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Asai H, Kato K, Miyasaka M, Hatsukawa K, Murakami N, Takeda N, Abe J, Aoyagi Y, Kohda Y, Gui MY, Jin YR, Li XW, Hitotsuyanagi Y, Takeya K, Andoh T, Kurosaki H, Fukuishi N. Kamebakaurin Suppresses Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Activation by Inhibition of FcεRI Signaling Pathway. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024; 185:836-847. [PMID: 38797160 DOI: 10.1159/000536334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kamebakaurin is an active constituent of both Rabdosia japonica and Rabdosia excisa, which are utilized in Chinese traditional medicine for improving symptoms in patients with allergies. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anti-allergic effects of kamebakaurin using BMMCs. METHODS The degranulation ratio, histamine release, and the interleukin (IL)-4, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and cysteinyl leukotriene productions on antigen-triggered BMMC were investigated. Additionally, the effects of kamebakaurin on signal transduction proteins were examined by Western blot and binding to the Syk and Lyn kinase domain was calculated. The effects of kamebakaurin on antigen-induced hyperpermeability were investigated using mouse model. RESULTS At 10 μm, kamebakaurin partially inhibited degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. At 30 μm, kamebakaurin partially reduced LTB4 and cysteinyl leukotriene productions and suppressed degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. Phosphorylation of both Syk Y519/520 and its downstream protein, Gab2, was reduced by kamebakaurin, and complete inhibition was observed with 30 μm kamebakaurin. In contrast, phosphorylation of Erk was only partially inhibited, even in the presence of 30 μm kamebakaurin. Syk Y519/520 is known to be auto-phosphorylated via intramolecular ATP present in its own ATP-binding site, and this auto-phosphorylation triggers degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. Docking simulation study indicated kamebakaurin blocked ATP binding to the ATP-binding site in Syk. Therefore, inhibition of Syk auto-phosphorylation by kamebakaurin binding to the Syk ATP-binding site appeared to cause a reduction of histamine release and IL-4 production. Kamebakaurin inhibited antigen-induced vascular hyperpermeability in a dose-dependent fashion but did not reduce histamine-induced vascular hyperpermeability. CONCLUSION Kamebakaurin ameliorates allergic symptoms via inhibition of Syk phosphorylation; thus, kamebakaurin could be a lead compound for the new anti-allergic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan,
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayu Miyasaka
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaho Hatsukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nanami Murakami
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junna Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Kohda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ming-Yu Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Ri Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yukio Hitotsuyanagi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Takeya
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kurosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukuishi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Nam KH, Im DS. Alisol B 23-Acetate Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma during Sensitization and Challenge Periods. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:611-618. [PMID: 37317820 PMCID: PMC10616516 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizome of Alisma orientale has been used as a traditional medicine for treating kidney diseases in East Asian countries. Its inhibitory effects on hypersensitivity responses have been reported for methanol extracts, with alisol B 23-acetate (AB23Ac) being the most active constituent among six terpenes in inhibiting the direct passive Arthus reaction. However, whether AB23Ac has efficacy against allergic asthma has not been tested to date. The in vivo efficacy of AB23Ac in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma mouse model was evaluated by administrating AB23Ac before OVA sensitization or OVA challenge in BALB/c mice. AB23Ac suppressed antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The administration of AB23Ac both before OVA sensitization and OVA challenge greatly lowered pulmonary resistance and the increase in immune cell counts and inflammatory responses around the peribronchial and perivascular regions. In addition, the inflammatory cytokine levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid decreased in the AB23Ac-treated groups. AB23Ac reduced the number of PAS-stained cells in the lungs. Furthermore, a computer modeling study indicated that AB23Ac can bind tightly to spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). These results suggest that AB23Ac may ameliorate allergic asthma by suppressing immune responses in dendritic cells during sensitization and in mast cells during challenge periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyuk Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02446, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02446, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02446, Republic of Korea
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Matsukane R, Suetsugu K, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fostamatinib and Its Active Moiety R406. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:955-972. [PMID: 35781630 PMCID: PMC9250994 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fostamatinib is the first approved spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic immune thrombocytopenia. This review summarizes the clinical development, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug-drug interactions, adverse events, and comprehensive analyses of fostamatinib. While integrating these findings, we discuss the fostering and improvement of fostamatinib for further clinical applications. Fostamatinib is designed as a prodrug and cleavage of its active moiety R406 in the intestine. As R406 is the major product in the blood, this review mainly discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of R406. It is metabolized by cytochrome 3A4 and UGT1A9 in the liver and is dominantly excreted in feces after anaerobic modification by the gut microbiota. As fostamatinib and R406 strongly inhibit the breast cancer resistance protein, the interaction with those substrates, particularly statins, should be carefully monitored. In patients with immune thrombocytopenia, fostamatinib administration started at 100 mg twice daily, and most patients increased to 150 mg twice daily in the clinical trial. Although responders showed a higher R406 concentration than non-responders, the correlation between R406 exposure and achievement of the platelet count as a pharmacodynamic marker was uncertain in the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Additionally, R406 concentration was almost halved in patients with a heavy body weight; hence, the exposure-efficacy study for suitable dosing should be continued with post-marketing data. In contrast, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis for exposure safety revealed that R406 exposure significantly correlated with the incidence of hypertension. Even though the influence of elevated exposure on other toxicities, including diarrhea and neutropenia, is still unclear, careful management is required with dose escalation to avoid toxicity-related discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Optimizing drug inhibition of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:671-684.e9. [PMID: 34186142 PMCID: PMC9187951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administering allergens in increasing doses can temporarily suppress IgE-mediated allergy and anaphylaxis by desensitizing mast cells and basophils; however, allergen administration during desensitization therapy can itself induce allergic responses. Several small molecule drugs and nutraceuticals have been used clinically and experimentally to suppress these allergic responses. OBJECTIVES This study sought to optimize drug inhibition of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. METHODS Several agents were tested individually and in combination for ability to suppress IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in conventional mice, FcεRIα-humanized mice, and reconstituted immunodeficient mice that have human mast cells and basophils. Hypothermia was the readout for anaphylaxis; therapeutic efficacy was measured by degree of inhibition of hypothermia. Serum mouse mast cell protease 1 level was used to measure extent of mast cell degranulation. RESULTS Histamine receptor 1 (HR1) antagonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor were best at individually inhibiting IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. A Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, administered alone, only inhibited hypothermia when FcεRI signaling was suboptimal. Combinations of these agents could completely or nearly completely inhibit IgE-mediated hypothermia in these models. Both Syk and BTK inhibition decreased mast cell degranulation, but only Syk inhibition also blocked desensitization. Many other agents that are used clinically and experimentally had little or no beneficial effect. CONCLUSIONS Combinations of an HR1 antagonist, a β-adrenergic agonist, and a Syk or a BTK inhibitor protect best against IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, while an HR1 antagonist plus a β-adrenergic agonist ± a BTK antagonist is optimal for inhibiting IgE-mediated anaphylaxis without suppressing desensitization.
