response to noxious environmental stimuli, most commonly cigarette smoke. Although cigarette smoking elicits airway inflammation in all of those who smoke, persistent inflammation and clinically significant COPD occurs in only a minority of smokers. The pathogenesis of COPD involves the recruitment and regulation of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, as well as the induction of oxidative stress, all of which result in lung parenchymal destruction and airway remodeling. Recent research has generated a greater understanding of the mechanisms responsible for COPD development, including new concepts in T cell biology and the increasing recognition that the processes governing lung cell apoptosis are upregulated. We are also starting to understand the reasons for continued inflammation even after smoking cessation, which accelerates the rate of lung function decline in COPD. Herein we review our current knowledge of the inflammatory pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis, as well as newer concepts that have begun to unfold in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Cornwell
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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41
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Hackett TL, Knight DA, Sin DD. Potential role of stem cells in management of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 5:81-8. [PMID: 20463889 PMCID: PMC2865028 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide epidemic affecting over 200 million people and accounting for more than three million deaths annually. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways and progressive destruction of lung parenchyma, a process that in most cases is initiated by cigarette smoking. Unfortunately, there are no interventions that have been unequivocally shown to prolong survival in patients with COPD. Regeneration of lung tissue by stem cells from endogenous and exogenous sources is a promising therapeutic strategy. Herein we review the current literature on the characterization of resident stem and progenitor cell niches within the lung, the contribution of mesenchymal stem cells to lung regeneration, and advances in bioengineering of lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillie L Hackett
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Heart and Lung Institute, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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42
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Vadivel A, Abozaid S, van Haaften T, Sawicka M, Eaton F, Chen M, Thébaud B. Adrenomedullin promotes lung angiogenesis, alveolar development, and repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:152-60. [PMID: 19738161 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and emphysema are significant global health problems at the extreme stages of life. Both are characterized by alveolar simplification and abnormal distal airspace enlargement due to arrested development or loss of alveoli, respectively. Both lack effective treatments. Mechanisms that inhibit distal lung growth are poorly understood. Adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered potent vasodilator, promotes angiogenesis and has protective effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Its role in the developing lung is unknown. We hypothesized that AM promotes lung angiogenesis and alveolar development. Accordingly, we report that lung mRNA expression of AM increases during normal alveolar development. In vivo, intranasal administration of the AM antagonist, AM22-52 decreases lung capillary density (12.4 +/- 1.5 versus 18 +/- 1.5 in control animals; P < 0.05) and impairs alveolar development (mean linear intercept, 52.3 +/- 1.5 versus 43.8 +/- 1.8 [P < 0.05] and septal counts 62.0 +/- 2.7 versus 90.4 +/- 3.5 [P < 0.05]) in neonatal rats, resulting in larger and fewer alveoli, reminiscent of BPD. This was associated with decreased lung endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor-A mRNA expression. In experimental oxygen-induced BPD, a model of arrested lung vascular and alveolar growth, AM attenuates arrested lung angiogenesis (vessel density, 6.9 +/- 1.1 versus 16.2 +/- 1.3, P < 0.05) and alveolar development (mean linear intercept, 51.9 +/- 3.2 versus 44.4 +/- 0.7, septal counts 47.6 +/- 3.4 versus 67.7 +/- 4.0, P < 0.05), an effect in part mediated by inhibition of apoptosis. AM also prevents pulmonary hypertension in this model, as assessed by decreased right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary artery medial wall thickness. Our findings suggest a role for AM during normal alveolar development. AM may have therapeutic potential in diseases associated with alveolar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Vadivel
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Engraftment of bone marrow-derived stem cells to the lung in a model of acute respiratory infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1257-65. [PMID: 19417738 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy presents an attractive approach to cure cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. We set out to investigate the effect of epithelial damage caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogenic bacterium widely occurring in CF, on the engraftment of bone marrow cells in airway epithelium. Intravenous or intratracheal administration of unfractionated green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) bone marrow cells in P. aeruginosa-infected mice resulted in none or very few GFP(+) cells detected in the lungs of the recipient mice, respectively. Only when GFP(+) bone marrow cells were purified to obtain a cell suspension enriched in progenitor cells and injected intratracheally, significant numbers of GFP(+) cells were detected. Localization of the donor cells at the level of airway epithelium was confirmed by Y-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. All donor-derived Y-chromosome(+) cells were found to express cytokeratin (CK). The fractions of GFP(+) cells expressing CK were 0.34 and 0.76% for the 10(5) and 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) bacterial inoculums, respectively. When scored by Y-chromosome positivity these numbers were 0.60 and 1.12%, respectively. Our results show for the first time that tissue damage inflicted by bacteria like P. aeruginosa facilitates the airway engraftment of heterologous bone marrow-derived stem cells and their epithelial transformation.
