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Papakonstantinou E, Christopoulou ME, Karakioulaki M, Grize L, Tamm M, Stolz D. Ηeparan sulphate in infectious and non-infectious exacerbations of COPD. Respirology 2023. [PMID: 37311657 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are associated with worsening health outcomes and effective treatment of each episode is essential. In this study, we aimed to investigate if plasma levels of heparan sulphate (HS) are associated with the aetiology of AECOPD. METHODS COPD patients (N = 1189), GOLD grade II-IV, from a discovery cohort (N = 638) and from a validation cohort (N = 551), were included in the study. HS and heparanase (HSPE-1) were measured longitudinally in plasma at stable state, at AECOPD and at 4 weeks follow-up. RESULTS Plasma HS was higher in patients with COPD as compared with non-COPD controls and was significantly increased at AECOPD as compared to stable state (p < 0.001) in the discovery and in the validation cohorts. Four distinct exacerbation groups were classified based on aetiology (no-infection/bacterial-infection/viral-infection/bacterial and viral coinfection) in the validation cohort. The fold-increase of HS from stable state to AECOPD was associated with the aetiology of exacerbation and was higher in cases with bacterial and viral coinfections. HSPE-1 was also significantly increased at AECOPD, however, there was no association of HSPE-1 levels with the aetiology of these events. The probability of having an infection at AECOPD was raised as HS levels increased from stable state to AECOPD. This probability was higher for bacterial infections than viral infections. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that circulating levels of HS are increased at AECOPD and this increase may be associated with the aetiology of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary cell Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria-Elpida Christopoulou
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meropi Karakioulaki
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary cell Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Grize
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary cell Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary cell Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonary cell Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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The COPD-Associated Polymorphism Impairs the CFTR Function to Suppress Excessive IL-8 Production upon Environmental Pathogen Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032305. [PMID: 36768629 PMCID: PMC9916815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is a lifestyle-related disease resulting from irreversible damage to respiratory tissues mostly due to chronic exposure to environmental pollutants, including cigarette smoke. Environmental pathogens and pollutants induce the acquired dysfunction of the CFTR Cl- channel, which is invoked in COPD. Despite the increased incidence of CFTR polymorphism R75Q or M470V in COPD patients, the mechanism of how the CFTR variant affects COPD pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of CFTR polymorphisms (R75Q, M470V) on the CFTR function in airway epithelial cell models. While wild-type (WT) CFTR suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine production induced by COPD-related pathogens including pyocyanin (PYO), R75Q- or M470V-CFTR failed. Mechanistically, the R75Q- or M470V-CFTR fractional PM activity (FPMA) was significantly lower than WT-CFTR in the presence of PYO. Notably, the CF drug Trikafta corrected the PM expression of R75Q- or M470V-CFTR even upon PYO exposure and consequently suppressed the excessive IL-8 production. These results suggest that R75Q or M470V polymorphism impairs the CFTR function to suppress the excessive proinflammatory response to environmental pathogens associated with COPD. Moreover, Trikafta may be useful to prevent the COPD pathogenesis associated with acquired CFTR dysfunction.
