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Kim HS, Yoo HJ, Lee KM, Song HE, Kim SJ, Lee JO, Hwang JJ, Song JW. Stearic acid attenuates profibrotic signalling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2020; 26:255-263. [PMID: 33025706 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lipid metabolism dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF; however, the roles of most lipid metabolites in lung fibrosis remain unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to identify changes in lipid metabolites in the lung tissues of IPF patients and determine their roles in pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Free fatty acids in the lung tissues of IPF patients and controls were quantified using a metabolomic approach. The roles of free fatty acids in fibroblasts or epithelial cells treated with TGF-β1 were evaluated using fibrotic markers. The antifibrotic role of stearic acid was also assessed in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mouse model. Protein levels in cell lysates or tissues were measured by western blotting. RESULTS The levels of stearic acid were lower in IPF lung tissues than in control lung tissues. Stearic acid significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced α-SMA and collagen type 1 expression in MRC-5 cells. Furthermore, stearic acid decreased the levels of p-Smad2/3 and ROS in MRC-5 cells treated with TGF-β1 and disrupted TGF-β1-induced EMT in Beas-2B cells. Stearic acid reduced the levels of bleomycin-induced hydroxyproline in a mouse model. CONCLUSION Changes in the free fatty acid profile, including low levels of stearic acid, were observed in IPF patients. Stearic acid may exert antifibrotic activity by regulating profibrotic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Su Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Song
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ok Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bian H, Nie X, Bu X, Tian F, Yao L, Chen J, Su J. The pronounced high expression of discoidin domain receptor 2 in human interstitial lung diseases. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00138-2016. [PMID: 29367920 PMCID: PMC5774384 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00138-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most typical structural feature of human interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) is the accumulation of vast amounts of collagens within the lung interstitium. The membrane receptors that are responsible for recognising collagens and then transducing signals into the cells include four members of the integrin family (α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1) and two members of the discoidin domain receptor family (DDR1 and DDR2). However, it remains unknown whether these six collagen receptors similarly contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was utilised to assess the mRNA expression of the genes studied. Immunoblot experiments were performed to analyse the protein abundance and kinase activity of the gene products. The tissue location was determined by immunohistochemical staining. qPCR data showed that DDR2 mRNA displays the most dramatic difference between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and healthy groups. The outstanding increases in DDR2 proteins were also observed in some other types of ILD besides IPF. DDR2-expressing cells in ILD tissue sections were found to exhibit spindle or fibroblastic shapes. Our investigation suggests that DDR2 might represent a major cell surface protein that mediates collagen-induced cellular effects in human ILD and, hence, is suitable for their diagnosis and therapy. DDR2 is a major collagen-recognising receptor in human interstitial lung diseasehttp://ow.ly/Lhgh30gN603
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, PR China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Xin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Feng Tian
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Libo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Jin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Hendrix AY, Kheradmand F. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Development, Repair, and Destruction of the Lungs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:1-29. [PMID: 28662821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Normal gas exchange after birth requires functional lung alveolar units that are lined with epithelial cells, parts of which are intricately fused with microvascular capillaries. A significant phase of alveolar lung development occurs in the perinatal period, continues throughout early stages in life, and requires activation of matrix-remodeling enzymes. Failure to achieve an optimum number of alveoli during lung maturation can cause several untoward medical consequences including disabling obstructive and/or restrictive lung diseases that limit physiological endurance and increase mortality. Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are critical in lung remodeling before and after birth; however, their resurgence in response to environmental factors, infection, and injury can also compromise lung function. Therefore, temporal expression, regulation, and function of MMPs play key roles in developing and maintaining adequate oxygenation under steady state, as well as in diseased conditions. Broadly, with the exception of MMP2 and MMP14, most deletional mutations of MMPs fail to perturb lung development; however, their individual absence can alter the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Specifically, under stressed conditions such as acute respiratory infection and allergic inflammation, MMP2 and MMP9 can play a protective role through bacterial clearance and production of chemotactic gradient, while loss of MMP12 can protect mice from smoke-induced lung disease. Therefore, better understanding of the expression and function of MMPs under normal lung development and their resurgence in response respiratory diseases could provide new therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Hendrix
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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Li Y, Lu Y, Zhao Z, Wang J, Li J, Wang W, Li S, Song L. Relationships of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 proteins with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:12. [PMID: 27904558 PMCID: PMC5122186 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.178737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: We performed this meta-analysis in order to collect all the relevant studies to clarify the correlations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods: After a literature search in electronic databases, pertinent case-control studies investigating the correlations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein expressions within a COPD setting were enrolled based on our strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used key words such as “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,” “COPD” or “COAD” or “chronic obstructive airway disease” and “matrix metalloproteinases” or “MMPs” to make a searching strategy in this study. STATA software (version 12.