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Khanzadeh M, Foroughi Nematollahi S, Shavakhi M, Ghaedi A, Mallahi A, Bazrgar A, Khanzadeh S. Prognostic Role of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:1389-1397. [PMID: 38440632 PMCID: PMC10909046 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial triggers of allergic diseases is an inflammatory reaction and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is one of the systemic inflammation biomarkers. Our review aimed to evaluate role of NLR in predicting severity and comorbidities of allergic rhinitis (AR). We systematically searched Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed to find relevant studies. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. Due to the high levels of heterogeneity, the random-effects model was used to generate pooled effects. Eleven articles were included in the systematic review, among which ten were included in meta-analysis including 1122 healthy controls and 1423 patients with AR. We found that patients with AR had a significantly higher level of NLR than healthy controls (SMD = 0.19, 95%CI = 0.03-0.36, P = 0.03). In addition, patients with moderate to severe AR had significantly higher levels of NLR compared to those with mild AR (SMD = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.20-0.63, P < 0.001). Interestingly, it was found that NLR could associate with some comorbidities of AR, like asthma. Our results confirmed that NLR could assist clinicians in predicting the severity and comorbidities of AR. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04148-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Khanzadeh
- Geriatric and Gerontology Department, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical and Health Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mitra Shavakhi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arshin Ghaedi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mallahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Bazrgar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jones AC, Leffler J, Laing IA, Bizzintino J, Khoo SK, LeSouef PN, Sly PD, Holt PG, Strickland DH, Bosco A. LPS binding protein and activation signatures are upregulated during asthma exacerbations in children. Respir Res 2023; 24:184. [PMID: 37438758 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations in children are associated with respiratory viral infection and atopy, resulting in systemic immune activation and infiltration of immune cells into the airways. The gene networks driving the immune activation and subsequent migration of immune cells into the airways remains incompletely understood. Cellular and molecular profiling of PBMC was employed on paired samples obtained from atopic asthmatic children (n = 19) during acute virus-associated exacerbations and later during convalescence. Systems level analyses were employed to identify coexpression networks and infer the drivers of these networks, and validation was subsequently obtained via independent samples from asthmatic children. During exacerbations, PBMC exhibited significant changes in immune cell abundance and upregulation of complex interlinked networks of coexpressed genes. These were associated with priming of innate immunity, inflammatory and remodelling functions. We identified activation signatures downstream of bacterial LPS, glucocorticoids and TGFB1. We also confirmed that LPS binding protein was upregulated at the protein-level in plasma. Multiple gene networks known to be involved positively or negatively in asthma pathogenesis, are upregulated in circulating PBMC during acute exacerbations, supporting the hypothesis that systemic pre-programming of potentially pathogenic as well as protective functions of circulating immune cells preceeds migration into the airways. Enhanced sensitivity to LPS is likely to modulate the severity of acute asthma exacerbations through exposure to environmental LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya C Jones
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter N LeSouef
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Rm. 329, 1657 E. Helen Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Wei T, Wang X, Lang K, Chen C, Song Y, Luo J, Gu Z, Hu X, Yang D. Low Eosinophil Phenotype Predicts Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Use in Patients with Hospitalized Exacerbations of COPD. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1259-1271. [PMID: 35237060 PMCID: PMC8884709 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s343918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Lang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yansha Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglin Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dong Yang; Xianglin Hu, Email ;
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Vieira BM, Corrêa de Souza C, Masid de Brito D, Ferreira RN, Brum RS, Gaspar Elsas MIC, Xavier Elsas P. 5-lipoxygenase- and Glucocorticoid-dependent eosinophilia in a novel surgical model in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107440. [PMID: 33588174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous implants of heat-coagulated egg white (egg white implants, EWI) induce intense local eosinophilia and prime for hyperreactivity following airway ovalbumin challenge. The roles of allergen sensitization, surgical trauma-induced glucocorticoids, and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway were hitherto unexplored in this model, in which quantitative recovery and large-scale purification of the eosinophils from the inflammatory site for functional and immunopharmacological studies are difficult to achieve. METHODS We overcame this limitation by shifting the implantation site to the peritoneal cavity (EWIp), thereby enabling quantitative leukocyte retrieval. RESULTS By day 7 post-surgery, eosinophil counts reached ~ 30% of all leukocytes recovered. Eosinophilia was prevented by: a) induction of allergen-specific oral tolerance to ovalbumin, the main allergen in egg white; b) inactivation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway; c) blockade of endogenous glucocorticoid signaling by pretreatment with metirapone plus mifepristone before surgery. Highly purified eosinophils (~99% pure) could be obtained from the peritoneal exudate of EWIp-carrier mice in 2 simple, antibody-free steps. Preparative-scale yields, suitable for most biochemical, pharmacological, and molecular applications, were routinely obtained, and could be further enhanced through addition of pre-or post-surgery immunization steps (active or adoptive). The recovered eosinophils were fully functional in vivo, as demonstrated by the transfer of purified eosinophils into eosinophil-deficient Δdbl-GATA-1-KO mice, which upon subsequent challenge with eotaxin-1 present secondary accumulation of neutrophils, but not of mononuclear phagocytes. CONCLUSION These findings document glucocorticoid-, allergen- and 5-lipoxygenase-dependent eosinophilia, which makes EWIp carriers an abundant source of pure, nontransgenic eosinophils for immunopharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marques Vieira
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina Corrêa de Souza
- Postgraduate Programme in Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Masid de Brito
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Nunes Ferreira
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rebeca S Brum
- Postgraduate Programme in Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Ignez C Gaspar Elsas
- Dept. Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier Elsas
- Dept. Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Xavier-Elsas P, Vieira BM, Masid-de-Brito D, Barradas MG, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. The Need to Consider Context in the Evaluation of Anti-infectious and Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin A and its Derivatives. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:871-878. [PMID: 30556501 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181217095323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) act as potent regulators in many aspects of mammalian reproduction, development, repair, and maintenance of differentiated tissue functioning. Unlike other vitamins, Vitamin A and retinoids, which have hormonal actions, present significant toxicity, which plays roles in clinically relevant situations, such as hypervitaminosis A and retinoic acid ("differentiation") syndrome. Although clinical presentation is conspicuous in states of insufficient or excessive Vitamin A and retinoid concentration, equally relevant effects on host resistance to specific infectious agents, and in the general maintenance of immune homeostasis, may go unnoticed, because their expression requires either pathogen exposure or the presence of inflammatory co-morbidities. There is a vast literature on the roles played by retinoids in the maintenance of a tolerogenic, noninflammatory environment in the gut mucosa, which is considered by many investigators representative of a general role played by retinoids as anti-inflammatory hormones elsewhere. However, in the gut mucosa itself, as well as in the bone marrow and inflammatory sites, context determines whether one observes an anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory action of retinoids. Both interactions between specialized cell populations, and interactions between retinoids and other classes of mediators/regulators, such as cytokines and glucocorticoid hormones, must be considered as important factors contributing to this overall context. We review evidence from recent studies on mucosal immunity, granulocyte biology and respiratory allergy models, highlighting the relevance of these variables as well as their possible contributions to the observed outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Xavier-Elsas
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Masid-de-Brito
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica G Barradas
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Boberg E, Johansson K, Malmhäll C, Calvén J, Weidner J, Rådinger M. Interplay Between the IL-33/ST2 Axis and Bone Marrow ILC2s in Protease Allergen-Induced IL-5-Dependent Eosinophilia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1058. [PMID: 32582171 PMCID: PMC7280539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Eosinophils develop from CD34+ progenitor cells in the bone marrow under the influence of interleukin (IL)-5. Several cell types produce IL-5, including type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The alarmin cytokine IL-33 is known to activate ILC2s in mucosal tissues, but little is known about IL-33-responsive ILC2s in the bone marrow in allergen-induced airway inflammation. Methods: Wild type (WT) and Rag1 deficient (Rag1−/−) mice, which lack mature T and B cells, received intranasal doses of papain to induce acute allergic inflammation. In some experiments, mice were pre-treated with anti-IL-5 prior to the papain challenge. Furthermore, recombinant IL-33 was administered to WT mice, Rag1−/− mice, lymphocyte deficient mice (Rag2−/−Il2rg−/−) and to ex vivo whole bone marrow cultures. Bone marrow eosinophils and ILC2s were analyzed by flow cytometry. Eosinophil count was assessed by differential cell count and secreted IL-5 from bone marrow cells by ELISA. Results: Intranasal administration of papain or IL-33 increased the number of mature eosinophils in the bone marrow despite the absence of adaptive immune cells in Rag1−/− mice. In parallel, an increased number of eosinophils was observed in the airways together with elevated levels of Eotaxin-2/CCL24. Bone marrow ILC2s were increased after papain or IL-33 administration, whereas ILC2s was found to be increased at baseline in Rag1−/− mice compared to WT mice. An upregulation of the IL-33 receptor (ST2) expression on bone marrow ILC2s was observed after papain challenge in both Rag1−/− and WT mice which correlated to increased number of bone marrow eosinophilia. Furthermore, an increased number of ST2+ mature eosinophils in the bone marrow was observed after papain challenge, which was further dependent on IL-5. In addition, bone marrow-derived ILC2s from both mouse strains produced large amounts of IL-5 ex vivo after IL-33 stimulation of whole bone marrow cultures. In contrast, IL-33-induced bone marrow and airway eosinophilia were abolished in the absence of ILC2s in Rag2−/−Il2rg−/− mice and no production of IL-5 was detected in IL-33-stimulated bone marrow cultures. Conclusion: These findings establish bone marrow ILC2s and the IL-33/ST2 axis as promising targets for modulation of uncontrolled IL-5-dependent eosinophilic diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boberg
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Johansson
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Calvén
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julie Weidner
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Masid-de-Brito D, Vieira BM, de Souza CC, Silva F, Gaspar-Elsas MIC, Xavier-Elsas P. Allergen challenge-induced changes in bone-marrow responses to leukotriene D4, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cytokines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:199-210. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1733598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Masid-de-Brito
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno M. Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina C. de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silva
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I. C. Gaspar-Elsas
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier-Elsas
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vieira BM, de Souza dos Santos MC, Masid-de-Brito D, Queto T, Alves TM, Zani CL, Gaspar-Elsas MIC, Xavier-Elsas P. Potent stimulation of eosinopoiesis in murine bone-marrow by myriadenolide is mediated by cysteinyl-leukotriene signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xavier-Elsas P, Ferreira RN, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Surgical and immune reconstitution murine models in bone marrow research: Potential for exploring mechanisms in sepsis, trauma and allergy. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:58-77. [PMID: 28890868 PMCID: PMC5571450 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow, the vital organ which maintains lifelong hemopoiesis, currently receives considerable attention, as a source of multiple cell types which may play important roles in repair at distant sites. This emerging function, distinct from, but closely related to, bone marrow roles in innate immunity and inflammation, has been characterized through a number of strategies. However, the use of surgical models in this endeavour has hitherto been limited. Surgical strategies allow the experimenter to predetermine the site, timing, severity and invasiveness of injury; to add or remove aggravating factors (such as infection and defects in immunity) in controlled ways; and to manipulate the context of repair, including reconstitution with selected immune cell subpopulations. This endows surgical models overall with great potential for exploring bone marrow responses to injury, inflammation and infection, and its roles in repair and regeneration. We review three different murine surgical models, which variously combine trauma with infection, antigenic stimulation, or immune reconstitution, thereby illuminating different aspects of the bone marrow response to systemic injury in sepsis, trauma and allergy. They are: (1) cecal ligation and puncture, a versatile model of polymicrobial sepsis; (2) egg white implant, an intriguing model of eosinophilia induced by a combination of trauma and sensitization to insoluble allergen; and (3) ectopic lung tissue transplantation, which allows us to dissect afferent and efferent mechanisms leading to accumulation of hemopoietic cells in the lungs. These models highlight the gain in analytical power provided by the association of surgical and immunological strategies.