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Yang Z, Yang Y, Qi X, Liu N, Wang P, Zhang L, Han M, Han S. Thickening of the walls of deep brain abscesses is associated with macrophage infiltration. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1080. [PMID: 34447473 PMCID: PMC8355639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the thickness of brain abscesses in the deep and the superficial brain and to investigate the factors that influence the capsule of brain abscesses. The thickness of the brain abscess wall was evaluated on imaging. Bacteriological examination was performed on the abscess pus and wall, and immunohistochemical staining was used to count the number of macrophages. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze overall survival. The results indicated that the wall of deep-brain abscesses was thicker than that of superficial abscesses. There was a difference in the extent of macrophage infiltration of deep- and superficial-brain abscess walls, and differences in the extent of macrophage infiltration in the wall of brain abscesses caused by various microorganisms were statistically significant. Of note, among the brain abscesses caused by Staphylococcus, the extent of macrophage/microglia infiltration and the thickness of the wall of the deep-brain abscesses were greater than those of superficial-brain abscesses and there was a positive correlation between the number of macrophages and the thickness of the abscess wall. The overall survival (OS) of patients with deep-brain abscess was not significantly shorter than that of patients with superficial-brain abscess. Furthermore, OS was not significantly different among groups of patients receiving different types of treatment. In conclusion, the wall of deep-brain abscesses is thicker than that of superficial abscesses and the infiltration of macrophages is abundant. The thick wall of abscesses in the deep brain may be associated with macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Yakun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Qi
- Department of Pathology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Mingyang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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Guillotin D, Taylor AR, Platé M, Mercer PF, Edwards LM, Haggart R, Miele G, McAnulty RJ, Maher TM, Hynds RE, Jamal-Hanjani M, Marshall RP, Fisher AJ, Blanchard AD, Chambers RC. Transcriptome analysis of IPF fibroblastic foci identifies key pathways involved in fibrogenesis. Thorax 2021; 76:73-82. [PMID: 33214245 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-214902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblastic foci represent the cardinal pathogenic lesion in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and comprise activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, the key effector cells responsible for dysregulated extracellular matrix deposition in multiple fibrotic conditions. The aim of this study was to define the major transcriptional programmes involved in fibrogenesis in IPF by profiling unmanipulated myofibroblasts within fibrotic foci in situ by laser capture microdissection. METHODS The challenges associated with deriving gene calls from low amounts of RNA and the absence of a meaningful comparator cell type were overcome by adopting novel data mining strategies and by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), as well as an eigengene-based approach to identify transcriptional signatures, which correlate with fibrillar collagen gene expression. RESULTS WGCNA identified prominent clusters of genes associated with cell cycle, inflammation/differentiation, translation and cytoskeleton/cell adhesion. Collagen eigengene analysis revealed that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), RhoA kinase and the TSC2/RHEB axis formed major signalling clusters associated with collagen gene expression. Functional studies using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited cells demonstrated a key role for the TSC2/RHEB axis in regulating TGF-β1-induced mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activation and collagen I deposition in mesenchymal cells reflecting IPF and other disease settings, including cancer-associated fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These data provide strong support for the human tissue-based and bioinformatics approaches adopted to identify critical transcriptional nodes associated with the key pathogenic cell responsible for fibrogenesis in situ and further identify the TSC2/RHEB axis as a potential novel target for interfering with excessive matrix deposition in IPF and other fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guillotin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adam R Taylor
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert E Hynds
