NRF2 Activation Reprograms Defects in Oxidative Metabolism to Restore Macrophage Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Superiority of BM over PBSC for recipients with pre-transplant lung dysfunction in HLA-matched allogeneic HCT

BACKGROUND AIMS

Pre-transplant lung dysfunction is known to be a risk factor for non-relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). It is unclear which cell source gives better outcomes for patients with pulmonary dysfunction.

METHODS

We analyzed 3289 adult patients with standard-risk disease who had received HLA-matched allo-HCT, and compared outcomes between those who received peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) vs. bone marrow (BM) in two cohorts based on the presence of a lung score by the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI): the Lung-scored (LS) and non-LS cohorts.

RESULTS

In the LS cohort, the 2-year overall survival (OS) in the BM group tended to be higher than that in the PBSC group (72.4% vs. 61.4%; P = 0.044). In the non-LS cohort, there was no significant difference between the two groups (71.7% vs. 73.2%; P = 0.13). Multivariate analyses confirmed that PBSC was significantly associated with inferior OS in the LS cohort (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.09-2.54; P = 0.019). On the other hand, the cell source did not affect OS in the non-LS cohort (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.76-1.12; P = 0.41). We found that PBSC was associated with an increased risk of NRM in the LS cohort (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.16-4.05; P = 0.016), while the cell source did not significantly affect NRM in the non-LS cohort. PBSC was not identified as a risk factor for relapse in either cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that BM might be beneficial for recipients with lung dysfunction in HLA-matched allo-HCT.

A quantitative proteomic approach to evaluate the efficacy of carnosine in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The aim of the work was to study a dose-dependent effect of inhaled carnosine (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day) in mice exposed to cigarette smoke as a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A dose-dependent loading of the dipeptide in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was firstly demonstrated by LC-ESI-MS analysis. Cigarette smoke exposure induced a significant lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice which was dose-dependently reduced by carnosine. Inflammation was firstly evaluated by measuring the cytokines content in the BAL. All the measured cytokines were found significantly higher in the smoke group in respect to control, although the data are affected by a significant variability. Carnosine was found effective only at the highest dose tested and significantly only for keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC). Due to the high variability of cytokines, a quantitative proteomic approach to better understand the functional effect of carnosine and its molecular mechanisms was used. Proteomic data clearly indicate that smoke exposure had a great impact on lung tissue with 692 proteins differentially expressed above a threshold of 1.5-fold. Protein network analysis identified the activation of some pathways characteristic of COPD, including inflammatory response, fibrosis, induction of immune system by infiltration and migration of leukocyte pathways, altered pathway of calcium metabolism and oxidative stress. Carnosine at the tested dose of 100 mg/kg was found effective in reverting all the pathways evoked by smoke. Only a partial reverse of the dysregulated proteins was evident at low- and mid-tested doses, although, for some specific proteins, indicating an overall dose-dependent effect. Regarding the molecular mechanisms involved, we found that carnosine upregulated some key enzymes related to Nrf2 activation and in particular glutathione peroxidase, reductase, transferase, SOD, thioredoxins, and carbonyl reductase. Such mechanism would explain the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the dipeptide.

Potential implications of natural compounds on aging and metabolic regulation

Aging is generally accompanied by a progressive loss of metabolic homeostasis. Targeting metabolic processes is an attractive strategy for healthy-aging. Numerous natural compounds have demonstrated strong anti-aging effects. This review summarizes recent findings on metabolic pathways involved in aging and explores the anti-aging effects of natural compounds by modulating these pathways. The potential anti-aging effects of natural extracts rich in biologically active compounds are also discussed. Regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an important strategy for delaying aging. Furthermore, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and nucleotide compounds have shown particularly promising effects on aging, especially with respect to metabolism regulation. Moreover, metabolomics is a valuable tool for uncovering potential targets against aging. Future research should focus on identifying novel natural compounds that regulate human metabolism and should delve deeper into the mechanisms of metabolic regulation using metabolomics methods, aiming to delay aging and extend lifespan.