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Arthur GK, Cruse G. Regulation of Trafficking and Signaling of the High Affinity IgE Receptor by FcεRIβ and the Potential Impact of FcεRIβ Splicing in Allergic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020788. [PMID: 35054974 PMCID: PMC8776166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that function in both innate and adaptive immunity through the release of both preformed granule-stored mediators, and newly generated proinflammatory mediators that contribute to the generation of both the early and late phases of the allergic inflammatory response. Although mast cells can be activated by a vast array of mediators to contribute to homeostasis and pathophysiology in diverse settings and contexts, in this review, we will focus on the canonical setting of IgE-mediated activation and allergic inflammation. IgE-dependent activation of mast cells occurs through the high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI, which is a multimeric receptor complex that, once crosslinked by antigen, triggers a cascade of signaling to generate a robust response in mast cells. Here, we discuss FcεRI structure and function, and describe established and emerging roles of the β subunit of FcεRI (FcεRIβ) in regulating mast cell function and FcεRI trafficking and signaling. We discuss current approaches to target IgE and FcεRI signaling and emerging approaches that could target FcεRIβ specifically. We examine how alternative splicing of FcεRIβ alters protein function and how manipulation of splicing could be employed as a therapeutic approach. Targeting FcεRI directly and/or IgE binding to FcεRI are promising approaches to therapeutics for allergic inflammation. The characteristic role of FcεRIβ in both trafficking and signaling of the FcεRI receptor complex, the specificity to IgE-mediated activation pathways, and the preferential expression in mast cells and basophils, makes FcεRIβ an excellent, but challenging, candidate for therapeutic strategies in allergy and asthma, if targeting can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer K. Arthur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-515-8865
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Diverse innate stimuli activate basophils through pathways involving Syk and IκB kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019524118. [PMID: 33727419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019524118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature basophils play critical inflammatory roles during helminthic, autoimmune, and allergic diseases through their secretion of histamine and the type 2 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13. Basophils are activated typically by allergen-mediated IgE cross-linking but also by endogenous "innate" factors. The aim of this study was to identify the innate stimuli (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, hormones, neuropeptides, metabolites, and bacterial products) and signaling pathways inducing primary basophil activation. Basophils from naïve mice or helminth-infected mice were cultured with up to 96 distinct stimuli and their influence on basophil survival, activation, degranulation, and IL-4 or IL-13 expression were investigated. Activated basophils show a heterogeneous phenotype and segregate into distinct subsets expressing IL-4, IL-13, activation, or degranulation markers. We find that several innate stimuli including epithelial derived inflammatory cytokines (IL-33, IL-18, TSLP, and GM-CSF), growth factors (IL-3, IL-7, TGFβ, and VEGF), eicosanoids, metabolites, TLR ligands, and type I IFN exert significant direct effects on basophils. Basophil activation mediated by distinct upstream signaling pathways is always sensitive to Syk and IκB kinases-specific inhibitors but not necessarily to NFAT, STAT5, adenylate cyclase, or c-fos/AP-1 inhibitors. Thus, basophils are activated by very diverse mediators, but their activation seem controlled by a core checkpoint involving Syk and IκB kinases.
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Khodoun MV, Morris SC, Shao WH, Potter C, Angerman E, Kiselev A, Yarawsky AE, Herr AB, Klausz K, Otte A, Peipp M, Finkelman FD. Suppression of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy with monovalent anti-FcεRIα mAbs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1838-1854.e4. [PMID: 33326804 PMCID: PMC8215870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell and basophil activation by antigen cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE is central to allergy pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated global suppression of this process by rapid desensitization with anti-FcεRIα mAbs. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether use of monovalent (mv) anti-FcεRIα mAbs increases desensitization safety without loss of efficacy. METHODS mv anti-human (hu) FcεRIα mAbs were produced with mouse-derived immunoglobulin variable regions and huIgG1 or huIgG4 C regions and were used to suppress murine IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy. mAbs were administered as a single dose or as serially increasing doses to mice that express hu instead of mouse FcεRIα; mice that additionally have an allergy-promoting IL-4Rα mutation; and hu cord blood-reconstituted immunodeficient, hu cytokine-secreting, mice that have large numbers of activated hu mast cells. Anaphylaxis susceptibility was sometimes increased by treatment with IL-4 or a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. RESULTS mv anti-hu FcεRIα mAbs are considerably less able than divalent mAbs are to induce anaphylaxis and deplete mast cell and basophil IgE, but mv mAbs still strongly suppress IgE-mediated disease. The mv mAbs can be safely administered as a single large dose to mice with typical susceptibility to anaphylaxis, while a rapid desensitization approach safely suppresses disease in mice with increased susceptibility. Our huIgG4 variant of mv anti-huFcεRIα mAb is safer than our huIgG1 variant is, apparently because reduced interactions with FcεRs decrease ability to indirectly cross-link FcεRI. CONCLUSIONS mv anti-FcεRIα mAbs more safely suppress IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy than divalent variants of the same mAbs do. These mv mAbs may be useful for suppression of huIgE-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat V Khodoun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Suzanne C Morris
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wen-Hai Shao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Crystal Potter
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth Angerman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Artem Kiselev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander E Yarawsky
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Otte
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Rankine-Wilson LI, Shapira T, Sao Emani C, Av-Gay Y. From infection niche to therapeutic target: the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001041. [PMID: 33826491 PMCID: PMC8289223 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate human pathogen killing millions of people annually. Treatment for tuberculosis is lengthy and complicated, involving multiple drugs and often resulting in serious side effects and non-compliance. Mtb has developed numerous complex mechanisms enabling it to not only survive but replicate inside professional phagocytes. These mechanisms include, among others, overcoming the phagosome maturation process, inhibiting the acidification of the phagosome and inhibiting apoptosis. Within the past decade, technologies have been developed that enable a more accurate understanding of Mtb physiology within its intracellular niche, paving the way for more clinically relevant drug-development programmes. Here we review the molecular biology of Mtb pathogenesis offering a unique perspective on the use and development of therapies that target Mtb during its intracellular life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carine Sao Emani
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Sahar N, Bibi S, Masood N, Faryal R. Status of serine tyrosine kinase at germline and expressional levels in asthma patients. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 8:69-77. [PMID: 31531378 PMCID: PMC6715266 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2019.33040.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a disease marked by inflammation of airways with an increasing incidence rate worldwide especially among Asian population. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is known to be involved in regulation of such inflammation response and thereby rendering its inevitable importance among asthma patients. DNA extraction followed by PCR and sequencing was performed for genomic analysis, mRNA analysis was done by RT PCR whereas Western blot and ELISA was used for protein study. Image J and UNAFOLD were also used for Bioinformatics analysis.The mean age of patients and controls were 31.1±9.3 and 30.4±6.1 years respectively. Results of sequencing showed nonsense exonic mutations in exon 3 at g.25710G>A and g.25722G>A positions. Substitution mutations in introns were also found at g.25827G>A (intron 3), g.63425C>T (intron 8) and g.63445T>G (intron 8). Significantly increased levels of IgE and significantly decreased expression of Syk at transcriptional level was found in patients compared to controls. The western blot results of asthmatic samples and healthy controls revealed that Syk has comparatively low expression in diseased individual's PBMCs. SYK has been found to be altered in DNA, mRNA and protein expression in asthma patients among Pakistani population therefore patients should be treated according to their Syk status for more effective recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namoodn Sahar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakila Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Masood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rani Faryal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yasinska IM, Calzolai L, Raap U, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Sumbayev VV, Gibbs BF. Targeting of Basophil and Mast Cell Pro-Allergic Reactivity Using Functionalised Gold Nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:333. [PMID: 30984005 PMCID: PMC6449467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors potentially prevent pro-allergic mediator release from basophils and mast cells but are rarely used systemically due to ubiquitous expressions of target signaling proteins. However, specific targeting of allergic effector cells with these inhibitors could circumvent unwanted side effects. We recently demonstrated the biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a platform for non-toxic delivery of signaling inhibitors due to unique physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials. Since AuNPs can be conjugated with both anti-allergic drugs and antibodies or other proteins that specifically recognize basophils and mast cells, our aims were to assess specific targeting of allergic effector cell function using AuNPs conjugated with the calcineurin inhibitor ascomycin. Purified human basophils and LAD2 human mast cells were used for investigations with AuNPs conjugated either to CD203c antibodies or containing stem cell factor (SCF), respectively, which were amine-coupled to acidic groups of reduced glutathione (GSH). GSH was also used as a spacer for immobilization of ascomycin on the gold surface. AuNPs conjugated with anti-CD203c and ascomycin strikingly blocked IgE-dependent degranulation of both purified basophils and those present in mixed leukocyte preparations, suggesting specific targeting of these cells. In contrast, LAD2 mast cell responses were not inhibited using anti-CD203c-containing nanoconjugates but were when the conjugates contained SCF. Successful targeting of allergic effector cells using gold nanoconjugates indicates that this technology may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergies by specifically delivering highly effective signaling inhibitors with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna M Yasinska
