1
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Cau MF, Ferraresso F, Seadler M, Badior K, Zhang Y, Ketelboeter LM, Rodriguez GG, Chen T, Ferraresso M, Wietrzny A, Robertson M, Haugen A, Cullis PR, de Moya M, Dyer M, Kastrup CJ. siRNA-mediated reduction of a circulating protein in swine using lipid nanoparticles. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101258. [PMID: 38779336 PMCID: PMC11109470 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of animal models is a fundamental research tool in biology and medicine but is challenging in large animals. In rodents, models can be readily developed by knocking out genes in embryonic stem cells or by knocking down genes through in vivo delivery of nucleic acids. Swine are a preferred animal model for studying the cardiovascular and immune systems, but there are limited strategies for genetic manipulation. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) efficiently deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down circulating proteins, but swine are sensitive to LNP-induced complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). We hypothesized that appropriately administering optimized siRNA-LNPs could knock down circulating levels of plasminogen, a blood protein synthesized in the liver. siRNA-LNPs against plasminogen (siPLG) reduced plasma plasminogen protein and hepatic plasminogen mRNA levels to below 5% of baseline values. Functional assays showed that reducing plasminogen levels modulated systemic blood coagulation. Clinical signs of CARPA were not observed, and occasional mild and transient hepatotoxicity was present in siPLG-treated animals at 5 h post-infusion, which returned to baseline by 7 days. These findings advance siRNA-LNPs in swine models, enabling genetic engineering of blood and hepatic proteins, which can likely expand to proteins in other tissues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo F. Cau
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Francesca Ferraresso
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica Seadler
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Youjie Zhang
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | - Taylor Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | - Madelaine Robertson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amber Haugen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pieter R. Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marc de Moya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mitchell Dyer
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Christian J. Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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2
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Strilchuk AW, Hur WS, Batty P, Sang Y, Abrahams SR, Yong AS, Leung J, Silva LM, Schroeder JA, Nesbitt K, de Laat B, Moutsopoulos NM, Bugge TH, Shi Q, Cullis PR, Merricks EP, Wolberg AS, Flick MJ, Lillicrap D, Nichols TC, Kastrup CJ. Lipid nanoparticles and siRNA targeting plasminogen provide lasting inhibition of fibrinolysis in mouse and dog models of hemophilia A. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadh0027. [PMID: 38381848 PMCID: PMC11293256 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Antifibrinolytic drugs are used extensively for on-demand treatment of severe acute bleeding. Controlling fibrinolysis may also be an effective strategy to prevent or lessen chronic recurring bleeding in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A (HA), but current antifibrinolytics have unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Here, we developed a long-lasting antifibrinolytic using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting plasminogen packaged in clinically used lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and tested it to determine whether reducing plasmin activity in animal models of HA could decrease bleeding frequency and severity. Treatment with the siRNA-carrying LNPs reduced circulating plasminogen and suppressed fibrinolysis in wild-type and HA mice and dogs. In HA mice, hemostatic efficacy depended on the injury model; plasminogen knockdown improved hemostasis after a saphenous vein injury but not tail vein transection injury, suggesting that saphenous vein injury is a murine bleeding model sensitive to the contribution of fibrinolysis. In dogs with HA, LNPs carrying siRNA targeting plasminogen were as effective at stabilizing clots as tranexamic acid, a clinical antifibrinolytic, and in a pilot study of two dogs with HA, the incidence of spontaneous or excess bleeding was reduced during 4 months of prolonged knockdown. Collectively, these data demonstrate that long-acting antifibrinolytic therapy can be achieved and that it provides hemostatic benefit in animal models of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W. Strilchuk
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Woosuk S. Hur
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul Batty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yaqiu Sang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sara R. Abrahams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alyssa S.M. Yong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jerry Leung
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Lakmali M. Silva
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jocelyn A. Schroeder
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kate Nesbitt
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht 6217 KM, Netherlands
| | - Niki M. Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qizhen Shi
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pieter R. Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Merricks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Timothy C. Nichols
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christian J. Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A1, Canada
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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3