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Xavier-Elsas P, Masid-de-Brito D, Vieira BM, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Odd couple: The unexpected partnership of glucocorticoid hormones and cysteinyl-leukotrienes in the extrinsic regulation of murine bone-marrow eosinopoiesis. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:11-24. [PMID: 28261551 PMCID: PMC5316900 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulopoiesis in murine bone-marrow is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (including hormones, drugs, inflammatory mediators and cytokines). Eosinophils, a minor subpopulation of circulating leukocytes, which remains better understood in its contributions to tissue injury in allergic disease than in its presumably beneficial actions in host defense, provide a striking example of joint regulation of granulopoiesis within murine bone-marrow by all of these classes of extrinsic factors. We first described the upregulation of eosinopoiesis in bone-marrow of allergen-sensitized mice following airway allergen challenge. Over the last decade, we were able to show a critical role for endogenous glucocorticoid hormones and cytokines in mediating this phenomenon through modification of cytokine effects, thereby supporting a positive association between stress hormones and allergic reactions. We have further shown that cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLT), a major proinflammatory class of lipid mediators, generated through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, upregulate bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo and in vitro. CysLT mediate the positive effects of drugs (indomethacin and aspirin) and of proallergic cytokines (eotaxin/CCL11 and interleukin-13) on in vitro eosinopoiesis. While these actions of endogenous GC and CysLT might seem unrelated and even antagonistic, we demonstrated a critical partnership of these mediators in vivo, shedding light on mechanisms linking stress to allergy: GC are required for CysLT-mediated upregulation of bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in vivo, but also attenuate subsequent ex vivo responses to CysLT. GC and CysLT therefore work together to induce eosinophilia, but through subtle regulatory mechanisms also limit the magnitude of subsequent bone-marrow responses to allergen.
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Anderson EL, Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Bartemes KR, Chen CC, Kita H. IL-33 mediates reactive eosinophilopoiesis in response to airborne allergen exposure. Allergy 2016; 71:977-88. [PMID: 26864308 DOI: 10.1111/all.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to aeroallergens induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in patients with asthma and allergic airway diseases. The circulating number of eosinophils in peripheral blood is relatively small, leading us to hypothesize that bone marrow needs to be engaged quickly to meet the demands of the tissues. METHODS To investigate the communication between the lungs and bone marrow, we used acute allergen exposure and airway inflammation models in mice. Gene-deficient mice and cytokine reporter mice as well as in vitro cell culture models were used to dissect the mechanisms. RESULTS Naïve BALB/c mice produced increased numbers of eosinophil precursors and mature eosinophils in the bone marrow when their airways were exposed to a common fungal allergen, Alternaria alternata. Expression of IL-5 and IL-33 increased rapidly in the lungs, but not in the bone marrow. Sera from allergen-exposed mice promoted eosinophilopoiesis in bone marrow cells from naïve mice, which was blocked by anti-IL-5 antibody. Mice deficient in the IL-33 receptor ST2 (i.e., Il1rl1(-/-) mice) were unable to increase their serum levels of IL-5 and allergen-induced eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow after allergen exposure. Finally, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lungs showed robust expression of IL-5 after Alternaria exposure. CONCLUSIONS These finding suggests that lung IL-33, through innate activation of ILC2s and their production of IL-5, plays a key role in promoting acute reactive eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow when naïve animals are exposed to airborne allergens. Therefore, bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis may be affected by atmospheric environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Kobayashi
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - K. Iijima
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | | | - C.-C. Chen
- Department of Immunology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - H. Kita
- Department of Immunology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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Scadding GW, Eifan A, Penagos M, Dumitru A, Switzer A, McMahon O, Phippard D, Togias A, Durham SR, Shamji MH. Local and systemic effects of cat allergen nasal provocation. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:613-23. [PMID: 25303516 PMCID: PMC4778413 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Cat allergen is widely distributed in homes and schools; allergic sensitization is common. Objective To develop a model of cat allergen nasal challenge to establish dose–response and time–course characteristics and investigate local and systemic biomarkers of allergic inflammation. Methods Nineteen cat‐allergic individuals underwent titrated nasal challenge, range 0.243 to 14.6 μg/mL Fel d1, and matched diluent‐only provocation. Clinical response to 8 h was assessed by symptom scores and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF). Nasal fluid was collected using polyurethane sponges and analysed by ImmunoCAP and multiplex assays. Whole blood flow cytometry for basophil surface CD63, CD107a, and CD203c was carried out at baseline and 6 h post‐challenge. Results A dose–response to allergen was seen in symptom scores and PNIF, maximal at 10 000 BU/mL (4.87 μg/mL Fel d1), P < 0.0001 vs. diluent. Nasal fluid tryptase was elevated at 5 min after challenge (P < 0.05 vs. diluent); eotaxin, IL‐4, ‐5, ‐9, and ‐13 were increased at 8 h (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001 vs. diluent); TSLP was undetectable; IL‐10, IL‐17A, and IL‐33 were unchanged compared to diluent challenge. Nasal fluid IL‐5 and IL‐13 correlated inversely with PNIF after challenge (IL‐5, r = −0.79, P < 0.0001; IL‐13, r = −0.60, P = 0.006). Surface expression of CD63 and CD107a was greater at 6 h than at baseline, both in the presence (both P < 0.05) and absence (CD63, P < 0.01; CD107a, P < 0.05) of in vitro allergen stimulation; no changes were seen on diluent challenge day. Conclusions Cat allergen nasal challenge produces local and systemic Th2‐driven inflammatory responses and has potential as a surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Scadding
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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The In Vivo Granulopoietic Response to Dexamethasone Injection Is Abolished in Perforin-Deficient Mutant Mice and Corrected by Lymphocyte Transfer from Nonsensitized Wild-Type Donors. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:495430. [PMID: 26063973 PMCID: PMC4434200 DOI: 10.1155/2015/495430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenously administered glucocorticoids enhance eosinophil and neutrophil granulocyte production from murine bone-marrow. A hematological response dependent on endogenous glucocorticoids underlies bone-marrow eosinophilia induced by trauma or allergic sensitization/challenge. We detected a defect in granulopoiesis in nonsensitized, perforin-deficient mice. In steady-state conditions, perforin- (Pfp-) deficient mice showed significantly decreased bone-marrow and blood eosinophil and neutrophil counts, and colony formation in response to GM-CSF, relative to wild-type controls of comparable age and/or weight. By contrast, peripheral blood or spleen total cell and lymphocyte numbers were not affected by perforin deficiency. Dexamethasone enhanced colony formation by GM-CSF-stimulated progenitors from wild-type controls, but not Pfp mice. Dexamethasone injection increased bone-marrow eosinophil and neutrophil counts in wild-type controls, but not Pfp mice. Because perforin is expressed in effector lymphocytes, we examined whether this defect would be corrected by transferring wild-type lymphocytes into perforin-deficient recipients. Short-term reconstitution of the response to dexamethasone was separately achieved for eosinophils and neutrophils by transfer of distinct populations of splenic lymphocytes from nonsensitized wild-type donors. Transfer of the same amount of splenic lymphocytes from perforin-deficient donors was ineffective. This demonstrates that the perforin-dependent, granulopoietic response to dexamethasone can be restored by transfer of innate lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Gaspar-Elsas MI, Queto T, Masid-de-Brito D, Vieira BM, de Luca B, Cunha FQ, Xavier-Elsas P. α-Galactosylceramide suppresses murine eosinophil production through interferon-γ-dependent induction of NO synthase and CD95. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3313-25. [PMID: 25752588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a pleiotropic immunomodulator with therapeutic potential in neoplastic, autoimmune and allergic diseases, activates invariant natural killer T-cells throughCD1-restricted receptors for α-GalCer on antigen-presenting cells, inducing cytokine secretion. However the haemopoietic effects of α-GalCer remain little explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH α-GalCer-induced modulation of eosinophil production in IL-5-stimulated bone marrow cultures was examined in wild-type (BALB/c, C57BL/6) mice and their mutants lacking CD1, inducible NOS (iNOS), CD95 and IFN-γ, along with the effects of lymphocytes; IFN-γ; caspase and iNOS inhibitors; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and LTD4 ; and dexamethasone. KEY RESULTS α-GalCer (10(-6) -10(-8) M) suppressed IL-5-stimulated eosinopoiesis by inducing apoptosis. α-GalCer pretreatment in vivo (100 μg·kg(-1) , i.v.) suppressed colony formation by GM-CSF-stimulated bone marrow progenitors in semi-solid cultures. α-GalCer and dexamethasone synergistically promoted eosinophil maturation. Suppression of eosinophil production by α-GalCer was prevented by aminoguanidine and was undetectable in bone marrow lacking iNOS, CD95, CD28; or CD1d. Separation on Percoll gradients and depletion of CD3+ cells made bone marrow precursors unresponsive to α-GalCer. Responsiveness was restored with splenic lymphocytes. Experiments with (i) IFN-γ-deficient bone marrow, alone or co-cultured with spleen T-cells from wild-type, but not from CD1d-deficient, donors; (ii) IFN-γ neutralization; and (iii) recombinant IFN-γ, showed that these effects of α-GalCer were mediated by IFN-γ. Effects of α-GalCer on eosinophil production were blocked by LTD4 and NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS α-GalCer activation of IFN-γ-secreting, CD1d-restricted lymphocytes induced iNOS-CD95-dependent apoptosis in developing eosinophils. This pathway is initiated by endogenous regulatory lymphocytes, antagonised by LTD4 , NSAIDs and aminoguanidine, and modified by dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ignez Gaspar-Elsas