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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Pepłońska B, Janasik B, McCormack V, Bukowska-Damska A, Kałużny P. Cadmium and volumetric mammographic density: A cross-sectional study in Polish women. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233369. [PMID: 32433664 PMCID: PMC7239444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal, which is widespread in the environment and has been hypothesized to be a metalloestrogen and a breast cancer risk factor. Mammographic density (MD) reflects the composition of the breast and was proposed to be used as a surrogate marker for breast cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate association between cadmium concentration in urine and mammographic density. METHODS A cross-sectional study included 517 women aged 40-60 years who underwent screening mammography in Łódź, Poland. Data were collected through personal interviews and anthropometric measurements. Spot morning urine samples were obtained. The examination of the breasts included both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Raw data ("for processing") generated by the digital mammography system were analysed using Volpara Imaging Software, The volumetric breast density(%) and fibrograndular tissue volume(cm3) were determined. Cadmium concentration in urine was analysed using the standard ICP-MS method. RESULTS After adjusting for key confounders including age, BMI, family breast cancer, mammographic device, season of the year of mammography, and age at menarche, an inverse association of Cd and volumetric breast density was found, which was attenuated after further adjustment for smoking. Associations of Cd with dense volume were null. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Cd is not positively associated with breast density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk, when examined in a cross-sectional fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pepłońska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Janasik
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Valerie McCormack
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Paweł Kałużny
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Hudson KM, Belcher SM, Cowley M. Maternal cadmium exposure in the mouse leads to increased heart weight at birth and programs susceptibility to hypertension in adulthood. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13553. [PMID: 31537853 PMCID: PMC6753073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal ubiquitous in the environment. Maternal exposure to Cd is associated with fetal growth restriction, trace element deficiencies, and congenital malformations. Cd exposure during adulthood is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the effects of maternal Cd exposure on offspring cardiovascular development and disease are not well-understood. Utilizing a mouse model of maternal Cd exposure, we show that offspring born to Cd-exposed mothers have increased heart weights at birth and susceptibility to hypertension during adulthood. Despite inefficient maternal-fetal transfer of Cd, maternal Cd alters fetal levels of essential trace elements including a deficiency in iron, which is required for cardiovascular system development, oxygen homeostasis, and cellular metabolism. RNA-seq on newborn hearts identifies differentially expressed genes associated with maternal Cd exposure that are enriched for functions in CVD, hypertension, enlarged hearts, cellular energy, and hypoxic stress. We propose that a maternal Cd exposure-induced iron deficiency leads to altered cellular metabolic pathways and hypoxic conditions during fetal development; this stress may contribute to increased heart weight at birth and the programming of susceptibility to hypertension in adulthood. These studies will give insights into potential mechanisms through which maternal Cd exposure impacts cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hudson
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Michael Cowley
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Wang N, Kanhere E, Miao J, Triantafyllou MS. Nanoparticles-Modified Chemical Sensor Fabricated on a Flexible Polymer Substrate for Cadmium(II) Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070694. [PMID: 30960619 PMCID: PMC6403681 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a chemical sensor which was microfabricated on top of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. As a result of the unique material properties of LCP, the sensor showed favorable flexibility as well as operational reliability. These features demonstrate potential for integration of the sensor into automated sensing vehicles to achieve real-time detection. The sensor consists of a gold working electrode, a silver/silver chloride reference electrode, and a gold counter electrode. The working electrode of the sensor was further modified with bismuth nanoparticles and Nafion. The modified sensor exhibited a significantly enhanced sensing capability toward cadmium metal ion (Cd(II)) in comparison to the unmodified one. The effects of deposition potential and deposition time on the sensing performance of the sensor were extensively investigated through electrochemical experiments. With optimized parameters, the sensor was capable of quantifying Cd(II) in the concentration range of 0.3 to 25 µg/L. The minimum Cd(II) concentration detected by the sensor was 0.06 µg/L under quiescent deposition. The obtained results suggest that the proposed sensor has a great potential to be deployed for in-situ Cd(II) determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Elgar Kanhere
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Michael S Triantafyllou