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Ohnishi S, Nagaya N. Tissue regeneration as next-generation therapy for COPD--potential applications. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 3:509-14. [PMID: 19281069 PMCID: PMC2650613 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide, and there is a need to develop more effective therapeutic strategies to replace specialized treatment such as lung transplantation. Recent studies suggest that recognition of apoptotic lung epithelial or endothelial cells may result in growth factors to stimulate cell replacement, and defects in these processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD. Furthermore, recent animal and human studies have revealed that tissue-specific stem cells and bone marrow-derived cells contribute to lung tissue regeneration and protection, and thus administration of exogenous stem/progenitor cells or humoral factors responsible for activation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells may be a potent next-generation therapy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Lüthje L, Raupach T, Michels H, Unsöld B, Hasenfuss G, Kögler H, Andreas S. Exercise intolerance and systemic manifestations of pulmonary emphysema in a mouse model. Respir Res 2009; 10:7. [PMID: 19175913 PMCID: PMC2644670 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly contribute to severity and mortality of the disease. We aimed to develop a COPD/emphysema model exhibiting systemic manifestations of the disease. Methods Female NMRI mice were treated 5 times intratracheally with porcine pancreatic elastase (emphysema) or phosphate-buffered saline (control). Emphysema severity was quantified histologically by mean linear intercept, exercise tolerance by treadmill running distance, diaphragm dysfunction using isolated muscle strips, pulmonary hypertension by measuring right ventricular pressure, and neurohumoral activation by determining urinary norepinephrine concentration. Results Mean linear intercept was higher in emphysema (260.7 ± 26.8 μm) than in control lungs (24.7 ± 1.7 μm). Emphysema mice lost body weight, controls gained weight. Running distance was shorter in emphysema than in controls. Diaphragm muscle length was shorter in controls compared to emphysema. Fatigue tests of muscle strips revealed impaired relaxation in emphysema diaphragms. Maximum right ventricular pressure and norepinephrine were elevated in emphysema compared to controls. Linear correlations were observed between running distance changes and intercept, right ventricular weight, norepinephrine, and diaphragm length. Conclusion The elastase mouse model exhibited severe emphysema with consecutive exercise limitation, and neurohumoral activation. The model may deepen our understanding of systemic aspects of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lüthje
- Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
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Cavarra E, Fardin P, Fineschi S, Ricciardi A, De Cunto G, Sallustio F, Zorzetto M, Luisetti M, Pfeffer U, Lungarella G, Varesio L. Early response of gene clusters is associated with mouse lung resistance or sensitivity to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L418-29. [PMID: 19118092 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90382.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of cigarette smoke exposure in three different strains of mice. DBA/2 and C57BL/6J are susceptible to smoke and develop different lung changes in response to chronic exposure, whereas ICR mice are resistant to smoke and do not develop emphysema. The present study was carried out to determine early changes in the gene expression profile of mice exposed to cigarette smoke with either a susceptible or resistant phenotype. The three strains of mice were exposed to smoke from three cigarettes per day, 5 days/wk, for 4 wk. Microarray analysis was carried out on total RNA extracted from the lung using the Affymetrix platform. Cigarette smoke modulates several clusters of genes (i.e., proemphysematous, acute phase response, and cell adhesion) in smoke-sensitive DBA/2 or C57BL/6J strains, but the same genes are not altered by smoke in ICR resistant mice. Only a few genes were commonly modulated by smoke in the three strains of mice. This pattern of gene expression suggests that the response to smoke is strain-dependent and may involve different molecular signaling pathways. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to verify the pattern of modulation of selected genes and their potential biological relevance. We conclude that gene expression response to smoke is highly dependent on the mouse genetic background. We speculate that the definition of gene clusters associated, to various degrees, with mouse susceptibility or resistance to smoke may be instrumental in defining the molecular basis of the individual response to smoke-induced lung injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cavarra