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Túlio Queto
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Masid-de-Brito
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Marques Vieira
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Luca
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier-Elsas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Roles of 5-lipoxygenase and cysteinyl-leukotriene type 1 receptors in the hematological response to allergen challenge and its prevention by diethylcarbamazine in a murine model of asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:403970. [PMID: 25477712 PMCID: PMC4244945 DOI: 10.1155/2014/403970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), which blocks leukotriene production, abolishes the challenge-induced increase in eosinopoiesis in bone-marrow from ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized mice, suggesting that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) products contribute to the hematological responses in experimental asthma models. We explored the relationship between 5-LO, central and peripheral eosinophilia, and effectiveness of DEC, using PAS or BALB/c mice and 5-LO-deficient mutants. We quantified eosinophil numbers in freshly harvested or cultured bone-marrow, peritoneal lavage fluid, and spleen, with or without administration of leukotriene generation inhibitors (DEC and MK886) and cisteinyl-leukotriene type I receptor antagonist (montelukast). The increase in eosinophil numbers in bone-marrow, observed in sensitized/challenged wild-type mice, was abolished by MK886 and DEC pretreatment. In ALOX mutants, by contrast, there was no increase in bone-marrow eosinophil counts, nor in eosinophil production in culture, in response to sensitization/challenge. In sensitized/challenged ALOX mice, challenge-induced migration of eosinophils to the peritoneal cavity was significantly reduced relative to the wild-type PAS controls. DEC was ineffective in ALOX mice, as expected from a mechanism of action dependent on 5-LO. In BALB/c mice, challenge significantly increased spleen eosinophil numbers and DEC treatment prevented this increase. Overall, 5-LO appears as indispensable to the systemic hematological response to allergen challenge, as well as to the effectiveness of DEC.
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Fulkerson PC, Schollaert KL, Bouffi C, Rothenberg ME. IL-5 triggers a cooperative cytokine network that promotes eosinophil precursor maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4043-52. [PMID: 25230753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils originate in the bone marrow from an eosinophil lineage-committed, IL-5Rα-positive, hematopoietic progenitor (eosinophil progenitor). Indeed, IL-5 is recognized as a critical regulator of eosinophilia and has effects on eosinophil progenitors, eosinophil precursors, and mature eosinophils. However, substantial levels of eosinophils remain after IL-5 neutralization or genetic deletion, suggesting that there are alternative pathways for promoting eosinophilia. In this study, we investigated the contributory role of IL-5 accessory cytokines on the final stages of eosinophil differentiation. IL-5 stimulation of low-density bone marrow cells resulted in expression of a panel of cytokines and cytokine receptors, including several ligand-receptor pairs. Notably, IL-4 and IL-4Rα were expressed by eosinophil precursors and mature eosinophils. Signaling through IL-4Rα promoted eosinophil maturation when IL-5 was present, but IL-4 stimulation in the absence of IL-5 resulted in impaired eosinophil survival, suggesting that IL-4 cooperates with IL-5 to promote eosinophil differentiation. In contrast, CCL3, an eosinophil precursor-produced chemokine that signals through CCR1, promotes terminal differentiation of CCR1-positive eosinophil precursors in the absence of IL-5, highlighting an autocrine loop capable of sustaining eosinophil differentiation. These findings suggest that brief exposure to IL-5 is sufficient to initiate a cytokine cooperative network that promotes eosinophil differentiation of low-density bone marrow cells independent of further IL-5 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Kaila L Schollaert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Carine Bouffi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2014; 128:442-6. [PMID: 24762781 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215114000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the relationship between swimming pool pollutants and allergic rhinitis in swimming pool workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-seven indoor pool workers (group 1) and 49 control subjects (group 2) were enrolled in the study. A skin prick test was performed and a nasal smear was obtained from each subject to evaluate rhinitis. RESULTS When the groups were compared in terms of epithelial cells, group 1 had significantly more epithelial cells than group 2. When the groups were compared with regard to eosinophils, group 1 had significantly more eosinophils than group 2. The skin prick test results for both groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSION Indoor pool workers showed severe symptoms of rhinitis and eosinophilic nasal cytology, likely due to chlorine. Nasal cytology is an easy-to-administer diagnostic test and can be used to follow up rhinitis in indoor pool workers, along with nasal endoscopy, a detailed clinical history and a skin prick test.
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Female asthma has a negative effect on fertility: what is the connection? ISRN ALLERGY 2014; 2014:131092. [PMID: 25101180 PMCID: PMC4005022 DOI: 10.1155/2014/131092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive changes such as impaired fertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes have been related to female asthma. We recently found that time to pregnancy is prolonged in asthmatic females especially in women with moderate to severe asthma and in those above 30 years of age. Despite their reproductive difficulties the asthmatics ultimately conceived just as many biological children as healthy throughout their reproductive lives. This knowledge therefore raises questions about how asthma affects fertility pathophysiologically. The purpose of this review is to describe the existing knowledge in this field and suggest hypotheses of causal relationships, which may form the basis for future studies in this field. The aim is, in particular, in the literature to examine whether there is any evidence to suggest that the systemic inflammation that characterizes asthma, can affect fertility. The issue is potentially clinically important for asthmatic, infertile individuals and society because treatment of the general systemic inflammation associated with the asthmatic disease combined with hormone stimulation might be the optimal target for an effective infertility therapy, possibly decreasing the need for in vitro fertilization.
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5-lipoxygenase-dependent recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages by eotaxin-stimulated murine eosinophils. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:102160. [PMID: 24723744 PMCID: PMC3955596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of eosinophils in antimicrobial defense remain incompletely understood. In ovalbumin-sensitized mice, eosinophils are selectively recruited to the peritoneal cavity by antigen, eotaxin, or leukotriene(LT)B4, a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolite. 5-LO blockade prevents responses to both antigen and eotaxin. We examined responses to eotaxin in the absence of sensitization and their dependence on 5-LO. BALB/c or PAS mice and their mutants (5-LO-deficient ALOX; eosinophil-deficient GATA-1) were injected i.p. with eotaxin, eosinophils, or both, and leukocyte accumulation was quantified up to 24 h. Significant recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin in BALB/c, up to 24 h, was accompanied by much larger numbers of recruited neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These effects were abolished by eotaxin neutralization and 5-LO-activating protein inhibitor MK886. In ALOX (but not PAS) mice, eotaxin recruitment was abolished for eosinophils and halved for neutrophils. In GATA-1 mutants, eotaxin recruited neither neutrophils nor macrophages. Transfer of eosinophils cultured from bone-marrow of BALB/c donors, or from ALOX donors, into GATA-1 mutant recipients, i.p., restored eotaxin recruitment of neutrophils and showed that the critical step dependent on 5-LO is the initial recruitment of eosinophils by eotaxin, not the secondary neutrophil accumulation. Eosinophil-dependent recruitment of neutrophils in naive BALB/c mice was associated with increased binding of bacteria.