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Division of Experimental Allergology and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom.,Division of Experimental Allergology and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Ramirez Molina C, Falkencrone S, Skov PS, Hooper-Greenhill E, Barker M, Dickson MC. GSK2646264, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuates the release of histamine in ex vivo human skin. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1135-1142. [PMID: 30735243 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic spontaneous urticaria presents as a heterogeneous syndrome characterised by wheals, angioedema, or both for greater than 6 weeks. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates allergen-induced mast cell degranulation via the IgE signalling pathway, a central component of wheal formation and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of perfused or topically administered GSK2646264 on IgE-mediated histamine release from mast cells in an ex vivo human skin model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a novel SkiP device, ex vivo human skin from mastectomy surgeries was challenged with anti-IgE, complement 5a (C5a), and buffer to induce histamine release from skin mast cells. Histamine was collected via microdialysis fibres and measured fluorometrically. GSK2646264 was delivered via perfusion either using microdialysis fibres or topically in a cream. Drug concentrations in the skin were measured by LC-MS, and a pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship developed. KEY RESULTS Perfused GSK2646264 significantly inhibited anti-IgE (but not C5a)-induced histamine release in a concentration-dependent manner. The 0.5, 1, and 3% cream delivered GSK2646264 to the dermis above the IC90 and dose-dependently attenuated anti-IgE-induced histamine release. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GSK2646264 administered topically or direct to the dermis blocked histamine release from in situ skin mast cells. A PK/PD relationship curve suggests that dermal concentrations above 6.8 μM should lead to approximately 90% inhibition of histamine release from skin mast cells following activation of the Fc fragment of IgE receptor 1a, implicating a potential use for the compound in skin mast cell diseases such as urticaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Per S Skov
- Contract Research, RefLab ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Huang Y, Li Y, Dong G, Zhang W, Liu N, Sheng C. Identification of pyrazolopyridine derivatives as novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351. [PMID: 29952085 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a promising strategy for the treatment of various allergic and autoimmune disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic rhinitis. Previously, a Syk inhibitor with novel indazole scaffold was discovered by structure-based virtual screening. Herein, the structure-activity relationship of the indazole Syk inhibitors was investigated. Several new inhibitors demonstrated potent activity against Syk. In particular, compound 18c showed good Syk inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.2 µM), representing a good lead compound for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Barnes PJ. Kinases as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:788-815. [PMID: 27363440 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple kinases play a critical role in orchestrating the chronic inflammation and structural changes in the respiratory tract of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Kinases activate signaling pathways that lead to contraction of airway smooth muscle and release of inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) as well as cell migration, activation, and proliferation. For this reason there has been great interest in the development of kinase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory therapies, particular where corticosteroids are less effective, as in severe asthma and COPD. However, it has proven difficult to develop selective kinase inhibitors that are both effective and safe after oral administration and this has led to a search for inhaled kinase inhibitors, which would reduce systemic exposure. Although many kinases have been implicated in inflammation and remodeling of airway disease, very few classes of drug have reached the stage of clinical studies in these diseases. The most promising drugs are p38 MAP kinases, isoenzyme-selective PI3-kinases, Janus-activated kinases, and Syk-kinases, and inhaled formulations of these drugs are now in development. There has also been interest in developing inhibitors that block more than one kinase, because these drugs may be more effective and with less risk of losing efficacy with time. No kinase inhibitors are yet on the market for the treatment of airway diseases, but as kinase inhibitors are improved from other therapeutic areas there is hope that these drugs may eventually prove useful in treating refractory asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Salehi S, Wang X, Juvet S, Scott JA, Chow CW. Syk Regulates Neutrophilic Airway Hyper-Responsiveness in a Chronic Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0163614. [PMID: 28107345 PMCID: PMC5249072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), reversible airway obstruction, and airway inflammation and remodeling. We previously showed that Syk modulates methacholine-induced airways contractility in naïve mice and in mice with allergic airways inflammation. We hypothesize that Syk plays a role in the pathogenesis of AHR; this was evaluated in a chronic 8-week mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways inflammation. Methods We used the Sykflox/flox//rosa26CreERT2 conditional Syk knock-out mice to assess the role of Syk prior to HDM exposure, and treated HDM-sensitized mice with the Syk inhibitor, GSK143, to evaluate its role in established allergic airways inflammation. Respiratory mechanics and methacholine (MCh)-responsiveness were assessed using the flexiVent® system. Lungs underwent bronchoalveolar lavage to isolate inflammatory cells or were frozen for determination of gene expression in tissues. Results MCh-induced AHR was observed following HDM sensitization in the Syk-intact (Sykflox/flox) and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. MCh responsiveness was reduced to control levels in HDM-sensitized Sykdel/del mice and in BALB/c and Sykflox/flox mice treated with GSK143. Both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice mounted appropriate immune responses to HDM, with HDM-specific IgE levels that were comparable to Sykflox/flox and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. HDM-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts were attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice, due primarily to decreased neutrophil recruitment. Gene expression analysis of lung tissues revealed that HDM-induced expression of IL-17 and CXCL-1 was significantly attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice. Conclusion Syk inhibitors may play a role in the management of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Salehi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Koziol-White CJ, Jia Y, Baltus GA, Cooper PR, Zaller DM, Crackower MA, Sirkowski EE, Smock S, Northrup AB, Himes BE, Alves SE, Panettieri RA. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates IgE-mediated airway contraction and mediator release in human precision cut lung slices. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3080-3087. [PMID: 27417329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma presents as a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation and hyper-reactivity (AHR). Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) mediates allergen-induced mast cell degranulation, a central component of allergen-induced inflammation and AHR. However, the role of Syk in IgE-mediated constriction of human small airways remains unknown. In this study, we addressed whether selective inhibition of Syk attenuates IgE-mediated constriction and mast cell mediator release in human small airways. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human precision cut lung slices (hPCLS) ex vivo derived from non-asthmatic donors were incubated overnight with human IgE, dexamethasone, montelukast, antihistamines or a selective Syk inhibitor (SYKi). High-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) activation by anti-IgE cross-linking was performed, and constriction and mediator release measured. Airway constriction was normalized to that induced by maximal carbachol stimulation. Syk expression (determined by qPCR and immunoblot) was also evaluated in human primary airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells to determine whether Syk directly modulates HASM function. KEY RESULTS While dexamethasone had little effect on FcεR-mediated contraction, montelukast or antihistamines partially attenuated the response. SYKi abolished anti-IgE-mediated contraction and suppressed the release of mast cell or basophil mediators from the IgE-treated hPCLS. In contrast, SYKi had little effect on the non-allergic contraction induced by carbachol. Syk mRNA and protein were undetectable in HASM cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A selective Syk inhibitor, but not corticosteroids, abolished FcεR-mediated contraction in human small airways ex vivo. The mechanism involved FcεRI receptor activation on mast cells or basophils that degranulate causing airway constriction, rather than direct actions on HASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada
| | - Yanlin Jia
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philip R Cooper
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada.
