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Liu C, Wang J, Tan Y, Liu C, Qu X, Liu H, Tan M, Deng C, Qin X, Xiang Y. CTNNAL1 promotes the structural integrity of bronchial epithelial cells through the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:753-762. [PMID: 38602002 PMCID: PMC11177105 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play critical roles in maintaining the structural integrity of the airway epithelium in airways under stress. Previously, we reported that catenin alpha-like 1 (CTNNAL1) is downregulated in an asthma animal model and upregulated at the edge of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) after ozone stress. In this work, we explore the potential role of CTNNAL1 in the structural adhesion of HBECs and its possible mechanism. We construct a CTNNAL1 ‒/‒ mouse model with CTNNAL1-RNAi recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) in the lung and a CTNNAL1-silencing cell line stably transfected with CTNNAL1-siRNA recombinant plasmids. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining reveals that CTNNAL1 ‒/‒ mice have denuded epithelial cells and structural damage to the airway. Silencing of CTNNAL1 in HBECs inhibits cell proliferation and weakens extracellular matrix adhesion and intercellular adhesion, possibly through the action of the cytoskeleton. We also find that the expressions of the structural adhesion-related molecules E-cadherin, integrin β1, and integrin β4 are significantly decreased in ozone-treated cells than in vector control cells. In addition, our results show that the expression levels of RhoA/ROCK1 are decreased after CTNNAL1 silencing. Treatment with Y27632, a ROCK inhibitor, abolished the expressions of adhesion molecules induced by ozone in CTNNAL1-overexpressing HBECs. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that CTNNAL1 plays a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of the airway epithelium under ozone challenge, and is associated with epithelial cytoskeleton dynamics and the expressions of adhesion-related molecules via the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral DiseasesHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangsha410208China
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Yurong Tan
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Chi Liu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Meiling Tan
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Changqing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral DiseasesHunan University of Chinese MedicineChangsha410208China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Basic MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410078China
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Bullone M, Lavoie JP. The Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Inflamm-Aging in Human and Equine Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122612. [PMID: 29206130 PMCID: PMC5751215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a dysregulation of the immune system, leading to a general pro-inflammatory state of the organism, a process that has been named inflamm-aging. Oxidative stress has an important role in aging and in the regulation of immune responses, probably playing a role in the development of age-related diseases. The respiratory system function physiologically declines with the advancement of age. In elderly asthmatic patients, this may contribute to disease expression. In this review, we will focus on age-related changes affecting the immune system and in respiratory structure and function that could contribute to asthma occurrence, and/or clinical presentation in the elderly. Also, naturally occurring equine asthma will be discussed as a possible model for studying the importance of oxidative stress and immun-aging/inflamm-aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, AUO San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Bakand S, Hayes A, Winder C, Khalil C, Markovic B. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of airborne formaldehyde collected in serum-free culture media. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 21:147-54. [PMID: 16149729 DOI: 10.1191/0748233705th223oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a suitable sampling model for on-site toxicity assessment of soluble air contaminants such as formaldehyde, a well known industrial and indoor air contaminant. The in vitro cytotoxicity of formaldehyde, the selected model for soluble air contaminants, was studied using the MTS (tetrazolium salt) assay in two carcinoma cell lines, A549 epithelial lung and HepG2 hepatocarcinoma, and in skin fibroblasts. The cytotoxic effects of airborne formaldehyde were evaluated using test atmospheres in concentrations below 10 ppm (12.3 mg/m3), generated by a dynamic diffusion method and bubbled (0.3 L/min) through serum-free culture media for one or four hours. Human cells were treated with formaldehyde air samples, and cell viability was determined after four hours incubation. In parallel, the concentration of airborne formaldehyde was monitored, using the 3500 NIOSH method. Cell viability of the HepG2 cells exposed to formaldehyde air samples (8.75 ppm-4 h) was reduced to less than 50% (31.69/1.24%). The HepG2 cell lines were found to be more sensitive (IC50=103.799/23.55 mg/L) to formaldehyde than both A549 cell lines (IC50=198.369/9.54 mg/L) and skin fibroblasts (IC50=196.689/36.73 mg/L) (PB/0.01). An average of 96.8% was determined for collection efficiency of formaldehyde in serum-free culture media. The results of this study suggest that absorption of soluble air contaminants, such as formaldehyde, in serum-free culture media can be used as a suitable sampling model for on-site toxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakand