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de Luca B, Xavier-Elsas P, Barradas M, Luz RA, Queto T, Jones C, Arruda MA, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Gaspar-Elsas MI. Essential roles of PKA, iNOS, CD95/CD95L, and terminal caspases in suppression of eosinopoiesis by PGE2 and other cAMP-elevating agents. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:208705. [PMID: 24376378 PMCID: PMC3859205 DOI: 10.1155/2013/208705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Up- and downregulation of eosinopoiesis control pulmonary eosinophilia in human asthma. In mice, eosinopoiesis is suppressed in vitro by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and in vivo by diethylcarbamazine, through a proapoptotic mechanism sequentially requiring inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the ligand for death receptor CD95 (CD95L). We examined the roles of iNOS, cAMP-mediated signaling, caspases, and CD95L/CD95 in suppression of eosinopoiesis by PGE2 and other agents signaling through cAMP. Bone-marrow collected from BALB/c mice, or from iNOS-, CD95-, or CD95L-deficient mutants (and wild-type controls), was cultured with interleukin-5 (IL-5), alone or associated with PGE2, cAMP-inducing/mimetic agents, caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk, iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, or combinations thereof, and eosinopoiesis was evaluated at various times. PGE2, added up to 24 hours of culture, dose-dependently suppressed eosinopoiesis, by inducing apoptosis. This effect was (a) paralleled by induction of iNOS in eosinophils; (b) duplicated by sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol, and cAMP-inducing/mimetic agents; (c) prevented by protein kinase A inhibition. NO was produced through iNOS by dibutyryl-cAMP-stimulated bone-marrow. Overall, PGE2 and isoproterenol shared a requirement for four effector elements (iNOS, CD95L, CD95, and terminal caspases), which together define a pathway targeted by several soluble up- and downmodulators of eosinopoiesis, including drugs, mediators of inflammation, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca de Luca
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Avenue Rui Barbosa 716, 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier-Elsas
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, Room I-2-066, 22205-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Barradas
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, Room I-2-066, 22205-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Luz
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, Room I-2-066, 22205-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Túlio Queto
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Avenue Rui Barbosa 716, 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla Jones
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, Room I-2-066, 22205-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Arruda
- Farmanguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Avenue Comandante Guaranys No. 447, Jacarepaguá, 22775-903 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Avenue Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Ignez Gaspar-Elsas
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Avenue Rui Barbosa 716, 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Masid-de-Brito D, Xavier-Elsas P, Luz RA, Queto T, Almeida da Silva CLC, Lopes RS, Vieira BM, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Essential roles of endogenous glucocorticoids and TNF/TNFR1 in promoting bone-marrow eosinopoiesis in ovalbumin-sensitized, airway-challenged mice. Life Sci 2013; 94:74-82. [PMID: 24239638 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Stress mechanisms paradoxically contribute to allergic episodes in humans and mice. Glucocorticoids (GC) and interleukin (IL)-5 synergically upregulate murine bone-marrow eosinophil production. Here we explored the role of endogenous GC in allergen-stimulated bone-marrow eosinophil production in ovalbumin-sensitized/challenged mice. MAIN METHODS In BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice, sensitized and intranasally challenged with ovalbumin, we monitored eosinophil numbers in freshly harvested or cultured bone-marrow, and plasma corticosterone levels. Metyrapone (MET) was used to inhibit GC synthesis, and RU486 to block GC actions. In sensitized mice challenged intraperitoneally, we examined the relationship between eosinophilia of bone-marrow and peritoneal cavity, in the absence or presence of RU486. In experiments involving in vivo neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) by specific antibodies, or using mice which lack functional type I TNF receptors (TNFRI), we evaluated the relationship between TNF blockade, corticosterone levels, RU486 or MET treatment and challenge-induced bone-marrow eosinophilia. KEY FINDINGS RU486 or MET pretreatments abolished challenge-induced increases in eosinophil numbers in bone-marrow (in vivo and ex vivo), and in the peritoneal cavity. MET, but not RU486, prevented the challenge-induced increase in corticosterone levels. Challenge-induced bone-marrow eosinophilia and corticosterone surge were abolished in TNFRI-deficient mice. Anti-TNF-treatment very effectively prevented challenge-induced bone-marrow eosinophilia, in the absence of RU486 or MET, but had no independent effect in the presence of either drug. SIGNIFICANCE Endogenous GC was essential for allergen challenge-induced increases in eosinophil numbers inside bone-marrow. This effect required TNF and TNFRI, which suggests an immunoendocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Masid-de-Brito
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Xavier-Elsas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Alves Luz
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Depto Pediatria, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Túlio Queto
- Depto Pediatria, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Soares Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Modulation of the effects of lung immune response on bone marrow by oral antigen exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:474132. [PMID: 24171165 PMCID: PMC3793322 DOI: 10.1155/2013/474132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is attenuated by oral tolerization (oral exposure to allergen, followed by conventional sensitization and challenge with homologous antigen), which decreases airway allergen challenge-induced eosinophilic infiltration of the lungs and bone marrow eosinophilia. We examined its effects on bone marrow eosinophil and neutrophil production. Mice of wild type (BP-2, BALB/c, and C57BL/6) and mutant strains (lacking iNOS or CD95L) were given ovalbumin (OVA) or water (vehicle) orally and subsequently sensitized and challenged with OVA (OVA/OVA/OVA and H2O/OVA/OVA groups, resp.). Anti-OVA IgG and IgE, bone marrow eosinophil and neutrophil numbers, and eosinophil and neutrophil production ex vivo were evaluated. T lymphocytes from OVA/OVA/OVA or control H2O/OVA/OVA donors were transferred into naïve syngeneic recipients, which were subsequently sensitized/challenged with OVA. Alternatively, T lymphocytes were cocultured with bone marrow eosinophil precursors from histocompatible sensitized/challenged mice. OVA/OVA/OVA mice of the BP-2 and BALB/c strains showed, relative to H2O/OVA/OVA controls, significantly decreased bone marrow eosinophil counts and ex vivo eosinopoiesis/neutropoiesis. Full effectiveness in vivo required sequential oral/subcutaneous/intranasal exposures to the same allergen. Transfer of splenic T lymphocytes from OVA/OVA/OVA donors to naive recipients prevented bone marrow eosinophilia and eosinopoiesis in response to recipient sensitization/challenge and supressed eosinopoiesis upon coculture with syngeneic bone marrow precursors from sensitized/challenged donors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis (CHES) is an inflammatory disease characterized by eosinophil infiltration of sinus tissue that can present with and without nasal polyps (NPs). Aeroallergen sensitization in CHES occurs regularly, but the causality between allergen sensitivity, exposure, and disease is unclear. METHODS Allergen is unlikely to directly enter healthy sinuses either by diffusion or ciliary flow, and, even this is more problematic given the loss of patency of the ostia of diseased sinuses. Inflammation and tissue eosinophilia can develop secondary to allergen exposure in the nares, with systemic humoral recirculation of allergic cells including eosinophils, Th2 lymphocytes, and eosinophil precursors that are nonspecifically recruited back to the diseased sinuses. RESULTS The possibility of an allergic reaction to peptides derived from bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus or superantigens) or fungi that colonize the diseased sinus also provides a plausible allergic mechanism. CONCLUSION Treatments of this disease include agents directed at allergic mediators such as leukotriene modifiers and corticosteroids, although this does not necessarily signify that an IgE-dependent mechanism can be ascribed. However, more recently, omalizumab has shown promise, including in patients without obvious aeroallergen sensitization. Although many aspects of the role of allergy in CHES remain a mystery, the mechanisms that are being elucidated allow for improved understanding of this disease, which ultimately will lead to better treatments for our patients who live daily with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Kennedy
- From the Department of Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Larry Borish
- From the Department of Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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Ahmadiafshar A, Taghiloo D, Esmailzadeh A, Falakaflaki B. Nasal eosinophilia as a marker for allergic rhinitis: a controlled study of 50 patients. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2012; 91:122-4. [PMID: 22430337 DOI: 10.1177/014556131209100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are the principal effector cells involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. We conducted a study to investigate the validity of the nasal smear examination for detecting eosinophilia in patients with allergic rhinitis. Our study group was made up of 50 patients with allergic rhinitis and 50 age- and sex-matched controls without allergic rhinitis. Smears were obtained from nasal secretions in both groups and then fixed, stained, and studied under light microscopy. Statistical analysis revealed that the odds ratio for eosinophilia positivity in nasal smears in the rhinitis group was 25.61 with a 95% confidence interval of 8 to 78. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this test were 74, 90, 88, and 77%, respectively. We conclude that the nasal eosinophilia test is highly specific and moderately sensitive in diagnosing allergic rhinitis, and that it therefore can be used as an easy, noninvasive, and inexpensive procedure for screening patients and for conducting epidemiologic studies of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akefeh Ahmadiafshar
- Department of Allergy, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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Ciprandi G, Caimmi D, Miraglia Del Giudice M, La Rosa M, Salpietro C, Marseglia GL. Recent developments in United airways disease. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:171-7. [PMID: 22754709 PMCID: PMC3378922 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nose and lung are both part of the respiratory tract. Often the diseases affecting the nose and/or the bronchi are treated separately. However, in recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the fact that the respiratory system is a single entity and the concept of "united airway disease" has become more and more important. The unity of the respiratory tract is confirmed both from a morphological and from a functional point of view. Nevertheless, this concept is also confirmed for the respiratory immune system, innervation and vascularization interesting all along the tract, from the nose to the bronchioles. When treating rhinitis, it is often necessary to assess the presence of asthma. Patients with sinusitis should be evaluated for a possible concomitant asthma. Conversely, patients with asthma should always be evaluated for possible nasal disease. The medications that treat nasal diseases appear to be useful in improving control of asthma and in reducing bronchial hyperresponsiveness as well. Physicians should always keep these notions in mind, and evaluate and treat respiratory diseases taking into account the unity of the respiratory tract.