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Mercer PF, Woodcock HV, Eley JD, Platé M, Sulikowski MG, Durrenberger PF, Franklin L, Nanthakumar CB, Man Y, Genovese F, McAnulty RJ, Yang S, Maher TM, Nicholson AG, Blanchard AD, Marshall RP, Lukey PT, Chambers RC. Exploration of a potent PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor as a novel anti-fibrotic agent in IPF. Thorax 2016; 71:701-11. [PMID: 27103349 PMCID: PMC4975851 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most rapidly progressive and fatal of all fibrotic conditions with no curative therapies. Common pathomechanisms between IPF and cancer are increasingly recognised, including dysfunctional pan-PI3 kinase (PI3K) signalling as a driver of aberrant proliferative responses. GSK2126458 is a novel, potent, PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor which has recently completed phase I trials in the oncology setting. Our aim was to establish a scientific and dosing framework for PI3K inhibition with this agent in IPF at a clinically developable dose. Methods We explored evidence for pathway signalling in IPF lung tissue and examined the potency of GSK2126458 in fibroblast functional assays and precision-cut IPF lung tissue. We further explored the potential of IPF patient-derived bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells to serve as pharmacodynamic biosensors to monitor GSK2126458 target engagement within the lung. Results We provide evidence for PI3K pathway activation in fibrotic foci, the cardinal lesions in IPF. GSK2126458 inhibited PI3K signalling and functional responses in IPF-derived lung fibroblasts, inhibiting Akt phosphorylation in IPF lung tissue and BAL derived cells with comparable potency. Integration of these data with GSK2126458 pharmacokinetic data from clinical trials in cancer enabled modelling of an optimal dosing regimen for patients with IPF. Conclusions Our data define PI3K as a promising therapeutic target in IPF and provide a scientific and dosing framework for progressing GSK2126458 to clinical testing in this disease setting. A proof-of-mechanism trial of this agent is currently underway. Trial registration number NCT01725139, pre-clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah V Woodcock
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Eley
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michal G Sulikowski
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pascal F Durrenberger
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Franklin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yim Man
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Pauline T Lukey
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Polettini J, Silva MG, Kacerovsky M, Syed TA, Saade GR, Menon R. Screening of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like (LOXL) enzyme expression and activity in preterm prelabor rupture of fetal membranes. J Perinat Med 2016; 44:99-109. [PMID: 26011922 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2014-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX like enzymes (LOXL1-4) physiologically remodel extracellular matrix and pathologically contribute to cellular senescence under oxidative stress (OS). We characterized LOX and LOXL expressions and activity in human fetal membranes. METHODS Human fetal membranes from women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term, preterm birth with intact membranes (PTB) or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pPROM), and in vitro fetal membranes stimulated with water-soluble cigarette smoke extract (CSE), an OS inducer, were analyzed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry for LOX and LOXL (1-4) expression and localization. LOX activity was measured by fluorometric assay. RESULTS LOX gene expression was ∼2.5-fold higher in fetal membranes from pPROM compared to PTB and term (P=0.02). LOX and LOXL1, 2 and 4 were localized to both amniotic and chorionic cells, whereas LOXL3 was limited to chorion. LOX and LOXL isoform expressions were not different between CSE treated and untreated groups, while LOX activity was increased in the presence of an antioxidant (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Increase of LOX expression in pPROM, an OS-related disease, and the apparent inhibition of LOX activity by CSE restored by antioxidant treatment suggest that reactive oxygen species might influence LOX-mediated tissue remodeling in fetal membranes. Balanced antioxidant supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of pPROM by increasing LOX activity.
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Xu LL, Lu YT, Zhang J, Wu L, Merrilees MJ, Qu JM. Knockdown of versican 1 blocks cigarette-induced loss of insoluble elastin in human lung fibroblasts. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 215:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hassan F, Xu X, Nuovo G, Killilea DW, Tyrrell J, Da Tan C, Tarran R, Diaz P, Jee J, Knoell D, Boyaka PN, Cormet-Boyaka E. Accumulation of metals in GOLD4 COPD lungs is associated with decreased CFTR levels. Respir Res 2014; 15:69. [PMID: 24957904 PMCID: PMC4106203 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that primarily resides in airway epithelial cells. Decreased CFTR expression and/or function lead to impaired airway surface liquid (ASL) volume homeostasis, resulting in accumulation of mucus, reduced clearance of bacteria, and chronic infection and inflammation. METHODS Expression of CFTR and the cigarette smoke metal content were assessed in lung samples of controls and COPD patients with established GOLD stage 4. CFTR protein and mRNA were quantified by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Metals present in lung samples were quantified by ICP-AES. The effect of cigarette smoke on down-regulation of CFTR expression and function was assessed using primary human airway epithelial cells. The role of leading metal(s) found in lung samples of GOLD 4 COPD patients involved in the alteration of CFTR was confirmed by exposing human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE14o- to metal-depleted cigarette smoke extracts. RESULTS We found that CFTR expression is reduced in the lungs of GOLD 4 COPD patients, especially in bronchial epithelial cells. Assessment of metals present in lung samples revealed that cadmium and manganese were significantly higher in GOLD 4 COPD patients when compared to control smokers (GOLD 0). Primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke resulted in decreased expression of CFTR protein and reduced airway surface liquid height. 