- Chemical Safety and Applied Toxicology Laboratories, School of Safety Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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Gao W, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Huang M, Yao X. Bronchial epithelial cells: The key effector cells in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Respirology 2015; 20:722-9. [PMID: 25868842 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the bronchial epithelium is to act as a defensive barrier aiding the maintenance of normal airway function. Bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) form the interface between the external environment and the internal milieu, making it a major target of inhaled insults. However, BEC can also serve as effectors to initiate and orchestrate immune and inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines and cytokines, which recruit and activate inflammatory cells. They also produce excess reactive oxygen species as a result of an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that contributes to chronic pulmonary inflammation and lung tissue damage. Accumulated mucus from hyperplastic BEC obstructs the lumen of small airways, whereas impaired cell repair, squamous metaplasia and increased extracellular matrix deposition underlying the epithelium is associated with airway remodelling particularly fibrosis and thickening of the airway wall. These alterations in small airway structure lead to airflow limitation, which is critical in the clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this review, we discuss the abnormal function of BEC within a disturbed immune homeostatic environment consisting of ongoing inflammation, oxidative stress and small airway obstruction. We provide an overview of recent insights into the function of the bronchial epithelium in the pathogenesis of COPD and how this may provide novel therapeutic approaches for a number of chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sini Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen species-related pulmonary inflammation and asthma. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:57-63. [PMID: 23665383 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a highly relevant disorder that can be induced by many environmental factors such as allergens and pollutants. One of the most critical pathological symptoms of asthma is airway inflammation. In order to identify a cause of respiratory inflammation, we thoroughly examine the unique role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence supports that the inhalation of aggravating compounds such as allergens can promote the increased generation of ROS. Accordingly, ROS have a proven role in the cellular signaling cascades of many respiratory diseases that cause respiratory inflammation, including asthma. Although there is no known cure for asthma, current treatments effectively lessen the inflammation symptom. Based on the investigations of asthma pathogenesis and the mechanism of ROS formation, we have identified several novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic treatments, shedding light on a fundamental understanding for the cure of this disorder. In this review, we will outline the pathogenesis of asthma and its relationship to ROS, oxidative stress, and pulmonary inflammation.
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Murgia C, Grosser D, Truong-Tran AQ, Roscioli E, Michalczyk A, Ackland ML, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Lang C, Knight D, Perozzi G, Ruffin RE, Zalewski P. Apical localization of zinc transporter ZnT4 in human airway epithelial cells and its loss in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Nutrients 2011; 3:910-28. [PMID: 22254085 PMCID: PMC3257720 DOI: 10.3390/nu3110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The apical cytoplasm of airway epithelium (AE) contains abundant labile zinc (Zn) ions that are involved in the protection of AE from oxidants and inhaled noxious substances. A major question is how dietary Zn traffics to this compartment. In rat airways, in vivo selenite autometallographic (Se-AMG)-electron microscopy revealed labile Zn-selenium nanocrystals in structures resembling secretory vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. This observation was consistent with the starry-sky Zinquin fluorescence staining of labile Zn ions confined to the same region. The vesicular Zn transporter ZnT4 was likewise prominent in both the apical and basal parts of the epithelium both in rodent and human AE, although the apical pools were more obvious. Expression of ZnT4 mRNA was unaffected by changes in the extracellular Zn concentration. However, levels increased 3-fold during growth of cells in air liquid interface cultures and decreased sharply in the presence of retinoic acid. When comparing nasal versus bronchial human AE cells, there were significant positive correlations between levels of ZnT4 from the same subject, suggesting that nasal brushings may allow monitoring of airway Zn transporter expression. Finally, there were marked losses of both basally-located ZnT4 protein and labile Zn in the bronchial epithelium of mice with allergic airway inflammation. This study is the first to describe co-localization of zinc vesicles with the specific zinc transporter ZnT4 in airway epithelium and loss of ZnT4 protein in inflamed airways. Direct evidence that ZnT4 regulates Zn levels in the epithelium still needs to be provided. We speculate that ZnT4 is an important regulator of zinc ion accumulation in secretory apical vesicles and that the loss of labile Zn and ZnT4 in airway inflammation contributes to AE vulnerability in diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Murgia
- INRAN-National Research Institute on Food & Nutrition, Roma 00178, Italy; (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Dion Grosser
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
| | - Ai Q. Truong-Tran
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
| | - Eugene Roscioli
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
| | - Agnes Michalczyk
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (A.M.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Margaret Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (A.M.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Meredin Stoltenberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Neurobiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (M.S.); (G.D.)