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Chen PC, Hsieh MH, Kuo WS, Wu LSH, Kao HF, Liu LF, Liu ZG, Jeng WY, Wang JY. Moonlighting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) protein of Lactobacillus gasseri attenuates allergic asthma via immunometabolic change in macrophages. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:75. [PMID: 36175886 PMCID: PMC9520948 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extra-intestinal effects of probiotics for preventing allergic diseases are well known. However, the probiotic components that interact with host target molecules and have a beneficial effect on allergic asthma remain unknown. Lactobacillus gasseri attenuates allergic airway inflammation through the activation of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in dendritic cells. Therefore, we aimed to isolate and investigate the immunomodulatory effect of the PPARγ activation component from L. gasseri. METHODS Culture supernatants of L. gasseri were fractionated and screened for the active component for allergic asthma. The isolated component was subjected to in vitro functional assays and then cloned. The crystal structure of this component protein was determined using X-ray crystallography. Intrarectal inoculation of the active component-overexpressing Clear coli (lipopolysaccharide-free Escherichia coli) and intraperitoneal injection of recombinant component protein were used in a house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma mouse model to investigate the protective effect. Recombinant mutant component proteins were assayed, and their structures were superimposed to identify the detailed mechanism of alleviating allergic inflammation. RESULTS A moonlighting protein, glycolytic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), LGp40, that has multifunctional effects was purified from cultured L. gasseri, and the crystal structure was determined. Both intrarectal inoculation of LGp40-overexpressing Clear coli and intraperitoneal administration of recombinant LGp40 protein attenuated allergic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. However, CDp40, GAPDH isolated from Clostridium difficile did not possess this anti-asthma effect. LGp40 redirected allergic M2 macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and impeded M2-prompted Th2 cell activation through glycolytic activity that induced immunometabolic changes. Recombinant mutant LGp40, without enzyme activity, showed no protective effect against HDM-induced airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We found a novel mechanism of moonlighting LGp40 in the reversal of M2-prompted Th2 cell activation through glycolytic activity, which has an important immunoregulatory role in preventing allergic asthma. Our results provide a new strategy for probiotics application in alleviating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Chen
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hsi Hsieh
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shuo Kuo
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lawrence Shih-Hsin Wu
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Kao
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fan Liu
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Department of Respirology and Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shengzhen University, Shengzhen, China
| | - Wen-Yih Jeng
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Jiu-Yao Wang
- Center for Allergy, Immunology, and Microbiome (A.I.M.), China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan. .,Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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4
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Baker SK, Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133866. [PMID: 32159743 PMCID: PMC7144526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its active form, plasmin, have diverse functions related to the inflammatory response in mammals. Due to these roles in inflammation, plasminogen has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases with an inflammatory component. In this review, we discuss the functions of plasminogen in inflammatory regulation and how this system plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases spanning organ systems throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baker
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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5
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Coden ME, Loffredo LF, Walker MT, Jeong BM, Nam K, Bochner BS, Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S. Fibrinogen Is a Specific Trigger for Cytolytic Eosinophil Degranulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:438-448. [PMID: 31818982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In inflamed human tissues, we often find intact eosinophilic granules, but not eosinophils themselves. Eosinophils, tissue-dwelling granulocytes with several homeostatic roles, have a surprising association with fibrinogen and tissue remodeling. Fibrinogen is a complex glycoprotein with regulatory roles in hemostasis, tumor development, wound healing, and atherogenesis. Despite its significance, the functional link between eosinophils and fibrinogen is not understood. We tested IL-5-primed mouse bone marrow-derived and human blood-sorted eosinophil activity against FITC-linked fibrinogen substrates. The interactions between these scaffolds and adhering eosinophils were quantified using three-dimensional laser spectral, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. Eosinophils were labeled with major basic protein (MBP) Ab to visualize granules and assessed by flow cytometry. Both mouse and human eosinophils showed firm adhesion and degraded up to 27 ± 3.1% of the substrate area. This co-occurred with active MBP-positive granule release and the expression of integrin CD11b. Mass spectrometry analysis of fibrinogen proteolytic reactions detected the presence of eosinophil peroxidase, MBP, and fibrin α-, β-, and γ-chains. Eosinophil activity was adhesion dependent, as a blocking Ab against CD11b significantly reduced adhesion, degranulation, and fibrinogenolysis. Although adhered, eosinophils exhibited no proteolytic activity on collagen matrices. Cytolytic degranulation was defined by loss of membrane integrity, cell death, and presence of cell-free granules. From transmission electron microscopy images, we observed only fibrinogen-exposed eosinophils undergoing this process. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that fibrinogen is a specific trigger for cytolytic eosinophil degranulation with implications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Coden