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia, Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Intranasal HGF administration ameliorates the physiologic and morphologic changes in lung emphysema. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1417-26. [PMID: 18560414 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has multiple biological effects on stem cells, epithelial proliferation, and wound healing. In this study, we investigated a possible therapeutic benefit of intranasal HGF on elastase-induced emphysema, and assessed the role of stem/progenitor cells in this process. HGF was given twice a week for 1-4 weeks after the establishment of emphysema in mice. HGF inhalation significantly ameliorated the enlargement of airspaces and alveolar wall destruction. Also, elevated static lung compliance returned to control levels within 2 weeks of HGF treatment. The expressions of stem-cell markers, c-kit, stem-cell antigen 1 (Sca-1), and CD34 were also significantly influenced by HGF. Most of the c-kit(+) cells were bone marrow derived, while most Sca-1(+) were lung endogenous cells. CD34(+) cells were from both sources, and a portion of the endogenous CD34(+) cells was also Sca-1(+). Further, HGF increased the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cytokeratin-19. Also, their immunohistochemical staining patterns were colocalized, indicative of epithelial multiplication. The results of the study show that intranasal treatment with HGF reverses both the physiological and morphometric changes of lung emphysema, possibly through stem-cell mobilization and alveolar regeneration, providing a nonsurgical treatment and suggesting the possibility of achieving a similar effect in humans.
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Martin U. Methods for studying stem cells: adult stem cells for lung repair. Methods 2008; 45:121-32. [PMID: 18554523 PMCID: PMC7128960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in lung biology includes the description of a series of pulmonary stem and progenitor cells involved in homeostasis and regeneration of the respiratory system. Moreover, the contribution of extrapulmonary stem cells to healthy and pathological lung tissue has been observed and the developmental biology of such processes should provide important hints for understanding maintenance and repair of adult lung structure and function. Despite such remarkable advances, the phenotypic and especially the functional characterization of these stem and progenitor cells, and their derivatives, along with an understanding of the molecular cues and pathways underlying differentiation into specific respiratory lineages is still in its infancy. Accordingly, the role of endogenous and extrapulmonary stem cells in normal tissue repair and pathogenesis is still largely mysterious and added basic knowledge is required in order to explore their potential for novel regenerative therapies. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art in adult lung stem cell biology including technical aspects of isolation, characterization and differentiation, and a discussion of perspectives for future regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex inflammatory disease with a myriad of pulmonary and nonpulmonary disease manifestations. COPD is a heterogeneous disease consisting of emphysematous destruction, airway inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction. Once conceptualized as a unidimensional disease isolated to the lung, it is now recognized to have significant systemic manifestations, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and skeletal muscle wasting. As the clinical phenotypic expressions of COPD become more precisely characterized, so does the pathogenesis of this disease. Great strides are now being made in our understanding of genetic susceptibility, airway inflammation, the immune response to cigarette smoke, and inflammatory biomarkers. This review will discuss the most recent progress on selected topics in COPD pathogenesis, inflammation, and genetics. With time, we hope to expand our current understanding to predict who will develop disease and who will not, and why some patients develop particular disease phenotypes. In addition, we hope to clarify the inflammatory mechanisms involved in order to develop novel therapies and identify disease biomarkers that will lead to better tools for monitoring disease activity. Finally, we hope to develop treatments aimed at lung regeneration and repair, to reverse lung damage that has already occurred. We are optimistic that novel therapies like gene therapy and advanced antiinflammatory agents will be in our future. Judging by the progress made in the last decade, these tools may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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Abstract
Contribution of transplanted bone marrow has, in many models, led to the appearance of marrow-derived epithelial cells in a variety of organs, including the lung. Following the initial descriptions of these cells, many questions remain about the mechanisms by which bone marrow adopts an epithelial phenotype in the murine lung. Data from other epithelial lineages, such as those of the kidney and colon, suggest that one mechanism is fusion of transplanted marrow with host pneumocytes. This process appears to require severe damage and may not be the only mechanism by which mature lung epithelia can derive from marrow. This article discusses the processes leading to the appearance of marrow-derived pneumocytes and highlights the therapeutic potential of bone marrow to fuse with or differentiate into epithelial cells of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Herzog
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208035, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
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