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Liu T, Gonzalez De Los Santos F, Rinke AE, Fang C, Flaherty KR, Phan SH. B7H3-dependent myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and activation in pulmonary fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901349. [PMID: 36045668 PMCID: PMC9420866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease without effective curative therapy. Recent evidence shows increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis, with some of these cells expressing B7H3. We sought to investigate the role of MDSCs in IPF and its potential mediation via B7H3. Here we prospectively collected peripheral blood samples from IPF patients to analyze for circulating MDSCs and B7H3 expression to assess their clinical significance and potential impact on co-cultured lung fibroblasts and T-cell activation. In parallel, we assess MDSC recruitment and potential B7H3 dependence in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Expansion of MDSCs in IPF patients correlated with disease severity. Co-culture of soluble B7H3 (sB7H3)-treated mouse monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), but not granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), activated lung fibroblasts and myofibroblast differentiation. Additionally, sB7H3 significantly enhanced MDSC suppression of T-cell proliferation. Activated M-MDSCs displayed elevated TGFβ and Arg1 expression relative to that in G-MDSCs. Treatment with anti-B7H3 antibodies inhibited bone marrow-derived MDSC recruitment into the bleomycin-injured lung, accompanied by reduced expression of inflammation and fibrosis markers. Selective telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) deficiency in myeloid cells also diminished MDSC recruitment associated with the reduced plasma level of sB7H3, lung recruitment of c-Kit+ hematopoietic progenitors, myofibroblast differentiation, and fibrosis. Lung single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed fibroblasts as a predominant potential source of sB7H3, and indeed the conditioned medium from activated mouse lung fibroblasts had a chemotactic effect on bone marrow (BM)-MDSC, which was abolished by B7H3 blocking antibody. Thus, in addition to their immunosuppressive activity, TERT and B7H3-dependent MDSC expansion/recruitment from BM could play a paracrine role to activate myofibroblast differentiation during pulmonary fibrosis with potential significance for disease progression mediated by sB7H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Departments of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sem H. Phan, ; Tianju Liu,
| | | | - Andrew E. Rinke
- Departments of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chuling Fang
- Departments of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin R. Flaherty
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sem H. Phan
- Departments of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Sem H. Phan, ; Tianju Liu,
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2
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Chan M, Yuan H, Soifer I, Maile TM, Wang RY, Ireland A, O'Brien JJ, Goudeau J, Chan LJ, Vijay T, Freund A, Kenyon C, Bennett BD, McAllister FE, Kelley DR, Roy M, Cohen RL, Levinson AD, Botstein D, Hendrickson DG. Novel insights from a multiomics dissection of the hayflick limit. eLife 2022; 11:70283. [PMID: 35119359 PMCID: PMC8933007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process wherein dividing cells exhaust proliferative capacity and enter into replicative senescence has become a prominent model for cellular aging in vitro. Despite decades of study, this cellular state is not fully understood in culture and even much less so during aging. Here, we revisit Leonard Hayflick’s original observation of replicative senescence in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts equipped with a battery of modern techniques including RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, proteomics, metabolomics, and ATAC-seq. We find evidence that the transition to a senescent state manifests early, increases gradually, and corresponds to a concomitant global increase in DNA accessibility in nucleolar and lamin associated domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that senescent WI-38 cells acquire a striking resemblance to myofibroblasts in a process similar to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is regulated by t YAP1/TEAD1 and TGF-β2. Lastly, we show that verteporfin inhibition of YAP1/TEAD1 activity in aged WI-38 cells robustly attenuates this gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Chan
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Ilya Soifer
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Tobias M Maile
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Wang
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Andrea Ireland
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Jérôme Goudeau
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Leanne Jg Chan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Twaritha Vijay
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam Freund
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | | | - David R Kelley
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Margaret Roy
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert L Cohen
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - David Botstein
- Calico Life Sciences, LLC, South San Francisco, United States
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3