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Lucas F Loffredo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Matthew T Walker
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Brian M Jeong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Kiwon Nam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
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6
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Roth K, Strickland J, Joshi N, Deng M, Kennedy RC, Rockwell CE, Luyendyk JP, Billiar TR, Copple BL. Dichotomous Role of Plasmin in Regulation of Macrophage Function after Acetaminophen Overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1986-2001. [PMID: 31381887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for liver repair after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. These cells produce promitogenic cytokines and growth factors, and they phagocytose dead cell debris, a process that is critical for resolution of inflammation. The factors that regulate these dynamic functions of macrophages after APAP overdose, however, are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that the fibrinolytic enzyme, plasmin, is a key regulator of macrophage function after APAP-induced liver injury. In these studies, inhibition of plasmin in mice with tranexamic acid delayed up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines after APAP overdose. In culture, plasmin directly, and in synergy with high-mobility group B1, stimulated Kupffer cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages to produce cytokines by a mechanism that required NF-κB. Inhibition of plasmin in vivo also prevented trafficking of monocyte-derived macrophages into necrotic lesions after APAP overdose. This prevented phagocytic removal of dead cells, prevented maturation of monocyte-derived macrophages into F4/80-expressing macrophages, and prevented termination of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our studies reveal further that phagocytosis is an important stimulus for cessation of proinflammatory cytokine production as treatment of proinflammatory, monocyte-derived macrophages, isolated from APAP-treated mice, with necrotic hepatocytes decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that plasmin is an important regulator of macrophage function after APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebekah C Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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7
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Plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis enables macrophage migration in a murine model of inflammation. Blood 2019; 134:291-303. [PMID: 31101623 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018874859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient migration of macrophages to sites of inflammation requires cell surface-bound plasmin(ogen). Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the deficits of plasmin(ogen)-mediated macrophage migration in 2 models: murine thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and in vitro macrophage migration. As previously reported, macrophage migration into the peritoneal cavity of mice in response to thioglycollate was significantly impaired in the absence of plasminogen. Fibrin(ogen) deposition was noted in the peritoneal cavity in response to thioglycollate, with a significant increase in fibrin(ogen) in the plasminogen-deficient mice. Interestingly, macrophage migration was restored in plasminogen-deficient mice by simultaneous imposition of fibrinogen deficiency. Consistent with this in vivo finding, chemotactic migration of cultured macrophages through a fibrin matrix did not occur in the absence of plasminogen. The macrophage requirement for plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis, both in vivo and in vitro, was negated by deletion of the major myeloid integrin αMβ2-binding motif on the γ chain of fibrin(ogen). The study identifies a critical role of fibrinolysis in macrophage migration, presumably through the alleviation of migratory constraints imposed by the interaction of leukocytes with fibrin(ogen) through the integrin αMβ2 receptor.
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8
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Sakaue T, Nakaoka H, Shikata F, Aono J, Kurata M, Uetani T, Hamaguchi M, Kojima A, Uchita S, Yasugi T, Higashi H, Suzuki J, Ikeda S, Higaki J, Higashiyama S, Izutani H. Biochemical and histological evidence of deteriorated bioprosthetic valve leaflets: the accumulation of fibrinogen and plasminogen. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.034009. [PMID: 30089611 PMCID: PMC6124578 DOI: 10.1242/bio.034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification of bioprosthetic valves (BVs) implanted in aortic position can result in gradual deterioration and necessitate aortic valve replacement. The molecular mechanism of calcium deposition on BV leaflets has been investigated, but remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to identify explanted bioprosthetic valve (eBV)-specific proteins using a proteomics approach and to unveil their biochemical and histological involvements in calcium deposition on BV leaflets. Calcification, fibrosis, and glycosylation of the valves were histologically assessed using Von Kossa, Masson's Trichrome and Alcian Blue staining, as well as immunostaining. Protein expression in the explanted biological valves was analysed using proteomics and western blotting. In a histological evaluation, αSMA-positive myofibroblasts were not observed in eBV, whereas severe fibrosis occurred around calcified areas. SDS-PAGE revealed three major bands with considerably increased intensity in BV leaflets that were identified as plasminogen and fibrinogen gamma chain (100 kDa), and fibrinogen beta chain (50 and 37 kDa) by mass analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that fibrinogen β-chain was distributed throughout the valve tissue. On the contrary, plasminogen was strongly stained in CD68-positive macrophages, as evidenced by immunofluorescence. The results suggest that two important blood coagulation-related proteins, plasminogen and fibrinogen, might affect the progression of BV degeneration. Summary: Fibrinogen was specifically deposited on whole deteriorated tissue valve leaflets, and plasminogen-positive macrophages strongly invaded the areas around calcified bioprosthetic and native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sakaue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan .,Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Shikata