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) was utilized for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 20 studies were enrolled into this meta-analysis including 923 COPD patients and 641 healthy controls. The findings of this meta-analysis revealed that serum expression levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein in COPD patients were higher than those of healthy controls (MMP-9: SMD = 1.44, 95%CI = 0.85 ~ 2.04, P < 0.001; TIMP-1: SMD = 3.53, 95% CI = 2.31 ~ 4.75, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity revealed that both Caucasians and Asian COPD patients exhibited higher MMP-9 and TIMP-1 serum protein levels than healthy controls (MMP-9: SMD = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.15~1.48, P = 0.016; TIMP-1: SMD = 4.43, 95%CI = 1.98 ~ 6.87, P = 0.016) and in Caucasians (MMP-9: SMD = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.21 ~ 3.38, P < 0.001; TIMP-1: SMD = 2.86, 95%CI = 1.47 ~ 4.24, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this meta-analysis indicates that elevated levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 proteins may be correlated with the pathogenesis of COPD, and the two proteins may represent important biological markers for the early diagnosis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxue Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Ahluwalia N, Shea BS, Tager AM. New therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aiming to rein in runaway wound-healing responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:867-78. [PMID: 25090037 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0509pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease, with a median survival as short as 3 years from the time of diagnosis and no pharmacological therapies yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To address the great unmet need for effective IPF therapy, a number of new drugs have recently been, or are now being, evaluated in clinical trials. The rationales for most of these therapeutic candidates are based on the current paradigm of IPF pathogenesis, in which recurrent injury to the alveolar epithelium is believed to drive aberrant wound healing responses, resulting in fibrosis rather than repair. Here we discuss drugs in recently completed or currently ongoing phase II and III IPF clinical trials in the context of their putative mechanisms of action and the aberrant repair processes they are believed to target: innate immune activation and polarization, fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation, or extracellular matrix deposition and stiffening. Placed in this context, the positive results of recently completed trials of pirfenidone and nintedanib, and results that will come from ongoing trials of other agents, should provide valuable insights into the still-enigmatic pathogenesis of this disease, in addition to providing benefits to patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ahluwalia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Olsen KC, Epa AP, Kulkarni AA, Kottmann RM, McCarthy CE, Johnson GV, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2, a novel target for pulmonary fibrosis, by two small electrophilic molecules. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:737-47. [PMID: 24175906 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0092oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive fibrotic destruction of normal lung architecture. Due to a lack of effective treatment options, new treatment approaches are needed. We previously identified transglutaminase (TG)2, a multifunctional protein expressed by human lung fibroblasts (HLFs), as a positive driver of fibrosis. TG2 catalyzes crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins, enhances cell binding to fibronectin and integrin, and promotes fibronectin expression. We investigated whether the small electrophilic molecules 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) inhibit the expression and profibrotic functions of TG2. CDDO and 15d-PGJ2 reduced expression of TG2 mRNA and protein in primary HLFs from control donors and donors with IPF. CDDO and 15d-PGJ2 also decreased the in vitro profibrotic effector functions of HLFs including collagen gel contraction and cell migration. The decrease in TG2 expression did not occur through activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ or generation of reactive oxidative species. CDDO and 15d-PGJ2 inhibited the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, resulting in the suppression of TG2 expression. This is the first study to show that small electrophilic compounds inhibit the expression and profibrotic effector functions of TG2, a key promoter of fibrosis. These studies identify new and important antifibrotic activities of these two small molecules, which could lead to new treatments for fibrotic lung disease.
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Duscher D, Maan ZN, Wong VW, Rennert RC, Januszyk M, Rodrigues M, Hu M, Whitmore AJ, Whittam AJ, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Mechanotransduction and fibrosis. J Biomech 2014; 47:1997-2005. [PMID: 24709567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Scarring and tissue fibrosis represent a significant source of morbidity in the United States. Despite considerable research focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying cutaneous scar formation, effective clinical therapies are still in the early stages of development. A thorough understanding of the various signaling pathways involved is essential to formulate strategies to combat fibrosis and scarring. While initial efforts focused primarily on the biochemical mechanisms involved in scar formation, more recent research has revealed a central role for mechanical forces in modulating these pathways. Mechanotransduction, which refers to the mechanisms by which mechanical forces are converted to biochemical stimuli, has been closely linked to inflammation and fibrosis and is believed to play a critical role in scarring. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying scar formation, with an emphasis on the relationship between mechanotransduction pathways and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Duscher
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor W Wong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Rodrigues
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arnetha J Whitmore
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Whittam
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cells of mesenchymal origin are strongly influenced by their biomechanical environment. They also help to shape tissue architecture and reciprocally influence tissue mechanical environments through their capacity to deposit, remodel, and resorb extracellular matrix and to promote tissue vascularization. Although mechanical regulation of cell function and tissue remodeling has long been appreciated in other contexts, the purpose of this review is to highlight the increasing appreciation of its importance in fibrosis and hypertrophic scarring. RECENT FINDINGS Experiments in both animal and cellular model systems have demonstrated pivotal roles for the biomechanical environment in regulating myofibroblast differentiation and contraction, endothelial barrier function and angiogenesis, and mesenchymal stem cell fate decisions. Through these studies, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms transducing the biomechanical environment is emerging, with prominent and interacting roles recently identified for key network components including transforming growth factor-β/SMAD, focal adhesion kinase, MRTFs, Wnt/β-catenin and YAP/TAZ signaling pathways. SUMMARY Progress in understanding biomechanical regulation of mesenchymal cell function is leading to novel approaches for improving clinical outcomes in fibrotic diseases and wound healing. These approaches include interventions aimed at modifying the tissue biomechanical environment, and efforts to target mesenchymal cell activation by, and reciprocal interactions with, the mechanical environment.
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Noble PW, Barkauskas CE, Jiang D. Pulmonary fibrosis: patterns and perpetrators. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2756-62. [PMID: 22850886 DOI: 10.1172/jci60323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in a variety of clinical settings, constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and represents an enormous unmet medical need. However, the disease is heterogeneous, and the failure to accurately discern between forms of fibrosing lung diseases leads to inaccurate treatments. Pulmonary fibrosis occurring in the context of connective tissue diseases is often characterized by a distinct pattern of tissue pathology and may be amenable to immunosuppressive therapies. In contrast, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal form of fibrosing lung disease that is recalcitrant to therapies that target the immune system. Although animal models of fibrosis imperfectly recapitulate IPF, they have yielded numerous targets for therapeutic intervention. Understanding the heterogeneity of these diseases and elucidating the final common pathways of fibrogenesis are critical for the development of efficacious therapies for severe fibrosing lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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