16HBE14o-cells exposed to cigarette smoke also exhibited reduced levels of CFTR protein and mRNA. Removal and/or addition of metals to cigarette smoke extracts before exposure established their role in decrease of CFTR in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS CFTR expression is reduced in the lungs of patients with severe COPD. This effect is associated with the accumulation of cadmium and manganese suggesting a role for these metals in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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12
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Go YM, Orr M, Jones DP. Actin cytoskeleton redox proteome oxidation by cadmium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L831-43. [PMID: 24077948 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00203.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure with the risk of lung diseases. Although mechanisms are not fully elucidated, several studies demonstrate Cd effects on actin and actin-associated proteins. In a recent study of Cd at concentrations similar to environmental exposures, we found that redox-dependent inflammatory signaling by NF-κB was sensitive to the actin-disrupting agent, cytochalasin D. The goal of the present study was to use mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics to investigate Cd effects on the actin cytoskeleton proteome and related functional pathways in lung cells at low environmental concentrations. The results showed that Cd under conditions that did not alter total protein thiols or glutathione redox state caused significant oxidation of peptidyl Cys of proteins regulating actin cytoskeleton. Immunofluorescence microscopy of lung fibroblasts and pulmonary artery endothelial cells showed that low-dose Cd exposure stimulated filamentous actin formation and nuclear localization of destrin, an actin-depolymerizing factor. Taken together, the results show that redox states of peptidyl Cys in proteins associated with actin cytoskeleton pathways are selectively oxidized in lung by Cd at levels thought to occur from environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Emory Univ., 205 Whitehead Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Zhang H, Newman DR, Bonner JC, Sannes PL. Over-expression of human endosulfatase-1 exacerbates cadmium-induced injury to transformed human lung cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:27-42. [PMID: 23000194 PMCID: PMC3489971 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to cadmium is known to cause damage to alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, impair their capacity to repair, and result in permanent structural alterations. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) can modulate cell responses to injury through their interactions with soluble effector molecules. These interactions are often sulfate specific, and the removal of sulfate groups from HS side chains could be expected to influence cellular injury, such as that caused by exposure to cadmium. The goal of this study was to define the role 6-O-sulfate plays in cellular responses to cadmium exposure in two pulmonary epithelial cancer cell lines (H292 and A549) and in normal human primary alveolar type II (hAT2) cells. Sulfate levels were modified by transduced transient over-expression of 6-O-endosulfatase (HSulf-1), a membrane-bound enzyme which specifically removes 6-O-sulfate groups from HSPG side chains. Results showed that cadmium decreased cell viability and activated apoptosis pathways at low concentrations in hAT2 cells but not in the cancer cells. HSulf-1 over-expression, on the contrary, decreased cell viability and activated apoptosis pathways in H292 and A549 cells but not in hAT2 cells. When combined with cadmium, HSulf-1 over-expression further decreased cell viability and exacerbated the activation of apoptosis pathways in the transformed cells but did not add to the toxicity in hAT2 cells. The finding that HSulf-1 sensitizes these cancer cells and intensifies the injury induced by cadmium suggests that 6-O-sulfate groups on HSPGs may play important roles in protection against certain environmental toxicants, such as heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Donna R. Newman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - James C. Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Philip L. Sannes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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14