Toxicity study of mineral medicine haematitum

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Haematitum, a time-honored mineral-based Chinese medicine, has been used medicinally in China for over 2000 years. It is now included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and used clinically for treating digestive and respiratory diseases. The Chinese Materia Medica records that it is toxic and should not be taken for a long period, but there are few research reports on the toxicity of Haematitum and its potential toxicity mechanisms.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Haematitum and calcined Haematitum, including organ toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Further, it is also necessary to explore the mechanism of Haematitum toxicity and to provide a reference for the safe clinical use of the drug.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The samples of Haematitum and calcined Haematitum decoctions were prepared. KM mice were treated with samples by gavage for 10 days, and lung damage and apoptosis were assessed by HE staining and TUNEL staining of lung tissues respectively. Metabolomics analysis was performed by HPLC-MS. Metallomics analysis was performed by ICP-MS. In addition, C. elegans was used as a model for 48 h exposure to examine the neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity-related indices of Haematitum, including locomotor behaviors, growth and development, reproductive behaviors, AChE activities, sensory behaviors, apoptosis, and ROS levels.

RESULTS

The use of large doses of Haematitum decoction caused lung damage in mice. Neither calcined Haematitum decoction nor Haematitum decoction at clinically used doses showed organ damage. Metabolomics results showed that disorders in lipid metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism may be important factors in Haematitum-induced pulmonary toxicity. High doses of Haematitum decoction caused neurological damage to C. elegans, while low doses of Haematitum decoction and calcined Haematitum decoction showed no significant neurotoxicity. Decoction of Haematitum and calcined Haematitum did not show reproductive toxicity to C. elegans. Toxicity was also not observed in the control group of iron (Ⅱ) and iron (Ⅲ) ions in equal amounts with high doses of Haematitum.

CONCLUSIONS

Haematitum is relatively safe for routine doses and short-term use. Calcination can significantly reduce Haematitum toxicity, and this study provides a reference for safe clinical use.

The association between pan-immune-inflammation value and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: data from NHANES 1999-2018

Background

The pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is an emerging biomarker quantitatively reflecting the systemic immune-inflammatory status. The predictive value of PIV has been well-established across various clinical settings. However, its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear and necessitates further investigation.

Methods

Data from NHANES 1999-2018 were filtered. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the correlation between COPD prevalence and PIV in all participants. COX regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to investigate the relationship between COPD all-cause mortality and PIV in COPD patients. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses and piecewise linear regression analyses were additionally employed to explore the correlation between PIV and COPD. Subgroup analyses were performed to further clarify the effects of other covariates on the associations. Sensitivity analyses were employed to assess the robustness of the results.

Results

A total of 28,485 participants aged 40 years and older were recruited for this study. After fully adjusting for covariates, higher PIV levels were independently associated with increased COPD prevalence (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.39-2.01) and all-cause mortality (HR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.41-2.95). The COPD prevalence curve exhibited an inflection point at Log10-PIV of 2.24, showing no significant correlation on the left side (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.45-1.64) but a positive correlation on the right side (OR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.57-2.55). The COPD all-cause mortality curve displayed an inflection point at Log10-PIV of 2.38, indicating a negative correlation on the left side (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.12-0.44) and a positive correlation on the right side (HR = 4.12; 95% CI: 2.62-6.48). Subgroup analyses with interaction tests showed that the strength of the correlation between PIV and COPD prevalence was influenced by race, smoking status, and BMI (all p for interaction <0.05). The relationship between PIV and COPD all-cause mortality was unaffected by any covariates (all p for interaction >0.05).

Conclusion

Elevated PIV levels are associated with increased COPD prevalence. COPD patients with either elevated or reduced PIV levels experience higher all-cause mortality. Further large-scale, longitudinal studies are required to corroborate these findings.