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Hinz B, Lagares D. Evasion of apoptosis by myofibroblasts: a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:11-31. [PMID: 31792399 PMCID: PMC7913072 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a lethal outcome of autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as systemic sclerosis. Myofibroblasts are scar-forming cells that are ultimately responsible for the excessive synthesis, deposition and remodelling of extracellular matrix proteins in fibrosis. Advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms that keep myofibroblasts in an activated state and control myofibroblast functions. However, the mechanisms that help myofibroblasts to persist in fibrotic tissues remain poorly understood. Myofibroblasts evade apoptosis by activating molecular mechanisms in response to pro-survival biomechanical and growth factor signals from the fibrotic microenvironment, which can ultimately lead to the acquisition of a senescent phenotype. Growing evidence suggests that myofibroblasts and senescent myofibroblasts, rather than being resistant to apoptosis, are actually primed for apoptosis owing to concomitant activation of cell death signalling pathways; these cells are poised to apoptose when survival pathways are inhibited. This knowledge of apoptotic priming has paved the way for new therapies that trigger apoptosis in myofibroblasts by blocking pro-survival mechanisms, target senescent myofibroblast for apoptosis or promote the reprogramming of myofibroblasts into scar-resolving cells. These novel strategies are not only poised to prevent progressive tissue scarring, but also have the potential to reverse established fibrosis and to regenerate chronically injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Lagares
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Razdan N, Vasilopoulos T, Herbig U. Telomere dysfunction promotes transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12838. [PMID: 30244523 PMCID: PMC6260909 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that had undergone telomere dysfunction-induced senescence secrete numerous cytokines and other molecules, collectively called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Although certain SASP factors have been demonstrated to promote cellular senescence in neighboring cells in a paracrine manner, the mechanisms leading to bystander senescence and the functional significance of these effects are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β1, a component of the SASP, causes telomere dysfunction in normal somatic human fibroblasts in a Smad3/NOX4/ROS-dependent manner. Surprisingly, instead of activating cellular senescence, TGF-β1-induced telomere dysfunction caused fibroblasts to transdifferentiate into α-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts, a mesenchymal and contractile cell type that is critical for wound healing and tissue repair. Despite the presence of dysfunctional telomeres, transdifferentiated cells acquired the ability to contract collagen lattices and displayed a gene expression signature characteristic of functional myofibroblasts. Significantly, the formation of dysfunctional telomeres and downstream p53 signaling was necessary for myofibroblast transdifferentiation, as suppressing telomere dysfunction by expression of hTERT, inhibiting the signaling pathways that lead to stochastic telomere dysfunction, and suppressing p53 function prevented the generation of myofibroblasts in response to TGF-β1 signaling. Furthermore, inducing telomere dysfunction using shRNA against TRF2 also caused cells to develop features that are characteristic of myofibroblasts, even in the absence of exogenous TGF-β1. Overall, our data demonstrate that telomere dysfunction is not only compatible with cell functionality, but they also demonstrate that the generation of dysfunctional telomeres is an essential step for transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Razdan
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
| | - Themistoklis Vasilopoulos
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
| | - Utz Herbig
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
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Kimura M, Hashimoto N, Kusunose M, Aoyama D, Sakamoto K, Miyazaki S, Ando A, Omote N, Imaizumi K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y. Exogenous induction of unphosphorylated PTEN reduces TGFβ-induced extracellular matrix expressions in lung fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:86-97. [PMID: 28019709 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays an important role in regulating aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) production from alveolar/epithelial cells (AECs) and fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) can negatively control many TGFβ-activated signaling pathways via the phosphatase activity, hyperactivation of the TGFβ-related signaling pathways is often observed in fibrosis. Loss of PTEN expression might cause TGFβ-induced ECM production. In addition, TGFβ was recently shown to induce loss of PTEN enzymatic activity by phosphorylating the PTEN C-terminus. Therefore, we hypothesized that exogenous transfer of unphosphorylated PTEN (PTEN4A) might lead to reduce TGFβ-induced ECM expression in not only epithelial cells but also fibroblasts. Adenovirus-based exogenous PTEN4A induction successfully reduced TGFβ-induced fibronectin expression and retained β-catenin at the cell membrane in human epithelial cells. Exogenous unphosphorylated PTEN also attenuated TGFβ-induced ECM production and inhibited TGFβ-induced β-catenin translocation in a human fibroblast cell line and in mouse primary isolated lung fibroblasts. Conversely, TGFβ-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression did not seem to be inhibited in these fibroblasts. Our data suggest that exogenous administration of unphosphorylated PTEN might be a promising strategy to restore TGFβ-induced loss of PTEN activity and reduce aberrant TGFβ-induced ECM production from epithelial cells and fibroblasts in lung fibrosis as compared with wild-type PTEN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kusunose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiro Omote