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Cormet-Boyaka E, Jolivette K, Bonnegarde-Bernard A, Rennolds J, Hassan F, Mehta P, Tridandapani S, Webster-Marketon J, Boyaka PN. An NF-κB-independent and Erk1/2-dependent mechanism controls CXCL8/IL-8 responses of airway epithelial cells to cadmium. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:418-29. [PMID: 22094458 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells in the lung are the first line of defense against pathogens and environmental pollutants. Inhalation of the environmental pollutant cadmium has been linked to the development of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. To address the role of airway epithelial cells in cadmium-induced lung inflammation, we investigated how cadmium regulates secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) by airway epithelial cells. We show that exposure of human airway epithelial cells to subtoxic doses of cadmium in vitro promotes a characteristic inflammatory cytokine response consisting of IL-8, but not IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We also found that intranasal delivery of cadmium increases lung levels of the murine IL-8 homologs macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and keracinocyte-derived chemokine and results in an influx of Gr1+ cells into the lung. We determined that inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway had no effect on cadmium-induced IL-8 secretion by human airway epithelial cells, suggesting that IL-8 production was mediated through an NF-κB-independent pathway. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are often involved in proinflammatory signaling. Cadmium could activate the main MAPKs (i.e., p38, JNK, and Erk1/2) in human airway epithelial cells. However, only pharmacological inhibition of Erk1/2 pathway or knockdown of the expression of Erk1 and Erk2 using small interfering RNAs suppressed secretion of IL-8 induced by cadmium. Our findings identify cadmium as a potent activator of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in lung epithelial cells and reveal for the first time the role of an NF-κB-independent but Erk1/2-dependent pathway in cadmium-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Lacorte LM, Delella FK, Porto Amorim EM, Justulin LA, Godinho AF, Almeida AA, Felipe Pinheiro PF, Amorim RL, Felisbino SL. Early changes induced by short-term low-dose cadmium exposure in rat ventral and dorsolateral prostates. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:988-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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MacKinnon Y, Kapron CM. Reduction in cadmium-induced toxicity and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by glutathione in cultured mouse embryonic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:707-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Rennolds J, Butler S, Maloney K, Boyaka PN, Davis IC, Knoell DL, Parinandi NL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Cadmium regulates the expression of the CFTR chloride channel in human airway epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:349-58. [PMID: 20363832 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal ranked seventh on the Priority List of Hazardous Substances. As a byproduct of smelters, cadmium is a prevalent environmental contaminant. It is also a major component of cigarette smoke, and its inhalation is associated with decreased pulmonary function, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ion channels, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), play a central role in maintaining fluid homeostasis and lung functions. CFTR is mostly expressed in epithelial cells, and little is known about the effect of cadmium exposure on lung epithelial cell function. We show that exposure to cadmium decreases the expression of the CFTR protein and subsequent chloride transport in human airway epithelial cells in vitro. Impairment of CFTR protein expression was also observed in vivo in the lung of mice after intranasal instillation of cadmium. We established that the inhibitory effect of cadmium was not a nonspecific effect of heavy metals, as nickel had no effect on CFTR protein levels. Finally, we show that selected antioxidants, including alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), but not N-acetylcysteine, can prevent the cadmium-induced suppression of CFTR. In summary, we have identified cadmium as a regulator of the CFTR chloride channel present in lung epithelial cells. Future strategies to prevent the deleterious effect of cadmium on epithelial cells and lung functions may benefit from the finding that alpha-tocopherol protects CFTR expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rennolds
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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18
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Simoniello P, Filosa S, Riggio M, Scudiero R, Tammaro S, Trinchella F, Motta CM. Responses to cadmium intoxication in the liver of the wall lizard Podarcis sicula. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:194-203. [PMID: 19861172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cytological and molecular effects of cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, in the liver of the Italian wall lizard Podarcis sicula. Cadmium was administered in single dose, by diet, to induce a concentration comparable with that measured in animals living in contaminated sites. For comparison, cadmium was also administered in multiple doses by food (chronic) or in a single dose intraperitoneally (i.p.); the effects were followed at regular time intervals up to 30 days post treatments. Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis demonstrated cadmium ion uptake and accumulation in the parenchyma with an estimated half-life of approximately 8 days. Cytological analyses revealed that the metal induced oedema, activated metallothionein expression in Kupffer cells and extracellular matrix production in fat storing cells. It also caused swelling and alteration in lipid and sugar metabolism in hepatocytes. In conclusion, in the wall lizard cadmium is toxic to the liver even at very low concentrations, the response is not strictly dose and time dependent and almost no recovery occurs in short (30 days) time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Simoniello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Evolutionary and Comparative Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy
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19
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Noordhoek JA, Postma DS, Chong LL, Menkema L, Kauffman HF, Timens W, van Straaten JFM, van der Geld YM. Different Modulation of Decorin Production by Lung Fibroblasts from Patients with Mild and Severe Emphysema. COPD 2009; 2:17-25. [PMID: 17136957 DOI: 10.1081/copd-200050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported diminished immunohistochemical staining of decorin in lung tissue from patients with severe emphysema. The aim of this study is to investigate whether this diminished staining is due to a quantitative abnormal production of decorin by pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. Therefore, we measured decorin (Western blot), collagen type I (ELISA), and fibronectin (ELISA) production by fibroblasts obtained from lung tissue of patients with severe and mild emphysema at basal culture conditions and after modulation with transforming growth factor-beta1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and interferon-gamma. Decorin production at basal culture conditions was significantly higher in fibroblast cultures from patients with severe emphysema compared to fibroblasts from mild emphysema. After stimulation with transforming growth factor-beta1 and basic fibroblast growth factor, decorin production was significantly more reduced in fibroblast cultures from patients with severe emphysema whereas collagen type I and fibronectin production were not affected. We conclude that decorin production by lung fibroblasts of patients with severe emphysema is dysregulated after modulation with cytokines known to be important in smoking associated inflammation. This dysregulation of decorin production may contribute to the impaired lung tissue repair, present in patients with emphysema, since these alterations in the extracellular matrix may cause diminished cytokine binding and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien A Noordhoek
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Abstract
The unrelenting and destructive progression of most fibrotic responses in the pulmonary, cardiovascular, integumentary, and alimentary systems remains a major medical challenge for which therapies are desperately needed. The pathophysiology of fibrosis remains an enigma, but considerable research and debate surrounds the question of whether chronic inflammation is the key driver of unrestrained wound healing (i.e., the fibrotic response) in these and other organ systems. This Review describes how infectious pathogens, chronic inflammation, and unrestrained fibroproliferation are likely to be part of a dynamic, unrelenting process propelling human fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Meneghin
- Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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Monetti C, Bernardini G, Vigetti D, Prati M, Fortaner S, Sabbioni E, Gornati R. Platinum toxicity and gene expression in Xenopus embryos: analysis by FETAX and differential display. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 31:401-8. [PMID: 15601245 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the level of platinum in the environment is destined to increase, because of its use in vehicle catalytic converters, the toxicity of platinum needs further investigation. In this study, the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) was used to compare the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of two common platinum species, (NH4)2PtCl4 and (NH4)2PtCl6. The uptake rates of the two platinum species were studied, and also their effects on the expression of genes encoding metallothionein and heat-shock protein 70, which are known to be induced by several stress factors. In addition, the differential display technique was used to search for genes that were specifically induced by platinum. A gene for the type I collagen alpha-chain and a novel gene were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Monetti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Università dell'Insubria, 3 Via Dunant, 21100 Varese, Italy
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22
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Hansson M, Abedi-Valugerdi M. Mercuric chloride induces a strong immune activation, but does not accelerate the development of dermal fibrosis in tight skin 1 mice. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:469-77. [PMID: 15140057 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In susceptible mice, mercuric chloride induces a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE, production of anti-nucleolar autoantibodies (ANolA) and formation of renal IgG deposits. We have previously hypothesized that mercury confers more adverse immunological effects on those mouse strains, which are genetically prone to develop spontaneous autoimmune diseases than on normal strains. In this study, we tested our hypothesis in tight skin 1 (Tsk1/+) mice, a murine model for human scleroderma. As a support for our hypothesis, we observed that in Tsk1/+ mice, B cells were spontaneously hyperactive and that treatment with mercury induced a strong immune/autoimmune response in these mice, but not in their non-Tsk (+/+) littermates. This response was characterized by the formation of high numbers of splenic IgG1, IgG2b and IgG3 antibody-secreting cells, increased serum levels of IgE, production of IgG1 antibodies against single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), trinitrophenol (TNP) as well as thyroglobulin and the development of renal IgG1 deposits. Neither Tsk1/+ mice nor F1 hybrid crosses between this strain, and mercury susceptible B10.S (H-2(s)) were able to produce IgG1-ANolA in response to mercury. Moreover, mercury-induced immune activation in Tsk1/+ was not able to potentiate the progression of skin fibrosis in this strain. Thus, exposure to mercury accelerates the immune dysregulation, but not the development of skin fibrosis in Tsk1/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansson
- Department of Immunology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories for the Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Fujiwara Y, Tsumura N, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Differential effects of cadmium on proteoglycan synthesis of arterial smooth muscle cells: increase in small dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, in the extracellular matrix at low cell density. Toxicology 2002; 170:89-101. [PMID: 11750086 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), especially chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (CS/DSPGs), accumulate and their composition variously changes in atherosclerotic vascular walls. Since cadmium causes atherosclerosis in experimental animals, PGs synthesized by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells after exposure to cadmium were characterized in the present study. Sparse and dense cultures of the cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate for 24 h in the presence of cadmium chloride at noncytotoxic levels (0.2 microM or less). The incorporation of [35S]sulfate into glycosaminoglycans was determined by the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method. The labeled PGs were characterized by DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B molecular sieve chromatography. The M(r) and the glycosaminoglycan composition of small CS/DSPGs were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, respectively, before and after digestion with chondroitin ABC lyase or papain. The core proteins were identified by Western blot analysis. These experiments indicate that cadmium differentially acts on the PG synthesis when vascular smooth muscle cell density is low. Specifically, cadmium increased the accumulation of small CS/DSPGs identified as biglycan and decorin in the cell layer of sparse cells. However, the hydrodynamic size and the length of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chains in the PGs were unaffected by cadmium. On the other hand, cadmium decreased other cell layer-associated PGs that were separated from biglycan and decorin by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography in the sparse cells; as the result, whole glycosaminoglycans were decreased in both the cell layer and the conditioned medium. It is therefore concluded that cadmium may change the composition of PGs in atherosclerotic plaques through induction of biglycan and decorin synthesis and inhibition of other PG synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, 920-1181, Kanazawa, Japan
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24
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Remez I, Rabkin L, Veksler H, Baumane M. Cytotoxicity of Cadmium, Selenium, Zinc and Copper to Mouse Myeloma Sp2/0 Cells as Measured by the MTT Assay. Altern Lab Anim 2000; 28:473-6. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290002800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As part of our general programme to test the toxicity in vitro of heavy metals and, in particular, the interactive cytotoxicity of combinations of these metals, the MTT (tetrazolium) assay was used to test the cytotoxicities of cadmium [Cd(O2CCH3)2], selenium (Na2SeO3), zinc (ZnSO4) and copper (CuSO4) with an established mouse myeloma cell line (Sp2/0). The influence on the cytotoxicity of cadmium of added subtoxic concentrations of the other three metals was also studied. The IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentrations) to the Sp2/0 cells were as follows: Cd — 10μM, Se — 1μM, Zn — 10μM and Cu — 100μM. When selenium, zinc and copper at high, subtoxic concentrations (10nM, 1μM and 1μM, respectively) were each combined with clearly toxic concentrations of cadmium (10μM and 100μM), the cytotoxicity increase was significant for the cadmium-zinc combination. Previous studies showed that cadmium-zinc combinations at low concentration (5 × 10–9M) had a synergistic stimulatory effect on cell proliferation in vitro. The present study showed that a toxic concentration of cadmium (0.1mM) and a sub-toxic concentration of zinc (1μM) have a synergistic cytotoxic effect in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inessa Remez
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical Academy of Latvia, 16 Dzirciema Street, 1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Leonid Rabkin
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical Academy of Latvia, 16 Dzirciema Street, 1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Hackel Veksler
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Medical Academy of Latvia, 16 Dzirciema Street, 1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Baumane
- National Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Centre of Disaster Medicine, 2 Hipokrata Street, 1038 Riga, Latvia
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