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Baroody FM, Mucha SM, deTineo M, Naclerio RM. Evidence of Maxillary Sinus Inflammation in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 146:880-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811435972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Allergic rhinitis has been frequently associated with both acute and chronic sinusitis. Previous studies have shown an influx of eosinophils into the maxillary sinus after nasal challenge with allergen. The objective of this study was to determine, in humans, if the development of seasonal allergic inflammation, secondary to natural allergen exposure, leads to similar inflammation within the maxillary sinus. Study Design. Prospective, longitudinal study. Setting. Academic medical center and research laboratory. Subjects and Methods. Eighteen subjects were evaluated in and out of the ragweed allergy season using subjective measures (nasal symptoms, quality of life), nasal secretory response to methacholine challenge, and evaluation of biomarkers in nasal and sinus lavages. Results. The subjects became symptomatic during the season and reported worse quality of life and increased nasal reactivity to methacholine. The total number of eosinophils obtained by nasal lavage during the season (median= 35,691) was significantly higher compared with out of season (median = 2811, P ≤ .02). Similarly, there were significantly more eosinophils, albeit to a lesser magnitude, in the maxillary sinus during the season (median = 4248) compared with the out-of-season samples (median = 370, P ≤ .02). Conclusion. The authors provide evidence that natural exposure to pollen during an individual’s allergy season leads to both nasal and sinus inflammation, strengthening the association between allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. The mechanism of this inflammatory response needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad M. Baroody
- Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samantha M. Mucha
- Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marcy deTineo
- Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert M. Naclerio
- Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Queto T, Vasconcelos ZF, Luz RA, Anselmo C, Guiné AAA, Silva PMRE, Farache J, Cunha JMT, Bonomo AC, Gaspar-Elsas MIC, Xavier-Elsas P. G-CSF suppresses allergic pulmonary inflammation, downmodulating cytokine, chemokine and eosinophil production. Life Sci 2011; 88:830-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Compalati E, Ridolo E, Passalacqua G, Braido F, Villa E, Canonica GW. The link between allergic rhinitis and asthma: the united airways disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:413-23. [PMID: 20441427 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhinitis and asthma are often associated and the two disorders interact at various levels. Rhinitis typically precedes the development of asthma and can contribute to unsatisfactory asthma control. The presence and type of asthma is influenced by sensitization, and the duration and severity of allergic rhinitis. Nasal symptoms, airflow and markers of inflammation directly correlate with lower airway involvement. Local tissue factors, such as microbial stimuli and systemic inflammatory mechanisms, play a role in the clinical expression of the allergic airway syndrome. There is increasing evidence that suggests a major involvement of airway epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of both asthma and allergic rhinitis. Even in patients with rhinitis who do not have asthma, subclinical changes in the lower airways and inflammatory mediators can be detected. The pathogenic role of paranasal sinus infections in respiratory allergy has been better elucidated but there remains a need for further research. Treatment of established rhinitis may affect asthma control and could have some impact on airway obstruction, but a direct effect of rhinitis therapy on lower airway inflammation remains to be clearly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Compalati
- Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
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Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Dahlborn AK, Samitas K, Malmhäll C, Gaga M, Lötvall J. IL-5 expression and release from human CD34 cells in vitro; ex vivo evidence from cases of asthma and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Allergy 2010; 65:831-9. [PMID: 19968630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils develop from hematopoietic CD34(+) progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) under the influence of Interleukin-5 (IL-5). The primary source of IL-5 is T-lymphocytes, although other sources may exist. The aims of this study were to determine whether CD34(+) cells from human peripheral blood (PB) and BM have the capacity to produce IL-5 when stimulated in vitro, and secondly, whether an elevated number of IL-5-producing CD34(+) cells can be found in situ in ongoing eosinophilic disease. METHODS CD34(+) cells from PB and BM were stimulated in vitro, and IL-5 production and release was assessed by ELISA, ELISPOT, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Blood and BM from a patient with Churg-Strauss syndrome were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD34(+)/IL-5(+) cells, and immunohistochemical staining of CD34(+)/IL-5(+) cells in bronchial biopsies from an asthmatic patient was performed. RESULTS Both PB and BM CD34(+) cells can produce and release IL-5 when stimulated in vitro. In the Churg-Strauss patient, IL-5-producing CD34(+) cells were found in PB and BM. Oral glucocorticoid treatment markedly decreased the number of IL-5-positive CD34 cells in the BM. CD34(+)/IL-5(+) cells were present in a patient with asthma. CONCLUSION CD34(+) cells in blood and BM are capable of producing IL-5 both in vitro and in vivo in humans, arguing that these cells may have the capacity to contribute to eosinophilic inflammation. Consequently, targeting CD34(+) progenitor cells that produce and release IL-5 may be effective in reducing the mobilization of eosinophil lineage-committed cells in eosinophilic-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bossios
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Gauvreau GM, Denburg JA. Hemopoietic progenitors: the role of eosinophil/basophil progenitors in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:87-101. [PMID: 20477657 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells play important roles in the physiology and homeostasis of the overall hemopoietic system. The majority of hemopoietic activity takes place in the bone marrow, under the influence of resident marrow stromal cells, accessory cells, and/or their products. This constitutes the complex network of the hemopoietic inductive microenvironment, which is crucial for providing signals necessary for the maintenance of populations of progenitors at varying stages of lineage commitment. Accumulation of eosinophils and basophils in tissues is characteristic of allergic inflammation. A large body of evidence now exists which confirms that these tissue inflammatory events are coincident with relevant changes in progenitors; it has thus been hypothesized that the observed changes in mature cell numbers occur directly or indirectly as a result of differentiation of lineage-committed eosinophil/basophil, and perhaps other, progenitor cells. Differentiation and maturation of hemopoietic cells have traditionally been thought to be restricted to the bone marrow microenvironment. More recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that some hemopoietic cells present in allergic tissue may be recruited from the bone marrow, traffic through the peripheral circulation and into tissues to participate in the ongoing inflammatory process at these distal sites. The clinical administration of monotherapy with topical corticosteroids, oral cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists and cytokine antagonists such as antibodies to interleukin-5, suggest that suppression of hemopoietic contributions to allergic inflammation may be necessary for full control of allergic inflammation and disease manifestations. In addition to progenitors being targets of therapy, they may well determine how and whether allergic inflammation is generated in early life, thus serving as biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Queto T, Gaspar-Elsas MI, Masid-de-Brito D, Vasconcelos ZFM, Ferraris FK, Penido C, Cunha FQ, Kanaoka Y, Lam BK, Xavier-Elsas P. Cysteinyl-leukotriene type 1 receptors transduce a critical signal for the up-regulation of eosinophilopoiesis by interleukin-13 and eotaxin in murine bone marrow. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:885-93. [PMID: 20219953 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 and eotaxin play important, inter-related roles in asthma models. In the lungs, CysLT, produced by the 5-LO-LTC4S pathway, mediate some local responses to IL-13 and eotaxin; in bone marrow, CysLT enhance IL-5-dependent eosinophil differentiation. We examined the effects of IL-13 and eotaxin on eosinophil differentiation. Semi-solid or liquid cultures were established from murine bone marrow with GM-CSF or IL-5, respectively, and the effects of IL-13, eotaxin, or CysLT on eosinophil colony formation and on eosinophil differentiation in liquid culture were evaluated, in the absence or presence of: a) the 5-LO inhibitor zileuton, the FLAP inhibitor MK886, or the CysLT1R antagonists, montelukast and MK571; b) mutations that inactivate 5-LO, LTC4S, or CysLT1R; and c) neutralizing mAb against eotaxin and its CCR3 receptor. Both cytokines enhanced GM-CSF-dependent eosinophil colony formation and IL-5-stimulated eosinophil differentiation. Although IL-13 did not induce eotaxin production, its effects were abolished by anti-eotaxin and anti-CCR3 antibodies, suggesting up-regulation by IL-13 of responses to endogenous eotaxin. Anti-CCR3 blocked eotaxin completely. The effects of both cytokines were prevented by zileuton, MK886, montelukast, and MK571, as well as by inactivation of the genes coding for 5-LO, LTC4S, and CysLT1R. In the absence of either cytokine, these treatments or mutations had no effect. These findings provide evidence for: a) a novel role of eotaxin and IL-13 in regulating eosinophilopoiesis; and b) a role for CysLTRs in bone marrow cells in transducing cytokine regulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Queto
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Queto T, Xavier-Elsas P, Gardel MA, de Luca B, Barradas M, Masid D, E Silva PMR, Peixoto CA, Vasconcelos ZMF, Dias EP, Gaspar-Elsas MI. Inducible nitric oxide synthase/CD95L-dependent suppression of pulmonary and bone marrow eosinophilia by diethylcarbamazine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:429-37. [PMID: 20007928 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200905-0800oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanism of action of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), an antifilarial drug effective against tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, remains controversial. DEC effects on microfilariae depend on inducible NO synthase (iNOS). In eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, its therapeutic mechanism has not been established. We previously described the rapid up-regulation of bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice by airway allergen challenge, and further evidenced the down-regulation of eosinophilopoiesis by iNOS- and CD95L-dependent mechanisms. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether: (1) DEC can prevent the effects of airway challenge of sensitized mice on lungs and bone marrow, and (2) its effectiveness depends on iNOS/CD95L. METHODS OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice were intranasally challenged for 3 consecutive days, with DEC administered over a 12-, 3-, or 2-day period, ending at the day of the last challenge. We evaluated: (1) airway resistance, cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, and eotaxin) production, and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation; and (2) bone marrow eosinophil numbers in vivo and eosinophil differentiation ex vivo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS DEC effectively prevented the effects of subsequent challenges on: (1) airway resistance, Th1/Th2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation; and (2) eosinophilopoiesis in vivo and ex vivo. Recovery from unprotected challenges included full responses to DEC during renewed challenges. DEC directly suppressed IL-5-dependent eosinophilopoiesis in naive bone marrow. DEC was ineffective in CD95L-deficient gld mice and in mice lacking iNOS activity because of gene targeting or pharmacological blockade. CONCLUSIONS DEC has a strong impact on pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in allergic mice, as well as on the underlying hemopoietic response, suppressing the eosinophil lineage by an iNOS/CD95L-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Queto