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17
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Virk H, Arthur G, Bradding P. Mast cells and their activation in lung disease. Transl Res 2016; 174:60-76. [PMID: 26845625 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and their activation contribute to lung health via innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory pathogens. They are also involved in the normal response to tissue injury. However, mast cells are involved in disease processes characterized by inflammation and remodeling of tissue structure. In these diseases mast cells are often inappropriately and chronically activated. There is evidence for activation of mast cells contributing to the pathophysiology of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. They may also play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and lung cancer. The diverse mechanisms through which mast cells sense and interact with the external and internal microenvironment account for their role in these diseases. Newly discovered mechanisms of redistribution and interaction between mast cells, airway structural cells, and other inflammatory cells may offer novel therapeutic targets in these disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Virk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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18
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Hall AP, Mitchard T, Rolf MG, Stewart J, Duffy P. Femoral Head Growth Plate Dysplasia and Fracture in Juvenile Rabbits Induced by Off-target Antiangiogenic Treatment. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:866-73. [PMID: 27162053 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316646483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia (chondrodysplasia) might be considered as the pathognomonic feature of antiangiogenic treatment in preclinical species as it is reliably and dose-responsively induced in rodents and monkeys with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and vascular targeting agents. Here we report epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia in juvenile rabbits treated with an oral spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor induced by off-target antiangiogenic inhibition of VEGF and FGF family kinase receptors. Epiphyseal growth plate dysplasia resulted in weakening and fracturing of the femoral head physis in 6 of 10 male and 1 of 10 female animals as well as microfracturing and dysplasia of the distal femoral articular cartilage in 1 male animal. Fracture lines ran through the zone of hypertrophic cartilage (as well as adjacent zones), were orientated parallel to the physeal plane, and often involved displacement of the femoral head. We would suggest that the high prevalence of growth plate fracture in the rabbit may represent a potential additional adverse risk to those already established for children treated with antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peter Hall
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - T Mitchard
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - M G Rolf
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Pepparedsleden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Stewart
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - P Duffy
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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19
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Molderings GJ, Haenisch B, Brettner S, Homann J, Menzen M, Dumoulin FL, Panse J, Butterfield J, Afrin LB. Pharmacological treatment options for mast cell activation disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:671-94. [PMID: 27132234 PMCID: PMC4903110 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation disease (MCAD) is a term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by aberrant release of variable subsets of mast cell (MC) mediators together with accumulation of either morphologically altered and immunohistochemically identifiable mutated MCs due to MC proliferation (systemic mastocytosis [SM] and MC leukemia [MCL]) or morphologically ordinary MCs due to decreased apoptosis (MC activation syndrome [MCAS] and well-differentiated SM). Clinical signs and symptoms in MCAD vary depending on disease subtype and result from excessive mediator release by MCs and, in aggressive forms, from organ failure related to MC infiltration. In most cases, treatment of MCAD is directed primarily at controlling the symptoms associated with MC mediator release. In advanced forms, such as aggressive SM and MCL, agents targeting MC proliferation such as kinase inhibitors may be provided. Targeted therapies aimed at blocking mutant protein variants and/or downstream signaling pathways are currently being developed. Other targets, such as specific surface antigens expressed on neoplastic MCs, might be considered for the development of future therapies. Since clinicians are often underprepared to evaluate, diagnose, and effectively treat this clinically heterogeneous disease, we seek to familiarize clinicians with MCAD and review current and future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Molderings
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Britta Haenisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Brettner
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Care, Kreiskrankenhaus Waldbröl, Waldbröl, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homann
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Menzen
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Ludwig Dumoulin
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joseph Butterfield
- Program for the Study of Mast Cell and Eosinophil Disorders, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lawrence B Afrin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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20
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Norman P. Respivert's multikinase inhibitors, an evaluation of WO2014033446 to WO2014033449. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 24:1397-407. [PMID: 25407284 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.967213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
These four patent applications all claim that N-aryl-N'-pyrazol-5-yl urea derivatives , related to RV-568, which are inhibitors of p38, Syk and Src kinases. All four applications claim their use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, notably asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The four applications are primarily differentiated by the claimed substitution of the pyrazole ring. This is accompanied by differential kinase specificity profiles. Many of the exemplified compounds show reduced potency as p38 inhibitors but high potency as inhibitors of Syk and/or Src kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks SL1 8JW , UK
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21
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Curtis NR, Davies SH, Gray M, Leach SG, McKie RA, Vernon LE, Walkington AJ. Asymmetric Fluorination Approach to the Scalable Synthesis of a SYK Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Curtis
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Suzanne H. Davies
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Matthew Gray
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Stuart G. Leach
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ross A. McKie
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lois E. Vernon
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Walkington
- Product
Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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22
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Wang X, Khanna N, Wu J, Godri Pollitt K, Evans GJ, Chow CW, Scott JA. Syk mediates airway contractility independent of leukocyte function. Allergy 2015; 70:429-35. [PMID: 25556883 DOI: 10.1111/all.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syk, an immune regulatory tyrosine kinase, plays a role in inflammatory disease processes. We recently reported a role for epithelial expression of Syk in the airways hyper-responsiveness in response to air pollution in a mouse model of asthma. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of Syk in airway contractility in response to methacholine (MCh) and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants, in the absence of underlying inflammation. METHODS We used Syk(flox/flox) //rosa26CreER(T) (2) conditional Syk knockout mice to evaluate respiratory mechanics and MCh responsiveness following PM exposure in vivo using the ventilator-based flexiVent system. RESULTS While total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were similar between the Syk(flox/flox) and Syk(del/del) mice, central airways respiratory resistance (RN ) to MCh was significantly augmented following PM exposure between Syk-intact (Syk(flox/flox) ) and Syk-deficient (Syk(del/del) ) mice (RN (max) : 2.06 ± 0.29 vs. 1.29 ± 0.10, respectively; p < 0.05, n = 8-10/group). We employed live videomicroscopy to investigate changes in airway luminal diameter using ex vivo lung slices, which were devoid of circulating leukocytes. MCh reduced the airway luminal area of Syk(flox/flox) mice to 81.1 ± 1.4% of baseline, which was virtually abrogated in Syk(del/del) mice (luminal area = 93.2 ± 0.5%, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). In response to PM exposure, Syk(flox/flox) airways contracted to 73.8 ± 2.7% of baseline luminal diameter, whereas Syk(del/del) airways exhibited minimal contractility to PM and MCh (90.0 ± 1.3% of baseline, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that Syk mediates airway contractility in the normal and allergic airways, independent of its role and function in leukocytes, and supports a paracrine role for airway epithelial Syk in modulating airway smooth muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Khanna
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. Wu
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - K. Godri Pollitt
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - G. J. Evans
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
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24