Naturally-derived modulators of the Nrf2 pathway and their roles in the intervention of diseases

Cumulative evidence has verified that persistent oxidative stress is involved in the development of various chronic diseases, including pulmonary, neurodegenerative, kidney, cardiovascular, and liver diseases, as well as cancers. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions, making it a focal point for disease prevention and treatment strategies. Natural products are essential resources for discovering leading molecules for new drug research and development. In this review, we comprehensively outlined the progression of the knowledge on the Nrf2 pathway, Nrf2 activators in clinical trials, the naturally-derived Nrf2 modulators (particularly from 2014-present), as well as their effects on the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.

Targeting Immunoproteasome in Polarized Macrophages Ameliorates Experimental Emphysema Via Activating NRF1/2-P62 Axis and Suppressing IRF4 Transcription

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) stands as the prevailing chronic airway ailment, characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Current medications fall short in treatment of these diseases, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapy. Prior research indicated immunoproteasome inhibition alleviated various inflammatory diseases by modulating immune cell functions. However, its therapeutic potential in COPD remains largely unexplored. Here, an elevated expression of immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 in the macrophages isolated from mouse with LPS/Elastase-induced emphysema and polarized macrophages in vitro is observed. Subsequently, intranasal administration of the immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX-0914 significantly mitigated COPD-associated airway inflammation and improved lung function in mice by suppressing macrophage polarization. Additionally, ONX-0914 capsulated in PLGA nanoparticles exhibited more pronounced therapeutic effect on COPD than naked ONX-0914 by targeting immunoproteasome in polarized macrophages. Mechanistically, ONX-0914 activated autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are not attribute to the ONX-0914 mediated suppression of macrophage polarization. Intriguingly, ONX-0914 inhibited M1 polarization through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-1 (NRF1) and NRF2-P62 axis, while the suppression of M2 polarization is regulated by inhibiting the transcription of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). In summary, the findings suggest that targeting immunoproteasome in macrophages holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for COPD.

Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms in COPD: Current Status and Therapeutic Prospects

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) currently ranks among the top three causes of mortality worldwide, presenting as a prevalent and complex respiratory ailment. Ongoing research has underscored the pivotal role of immune function in the onset and progression of COPD. The immune response in COPD patients exhibits abnormalities, characterized by diminished anti-infection capacity due to immune senescence, heightened activation of neutrophils and macrophages, T cell infiltration, and aberrant B cell activity, collectively contributing to airway inflammation and lung injury in COPD.

Objective

This review aimed to explore the pivotal role of the immune system in COPD and its therapeutic potential.

Methods

We conducted a review of immunity and COPD published within the past decade in the Web of Science and PubMed databases, sorting through and summarizing relevant literature.

Results

This article examines the pivotal roles of the immune system in COPD. Understanding the specific functions and interactions of these immune cells could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at controlling inflammation, enhancing immune function, and mitigating the impact of respiratory infections in COPD patients.

Malic enzymes in cancer: Regulatory mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic implications

Malic enzymes (MEs) are metabolic enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of malate to pyruvate and NAD(P)H. While researchers have well established the physiological metabolic roles of MEs in organisms, recent research has revealed a link between MEs and carcinogenesis. This review collates evidence of the molecular mechanisms by which MEs promote cancer occurrence, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, post-translational protein modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Additionally, we highlight the roles of MEs in reprogramming energy metabolism, suppressing senescence, and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. We also discuss the involvement of these enzymes in mediating tumor resistance and how the development of novel small-molecule inhibitors targeting MEs might be a good therapeutic approach. Insights through this review are expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between MEs and cancer, while facilitating future research on the potential therapeutic applications of targeting MEs in cancer management.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct effects of cigarette smoke on murine airspace and bone-marrow derived macrophages

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. COPD is commonly associated with several comorbid diseases which contribute to exacerbated patient outcomes. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most prominent risk factor for COPD development and progression and is known to be detrimental to numerous effector functions of lung resident immune cells, including phagocytosis and cytokine production. However, how CS mediates the various pathologies distant from the lung in COPD, and whether CS has a similar biological effect on systemic immune cells remains unknown.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 8 weeks of CS as an experimental model of COPD. Bone marrow cells were isolated from both CS-exposed and room air (RA) control mice and differentiated to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Airspace macrophages (AMs) were isolated from the same CS-exposed and RA mice and bulk RNA-Seq performed. The functional role of differentially expressed genes was assessed through gene ontology analyses. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to determine the activation states of canonical pathways and upstream regulators enriched in differentially expressed genes in both cell types, and to compare the differences between the two cell types.