| | - Gorm Danscher
- Institute of Biomedicine, Neurobiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (M.S.); (G.D.)
| | - Carol Lang
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
| | - Darryl Knight
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Giuditta Perozzi
- INRAN-National Research Institute on Food & Nutrition, Roma 00178, Italy; (C.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Richard E. Ruffin
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
| | - Peter Zalewski
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia; (D.G.); (A.Q.T.-T.); (E.R.); (C.L.); (R.E.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +61-8-8222-7344; Fax: +61-8-8222-6042
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Chimenti L, Morici G, Paternò A, Santagata R, Bonanno A, Profita M, Riccobono L, Bellia V, Bonsignore MR. Bronchial epithelial damage after a half-marathon in nonasthmatic amateur runners. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L857-62. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00053.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High neutrophil counts in induced sputum have been found in nonasthmatic amateur runners at rest and after a marathon, but the pathogenesis of airway neutrophilia in athletes is still poorly understood. Bronchial epithelial damage may occur during intense exercise, as suggested by investigations conducted in endurance-trained mice and competitive human athletes studied under resting conditions. To gain further information on airway changes acutely induced by exercise, airway cell composition, apoptosis, IL-8 concentration in induced sputum, and serum CC-16 level were measured in 15 male amateur runners at rest (baseline) and shortly after a half-marathon. Different from results obtained after a marathon, neutrophil absolute counts were unchanged, whereas bronchial epithelial cell absolute counts and their apoptosis increased significantly ( P < 0.01). IL-8 in induced sputum supernatants almost doubled postrace compared with baseline ( P < 0.01) and correlated positively with bronchial epithelial cell absolute counts ( R2 = 0.373, P < 0.01). Serum CC-16 significantly increased after all races ( P < 0.01). These data show mild bronchial epithelial cell injury acutely induced by intense endurance exercise in humans, extending to large airways the data obtained in peripheral airways of endurance-trained mice. Therefore, neutrophil influx into the airways of athletes may be secondary to bronchial epithelial damage associated with intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chimenti
- Department Biomedico Di Medicina Interna & Specialistica, Section of Pneumology, and
| | - Giuseppe Morici
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Palermo, and
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paternò
- Department Biomedico Di Medicina Interna & Specialistica, Section of Pneumology, and
| | - Roberta Santagata
- Department Biomedico Di Medicina Interna & Specialistica, Section of Pneumology, and
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bellia
- Department Biomedico Di Medicina Interna & Specialistica, Section of Pneumology, and
| | - Maria R. Bonsignore
- Department Biomedico Di Medicina Interna & Specialistica, Section of Pneumology, and
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Chimenti L, Morici G, Paterno A, Bonanno A, Vultaggio M, Bellia V, Bonsignore MR. Environmental conditions, air pollutants, and airway cells in runners: a longitudinal field study. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:925-35. [PMID: 19629842 DOI: 10.1080/02640410902946493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Runners have increased numbers of neutrophils in the airways at rest and after exercise compared with sedentary individuals. The aim of this study was to determine whether Mediterranean seasonal changes in temperature, humidity or airborne pollutants affect the airway cells of runners training outdoors in an urban environment. In nine male amateur runners, cell composition, apoptosis, and inflammatory mediators were measured in induced sputum collected at rest (baseline) and the morning after races held in the fall (21 km), winter (12 km), and summer (10 km). Concentrations of air pollutants were below the alert threshold at all times. Neutrophil differential counts tended to increase after all races (P = 0.055). Apoptosis of neutrophils increased with ozone (P < 0.005) and particulate matter <10 microm (PM10) (P < 0.05) exposure. Bronchial epithelial cell counts were low at all times and weakly correlated with ozone and PM10 concentrations. Apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells increased after all races (P < 0.05). Inflammatory mediators in induced sputum were low at baseline and after the races, and correlated with neutrophil differential counts only at rest. In conclusion, apoptosis of airway cells in runners appears to be affected by both exercise and environmental conditions. Apoptosis of neutrophils increased with exposure to environmental pollutants while apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells increased after intense exercise. Since no relationship was observed between neutrophil counts and inflammatory mediators 20 h after races, airways inflammation at this time point appears blunted in healthy runners and little affected by exposure to mild seasonal changes and airborne pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chimenti