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Humana, IFF, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mariano NS, de Mello GC, Ferreira T, Schenka A, Camargo EA, de Nucci G, DeSouza IA, Antunes E. Pre-exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A exacerbates the pulmonary allergic eosinophil recruitment in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:43-9. [PMID: 19800992 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus releases classical enterotoxins which aggravates allergic airway diseases. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the cell influx exacerbation in asthmatic individuals under exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxins. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of airways exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to pulmonary leukocyte recruitment in rats sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Rats were exposed to SEA at 4h prior to OVA challenge or at 4h post-OVA challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, bone marrow and lung tissue were obtained at 24h after OVA challenge. Pre-exposure to SEA markedly enhanced the eosinophil counts in both BAL fluid and pulmonary tissue in OVA-challenged rats, whereas neutrophil and mononuclear cell counts remained unchanged. In bone marrow, pre-exposure to SEA alone significantly increased the number of eosinophils, and that was further increased in OVA-challenged rats. Exposure to SEA post-OVA challenge did not affect the number of eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells in BAL fluid. Pre-exposure to the endotoxin lipopolyssacharide (LPS) in OVA-challenged animals rather enhanced the neutrophil number in BAL fluid. In rats pre-exposed to SEA and OVA-challenged, a marked elevation in the levels of TNF-alpha and eotaxin (but not of IL-10) in BAL fluid was observed. The eotaxin levels increased by about of 3-fold in alveolar macrophages treated with SEA in vitro. In conclusion, airways pre-exposure to SEA causes a selective increase in eosinophil number in BAL fluid and bone marrow of OVA-challenged rats by mechanisms involving enhancement of TNF-alpha and eotaxin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Mariano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas (Sao Paulo), Brazil
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Kaiser P, Youssouf MS, Tasduq SA, Singh S, Sharma SC, Singh GD, Gupta VK, Gupta BD, Johri RK. Anti-allergic effects of herbal product from Allium cepa (bulb). J Med Food 2009; 12:374-82. [PMID: 19459740 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium cepa (Family Liliaceae) is a reputed Indian medicinal herb that is prescribed as an effective remedy for several ailments in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate its efficacy against various events responsible for Type I allergic reactions. A herbal fraction (ALC-02) from A. cepa (bulb) inhibited histamine release and attenuated intracellular calcium levels in Compound 48/80-induced rat peritoneal mast cells. It also prevented Compound 48/80-mediated systemic anaphylaxis while lowering histamine levels in plasma. ALC-02 suppressed carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. It inhibited eosinophil peroxidase activity and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ovalbumin-challenged mice. In this experiment ALC-02 also caused a substantial reduction in lipid peroxidation in BALF/lung tissue and augmented superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissue. ALC-02 suppressed erythrocytic lysis caused by Triton X-100. A significant quenching of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical by ALC-02 was observed. The results have shown a promising anti-allergic profile of ALC-02 that could be attributed to its potential antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaiser
- Division of Pharmacology and Natural Products Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-Tawi, India
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Gauvreau GM, Ellis AK, Denburg JA. Haemopoietic processes in allergic disease: eosinophil/basophil development. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1297-306. [PMID: 19622087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Haemopoietic myeloid progenitors contribute to the ongoing recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils and basophils (Eo/B), to target tissue sites in allergic diseases. It is apparent that the development of allergic inflammation is critically dependent on the ability of the bone marrow to support the proliferation, differentiation and mobilization of haemopoietic progenitors. The haemopoietic inductive microenvironment in the bone marrow is crucial for providing signals necessary for maintenance of progenitor populations at varying stages of lineage commitment and permitting these cells to circulate in the bloodstream. Progenitors demonstrate responsiveness to specific cytokines, which varies with stage of differentiation. Pro-inflammatory signals, Th2 cytokines in particular, generated following allergen challenge, can impact on haemopoietic progenitor differentiation and mobilization, leading to accelerated Eo/B production. Allergen inhalation by allergic asthmatics induces a time-dependent change in cytokine levels within the bone marrow compartment, influencing differentiation of Eo/B progenitors, as evidenced by the relationship between increased bone marrow IL-5 levels and Eo/B production. It is proposed that inhaled allergen induces trafficking of IL-5-producing T lymphocytes to the bone marrow, further promoting eosinophilopoiesis through IL-5R signalling. In this manner, Th2 lymphocyte trafficking from the airway may regulate events occurring in the bone marrow. Negative regulators of Eo/B differentiation, including Th1 cytokines, may prove to be important for restoring homeostasis. Eo/B progenitors are also altered in cord blood of infants at risk of atopy and asthma, offering a potential biomarker for, and raising the possibility that Eo/B progenitors are directly involved in the development of allergic disease. For example, changes in the expression of haemopoietic cytokine receptors on cord blood progenitor cells are associated with maternal allergic sensitization, atopic risk and its development, suggesting that haemopoietic processes underlying the allergic phenotype may begin to evolve in the perinatal period.
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Gaspar-Elsas MI, Queto T, Vasconcelos Z, Jones CP, Lannes-Vieira J, Xavier-Elsas P. Evidence for a regulatory role of alpha 4-integrins in the maturation of eosinophils generated from the bone marrow in the presence of dexamethasone. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1187-98. [PMID: 19508325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eosinophils co-express multiple integrin receptors, the contributions of integrins to eosinophil development have not been explored. We previously described extensive aggregation and cytological immaturity in eosinophils developing in bone-marrow (BM) cultures exposed to dexamethasone. Here we examined the relationship of alpha 4 integrins with these effects of dexamethasone. OBJECTIVES We evaluated: (a) the effects of exposure to dexamethasone in BM culture on eosinophil expression of alpha 4 integrin receptors and ligands; (b) the contribution of alpha 4 integrins to eosinophil aggregation and maturation. METHODS Cultures were established with IL-5 (alone or with dexamethasone) for up to 7 days, and eosinophil production, alpha 4 integrin receptor/ligand expression, aggregation and morphology were evaluated before and after targeting alpha 4 integrin-dependent adhesions. Because prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) modifies the effects of dexamethasone on eosinophilopoiesis, PGE2 effects on alpha 4 integrin expression and function were also evaluated. RESULTS Dexamethasone increased the yield of eosinophils up to day 7. The frequency of eosinophils expressing alpha 4, beta1 and beta 7 integrin receptors at day 7 was also increased by dexamethasone. Eosinophils also expressed the alpha 4 beta 1 ligand, VCAM-1. Dexamethasone increased the expression of alpha 4 integrin and VCAM-1 in aggregates containing eosinophils as early as day 3. PGE2, added up to day 3, modified the effects of dexamethasone to suppress the expression of alpha 4 integrin, decrease aggregation and promote cytological maturation of eosinophils recovered at day 7. Dissociation of immature eosinophils from clusters present at day 3 by reagents targeting alpha 4 or beta1 integrins or VCAM-1 also induced cytological maturation. The concordant effects of targeting alpha 4 integrins with drugs and antibodies support a relationship between alpha 4-mediated aggregation and maturational arrest. CONCLUSIONS These observations support a novel role for alpha 4 integrin receptors and ligands in eosinophilopoiesis. In addition, increased alpha 4 expression following glucocorticoid exposure may contribute to the retention and accumulation of eosinophils in haemopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Gaspar-Elsas
- Department of Paediatrics, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hogan MB, Piktel D, Hubbs AF, McPherson LE, Landreth KS. Asthma progression to airway remodeling and bone marrow eosinophil responses in genetically distinct strains of mice. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 101:619-25. [PMID: 19119706 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient factors that cause long-term airway remodeling are largely unidentified. This suggests that genetic differences may determine which asthmatic patients develop airway remodeling. A murine model with repeated allergen exposure leading to peribronchial fibrosis in complement factor 5 (C5)-deficient A/J mice has been used to study asthma progression. No studies have addressed the systemic effects of allergen sensitization or chronic allergen exposure on bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis in this mouse strain. OBJECTIVE To investigate bone marrow eosinophil responses during acute sensitization and chronic allergen exposure using genetically distinct mouse strains differing in persistent airway reactivity and remodeling. METHODS The C5-sufficient BALB/c and C5-deficient A/J mice were repetitively exposed to intranasal ovalbumin for 12 weeks. Subsequently, the mice were evaluated for airway eosinophilia, mucus-containing goblet cells, and peribronchial fibrosis. Both strains of mice were also acutely sensitized to ovalbumin. Bone marrow eosinophil progenitor cells and mature eosinophils were enumerated. RESULTS BALB/c and A/J mice have similar bone marrow responses after acute allergen exposure, with elevations in bone marrow eosinophil progenitor cell and eosinophil numbers. After chronic allergen exposure, only C5-deficient A/J mice that developed peribronchial fibrosis exhibited bone marrow eosinophilia. BALB/c mice lacked peribronchial fibrosis and extinguished accelerated eosinophil production after long-term allergen challenge. CONCLUSIONS Chronic airway remodeling after repeated allergen exposure in genetically different mice correlated with differences in long-term bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis. Preventing asthma from progressing to chronic airway remodeling with fibrosis may involve identifying genetically determined influences on bone marrow responses to chronic allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89503, USA.