RESULTS

CS induced transcriptomic changes in BMDMs, including an upregulation of genes in sirtuin signalling and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and a downregulation of genes involved in histone and lysine methylation. In contrast, CS induced decreased expression of genes involved in pathogen response, phagosome formation, and immune cell trafficking in AMs. Little overlap was observed in differentially expressed protein-coding genes in BMDMs compared to AMs and their associated pathways, highlighting the distinct effects of CS on immune cells in different compartments.

CONCLUSIONS

CS exposure can induce transcriptomic remodelling in BMDMs which is distinct to that of AMs. Our study highlights the ability of CS exposure to affect immune cell populations distal to the lung and warrants further investigation into the functional effects of these changes and the ensuing role in driving multimorbid disease.

Exosomal circ-0100519 promotes breast cancer progression via inducing M2 macrophage polarisation by USP7/NRF2 axis

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumours that threatens women health worldwide. It has been reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important role in regulating tumour progression and tumour microenvironment (TME) remodelling.

METHODS

Differentially expression characteristics and immune correlations of circRNAs in BC were verified using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Exosomes were characterised by nanoparticle transmission electron microscopy and tracking analysis. The biological function of circ-0100519 in BC development was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting, RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and luciferase reporter were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

Circ-0100519 was significant abundant in BC tumour tissues and related to poor prognosis. It can be encapsulated into secreted exosomes, thereby promoting BC cell invasion and metastasis via inducing M2-like macrophages polarisation.Mechanistically, circ-0100519 acted as a scaffold to enhance the interaction between the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) and nuclear factor-like 2 (NRF2) in macrophages, inducing the USP7-mediated deubiquitination of NRF2. Additionally, HIF-1α could function as an upstream effector to enhance circ-0100519 transcription.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed that exosomal circ-0100519 is a potential biomarker for BC diagnosis and prognosis, and the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 may provide a therapeutic target for BC.

Transcriptional analysis of primary ciliary dyskinesia airway cells reveals a dedicated cilia glutathione pathway

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic condition that results in dysmotile cilia. The repercussions of cilia dysmotility and gene variants on the multiciliated cell remain poorly understood. We used single-cell RNA-Seq, proteomics, and advanced microscopy to compare primary culture epithelial cells from patients with PCD, their heterozygous mothers, and healthy individuals, and we induced pluripotent stem cells (iPScs) generated from a patient with PCD. Transcriptomic analysis revealed unique signatures in PCD airway cells compared with their mothers' cells and the cells of healthy individuals. Gene expression in heterozygous mothers' cells diverged from both control and PCD cells, marked by increased inflammatory and cellular stress signatures. Primary and iPS-derived PCD multiciliated cells had increased expression of glutathione-S-transferases GSTA2 and GSTA1, as well as NRF2 target genes, accompanied by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Immunogold labeling in human cilia and proteomic analysis of the ciliated organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii demonstrated that GSTA2 localizes to motile cilia. Loss of human GSTA2 and C. reinhardtii GSTA resulted in slowed cilia motility, pointing to local cilia regulatory roles. Our findings identify cellular responses unique to PCD variants and independent of environmental stress and uncover a dedicated ciliary GSTA2 pathway essential for normal motility that may be a therapeutic target.