- Department of Medicine, Pneumology, Physiology and Nutrition (DIMPEFINU), University of Palermo, Italy.
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9
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Bakand S, Winder C, Khalil C, Hayes A. Toxicity Assessment of Industrial Chemicals and Airborne Contaminants: Transition fromIn VivotoIn VitroTest Methods: A Review. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:775-87. [PMID: 16195213 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500225240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to occupational and environmental contaminants is a major contributor to human health problems. Inhalation of gases, vapors, aerosols, and mixtures of these can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation to systemic diseases. Despite significant achievements in the risk assessment of chemicals, the toxicological database, particularly for industrial chemicals, remains limited. Considering there are approximately 80,000 chemicals in commerce, and an extremely large number of chemical mixtures, in vivo testing of this large number is unachievable from both economical and practical perspectives. While in vitro methods are capable of rapidly providing toxicity information, regulatory agencies in general are still cautious about the replacement of whole-animal methods with new in vitro techniques. Although studying the toxic effects of inhaled chemicals is a complex subject, recent studies demonstrate that in vitro methods may have significant potential for assessing the toxicity of airborne contaminants. In this review, current toxicity test methods for risk evaluation of industrial chemicals and airborne contaminants are presented. To evaluate the potential applications of in vitro methods for studying respiratory toxicity, more recent models developed for toxicity testing of airborne contaminants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakand
- Chemical Safety and Applied Toxicology (CSAT) Laboratories, School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Tuck SA, Ramos-Barbón D, Campbell H, McGovern T, Karmouty-Quintana H, Martin JG. Time course of airway remodelling after an acute chlorine gas exposure in mice. Respir Res 2008; 9:61. [PMID: 18702818 PMCID: PMC2531104 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental chlorine (Cl2) gas inhalation is a common cause of acute airway injury. However, little is known about the kinetics of airway injury and repair after Cl2 exposure. We investigated the time course of airway epithelial damage and repair in mice after a single exposure to a high concentration of Cl2 gas. Mice were exposed to 800 ppm Cl2 gas for 5 minutes and studied from 12 hrs to 10 days post-exposure. The acute injury phase after Cl2 exposure (< or = 24 hrs post-exposure) was characterized by airway epithelial cell apoptosis (increased TUNEL staining) and sloughing, elevated protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and a modest increase in airway responses to methacholine. The repair phase after Cl2 exposure was characterized by increased airway epithelial cell proliferation, measured by immunoreactive proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), with maximal proliferation occurring 5 days after Cl2 exposure. At 10 days after Cl2 exposure the airway smooth muscle mass was increased relative to controls, suggestive of airway smooth muscle hyperplasia and there was evidence of airway fibrosis. No increase in goblet cells occurred at any time point. We conclude that a single exposure of mice to Cl2 gas causes acute changes in lung function, including pulmonary responsiveness to methacholine challenge, associated with airway damage, followed by subsequent repair and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Tuck
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Abstract