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Wex E, Thaler E, Blum S, Lamb D. A novel model of IgE-mediated passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116166. [PMID: 25541997 PMCID: PMC4277472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are central effector cells in allergic asthma and are augmented in the airways of asthma patients. Attenuating mast cell degranulation and with it the early asthmatic response is an important intervention point to inhibit bronchoconstriction, plasma exudation and tissue oedema formation. To validate the efficacy of novel pharmacological interventions, appropriate and practicable in vivo models reflecting mast cell-dependent mechanisms in the lung, are missing. Thus, we developed a novel model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. Rats were passively sensitized by concurrent intratracheal and intradermal (ear) application of an anti-DNP IgE antibody. Intravenous application of the antigen, DNP-BSA in combination with Evans blue dye, led to mast cell degranulation in both tissues. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the lung was determined by (1) mediator release into bronchoalveolar lavage, (2) extravasation of Evans blue dye into tracheal and bronchial lung tissue and (3) invasive measurement of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the ear was determined by extravasation of Evans blue dye into ear tissue. We pharmacologically validated our model using the SYK inhibitor Fostamatinib, the H1-receptor antagonist Desloratadine, the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist Formoterol. Fostamatinib was equally efficacious in lung and ear. Desloratadine effectively inhibited bronchoconstriction and ear vascular leakage, but was less effective against pulmonary vascular leakage, perhaps reflecting the differing roles for histamine receptor sub-types. DSCG attenuated both vascular leakage in the lung and bronchoconstriction, but with a very short duration of action. As an inhaled approach, Formoterol was more effective in the lung than in the ear. This model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis provides a tissue relevant readout of early mast cell activity and pharmacological benchmarking broadly reflects responses observed in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Thaler
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sylvia Blum
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Lamb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Small-molecule therapeutics in rheumatoid arthritis: scientific rationale, efficacy and safety. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:605-24. [PMID: 25481553 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a formidable clinical challenge. This is despite remarkable recent advances in our understanding of pathogenesis and the introduction of a variety of novel agents, particularly biologic therapeutics that are potent inhibitors of extracellular immune pathways. Whereas the latter have brought substantial improvements in efficacy and thus outcomes, there remain significant numbers of non- or partial responders to current standard of care. The discovery of key intracellular pathways, particularly kinases that subserve the function of these pivotal cytokine and immune cell receptors implicated in RA pathogenesis, has facilitated the advent of a new phase of RA drug development. Thus, a range of kinase inhibitors has entered clinical trials and one agent has been licenced for use in some regions. Herein we summarise the chequered history of kinase inhibitor development in RA, describing successes and failures alike, and thereafter examine future trends in this exciting field.
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Platt AM, Benson RA, McQueenie R, Butcher JP, Braddock M, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. The active metabolite of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor fostamatinib abrogates the CD4+ T cell-priming capacity of dendritic cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:169-77. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Borriello F, Granata F, Varricchi G, Genovese A, Triggiani M, Marone G. Immunopharmacological modulation of mast cells. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 17:45-57. [PMID: 25063971 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells produce a wide spectrum of mediators and they have been implicated in several physiopathological conditions (e.g. allergic reactions and certain tumors). Pharmacologic agents that modulate the release of mediators from mast cells has helped to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which immunological and non-immunological stimuli activate these cells. Furthermore, the study of surface receptors and signaling pathways associated with mast cell activation revealed novel pharmacologic targets. Thus, the development of pharmacologic agents based on this new wave of knowledge holds promise for the treatment of several mast cell-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Genovese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, School of Medicine, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Currie KS, Kropf JE, Lee T, Blomgren P, Xu J, Zhao Z, Gallion S, Whitney JA, Maclin D, Lansdon EB, Maciejewski P, Rossi AM, Rong H, Macaluso J, Barbosa J, Di Paolo JA, Mitchell SA. Discovery of GS-9973, a selective and orally efficacious inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3856-73. [PMID: 24779514 DOI: 10.1021/jm500228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an attractive drug target in autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncology disease indications. The most advanced Syk inhibitor, R406, 1 (or its prodrug form fostamatinib, 2), has shown efficacy in multiple therapeutic indications, but its clinical progress has been hampered by dose-limiting adverse effects that have been attributed, at least in part, to the off-target activities of 1. It is expected that a more selective Syk inhibitor would provide a greater therapeutic window. Herein we report the discovery and optimization of a novel series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine Syk inhibitors. This work culminated in the identification of GS-9973, 68, a highly selective and orally efficacious Syk inhibitor which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for autoimmune and oncology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Currie
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biology, and §Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
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Lee YS, Hur S, Kim TY. Homoisoflavanone prevents mast cell activation and allergic responses by inhibition of Syk signaling pathway. Allergy 2014; 69:453-62. [PMID: 24446972 DOI: 10.1111/all.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells play important roles in allergic inflammatory responses because they produce leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), and a variety of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, pharmacological interventions for allergies have focused on inhibiting mast cell activation. Homoisoflavanone (HIF), isolated from Cremastra appendiculata Makino, has anti-angiogenic activities; however, its effects on allergic reactions have not been determined. The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of HIF on mast cell activation, which is critical for anti-allergic reaction and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative real-time PCR, western blot analyses, and degranulation assay were performed to measure pro-inflammatory and allergic mediators in PMA/A23187- or IgE/antigen-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), HMC-1, RBL-1, or human PBMC-derived mast cells treated with or without HIF. The anti-allergic effects of HIF were determined in mouse models using dinitrophenol-immunoglobulin E-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and compound 48/80-induced ear swelling. RESULTS Homoisoflavanone down-regulated PGD2 , LTB4 , and LTC4 production and inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in PMA/A23187- or IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cells. The molecular mechanisms by which HIF caused these inhibitory effects were determined to be the inactivation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling and the concurrent suppression of cPLA2 . HIF inhibited IgE-mediated PCA and compound 48/80-induced ear swelling in mouse. CONCLUSIONS Homoisoflavanone inhibited mast cell activation through the suppression of Syk pathway together with the inhibition of cPLA2 . Thus, it might be a good candidate molecule for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Lee
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
| | - S. Hur
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
| | - T.-Y. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul South Korea
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Puri KD, Di Paolo JA, Gold MR. B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors for treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases and B-cell malignancies. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 32:397-427. [PMID: 23886342 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.818140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for normal B-cell development, selection, survival, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Similarly, this pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple B-cell malignancies. Genetic and pharmacological approaches have established an important role for the Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase isoform p110delta (PI3Kδ) in coupling the BCR and other BCRs to B-cell survival, migration, and activation. In the past few years, several small-molecule inhibitory drugs that target PI3Kδ, Btk, and Syk have been developed and shown to have efficacy in clinical trials for the treatment of several types of B-cell malignancies. Emerging preclinical data have also shown a critical role of BCR signaling in the activation and function of self-reactive B cells that contribute to autoimmune diseases. Because BCR signaling plays a major role in both B-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammation and B-cell malignancies, inhibition of this pathway may represent a promising new strategy for treating these diseases. This review summarizes recent achievements in the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, and clinical activity and toxicity of these BCR signaling inhibitors, with a focus on their emerging role in treating lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune disorders.