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW 791-0295, Australia
| | - Jun Aono
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Analytical Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Uetani
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mika Hamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ai Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shunji Uchita
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takumi Yasugi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Higashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikeda
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Higaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hironori Izutani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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9
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Plasminogen Deficiency Delays the Onset and Protects from Demyelination and Paralysis in Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3776-3788. [PMID: 28275164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2932-15.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS. Fibrinogen deposition at sites of blood-brain barrier breakdown is a prominent feature of neuroinflammatory disease and contributes to disease severity. Plasminogen, the primary fibrinolytic enzyme, also modifies inflammatory processes. We used a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to evaluate the hypothesis that the loss of plasminogen would exacerbate neuroinflammatory disease. However, contrary to initial expectations, EAE-challenged plasminogen-deficient (Plg-) mice developed significantly delayed disease onset and reduced disease severity compared with wild-type (Plg+) mice. Similarly, pharmacologic inhibition of plasmin activation with tranexamic acid also delayed disease onset. The T-cell response to immunization was similar between genotypes, suggesting that the contribution of plasminogen was downstream of the T-cell response. Spinal cords from EAE-challenged Plg- mice demonstrated significantly decreased demyelination and microglial/macrophage accumulation compared with Plg+ mice. Although fibrinogen-deficient mice or mice with combined deficiencies of plasminogen and fibrinogen had decreased EAE severity, they did not exhibit the delay in EAE disease onset, as seen in mice with plasminogen deficiency alone. Together, these data suggest that plasminogen and plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis is a key modifier of the onset of neuroinflammatory demyelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multiple sclerosis is a severe, chronic, demyelinating disease. Understanding the pathobiology related to the autoreactive T-cell and microglial/macrophage demyelinating response is critical to effectively target therapeutics. We describe for the first time that deficiency of plasminogen, the key fibrinolytic enzyme, delays disease onset and protects from the development of the paralysis associated with a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Administration of a widely used, pharmacologic inhibitor of plasminogen activation, tranexamic acid, also delays the onset of neuroinflammation associated with EAE.
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Soloviev DA, Hazen SL, Szpak D, Bledzka KM, Ballantyne CM, Plow EF, Pluskota E. Dual role of the leukocyte integrin αMβ2 in angiogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4712-21. [PMID: 25261488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages are crucial contributors to neovascularization, serving as a source of chemokines, growth factors, and proteases. α(M)β(2)(CD11b/CD18) and α(L)β(2)(CD11a/CD18) are expressed prominently and have been implicated in various responses of these cell types. Thus, we investigated the role of these β2 integrins in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis was analyzed in wild-type (WT), α(M)-knockout (α(M)(-/-)), and α(L)-deficient (α(L)(-/-)) mice using B16F10 melanoma, RM1 prostate cancer, and Matrigel implants. In all models, vascular area was decreased by 50-70% in α(M)(-/-) mice, resulting in stunted tumor growth as compared with WT mice. In contrast, α(L) deficiency did not impair angiogenesis and tumor growth. The neovessels in α(M)(-/-) mice were leaky and immature because they lacked smooth muscle cell and pericytes. Defective angiogenesis in the α(M)(-/-) mice was associated with attenuated PMN and macrophage recruitment into tumors. In contrast to WT or the α(L)(-/-) leukocytes, the α(M)(-/-) myeloid cells showed impaired plasmin (Plm)-dependent extracellular matrix invasion, resulting from 50-75% decrease in plasminogen (Plg) binding and pericellular Plm activity. Surface plasmon resonance verified direct interaction of the α(M)I-domain, the major ligand binding site in the β(2) integrins, with Plg. However, the α(L)I-domain failed to bind Plg. In addition, endothelial cells failed to form tubes in the presence of conditioned medium collected from TNF-α-stimulated PMNs derived from the α(M)(-/-) mice because of severely impaired degranulation and secretion of VEGF. Thus, α(M)β(2) plays a dual role in angiogenesis, supporting not only Plm-dependent recruitment of myeloid cells to angiogenic niches, but also secretion of VEGF by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Soloviev