This review describes production and effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on airway function. ROS are important in many physiological processes but can also have detrimental effects on airway cells and tissues when produced in high quantities or during the absence of sufficient amounts of anti-oxidants. Therefore, these mediators play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory airway disorders, including asthma. Effects of ROS on airway function in asthma have been studied with isolated airway cells and tissues and with animal models and patients. With the use of inhibitors, transgenic animals and measurements of the release of ROS within the airways, it became clear that oxidative stress contributes to the initiation and worsening of inflammatory respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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12
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Ritter D, Knebel JW, Aufderheide M. In vitro exposure of isolated cells to native gaseous compounds--development and validation of an optimized system for human lung cells. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2001; 53:373-86. [PMID: 11817107 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An exposure system for adherent growing cells to native gaseous compounds was developed using air/liquid culture techniques on the basis of the Cultex system'. In contrast to other exposure systems the reproducible testing of native environmentally relevant gases without changing their physical or chemical properties including heating, CO2- content and humidity is possible. Specially designed systems for medium flow and gas support guarantee the nutrification and humidification as well as the direct gas contact of the exposed cells which are cultivated on microporous membranes (0.4 microm pore size). The system works independently of a cell culture incubator offering the possibility to analyze any relevant gas mixture directly under indoor or outdoor conditions. Several experimental approaches were carried out to characterize the properties of the system. In exploratory experiments without cells, the reproducibility and quality of the gas/membrane contact could be demonstrated. Exposures of human lung fibroblasts (Lk004 cells) and human lung epithelial cells (HFBE-21 cells) to synthetic air, ozone (202 ppb, 510 ppb) and nitrogen dioxide (75 ppb to 1,200 ppb) established that cells could be treated for 120 minutes without significant loss of cellular viability. At the same time, the experiments confirmed that such exposure times are long enough to detect biological effects of environmentally relevant gas mixtures. The analysis of viability (viable cell number, tetrazoliumsalt cleavage) and intracellular end-points (oxidized/reduced glutathione, ATP/ADP) showed that both gases induced relevant cellular changes. In summary, the efficiency and practicability of this newly developed exposure system for adherent human lung cells could be clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ritter
- Department In Vitro Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hannover, Germany
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Altman GB, Gown AM, Luchtel DL, Baker C. RANTES production by cultured primate endometrial epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42:168-74. [PMID: 10517177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), is a chemokine with monocyte, macrophage, T lymphocyte, and eosinophil attractant and activating activities. This mediator has been detected in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis and in cultures of stromal cells from human endometrial and endometriotic tissue. To determine if endometrial epithelial cells were also a potential source of this mediator, primate endometrial epithelial cells were cultured in vitro and the constitutive and stimulated production of RANTES in these cultures was measured. METHOD OF STUDY Uterine tissue was obtained from Macaca nemestrina monkeys and the endometrial epithelial cells were isolated and placed in culture for 24-72 hr. RANTES was measured in cell extracts and culture fluids by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Constitute release of RANTES was low, ranging from 28-52 ng/mL but addition of interferon gamma (INF-gamma) or the combination of IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) produced a marked increase in RANTES production. The greatest release, which was nearly 500-fold greater than the basal level, was observed at 72 hr with the combined addition of TNF-alpha and INF-gamma. Nearly 90% of the stimulated RANTES was released into culture fluids, while cell associated RANTES was minimal constituting only 11.2% of the total. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that endometrial epithelial cells can produce and release RANTES. This chemokine may be an important attractant and activator of macrophages, T lymphocytes and/or eosinophils in the uterus during the reproductive cycle or implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Altman
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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