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Moy LY, Jia Y, Caniga M, Lieber G, Gil M, Fernandez X, Sirkowski E, Miller R, Alexander JP, Lee HH, Shin JD, Ellis JM, Chen H, Wilhelm A, Yu H, Vincent S, Chapman RW, Kelly N, Hickey E, Abraham WM, Northrup A, Miller T, Houshyar H, Crackower MA. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates allergen-mediated airway constriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1085-92. [PMID: 23889698 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0200oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key activator of signaling pathways downstream of multiple surface receptors implicated in asthma. SYK function has been extensively studied in mast cells downstream of the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεR1. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a role for SYK in models of allergic inflammation, but a role in airway constriction has not been demonstrated. Here, we have used a potent and selective pharmacological inhibitor of SYK to determine the role of SYK in allergen-mediated inflammation and airway constriction in preclinical models. Attenuation of allergic airway responses was evaluated in a rat passive anaphylaxis model and rat and sheep inhaled allergen challenge models, as well as an ex vivo model of allergen-mediated airway constriction in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacological inhibition of SYK dose-dependently blocked IgE-mediated tracheal plasma extravasation in rats. In a rat ovalbumin-sensitized airway challenge model, oral dosing with an SYK inhibitor led to a dose-dependent reduction in lung inflammatory cells. Ex vivo analysis of allergen-induced airway constriction in ovalbumin-sensitized brown Norway rats showed a complete attenuation with treatment of a SYK inhibitor, as well as a complete block of allergen-induced serotonin release. Similarly, allergen-mediated airway constriction was attenuated in ex vivo studies from nonhuman primate lungs. Intravenous administration of an SYK inhibitor attenuated both early- and late-phase allergen-induced increases in airway resistance in an Ascaris-sensitive sheep allergen challenge model. These data support a key role for SYK signaling in mediating allergic airway responses.
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van Bree SHW, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, van de Bovenkamp FS, Di Giovangiulio M, Farro G, Nemethova A, Cailotto C, de Jonge WJ, Lee K, Ramirez-Molina C, Lugo D, Skynner MJ, Boeckxstaens GEE, Matteoli G. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase as treatment of postoperative ileus. Gut 2013; 62:1581-90. [PMID: 23242119 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal inflammation resulting from manipulation-induced mast cell activation is a crucial mechanism in the pathophysiology of postoperative ileus (POI). Recently it has been shown that spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in mast cell degranulation. Therefore, we have evaluated the effect of the Syk-inhibitor GSK compound 143 (GSK143) as potential treatment to shorten POI. DESIGN In vivo: in a mouse model of POI, the effect of the Syk inhibitor (GSK143) was evaluated on gastrointestinal transit, muscular inflammation and cytokine production. In vitro: the effect of GSK143 and doxantrazole were evaluated on cultured peritoneal mast cells (PMCs) and bone marrow derived macrophages. RESULTS In vivo: intestinal manipulation resulted in a delay in gastrointestinal transit at t=24 h (Geometric Center (GC): 4.4 ± 0.3). Doxantrazole and GSK143 significantly increased gastrointestinal transit (GC doxantrazole (10 mg/kg): 7.2 ± 0.7; GSK143 (1 mg/kg): 7.6 ± 0.6), reduced inflammation and prevented recruitment of immune cells in the intestinal muscularis. In vitro: in PMCs, substance P (0-90 μM) and trinitrophenyl (0-4 μg/ml) induced a concentration-dependent release of β-hexosaminidase. Pretreatment with doxantrazole and GSK143 (0.03-10 μM) concentration dependently blocked substance P and trinitrophenyl induced β-hexosaminidase release. In addition, GSK143 was able to reduce cytokine expression in endotoxin-treated bone marrow derived macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The Syk inhibitor GSK143 reduces macrophage activation and mast cell degranulation in vitro. In addition, it inhibits manipulation-induced intestinal muscular inflammation and restores intestinal transit in mice. These findings suggest that Syk inhibition may be a new tool to shorten POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd H W van Bree
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute of Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Inhibitors of switch kinase 'spleen tyrosine kinase' in inflammation and immune-mediated disorders: a review. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:434-46. [PMID: 23917087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a member of Syk family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases plays a significant role in the immune cell signaling in B cells, mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Anomalous regulation of this kinase can lead to different allergic disorders and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis and allergic rhinitis. Being involved in the growth and survive mechanism of B cells, its inhibition can be beneficial in B-cell lymphoma. Thus, Syk can be sited as a therapeutically relevant target for various allergic and autoimmune disorders. This review article describes the structure of Syk and its role in B-cell signaling. In addition to this, data regarding small molecule inhibitors of Syk has also been reviewed from different papers and patents published.
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Simmons DL. Targeting kinases: a new approach to treating inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:426-34. [PMID: 23523202 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After two decades of research and development activity focussed on orally active kinase inhibitors, the first such drug (the JAK inhibitor Xeljanz, tofacitinib) was approved by the FDA in November 2012 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There is an intense activity in many companies both on expanding the utility of JAK inhibitors in other auto-immune indications and in discovering inhibitors of the JAK family with different and more selective profiles. Progress is also being made with orally active Syk inhibitors. One such inhibitor (fostamatinib) is currently in large-scale phase 3 trials, and there are others in clinical development. The last two to three years have been transformative for kinase inhibitors in auto-immune diseases, as several inhibitors have finally progressed beyond phase 2 trials after so many failures on other targets. Thus, there are new treatment options for RA patients beyond existing oral DMARDs and parenteral biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Simmons
- School of Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom.
