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Weyerer V, Schneckenpointner R, Filbeck T, Burger M, Hofstaedter F, Wild PJ, Fine SW, Humphrey PA, Dehner LP, Amin MB, Rüschoff J, Boltze C, Tannapfel A, Zwarthoff E, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Langner C, Stoehr R, Hartmann A, Giedl J. Immunohistochemical and molecular characterizations in urothelial carcinoma of bladder in patients less than 45 years. J Cancer 2017; 8:323-331. [PMID: 28261332 PMCID: PMC5332882 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumours in early-onset patients are rare and seem to exhibit unique clinicopathological features. Only few studies have investigated somatic alterations in this specific age of onset group and evidence is accumulating of a distinct molecular behaviour of early-onset bladder tumours. We collected the largest cohort of early-onset tumours of patients 45 years old or younger and aimed to test genomic alterations typically found in bladder cancer. Tumours of 118 early-onset patients were compared with a consecutive group of 113 cases. Immunohistochemistry of TP53, CK20 and Ki-67 was carried out. Molecular analysis was conducted to test for loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 9 and 17, as well as TP53 and FGFR3 mutations. Fisher´s exact and chi-squared test were appropriately used. No differences in grade/stage characteristics were observed. Overexpressed TP53 was differentially distributed between the two groups. TP53 nuclear accumulation was significantly more frequent in early-onset papillomas, PUNLMPs and pTa low-grade tumours compared to the consecutive cohort (p=0.005). Moreover, chromosome 9 deletions (29.5% vs. 44.6%) and FGFR3 mutations (34.5% vs. 63.7%) were less often detected in early-onset patients (p=0.05 and p<0.0001). By comparing the largest cohort of early-onset bladder cancer patients with an unselected group, we demonstrated that the typical molecular features are not independent of age at diagnosis. Our study supports the hypothesis of a distinct biological behaviour in early-onset tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Weyerer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Filbeck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- St Josef Medical Center, Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter J Wild
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Samson W Fine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Humphrey
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Louis P Dehner
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ellen Zwarthoff
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cord Langner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Giedl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Tellez CS, Juri DE, Do K, Bernauer AM, Thomas CL, Damiani LA, Tessema M, Leng S, Belinsky SA. EMT and stem cell-like properties associated with miR-205 and miR-200 epigenetic silencing are early manifestations during carcinogen-induced transformation of human lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3087-97. [PMID: 21363915 PMCID: PMC3078195 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is strongly associated with cancer progression, but its potential role during premalignant development has not been studied. Here, we show that a 4-week exposure of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) to tobacco carcinogens can induce a persistent, irreversible, and multifaceted dedifferentiation program marked by EMT and the emergence of stem cell-like properties. EMT induction was epigenetically driven, initially by chromatin remodeling through H3K27me3 enrichment and later by ensuing DNA methylation to sustain silencing of tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNA), miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-205, which were implicated in the dedifferentiation program in HBECs and also in primary lung tumors. Carcinogen-treated HBECs acquired stem cell-like features characterized by their ability to form spheroids with branching tubules and enrichment of the CD44(high)/CD24(low), CD133, and ALDH1 stem cell-like markers. miRNA overexpression studies indicated that regulation of the EMT, stem-like, and transformed phenotypes in HBECs were distinct events. Our findings extend present concepts of how EMT participates in cancer pathophysiology by showing that EMT induction can participate in cancer initiation to promote the clonal expansion of premalignant lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Tellez
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Valencia-Salazar G, Mora-Tascareño A, García R, Osnaya N, Villarreal-Calderón A, Devlin RB, Van Dyke T. Nasal biopsies of children exposed to air pollutants. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:558-64. [PMID: 11695573 DOI: 10.1080/019262301317226366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) atmosphere is a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Children in SWMMC are exposed chronically and sequentially to numerous toxicants, and they exhibit significant nasal damage. The objective of this study was to assess p53 accumulation by immunohistochemistry in nasal biopsies of SWMMC children. We evaluated 111 biopsies from 107 children (83 exposed SWMMC children and 24 control children residents in a pollutant-compliant Caribbean island). Complete clinical histories and physical examinations, including an ear-nose-throat (ENT) exam were done. There was a significant statistical difference in the upper and lower respiratory symptomatology and ENT findings between control and exposed children (p < 0.001). Control children gave no respiratory symptomatology in the 3 months prior to the study; their biopsies exhibited normal ciliated respiratory epithelium and were p53-negative. SWMMC children complained of epistaxis, nasal obstruction. and crusting. Irregular areas of whitish-gray recessed mucosa over the inferior and middle turbinates were seen in 25% of SWMMC children, and their nasal biopsies displayed basal cell hyperplasia, decreased numbers of ciliated and goblet cells, neutrophilic epithelial infiltrates, squamous metaplasia. and mild dysplasia. Four of 21 SWMMC children with grossly abnormal mucosal changes exhibited strong transmural nuclear p53 staining in their nasal biopsies (p 0.005, odds ratio 26). In the context of lifetime exposures to toxic and potentially carcinogenic air pollutants, p53 nasal induction in children could potentially represent. a) a checkpoint response to toxic exposures, setting up a selective condition for p53 mutation, or b) a p53 mutation has already occurred as a result of such selection. Because the biological significance of p53 nuclear accumulation in the nasal biopsies of these children is not clear at this point, we strongly suggest that children with macroscopic nasal mucosal abnormalities should be closely monitored by the ENT physician. Parents should be advised to decrease the children's number of outdoor exposure hours and encourage a balanced diet with an important component of fresh fruits and vegetables.
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Nakanishi Y, Pei XH, Takayama K, Bai F, Izumi M, Kimotsuki K, Inoue K, Minami T, Wataya H, Hara N. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens increase ubiquitination of p21 protein after the stabilization of p53 and the expression of p21. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:747-54. [PMID: 10837373 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.6.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens (PAHs) and their metabolites have been found to result in a rapid accumulation of p53 gene product in human and mouse cells. However, the induced p53 protein was reported to be transcriptionally inactive. In the present study, the induction of p53 target gene expression after the treatment with either benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) or 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) was investigated. A marked induction of messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of Mdm2, Bax, and p21 was detected in wild-type p53-expressing cells after the treatment with either B[a]P or 1-NP, whereas no significant change in mRNA expression of these genes was observed in p53-negative and mutant cells. 1-NP activated the p21 promoter in a p53-dependent manner. Binding activity of p53 to a p53 consensus sequence increased after the treatment in wild-type p53-expressing cells. Nevertheless, the induced mRNA levels of the p21 did not result in a proportional p21 protein increase, indicating the possibility of post-transcriptional regulation of the protein. With the addition of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, to B[a]P or 1-NP treatments, both p21 and p53 protein levels were increased; however, the increase in p21 protein levels was significantly larger than the increase in p53 protein levels. PAHs treatment increased the level of ubiquitinated p21. These results suggest that the p21 product is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We conclude that PAHs-induced p53 protein is transcriptionally active.
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MESH Headings
- Benzo(a)pyrene/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinogens/metabolism
- Carcinogens/pharmacology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Luciferases/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Mutagens/pharmacology
- Nuclear Proteins
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Pyrenes/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ubiquitins/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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