The Roles of White Adipose Tissue and Liver NADPH in Dietary Restriction-Induced Longevity

Dietary restriction (DR) protocols frequently employ intermittent fasting. Following a period of fasting, meal consumption increases lipogenic gene expression, including that of NADPH-generating enzymes that fuel lipogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT) through the induction of transcriptional regulators SREBP-1c and CHREBP. SREBP-1c knockout mice, unlike controls, did not show an extended lifespan on the DR diet. WAT cytoplasmic NADPH is generated by both malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), while liver cytoplasmic NADPH is primarily synthesized by folate cycle enzymes provided one-carbon units through serine catabolism. During the daily fasting period of the DR diet, fatty acids are released from WAT and are transported to peripheral tissues, where they are used for beta-oxidation and for phospholipid and lipid droplet synthesis, where monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may activate Nrf1 and inhibit ferroptosis to promote longevity. Decreased WAT NADPH from PPP gene knockout stimulated the browning of WAT and protected from a high-fat diet, while high levels of NADPH-generating enzymes in WAT and macrophages are linked to obesity. But oscillations in WAT [NADPH]/[NADP+] from feeding and fasting cycles may play an important role in maintaining metabolic plasticity to drive longevity. Studies measuring the WAT malate/pyruvate as a proxy for the cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP+], as well as studies using fluorescent biosensors expressed in the WAT of animal models to monitor the changes in cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP+], are needed during ad libitum and DR diets to determine the changes that are associated with longevity.

Macrophage Polarization and Functions in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major leading cause of mortality worldwide, is a progressive and irreversible respiratory condition characterized by peripheral airway and lung parenchymal inflammation, accompanied by fibrosis, emphysema, and airflow limitation, and has multiple etiologies, including genetic variance, air pollution, and repetitive exposure to harmful substances. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD have not been identified. Recent multiomics-based evidence suggests that the plasticity of alveolar macrophages contributes to the onset and progression of COPD through the coordinated modulation of numerous transcription factors. Therefore, this review focuses on understanding the mechanisms and functions of macrophage polarization that regulate lung homeostasis in COPD. These findings may provide a better insight into the distinct role of macrophages in COPD pathogenesis and perspective for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization.

Involvement of GPR43 Receptor in Effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus on Murine Steroid Resistant Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Relevance to Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Oxidative Stress in Human Macrophages

BACKGROUND

Cytokine storm and oxidative stress are present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Individuals with COPD present high levels of NF-κB-associated cytokines and pro-oxidant agents as well as low levels of Nrf2-associated antioxidants. This condition creates a steroid-resistant inflammatory microenvironment. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr) is a known anti-cytokine in lung diseases; however, the effect of Lr on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in steroid-resistant COPD mice remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

Thus, we investigated the Lr effect on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice and macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and unresponsive to steroids.

METHODS

Mice and macrophages received dexamethasone or GLPG-094 (a GPR43 inhibitor), and only the macrophages received butyrate (but), all treatments being given before CSE. Lung inflammation was evaluated from the leukocyte population, airway remodeling, cytokines, and NF-κB. Oxidative stress disturbance was measured from ROS, 8-isoprostane, NADPH oxidase, TBARS, SOD, catalase, HO-1, and Nrf2.

RESULTS

Lr attenuated cellularity, mucus, collagen, cytokines, ROS, 8-isoprostane, NADPH oxidase, and TBARS. Otherwise, SOD, catalase, HO-1, and Nrf2 were upregulated in Lr-treated COPD mice. Anti-cytokine and antioxidant effects of butyrate also occurred in CSE-exposed macrophages. GLPG-094 rendered Lr and butyrate less effective.

CONCLUSIONS

Lr attenuates lung inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD mice, suggesting the presence of a GPR43 receptor-dependent mechanism also found in macrophages.

Inhibition of MST1 ameliorates neuronal apoptosis via GSK3β/β-TrCP/NRF2 pathway in spinal cord injury accompanied by diabetes

AIMS

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disease that often results in tremendous loss of motor function. Increasing evidence demonstrates that diabetes worsens outcomes for patients with SCI due to the higher levels of neuronal oxidative stress. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase (MST1) is a key mediator of oxidative stress in the central nervous system; however, the mechanism of its action in SCI is still not clear. Here, we investigated the role of MST1 activation in induced neuronal oxidative stress in patients with both SCI and diabetes.