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Tan SL, Liao C, Lucas MC, Stevenson C, DeMartino JA. Targeting the SYK-BTK axis for the treatment of immunological and hematological disorders: recent progress and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:294-309. [PMID: 23396081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) are non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that are primarily expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. Both are key mediators in coupling activated immunoreceptors to downstream signaling events that affect diverse biological functions, from cellular proliferation, differentiation and adhesion to innate and adaptive immune responses. As such, pharmacological inhibitors of SYK or BTK are being actively pursued as potential immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Deregulation of SYK or BTK activity has also been implicated in certain hematological malignancies. To date, from a clinical perspective, pharmacological inhibition of SYK activity has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) have benefited from covalent inhibitors of BTK in early clinical studies. Here, we review and discuss recent insights into the emerging role of the SYK-BTK axis in innate immune cell function as well as in the maintenance of survival and homing signals for tumor cell progression. The current progress on the clinical development of SYK and BTK inhibitors is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Lai Tan
- Inflammation Discovery and Therapeutic Area, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Zhou L, Oh SY, Zhou Y, Yuan B, Wu F, Oh MH, Wang Y, Takemoto C, Van Rooijen N, Zheng T, Zhu Z. SHP-1 regulation of mast cell function in allergic inflammation and anaphylaxis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55763. [PMID: 23390550 PMCID: PMC3563592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic inflammation and severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) are important in allergen induced diseases. Bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are ubiquitous and can facilitate allergen induced Th2 immune responses. Phosphatase SHP-1 is critical in regulating immunological homeostasis and in allergen induced Th2 immune responses in the lung. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of allergic inflammation and allergen induced anaphylaxis are still not completely elucidated and it is unclear whether SHP-1 plays any role in LPS-induced airway inflammation and in allergen-induced anaphylaxis. In this study we tested the hypothesis that phosphatase SHP-1 plays an important role in allergic inflammation and anaphylaxis and determined whether its effects are through regulation of mast cell functions. SHP-1 deficient (mev/+ and mev/mev) and mast cell deficient (Kit(W-sh)) mice were examined in their responses to LPS airway stimulation and to ovalbumin (OVA) allergen induced systemic anaphylaxis. Compared to wild type mice, mev/+ mice had significantly enhanced LPS induced airway inflammation and OVA induced anaphylactic responses, including hypothermia and clinical symptoms. These changes were mast cell dependent as Kit(W-sh) mice had reduced responses whereas adoptive transfer of mast cells restored the responses. However, T and B cells were not involved and macrophages did not play a significant role in LPS induced airway inflammation. Interestingly, basophil differentiation from SHP-1 deficient bone marrow cells was significantly reduced. These findings provided evidence that through regulation of mast cell functions SHP-1 plays a critical role as a negative regulator in allergic inflammation and in allergen induced anaphylaxis. In addition, SHP-1 seems to be required for normal basophil development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-III Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Baojun Yuan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fan Wu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min Hee Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yefu Wang
- Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-III Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Cliff Takemoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Penton PC, Wang X, Amatullah H, Cooper J, Godri K, North ML, Khanna N, Scott JA, Chow CW. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and pollution-induced enhanced airway response in a chronic mouse model of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:512-20.e1-10. [PMID: 22981792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR), reversible airflow obstruction, airway remodeling, and episodic exacerbations caused by air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM; PM <2.5 μm in diameter [PM(2.5)]) and ozone (O(3)). Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), an immunoregulatory kinase, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the effect of Syk inhibition on AHR in a chronic mouse model of allergic airways inflammation and pollutant exposure. METHODS We used a 12-week chronic ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge mouse model of airways inflammation followed by exposure to PM(2.5) plus O(3). Respiratory mechanics and methacholine (MCh) responsiveness were assessed by using the flexiVent system. The Syk inhibitor NVP-QAB-205 was nebulized intratracheally by using a treatment-based protocol 15 minutes before assessment of MCh responsiveness. RESULTS Syk expression increased significantly in the airway epithelia of OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged (OVA/OVA) mice compared with OVA-sensitized but PBS-challenged (OVA/PBS) control mice. OVA/OVA mice exhibited AHR to MCh, which was attenuated by a single administration of NVP-QAB-205 (0.3 and 3 mg/kg). PM(2.5) plus O(3) significantly augmented AHR to MCh in the OVA/OVA mice, which was abrogated by NVP-QAB-205. Total inflammatory cell counts were significantly higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from OVA/OVA than OVA/PBS mice and were unaffected by PM(2.5) plus O(3) or NVP-QAB-205. CONCLUSION NVP-QAB-205 reduced AHR and the enhanced response to PM(2.5) plus O(3) to normal levels in an established model of chronic allergic airways inflammation, suggesting that Syk inhibitors have promise as a therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castellanos Penton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Effect of locally administered Syk siRNA on allergen-induced arthritis and asthma. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:52-9. [PMID: 22796951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New approaches for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatic arthritis (RA) and inflammatory lung disease (asthma) are needed because a significant population of patients do not experience sustained relief with currently available therapies. The tyrosine kinase Syk plays a crucial role in inflammatory signaling pathways and has gained much attention as a potential target for treatment of inflammatory disorders. We have shown that our Syk siRNA injected directly into limb joints of arthritic mice, diminishes joint swelling and reduces levels of Syk kinase and inflammatory cytokines in joint tissue. Further, our Syk siRNA, administered via nasal instillation, inhibits recruitment of inflammatory cells to the bronchoalveolar fluid of allergen-sensitized mice. We propose that targeting Syk via localized application of Syk siRNA provides an opportunity for specific knockdown of Syk kinase with minimal potential for systemic effects.
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and mast cells have been so convincingly linked to the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis and other acute allergic reactions that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts. However, a large body of evidence now suggests that both IgE and mast cells are also key drivers of the long-term pathophysiological changes and tissue remodeling associated with chronic allergic inflammation in asthma and other settings. Such potential roles include IgE-dependent regulation of mast-cell functions, actions of IgE that are largely independent of mast cells and roles of mast cells that do not directly involve IgE. In this review, we discuss findings supporting the conclusion that IgE and mast cells can have both interdependent and independent roles in the complex immune responses that manifest clinically as asthma and other allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
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40
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Singh R, Masuda ES, Payan DG. Discovery and development of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3614-43. [PMID: 22257213 DOI: 10.1021/jm201271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Rigel, Inc., 1180 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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41
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Ratcliffe AJ. The Drug Discovery and Development of Kinase Inhibitors Outside of Oncology. KINASE DRUG DISCOVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733557-00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wang X, Mychajlowycz M, Lau C, Gutierrez C, Scott JA, Chow CW. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates BEAS-2B cell migration and proliferation and human rhinovirus-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:277-85. [PMID: 22031919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an immunoregulatory tyrosine kinase that was identified originally in leukocytes. It is a key regulator of innate immunity as well as hematopoietic cell differentiation and proliferation. A role for Syk in regulating normal cellular functions in nonhematopoietic cells is increasingly recognized. We have shown previously robust Syk expression in airway epithelium, where it regulates the early inflammatory response to human rhinovirus (HRV) infections, and HRV cell entry by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To test the hypothesis that Syk plays a role in modulating airway epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8, we studied the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line and primary human airway epithelia from normal and asthmatic donors using Syk-specific pharmacologic inhibitors and small interfering RNA. Using an in vitro "wounding" model, we demonstrated significant impairment of "wound" closure after treatment with the Syk inhibitors N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (R406) and 2-[7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]-nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY61-3606), overexpression of the kinase-inactive Syk(K396R) mutant, and Syk knockdown by small interfering RNA. HRV infection also impaired wound healing, an effect that was partly Syk-dependent because wound healing was impaired further when HRV infection occurred in the presence of Syk inhibition. Further investigation of potential