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Magalhães ES, Paiva CN, Souza HSP, Pyrrho AS, Mourão-Sá D, Figueiredo RT, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Dutra HS, Silveira MS, Gaspar-Elsas MIC, Xavier-Elsas P, Bozza PT, Bozza MT. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is critical to interleukin-5-driven eosinophilopoiesis and tissue eosinophilia triggered by Schistosoma mansoni infection. FASEB J 2008; 23:1262-71. [PMID: 19088181 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including asthma, in which it enhances airway hypersensitivity and tissue eosinophilia. Herein, we investigated the role of MIF in eosinophilopoiesis and tissue eosinophilia using Schistosoma mansoni infection. MIF-deficient (Mif(-/-)) mice had similar numbers of adult worms, eggs, and granulomas compared to wild-type mice, but the size of granulomas was strikingly reduced due to smaller numbers of eosinophils. MIF did not affect the acquired response to infection, as Mif(-/-) mice produced normal amounts of Th2 cytokines and IgE. Nevertheless, recombinant MIF (rMIF) behaved as a chemoattractant for eosinophils, what could partially explain the reduced eosinophilia in infected Mif(-/-) mice. Moreover, the percentage of eosinophils was reduced in bone marrows of Mif(-/-) mice chronically infected with S. mansoni compared to wild type. Mif(-/-) had impaired eosinophilopoiesis in response to interleukin (IL)-5 and addition of rMIF to bone marrow cultures from IL-5 transgenic mice enhanced the generation of eosinophils. In the absence of MIF, eosinophil precursors were unable to survive the IL-5-supplemented cell culture, and were ingested by macrophages. Treatment with pancaspase inhibitor z-VAD or rMIF promoted the survival of eosinophil progenitors. Together, these results indicate that MIF participates in IL-5-driven maturation of eosinophils and in tissue eosinophilia associated with S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Magalhães
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rådinger M, Lötvall J. Eosinophil progenitors in allergy and asthma - do they matter? Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:174-84. [PMID: 19059433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Allergic inflammation is associated with marked infiltration of eosinophils in affected tissues. The eosinophil is believed to be a key effector cells in allergen induced asthma pathogenesis. However, the role of eosinophils in the clinical manifestation of asthma has recently been questioned, since therapies directed against eosinophil infiltration (i.e. anti-interleukin-5) failed to improve clinical symptoms such as airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in patients with asthma. Although eosinophils in peripheral blood and the airways were largely depleted after anti-IL-5 treatment, residual eosinophilia in lung tissue persisted, which permits speculation that the remaining eosinophils may be sufficient to drive the asthma symptomatology. Furthermore, recent findings suggest that primitive eosinophil progenitor cells traffic from the bone marrow to sites of inflammation in response to allergen exposure. These progenitors may then differentiate in situ and thus provide an ongoing supply of mature pro-inflammatory cells and secretory mediators that augment the inflammatory response. In the present article, we will review the evidence for these findings, and discuss the rationale for targeting hematopoiesis and their migration pathways in the treatment of allergic diseases. Furthermore, this review will highlight the hypothesis that both IL-5- and CCR3-mediated signaling pathways may need to be targeted in order to control the inflammation and AHR associated with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rådinger
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Ramos GC, Rodrigues CM, Azevedo GM, Pinho V, Carvalho CR, Vaz NM. Cell-mediated immune response to unrelated proteins and unspecific inflammation blocked by orally tolerated proteins. Immunology 2008; 126:354-62. [PMID: 18759750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance promotes a generalized decrease in specific immune responsiveness to proteins previously encountered via the oral route. In addition, parenteral immunization with a tolerated protein also triggers a significant reduction in the primary responsiveness to a second unrelated antigen. This is generally explained by 'innocent bystander suppression', suggesting that the transient and episodic effects of inhibitory cytokines released by contact with the tolerated antigen would block responses to the second antigen. In disagreement with this view, we have previously shown that: (i) these inhibitory effects do not require concomitance or contiguity of the injections of the two proteins; (ii) that intravenous or intragastric exposures to the tolerated antigen are not inhibitory; and (iii) that the inhibitory effect, once triggered, persists in the absence of further contact with the tolerated protein, possibly by inhibition of secondary responsiveness (immunological memory). The present work confirms that immunological memory of the second unrelated antigen is hindered by exposure to the tolerated antigen and, in addition, shows that this exposure: (i) inhibits the inflammation triggered by an unrelated antigen through the double effect of inhibiting production of leucocytes in the bone marrow and blocking their migration to inflammed sites; and (ii) significantly blocks footpaw swelling triggered by carrageenan. Taken together, these results conclusively demonstrate that inhibitory effects of parenteral injection of tolerated antigens are much more general than suggested by the 'innocent bystander suppression' hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Rådinger M, Bossios A, Alm AS, Jeurink P, Lu Y, Malmhäll C, Sjöstrand M, Lötvall J. Regulation of allergen-induced bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis: role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Allergy 2007; 62:1410-8. [PMID: 17983375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of the distant stimulation of the bone marrow (BM) after airway allergen exposure remain largely obscure. T cells have been implicated in allergic airway inflammation but their role in allergen-induced BM eosinophilopoiesis is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in allergen-induced BM eosinophilopoiesis. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized wild type (WT), CD4 knockout (CD4-/-) and CD8 knockout (CD8-/-) mice were exposed intranasally to OVA or saline. Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label newly produced cells. Bone marrow, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were sampled 24 h after the final exposure. Immunostaining for newly produced eosinophils (i.e. BrdU(+)/MBP(+)) and BM eosinophil progenitor [CD34(+)/CD45(+)/interleukin-5 (IL-5)Ralpha(+)] cells was performed. RESULTS The number of newly produced BM eosinophils (BrdU(+)/MBP(+) cells) was significantly reduced in allergen exposed CD4-/- or CD8-/- mice compared with allergen exposed WT mice, which was followed by a subsequent decrease in newly produced blood and airway eosinophils. Furthermore, BM eosinophil progenitors were significantly reduced in allergen exposed CD4-/- and CD8-/- mice compared with WT mice. Finally, serum IL-5 and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eotaxin-2 levels were abolished in allergen exposed CD4-/- mice to levels seen in saline exposed WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggests that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells have a regulatory role in allergen-induced BM eosinophilopoiesis, whereas CD4(+) T cells are obligatory for allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. The subsequent traffic of eosinophils to the airways is likely to be at least partly regulated by a CD4(+) T-cell-dependent local airway eotaxin-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rådinger
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Institite of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Xavier-Elsas P, Santos-Maximiano E, Queto T, Mendonça-Sales S, Joseph D, Gaspar-Elsas MIC, Vargaftig BB. Ectopic lung transplantation induces the accumulation of eosinophil progenitors in the recipients' lungs through an allergen- and interleukin-5-dependent mechanism. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:29-38. [PMID: 17210039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway challenge of ovalbumin-sensitized mice induces intrapulmonary accumulation of eosinophil progenitors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether allergen-challenged lungs release factors promoting intrapulmonary accumulation of haemopoietic cells, and define the role of allergic lung injury, we developed a transplantation model. METHODS Lung tissue from allergen-challenged, sensitized donors was ectopically grafted in syngeneic recipients, and haemopoietic progenitors inside the lungs of the recipients were quantified. RESULTS In BALB/c mice, accumulation of progenitors occurred only when: (a) donors were sensitized and airway challenged with homologous allergen; (b) and recipients were sensitized. Grafts from the appropriate donors released biologically active IL-5, which was effective in sensitized recipients. The effect of the appropriate donor-recipient combination was prevented by neutralizing anti-IL-5 antibody. Grafts from unchallenged, sensitized donors synergized with recombinant IL-5 in sensitized recipients. Unlike BALB/c, grafts from naïve IL-5 transgenic CBA/Ca mice (whose lungs contained a large number of progenitors, independently of sensitization and challenge) were effective in non-transgenic, ovalbumin-sensitized recipients. CONCLUSION This shows that: (a) intrapulmonary accumulation of progenitors is independent of immunological injury; (b) grafts systemically release IL-5, which is required for progenitor accumulation in the recipients' lungs; (c) and sensitization is required for full responsiveness to IL-5 and for generation of lung-derived signals that synergize with IL-5.