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Dorota Szpak
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Kamila M Bledzka
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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Stewart AG, Xia YC, Harris T, Royce S, Hamilton JA, Schuliga M. Plasminogen-stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by urokinase and annexin A2, involving plasmin-activated cell signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1421-35. [PMID: 24111848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The conversion of plasminogen into plasmin by interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is potentially important in asthma pathophysiology. In this study, the effect of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cells were incubated with plasminogen (0.5-50 μg·mL(-1) ) or plasmin (0.5-50 mU·mL(-1) ) in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors, including UK122, an inhibitor of uPA. Proliferation was assessed by increases in cell number or MTT reduction after 48 h incubation with plasmin(ogen), and by earlier increases in [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. KEY RESULTS Plasminogen (5 μg·mL(-1) )-stimulated increases in cell proliferation were attenuated by UK122 (10 μM) or by transfection with uPA gene-specific siRNA. Exogenous plasmin (5 mU·mL(-1) ) also stimulated increases in cell proliferation. Inhibition of plasmin-stimulated ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt signalling attenuated plasmin-stimulated increases in ASM proliferation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of cell signalling mediated by the EGF receptor, a receptor trans-activated by plasmin, also reduced plasmin(ogen)-stimulated cell proliferation. Knock down of annexin A2, which has dual roles in both plasminogen activation and plasmin-signal transduction, also attenuated ASM cell proliferation following incubation with either plasminogen or plasmin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plasminogen stimulates ASM cell proliferation in a manner mediated by uPA and involving multiple signalling pathways downstream of plasmin. Targeting mediators of plasminogen-evoked ASM responses, such as uPA or annexin A2, may be useful in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Schuliga M, Langenbach S, Xia YC, Qin C, Mok JSL, Harris T, Mackay GA, Medcalf RL, Stewart AG. Plasminogen-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production by airway smooth muscle cells is regulated by annexin A2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:751-8. [PMID: 23721211 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen has a role in airway inflammation. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells cleave plasminogen into plasmin, a protease with proinflammatory activity. In this study, the effect of plasminogen on cytokine production by human ASM cells was investigated in vitro. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the medium of ASM cells were increased by incubation with plasminogen (5-50 μg/ml) for 24 hours (P < 0.05; n = 6-9), corresponding to changes in the levels of cytokine mRNA at 4 hours. The effects of plasminogen were attenuated by α2-antiplasmin (1 μg/ml), a plasmin inhibitor (P < 0.05; n = 6-12). Exogenous plasmin (5-15 mU/ml) also stimulated cytokine production (P < 0.05; n = 6-8) in a manner sensitive to serine-protease inhibition by aprotinin (10 KIU/ml). Plasminogen-stimulated cytokine production was increased in cells pretreated with basic fibroblast growth factor (300 pM) in a manner associated with increases in urokinase plasminogen activator expression and plasmin formation. The knockdown of annexin A2, a component of the putative plasminogen receptor comprised of annexin A2 and S100A10, attenuated plasminogen conversion into plasmin and plasmin-stimulated cytokine production by ASM cells. Moreover, a role for annexin A2 in airway inflammation was demonstrated in annexin A2-/- mice in which antigen-induced increases in inflammatory cell number and IL-6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced (P < 0.01; n = 10-14). In conclusion, plasminogen stimulates ASM cytokine production in a manner regulated by annexin A2. Our study shows for the first time that targeting annexin A2-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of airway inflammation in diseases such as chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- 1 Department Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Schuliga M, Westall G, Xia Y, Stewart AG. The plasminogen activation system: new targets in lung inflammation and remodeling. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:386-93. [PMID: 23735578 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the plasmin it forms have dual roles in chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. Whilst plasmin-mediated airspace fibrinolysis is beneficial, interstitial plasmin contributes to lung dysfunction because of its pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling activities. Recent studies highlight the potential of fibrinolytic agents, including small molecule inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as treatments for chronic respiratory disease. Current data also suggest that interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator is an important mediator of lung inflammation and remodeling. However, further preclinical characterization of uPA as a drug target for lung disease is required. Here we review the concept of selectively targeting the contributions of PAS to treat chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacol, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Woolley LK, Fell SA, Djordjevic SP, Eamens GJ, Jenkins C. Plasmin activity in the porcine airways is enhanced during experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels and is ameliorated by vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:60-6. [PMID: 23490555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection of swine, the host immune response is considered a major driver of lung pathology; however the underlying inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. The serine protease plasmin is being increasingly recognised as a significant player in inflammatory processes. Here we compare plasmin activity in tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) from pigs experimentally challenged with Mhp that were either unvaccinated (n=10), or vaccinated with the commercial vaccine Suvaxyn(®) M.hyo (n=10). TBLF collected immediately prior to challenge and at 21 d and 35 d post-challenge was also assayed for levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and for bacterial load (by qPCR). Clinical signs, pathology, cytokine analyses and qPCR all indicated that vaccinated pigs had significantly reduced disease relative to unvaccinated animals. Plasmin activity increased significantly in TBLF collected at 21 d post-challenge compared to pre-challenge TBLF in unvaccinated (P<0.01), but not vaccinated animals (P>0.05). A significant correlation was observed between bacterial load and plasmin activity in the 21 d (r=0.66; P<0.01) and the 35 d post-challenge samples, (r=0.62; P<0.01). Plasmin activity was also significantly correlated with levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at 21 d (r=0.78, P<0.0001; r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.64, P<0.005) and with TNF-α and IL-1β at 35 d post-challenge (r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.74, P<0.0005). Our results indicate that plasminogen is activated to plasmin in the respiratory tract of pigs as part of the host inflammatory response to Mhp infection and that this effect is ameliorated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Woolley
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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Abstract
Vitamin D metabolites are important immune-modulatory hormones and are able to suppress Th2-mediated allergic airway disease. Some genetic factors that may contribute to asthma are regulated by vitamin D, such as vitamin D receptor (VDR), human leukocyte antigen genes (HLA), human Toll-like receptors (TLR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloprotein-33 (ADAM-33), and poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase- 1 (PARP-1). Vitamin D has also been implicated in asthma through its effects on the obesity, bacillus Calmettee Guérin (BCG) vaccination and high vitamin D level, vitamin D supplement, checkpoint protein kinase 1 (Chk1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and gamma delta T cells (gdT). Vitamin D plays a role in asthma and exerts its action through either genomic and/or non-genomic ways.
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by paroxysmal airflow obstruction evoked by irritative stimuli on a background of allergic lung inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for asthma, only symptomatic treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the involvement of coagulation and anticoagulant pathways, the fibrinolytic system, and platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma has increased considerably. Asthma is associated with a procoagulant state in the bronchoalveolar space, further aggravated by impaired local activities of the anticoagulant protein C system and fibrinolysis. Protease-activated receptors have been implicated as the molecular link between coagulation and allergic inflammation in asthma. This review summarizes current knowledge of the impact of the disturbed hemostatic balance in the lungs on asthma severity and manifestations and identifies new possible targets for asthma treatment.
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Seymour LM, Jenkins C, Deutscher AT, Raymond BBA, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Bogema DR, Eamens GJ, Woolley LK, Dixon NE, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Mhp182 (P102) binds fibronectin and contributes to the recruitment of plasmin(ogen) to the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cell surface. Cell Microbiol 2011; 14:81-94. [PMID: 21951786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major, economically damaging respiratory pathogen. Although M. hyopneumoniae cells bind plasminogen, the identification of plasminogen-binding surface proteins and the biological ramifications of acquiring plasminogen requires further investigation. mhp182 encodes a highly expressed 102 kDa protein (P102) that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate surface-located N-terminal 60 kDa (P60) and C-terminal 42 kDa (P42) proteins of unknown function. We show that recombinant P102 (rP102) binds plasminogen at physiologically relevant concentrations (K(D) ~ 76 nM) increasing the susceptibility of plasmin(ogen) to activation by tissue-specific plasminogen activator (tPA). Recombinant proteins constructed to mimic P60 (rP60) and P42 (rP42) also bound plasminogen at physiologically significant levels. M. hyopneumoniae surface-bound plasminogen was activated by tPA and is able to degrade fibrinogen, demonstrating the biological functionality of M. hyopneumoniae-bound plasmin(ogen) upon activation. Plasmin(ogen) was readily detected in porcine ciliated airways and plasmin levels were consistently higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from M. hyopneumoniae-infected animals. Additionally, rP102 and rP42 bind fibronectin with K(D) s of 26 and 33 nM respectively and recombinant P102 proteins promote adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like cells. The multifunctional binding ability of P102 and activation of M. hyopneumoniae-sequestered plasmin(ogen) by an exogenous activator suggests P102 plays an important role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Schuliga M, Harris T, Stewart AG. Plasminogen activation by airway smooth muscle is regulated by type I collagen. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:831-9. [PMID: 20693403 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0469oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmin, the activated protease product of plasminogen, is involved in collagen remodeling, and is strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology by recent genome-wide association studies. This study examines plasminogen "activation" by airway smooth muscle cells, and its regulation in a fibrotic environment created by culture on type I collagen and incubation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activity was detected in the supernatants of human airway smooth muscle cell cultures maintained in serum-free conditions. Incubation with plasminogen (1.5-50.0 μg/ml, 24 h) increased plasmin activity in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001). uPA activity was higher in cultures maintained on fibrillar type I collagen substrata than in those on plastic, as was plasmin activity after incubation with plasminogen (20 μg/ml). Pretreatment with TGF-β (100 pM) for 18 hours inhibited plasminogen activation by airway smooth muscle cells maintained on plastic, but not on collagen. TGF-β stimulated an increase in the level of uPA mRNA in airway smooth muscle cells grown on collagen, but not on plastic. Reducing the levels of β1-integrin collagen receptor, using interference RNA, attenuated plasmin formation by airway smooth muscle cells grown on collagen, and restored the inhibitory effect of TGF-β. This study shows that airway smooth muscle activation of plasminogen by uPA is accelerated in a collagen-rich environment in which the inhibitory effect of TGF-β is attenuated in association with greater uPA expression induced via β1-integrin signaling. These findings suggest that the plasminogen-activation system involving uPA has the potential to contribute to airway wall remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Das R, Burke T, Van Wagoner DR, Plow EF. L-type calcium channel blockers exert an antiinflammatory effect by suppressing expression of plasminogen receptors on macrophages. Circ Res 2009; 105:167-75. [PMID: 19520970 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-type Ca(2+) channel (LTCC) blockers, represented by amlodipine and verapamil, are widely used antihypertensive drugs that also have antiinflammatory activities. Plasminogen (Plg) is an important mediator of macrophage recruitment, and this role depends on its interaction with Plg receptors (Plg-Rs). Plg-Rs include histone 2B, alpha-enolase, annexin 2, and p11, all proteins which lack signal sequences for cell surface export. When human or murine monocytoid cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages, their Plg binding and Plg-R expression increased by 4-fold. These changes were suppressed by pretreatment with verapamil and amlodipine. Expression of the Ca(v)1.2 LTCC pore subunit was induced in differentiated macrophages, and siRNA against this subunit suppressed the upregulation of Plg binding and Plg-Rs. In vivo, amlodipine and verapamil suppressed peritoneal macrophage recruitment in response to thioglycollate by >60% at doses that did not affect blood pressure. In drug-treated animals, macrophages migrated into but not through the peritoneal membrane tissue and showed reduced surface expression of Plg-Rs. These findings demonstrate that Plg-R expression on macrophages is dependent on Ca(v)1.2 LTCC subunit expression. Suppression of Plg-Rs may contribute to the antiinflammatory effects of the widely used LTCC blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Das
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave/NB50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ma Z, Paek D, Oh CK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and asthma: role in the pathogenesis and molecular regulation. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1136-44. [PMID: 19438580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a major inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 levels are markedly increased in asthmatic airways, and mast cells (MCs), a pivotal cell type in the pathogenesis of asthma, are one of the main sources of PAI-1 production. Recent studies suggest that PAI-1 may promote the development of asthma by regulating airway remodelling, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and allergic inflammation. The single guanosine nucleotide deletion/insertion polymorphism (4G/5G) at -675 bp of the PAI-1 gene is the major genetic determinant of PAI-1 expression. Plasma PAI-1 level is higher in people with the 4G/4G genotype than in those with the 5G/5G genotype. A strong association between the 4G/5G polymorphism and the risk and the severity of asthma has been suggested. Levels of plasma IgE and PAI-1 and severity of AHR are greater in asthmatic patients with the 4G/4G genotype than in those with the 5G/5G genotype. The PAI-1 promoter with the 4G allele renders higher transcription activity than the PAI-1 promoter with the 5G allele in stimulated MCs. The molecular mechanism for the 4G allele-mediated higher PAI-1 expression is associated with greater binding of upstream stimulatory factor-1 to the E-box adjacent to the 4G site (E-4G) than to the E-5G. In summary, PAI-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Further studies evaluating the mechanisms of PAI-1 action and regulation may lead to the development of a novel prognostic factor and therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of asthma and other PAI-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Torrance, CA, USA
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Haque R, Umstead TM, Freeman WM, Floros J, Phelps DS. The impact of surfactant protein-A on ozone-induced changes in the mouse bronchoalveolar lavage proteome. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:12. [PMID: 19323824 PMCID: PMC2666657 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ozone is a major component of air pollution. Exposure to this powerful oxidizing agent can cause or exacerbate many lung conditions, especially those involving innate immunity. Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) plays many roles in innate immunity by participating directly in host defense as it exerts opsonin function, or indirectly via its ability to regulate alveolar macrophages and other innate immune cells. The mechanism(s) responsible for ozone-induced pathophysiology, while likely related to oxidative stress, are not well understood. Methods We employed 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), a discovery proteomics approach, coupled with MALDI-ToF/ToF to compare the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomes in wild type (WT) and SP-A knockout (KO) mice and to assess the impact of ozone or filtered air on the expression of BAL proteins. Using the PANTHER database and the published literature most identified proteins were placed into three functional groups. Results We identified 66 proteins and focused our analysis on these proteins. Many of them fell into three categories: defense and immunity; redox regulation; and protein metabolism, modification and chaperones. In response to the oxidative stress of acute ozone exposure (2 ppm; 3 hours) there were many significant changes in levels of expression of proteins in these groups. Most of the proteins in the redox group were decreased, the proteins involved in protein metabolism increased, and roughly equal numbers of increases and decreases were seen in the defense and immunity group. Responses between WT and KO mice were similar in many respects. However, the percent change was consistently greater in the KO mice and there were more changes that achieved statistical significance in the KO mice, with levels of expression in filtered air-exposed KO mice being closer to ozone-exposed WT mice than to filtered air-exposed WT mice. Conclusion We postulate that SP-A plays a role in reactive oxidant scavenging in WT mice and that its absence in the KO mice in the presence or absence of ozone exposure results in more pronounced, and presumably chronic, oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwanul Haque
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- The Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David S Phelps
- Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research and the Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. Current world literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:79-87. [PMID: 19077710 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e32831fb1f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kucharewicz I, Mogielnicki A, Kasacka I, Buczko W, Bodzenta-Łukaszyk A. Plasmin system regulation in an ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 147:190-6. [PMID: 18594148 DOI: 10.1159/000142041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far studies showing the role of the plasmin system in airway remodelling have been conducted using in vitro models. The aim of the present study was to determine plasmin system regulation in an in vivo rat model of asthma. METHODS Asthma in Wistar rats was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization followed by an OVA challenge (OVA/OVA, n = 6). Control groups were saline-sensitized challenged with OVA (VEH/OVA, n = 6) and OVA-sensitized challenged with saline (OVA/VEH, n = 6). Plasmin system components were determined in the plasma by ELISA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was localized by an immunohistochemical reaction. RESULTS Sensitization and challenge with OVA caused thickening of the airway wall, hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, subepithelial fibrosis, epithelial and endothelial lesions. Serum total IgE was significantly higher in OVA-sensitized rats as compared to VEH-sensitized control groups. Tissue plasminogen activator activity was significantly decreased in asthmatic animals (4.48 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.7 +/- 0.3 ng/ml for OVA/OVA and OVA/VEH; p < 0.05), and PAI-1 activity was statistically significantly higher in asthma rats (0.8 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.03 ng/ml for OVA/OVA vs. OVA/VEH; p < 0.05). alpha2-Antiplasmin was higher in rats receiving OVA sensitization than in those that were sham sensitized (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for PAI-1in the lungs of asthmatic animals showed very strong PAI-1 expression in lung inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time the existence of PAI-1 in lung inflammatory cells of rats with asthma. This finding was consistent with the superiority of plasmin system inhibition over activation in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kucharewicz
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Moore
- Center for Human Genomics and Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Abstract
Plasminogen (plg) deficiency has been classified as (i) hypoplasminogenemia or 'true' type I plg deficiency, and (ii) dysplasminogenemia, also called type II plg deficiency. Both forms, severe hypoplasminogenemia and dysplasminogenemia, are not causally linked to venous thrombosis. Dysplasminogenemia does not lead to a specific clinical manifestation and probably represents only a polymorphic variation in the general population, mainly in Asian countries. Severe hypoplasminogenemia is associated with compromised extracellular fibrin clearance during wound healing, leading to pseudomembraneous (ligneous) lesions on affected mucous membranes (eye, middle ear, mouth, pharynx, duodenum, upper and lower respiratory tract and female genital tract). Ligneous conjunctivitis is by far the most common clinical manifestation. More than 12% of patients with severe hypoplasminogenemia exhibit congenital occlusive hydrocephalus. In milder cases of ligneous conjunctivitis, topical application of plg-containing eye drops, fresh frozen plasma, heparin, corticosteroids or certain immunosuppressive agents (such as azathioprine) may be more or less effective. Oral treatment with sex hormones was successful in two female patients with ligneous conjunctivitis. In severe cases with possibly life-threatening multi-organ involvement, true therapeutic options are not available at present. The plg-knockout mouse is a useful tool to study the many different properties of plg in a variety of settings, such as wound healing, tissue repair and tissue remodeling, virulence and invasiveness of certain bacteria in the human host, tumor growth and dissemination, as well as arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schuster
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, Leipzig, Germany.
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