regulatory mechanisms revealed that inhibition of Syk suppressed HRV-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression while promoting the activation of caspase-3, a mediator of epithelial cell apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that Syk plays a role in promoting epithelial cell proliferation and migration, while mitigating the effects of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplantation Programme, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wex E, Bouyssou T, Duechs MJ, Erb KJ, Gantner F, Sanderson MP, Schnapp A, Stierstorfer BE, Wollin L. Induced Syk deletion leads to suppressed allergic responses but has no effect on neutrophil or monocyte migration in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3208-18. [PMID: 21830208 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key mediator of immunoreceptor signaling in immune cells. Thus, interfering with the function of Syk by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition might influence a variety of allergic and autoimmune processes. Since conventional Syk knockout mice are not viable, studies addressing the effect of Syk deletion in adult animals have been limited. To further explore functions of Syk in animal models of allergy and to shed light on the role of Syk in the in vivo migration of neutrophils and monocytes, we generated inducible Syk knockout mice. These mice harbor a floxed Syk gene and a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the ubiquitously active Rosa26-promoter. Thus, treatment of mice with tamoxifen leads to the deletion of Syk in all organs. Syk-deleted mice were analyzed in mast cell-dependent models and in models focusing on neutrophil and monocyte migration. We show that Syk deletion in adult mice reduces inflammatory responses in mast cell-driven animal models of allergy and asthma but has no effect on the migration of neutrophils and monocytes. Therefore, the inducible Syk knockout mice presented here provide a valuable tool to further explore the role of Syk in disease-related animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Park KL, Ko NY, Lee JH, Kim DK, Kim HS, Kim AR, Her E, Kim B, Kim HS, Moon EY, Kim YM, Kim HR, Choi WS. 4-Chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline inhibits activation of Syk kinase to suppress mast cells in vitro and mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:235-41. [PMID: 21958720 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-Chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline is a quinoxaline derivative. We aimed to study the effects of 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline on activation of mast cells in vitro and in mice. 4-Chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline reversibly inhibited degranulation of mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, and also suppressed the expression and secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 in mast cells. Mechanistically, 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline inhibited activating phosphorylation of Syk and LAT, which are crucial for early FcεRI-mediated signaling events, as well as Akt and MAP kinases, which play essential roles in the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines in mast cells. Notably, although 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline inhibited the activation of Fyn and Syk, minimal inhibition was observed in mast cells in the case of Lyn. Furthermore, consistent with its in vitro activity, 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline significantly suppressed mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. In summary, the results from this study demonstrate that 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline shows an inhibitory effect on mast cells in vitro and in vivo, and that this is mediated by inhibiting the activation of Syk in mast cells. Therefore, 4-chlorotetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline could be useful in the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lea Park
- Center for Drug Development Assistance, National Institute of Food Drug Safety Evaluation, KFDA, Cheongwon-gun, Republic of Korea
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Fang C, Corrigan CJ, Ying S. Identifying and testing potential new anti-asthma agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1027-44. [PMID: 22646862 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.608659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids alone or with long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA) are the basic treatment for stable asthma. While the majority of patients are controllable, some patients retain chronic severe disease and develop permanent alterations in airway function. For patients such as these it is important to better understand the mechanisms of asthma so that alternative approaches can be developed. AREA COVERED Based on data from in vitro cell culture, animal models and clinical trials, this review discusses potential agents targeting either key effector cells, mediators and their receptors in asthma pathogenesis or their signaling cascade molecules. EXPERT OPINION As targeting single Th2 cytokines and their receptors has been shown to have limited clinical benefit, it is important to identify and test potential new therapeutic agents. Recent studies suggest that blockade of IgE synthesis, its interaction with its receptors and downstream signaling, identification of molecular targets in innate immune and airways structural cells, and fresh anti-neutrophil strategies should be prominent among these. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between airways remodeling and asthma severity so that appropriate patients may be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Fang
- Guy's Hospital, King's College London, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma , Department of Asthma , Allergy and Respiratory Science, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, London SE1 9RT , UK +44 207 188 3392 ;
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Redhu NS, Saleh A, Lee HC, Halayko AJ, Ziegler SF, Gounni AS. IgE induces transcriptional regulation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human airway smooth muscle cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:892-896.e2. [PMID: 21835441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Small animals models for drug discovery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:513-24. [PMID: 21601000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of studies of animal models of asthma in the past 20 years. The elucidation of fundamental immunological mechanisms underlying the development of allergy and the complex cytokine and chemokines networks underlying the responses have been substantially unraveled. Translation of findings to human asthma have been slow and hindered by the varied phenotypes that human asthma represents. New areas for expansion of modeling include virally mediated airway inflammation, oxidant stress, and the interactions of stimuli triggering innate immune and adaptive immune responses.
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Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Syk has a diverse range of biological functions, including a critical role in the intracellular signalling cascade for the surface immunoglobulin receptor on B lymphocytes, and the Fc receptor expressed on numerous immune effector cells. It is therefore seen as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of conditions, including autoimmune, allergic and malignant diseases. Fostamatinib disodium is the orally bioavailable prodrug of R406, a relatively selective small molecule inhibitor of Syk, that has accordingly shown activity in numerous cell types in vitro, and efficacy in a remarkable range of animal models in vivo, including rodent models of asthma, inflammatory arthritis, lupus, glomerulonephritis, diabetes and lymphoma. Success in these models has translated to phase II clinical trials in autoimmune thrombocytopenia, lymphoma and, most notably, rheumatoid arthritis, in which larger phase III trials are currently in progress. Whilst the diverse biological functions of Syk, coupled to the potential off-target effects of this kinase inhibitor are a source of possible toxicity, the available data thus far augurs well for future clinical use of Fostamatinib in a wide range of human diseases.
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Pamuk ON, Tsokos GC. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition in the treatment of autoimmune, allergic and autoinflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:222. [PMID: 21211067 PMCID: PMC3046528 DOI: 10.1186/ar3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in the development of the adaptive immune system and has been recognized as being important in the function of additional cell types, including platelets, phagocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts, and in the generation of the inflammasome. Preclinical studies presented compelling evidence that Syk inhibition may have therapeutic value in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune cytopenias, and allergic and autoinflammatory diseases. In addition, Syk inhibition may have a place in limiting tissue injury associated with organ transplant and revascularization procedures. Clinical trials have documented exciting success in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune cytopenias, and allergic rhinitis. While the extent and severity of side effects appear to be limited so far, larger studies will unravel the risk involved with the clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer N Pamuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, CLS-928, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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A multitude of kinases--which are the best targets in treating rheumatoid arthritis? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010; 36:367-83. [PMID: 20510239 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule kinase inhibitors are increasingly taking center stage in the quest for new drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). By targeting kinases, small-molecule inhibitors can exert potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects; the success of small-molecule kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer has spurred efforts to identify kinases that could be targeted for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as RA. Although many kinase inhibitors have proved efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis in animals few have been tested in RA clinical trials. This article discusses the challenges and progress in the pursuit of small-molecule kinase inhibitors for RA, including lessons learned from the failure of erstwhile frontrunner inhibitors and the promise of inhibitors making their debut on the RA stage.
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