METHODS

Diabetes was established in mice by diet induction combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). SCI was performed at T10 level through weight dropping. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were applied to mimic diabetic conditions in PC12 cell line in vitro. We employed HE, Nissl staining, footprint assessment and Basso mouse scale to evaluate functional recovery after SCI. Moreover, immunoblotting, qPCR, immunofluorescence and protein-protein docking analysis were used to detect the mechanism.

RESULTS

Regarding in vivo experiments, diabetes resulted in up-regulation of MST1, excessive neuronal apoptosis and weakened motor function in SCI mice. Furthermore, diabetes impeded NRF2-mediated antioxidant defense of neurons in the damaged spinal cord. Treatment with AAV-siMST1 could restore antioxidant properties of neurons to facilitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, which subsequently promoted neuronal survival to improve locomotor function recovery. In vitro model found that AGEs worsened mitochondrial dysfunction and increased cellular oxidative stress. While MST1 inhibition through the chemical inhibitor XMU-MP-1 or MST1-shRNA infection restored NRF2 nuclear accumulation and its transcription of downstream antioxidant enzymes, therefore preventing ROS generation. However, these antioxidant effects were reversed by NRF2 knockdown. Our in-depth studies showed that over-activation of MST1 in diabetes directly hindered the neuroprotective AKT1, and subsequently fostered NRF2 ubiquitination and degradation via the GSK3β/β-TrCP pathway.

CONCLUSION

MST1 inhibition significantly restores neurological function in SCI mice with preexisting diabetes, which is largely attributed to the activation of antioxidant properties via the GSK3β(Ser 9)/β-TrCP/NRF2 pathway. MST1 may be a promising pharmacological target for the effective treatment of spinal cord injury patients with diabetes.

Immune Dysregulation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease whose incidence increase with age and is characterised by chronic inflammation and significant immune dysregulation. Inhalation of toxic substances cause oxidative stress in the lung tissue as well as airway inflammation, under the recruitment of chemokines, immune cells gathered and are activated to play a defensive role. However, persistent inflammation damages the immune system and leads to immune dysregulation, which is mainly manifested in the reduction of the body's immune response to antigens, and immune cells function are impaired, further destroy the respiratory defensive system, leading to recurrent lower respiratory infections and progressive exacerbation of the disease, thus immune dysregulation play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review summarizes the changes of innate and adaptive immune-related cells during the pathogenesis of COPD, aiming to control COPD airway inflammation and improve lung tissue remodelling by regulating immune dysregulation, for further reducing the risk of COPD progression and opening new avenues of therapeutic intervention in COPD.

Nrf-2 as a novel target in radiation induced lung injury

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common and fatal complication of chest radiotherapy. The underlying mechanisms include radiation-induced oxidative stress caused by damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in apoptosis of lung and endothelial cells and recruitment of inflammatory cells and myofibroblasts expressing NADPH oxidase to the site of injury, which in turn contribute to oxidative stress and cytokine production. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) is a vital transcription factor that regulates oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation. Studies have shown that Nrf-2 protects against radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. This review discusses the protective role of Nrf-2 in RILI and its possible mechanisms.

Modulation of alveolar macrophage and mitochondrial fitness by medicinal plant-derived nanovesicles to mitigate acute lung injury and viral pneumonia