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Abstract
Chronic sinusitis comprises numerous disorders characterized by inflammation, mucous gland hyperplasia, and remodeling. Chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis (CHES) is characterized by unrestrained proliferation of eosinophils, Th2-like lymphocytes, fibroblasts, goblet cells, and mast cells. The pathology of CHES is similar to that of asthma, and it is frequently diagnosed in association with asthma. It has been reported that exacerbations of CHES occur temporally with worsening of asthma; however, in the absence of well-controlled studies, this linkage remains unproven. In this article, the potential mechanisms linking these two diseases are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA.
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Smart BA. The impact of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis on pediatric sinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006; 6:221-7. [PMID: 16579872 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-006-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a great deal of published evidence that there is a relationship between both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis and sinusitis in both pediatric and adult patients. The relationship between rhinitis and sinusitis may involve inflammation in one compartment leading to secondary inflammation in the other compartment, such as in the case of rhinitis leading to obstruction of the osteomeatal complex. The relationship may also involve individual manifestations of a shared process, such as allergic disease. A better understanding of the relationship between rhinitis and sinusitis may significantly influence the treatment of these common and important conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Smart
- Asthma and Allergy Center, DuPage Medical Group, 454 Pennsylvania Avenue, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
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Rådinger M, Sergejeva S, Johansson AK, Malmhäll C, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ, Lötvall J. Regulatory role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis. Respir Res 2006; 7:83. [PMID: 16740158 PMCID: PMC1534027 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that CD8+ T lymphocytes contribute to local allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation. Since bone marrow (BM) responses are intricately involved in the induction of airway eosinophilia, we hypothesized that CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as CD4+ T lymphocytes, may be involved in this process. Methods Several approaches were utilized. Firstly, mice overexpressing interleukin-5 (IL-5) in CD3+ T lymphocytes (NJ.1638; CD3IL-5+ mice) were bred with gene knockout mice lacking either CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4-/-) or CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8-/-) to produce CD3IL-5+ knockout mice deficient in CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD3IL-5+/CD4-/-) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD3IL-5+/CD8-/-), respectively. Secondly, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from naïve CD3IL-5+ and C57BL/6 mice were adoptively transferred to immunodeficient SCID-bg mice to determine their effect on BM eosinophilia. Thirdly, CD3IL-5+, CD3IL-5+/CD8-/- and CD3IL-5+/CD4-/- mice were sensitized and allergen challenged. Bone marrow and blood samples were collected in all experiments. Results The number of BM eosinophils was significantly reduced in CD3IL-5+/CD8-/- mice compared to CD3IL-5+ mice and CD3IL-5+/CD4-/- mice. Serum IL-5 was significantly higher in CD3IL-5+/CD4-/- mice compared to CD3IL-5+ mice but there was no difference in serum IL-5 between CD3IL-5+/CD4-/- and CD3IL-5+/CD8-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of CD8+, but not CD4+ T lymphocytes from naïve CD3IL-5+ and C57BL/6 mice restored BM eosinophilia in immunodeficient SCID-bg mice. Additionally, allergen challenged CD3IL-5+/CD8-/- mice developed lower numbers of BM eosinophils compared to CD3IL-5+ mice and CD3IL-5+/CD4-/- mice. Conclusion This study shows that CD8+ T lymphocytes are intricately involved in the regulation of BM eosinophilopoiesis, both in non-sensitized as well as sensitized and allergen challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rådinger
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Sergejeva
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- The Unit for Lung Investigations, Faculty of Science, Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
| | - Anna-Karin Johansson
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - James J Lee
- Divison of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Rodrigues CM, Martins-Filho OA, Vaz NM, Carvalho CR. Systemic effects of oral tolerance on inflammation: mobilization of lymphocytes and bone marrow eosinopoiesis. Immunology 2006; 117:517-25. [PMID: 16556266 PMCID: PMC1782253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance is a T-cell mediated phenomenon defined by inhibition of immune responsiveness to a protein previously contacted by the oral route. Oral tolerance may prevent autoimmune and allergic diseases that involve the recruitment and/or activation of different cell types including mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. The mechanisms by which oral tolerance avoids these immunological disorders are still controversial. Herein we used a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced peritonitis to investigate the effect of oral tolerance on allergic inflammation. Frequency of leucocyte subpopulations was evaluated by global and differential cell counts in peritoneal lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. Changes on lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules expression by these cells were analysed by flow cytometry. As compared with OVA-immune mice, intraperitoneal challenge of tolerant animals with OVA resulted in a significantly milder peritonitis, mostly affecting neutrophils and eosinophils; a concomitant reduction in total white blood cell counts was also observed, mainly because of lower neutrophil and eosinophil counts. Eosinophils, but not neutrophils, were also reduced in the bone-marrow of OVA-challenged tolerant mice. No changes occurred in total peritoneal lymphocyte counts in OVA-tolerant mice, however, there was a significant decrease in CD3+ CD8+ T cells and an increase in B cells (CD45R+) in these animals as compared to immune OVA-challenged animals. Altered expression of CD18 and CD54, respectively, in blood and peritoneal lymphocytes was also noted. These results suggest that, in addition to local specific effects, oral tolerance has systemic effects on the mobilization of leucocytes and bone-marrow eosinopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiney M Rodrigues
- Departmentos de Morfologia, ICB-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Maximiano ES, Elsas PX, de Mendonça Sales SC, Jones CP, Joseph D, Vargaftig BB, Gaspar Elsas MIC. Cells isolated from bone-marrow and lungs of allergic BALB/C mice and cultured in the presence of IL-5 are respectively resistant and susceptible to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:857-70. [PMID: 15778122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that, in IL-5-stimulated bone-marrow cultures, dexamethasone upregulates eosinophil differentiation and protects developing eosinophils from apoptosis induced by a variety of agents. Recently developed procedures for the isolation of hemopoietic cells from allergic murine lungs have enabled us to evaluate how these cells respond to dexamethasone in IL-5-stimulated cultures, when compared with bone-marrow-derived cells isolated from the same donors, and whether differences in response patterns were linked to apoptosis. Ovalbumin challenge of sensitized mice increased significantly the numbers of mature leukocytes as well as hemopoietic cells recovered from digested lung fragments, relative to saline-challenged, sensitized controls. Both mature eosinophils and cells capable of differentiating into eosinophils in the presence of IL-5 were present in lungs from sensitized mice 24 h after airway challenge. Dexamethasone strongly inhibited eosinophil differentiation in IL-5-stimulated cultures of lung hemopoietic cells. By contrast, dexamethasone enhanced eosinophil differentiation in cultures of allergic bone-marrow cells, in identical conditions. Hemopoietic cells from lungs and bone-marrow were respectively susceptible and resistant to induction of apoptosis by dexamethasone. The dexamethasone-sensitive step was the response to IL-5 in culture, while accumulation of IL-5 responsive cells in allergen-challenged lungs was dexamethasone-resistant. Cells from lungs and bone-marrow, cultured for 3 days with IL-5 in the absence of dexamethasone, did not respond to a subsequent exposure to dexamethasone in the presence of IL-5. These findings confirm that IL-5-responsive hemopoietic cells found in challenged, sensitized murine lungs differ from those in bone-marrow, with respect to the cellular responses induced by dexamethasone, including apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Maximiano
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Humana, Depto. de Pediatria, Instituto Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Av. Rui Barbosa, 716, Praia do Flamengo, CEP 22250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the role of the upper airways in the atopic march. Evidence examining the theory that allergic rhinitis precedes asthma will be discussed. In addition, the role of allergic rhinitis as an end point in the atopic march will be reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Ciprandi and colleagues found that nasal symptoms, airflow and markers of inflammation (eosinophils, cytokine levels) directly correlated with lower airway markers. This confirms previous studies finding that many patients with allergic rhinitis have lower airway hyperreactivity or bronchial hyperresponsiveness and the link between upper and lower airways. Leynaert and colleagues questioned over 90 000 individuals and found that patients with rhinitis have increased risk for asthma and lower airway reactivity compared with patients without rhinitis. In the German Multicenter Atopy Study, a longitudinal study of 1300 children, patients with atopic dermatitis were found to have increased risk for asthma at 7 years of age. Patients with atopic dermatitis and no wheezing in the first 3 years, however, did not have an increased risk for developing current wheezing or bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 7 years of age. It was proposed that atopic dermatitis and asthma are linked, but atopic dermatitis does not precede asthma. SUMMARY Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for asthma and can precede asthma in the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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