Acute lung injury (ALI) is generally caused by severe respiratory infection and characterized by overexuberant inflammatory responses and inefficient pathogens-containing, the two major processes wherein alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a central role. Dysfunctional mitochondria have been linked with distorted macrophages and hence lung disorders, but few treatments are currently available to correct these defects. Plant-derive nanovesicles have gained significant attention because of their therapeutic potential, but the targeting cells and the underlying mechanism remain elusive. We herein prepared the nanovesicles from Artemisia annua, a well-known medicinal plant with multiple attributes involving anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and metabolism-regulating properties. By applying three mice models of acute lung injury caused by bacterial endotoxin, influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus respectively, we showed that Artemisia-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) substantially alleviated lung immunopathology and raised the survival rate of challenged mice. Macrophage depletion and adoptive transfer studies confirmed the requirement of AMs for ADNVs effects. We identified that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enclosed in the vesicles is a major molecular effector mediating the regulatory roles of ADNVs. Specifically, GABA acts on macrophages through GABA receptors, promoting mitochondrial gene programming and bioenergy generation, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory signals, thereby enhancing the adaptability of AMs to inflammation resolution. Collectively, this study identifies a promising nanotherapeutics for alleviating lung pathology, and elucidates a mechanism whereby the canonical neurotransmitter modifies AMs and mitochondria to resume tissue homeostasis, which may have broader implications for treating critical pulmonary diseases such as COVID-19.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Unraveling the Molecular Nexus

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent and debilitating respiratory disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. In recent years, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD pathogenesis has emerged as a focal point of investigation. This review endeavors to unravel the molecular nexus between mitochondrial dysfunction and COPD, delving into the intricate interplay of oxidative stress, bioenergetic impairment, mitochondrial genetics, and downstream cellular consequences. Oxidative stress, a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, is explored as a driving force behind inflammation, exacerbating the intricate cascade of events leading to COPD progression. Bioenergetic impairment sheds light on the systemic consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, impacting cellular functions and contributing to the overall energy imbalance observed in COPD patients. This review navigates through the genetic landscape, elucidating the role of mitochondrial DNA mutations, variations, and haplogroups in COPD susceptibility and severity. Cellular consequences, including apoptosis, autophagy, and cellular senescence, are examined, providing insights into the intricate mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction influences COPD pathology. Therapeutic implications, spanning antioxidant strategies, mitochondria-targeted compounds, and lifestyle modifications, are discussed in the context of translational research. Important future directions include identifying novel biomarkers, advancing mitochondria-targeted therapies, and embracing patient-centric approaches to redefine COPD management. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of our review, offering a roadmap for understanding and addressing the molecular nexus between mitochondrial dysfunction and COPD, with potential implications for precision medicine and improved patient outcomes.

The cuproptosis-related gene glutaminase promotes alveolar macrophage copper ion accumulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cuproptosis, a novel mode of cell death, is strongly associated with a variety of diseases. However, the contribution of cuproptosis to the onset or progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third most common chronic cause of mortality, is not yet clear. To investigate the potential role of cuproptosis in COPD, raw datasets from multiple public clinical COPD databases (including RNA-seq, phenotype, and lung function data) were used. For further validation, mice exposed to cigarette smoke for three months were used as in vivo models, and iBMDMs (immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages) and RAW264.7 cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract were used as in vitro models. For the first time, the expression of the cuproptosis-related gene glutaminase (GLS) was found to be decreased in COPD, and the low expression of GLS was significantly associated with the grade of pulmonary function. In vivo experiments confirmed the decreased expression of GLS in COPD, particularly in alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that copper ions accumulated in alveolar macrophages, leading to a substantially decreased amount of cell activity of macrophages when stimulated with cigarette extract. In summary, we demonstrate the high potential of GLS as an avenue for diagnosis and therapy in COPD.

RNA helicase EIF4A1-mediated translation is essential for the GC response

EIF4A1 and cofactors EIF4B and EIF4H have been well characterised in cancers, including B cell malignancies, for their ability to promote the translation of oncogenes with structured 5' untranslated regions. However, very little is known of their roles in nonmalignant cells. Using mouse models to delete Eif4a1, Eif4b or Eif4h in B cells, we show that EIF4A1, but not EIF4B or EIF4H, is essential for B cell development and the germinal centre response. After B cell activation in vitro, EIF4A1 facilitates an increased rate of protein synthesis, MYC expression, and expression of cell cycle regulators. However, EIF4A1-deficient cells remain viable, whereas inhibition of EIF4A1 and EIF4A2 by Hippuristanol treatment induces cell death.

Transcription Factor NRF2 in Shaping Myeloid Cell Differentiation and Function

NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcription factor (TF) that coordinates key cellular homeostatic processes including antioxidative responses, autophagy, proteostasis, and metabolism. The emerging evidence underscores its significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune processes. This chapter delves into the role of NRF2 in myeloid cell differentiation and function and its implication in myeloid cell-driven diseases. In macrophages, NRF2 modulates cytokine production, phagocytosis, pathogen clearance, and metabolic adaptations. In dendritic cells (DCs), it affects maturation, cytokine production, and antigen presentation capabilities, while in neutrophils, NRF2 is involved in activation, migration, cytokine production, and NETosis. The discussion extends to how NRF2's regulatory actions pertain to a wide array of diseases, such as sepsis, various infectious diseases, cancer, wound healing, atherosclerosis, hemolytic conditions, pulmonary disorders, hemorrhagic events, and autoimmune diseases. The activation of NRF2 typically reduces inflammation, thereby modifying disease outcomes. This highlights the therapeutic potential of NRF2 modulation in treating myeloid cell-driven pathologies.

Insight into Nrf2: a bibliometric and visual analysis from 2000 to 2022

Background: Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in governing the antioxidant defense system, triggering the transcription of diverse genes involved in cellular protection. Its role in mitigating oxidative damage and modulating inflammatory processes has made Nrf2 an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Despite the growing interest in Nrf2 research, a bibliometric analysis is relatively rare. This study aimed to clarify Nrf2's role in multiple diseases, identify emerging trends and hotspots using bibliometric analysis, and provide valuable insights and potential directions for future therapeutic interventions. Methods: The Science Citation Index of Web of Science Core library from 2000 to 2022 was searched on 22 October 2022. Use Microsoft Excel, CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, and VOS viewers for data collection and visualization of research focus and trends. Results: A vast collection of 22,040 research studies on Nrf2 published between 2000 and 2022 were identified. Nrf2 research has seen significant growth globally from 2000 to 2022. China leaded in publication numbers (9,623, 43.66%), while the United States dominated in citation frequency with 261,776 citations. China Medical University was the most productive institutions (459, 2.08%). Masayuki Yamamoto topped in publications (307), while Itoh K. ranked first in citations with 3669. Free Radical Biology and Medicine was the journal with the most studies and citations on Nrf2 (613, 29,687 citations). The analysis of keyword clustering enhanced the categorization of topics and can be summarized as oxidative stress, cancer, disorders in glycolipid metabolism, inflammation, and neurological conditions. Conclusion: China and the United States are the pioneers in Nrf2 research. Recently, there has been a comprehensive exploration of Nrf2 involving both experimental and clinical aspects, as well as mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Investigating novel molecular mechanisms, including NF-κB, Ho1, and Keap1, and developing enhanced, targeted Nrf2 activators or inhibitors to uncover the interplay among cancer, glycolipid metabolic disorder, inflammation, and neurological disorders will be upcoming trends and hotspots.

Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma

Asthma is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory lung disease with endotypes that manifest different immune system profiles, severity, and responses to current therapies. Regardless of endotype, asthma features increased immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine release, and airway remodeling. Lung macrophages are also heterogenous in that there are separate subsets and, depending on the environment, different effector functions. Lung macrophages are important in recruitment of immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes that enhance allergic inflammation and initiate T helper cell responses. Persistent lung remodeling including mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and airway fibrosis contributes to progressive lung function decline that is insensitive to current asthma treatments. Macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators that induce airway inflammation and remodeling. Additionally, lung macrophages are instrumental in protecting against pathogens and play a critical role in resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This review summarizes current literature detailing the roles and existing knowledge gaps for macrophages as key inflammatory orchestrators in asthma pathogenesis. We also raise the idea that modulating inflammatory responses in lung macrophages is important for alleviating asthma.