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and allergy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Kohnoh T, Hashimoto N, Ando A, Sakamoto K, Miyazaki S, Aoyama D, Kusunose M, Kimura M, Omote N, Imaizumi K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y. Hypoxia-induced modulation of PTEN activity and EMT phenotypes in lung cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:33. [PMID: 27095949 PMCID: PMC4836157 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent hypoxia stimulation, one of the most critical microenvironmental factors, accelerates the acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypes in lung cancer cells. Loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression might accelerate the development of lung cancer in vivo. Recent studies suggest that tumor microenvironmental factors might modulate the PTEN activity though a decrease in total PTEN expression and an increase in phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus (p-PTEN), resulting in the acquisition of the EMT phenotypes. Nevertheless, it is not known whether persistent hypoxia can modulate PTEN phosphatase activity or whether hypoxia-induced EMT phenotypes are negatively regulated by the PTEN phosphatase activity. We aimed to investigate hypoxia-induced modulation of PTEN activity and EMT phenotypes in lung cancers. Methods Western blotting was performed in five lung cancer cell lines to evaluate total PTEN expression levels and the PTEN activation. In a xenograft model of lung cancer cells with endogenous PTEN expression, the PTEN expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. To examine the effect of hypoxia on phenotypic alterations in lung cancer cells in vitro, the cells were cultured under hypoxia. The effect of unphosphorylated PTEN (PTEN4A) induction on hypoxia-induced EMT phenotypes was evaluated, by using a Dox-dependent gene expression system. Results Lung cancer cells involving the EMT phenotypes showed a decrease in total PTEN expression and an increase in p-PTEN. In a xenograft model, loss of PTEN expression was observed in the tumor lesions showing tissue hypoxia. Persistent hypoxia yielded an approximately eight-fold increase in the p-PTEN/PTEN ratio in vitro. PTEN4A did not affect stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. PTEN4A blunted hypoxia-induced EMT via inhibition of β-catenin translocation into the cytoplasm and nucleus. Conclusion Our study strengthens the therapeutic possibility that compensatory induction of unphosphorylated PTEN may inhibit the acquisition of EMT phenotypes in lung cancer cells under persistent hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kohnoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Masaaki Kusunose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Motohiro Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Norihito Omote
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
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7
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Kusunose M, Hashimoto N, Kimura M, Ogata R, Aoyama D, Sakamoto K, Miyazaki S, Ando A, Omote N, Imaizumi K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y. Direct regulation of transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by the protein phosphatase activity of unphosphorylated PTEN in lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1693-704. [PMID: 26450531 PMCID: PMC4714667 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) causes the acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10) can negatively regulate many signaling pathways activated by TGFβ, hyperactivation of these signaling pathways is observed in lung cancer cells. We recently showed that PTEN might be subject to TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of its C-terminus, resulting in a loss of its enzyme activities; PTEN with an unphosphorylated C-terminus (PTEN4A), but not PTEN wild, inhibits TGFβ-induced EMT. Nevertheless, whether or not the blockade of TGFβ-induced EMT by the PTEN phosphatase activity might be attributed to the unphosphorylated PTEN C-terminus itself has not been fully determined. Furthermore, the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is well characterized, whereas the protein phosphatase activity has not been determined. By using lung cancer cells carrying PTEN domain deletions or point mutants, we investigated the role of PTEN protein phosphatase activities on TGFβ-induced EMT in lung cancer cells. The unphosphorylated PTEN C-terminus might not directly retain the phosphatase activities and repress TGFβ-induced EMT; the modification that keeps the PTEN C-terminus not phosphorylated might enable PTEN to retain the phosphatase activity. PTEN4A with G129E mutation, which lacks lipid phosphatase activity but retains protein phosphatase activity, repressed TGFβ-induced EMT. Furthermore, the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN4A depended on an essential association between the C2 and phosphatase domains. These data suggest that the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN with an unphosphorylated C-terminus might be a therapeutic target to negatively regulate TGFβ-induced EMT in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kusunose
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Motohiro Kimura
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Ryo Ogata
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Daisuke Aoyama
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Norihito Omote
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and AllergyFujita Health UniversityToyoakeJapan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory SciencesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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8
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Debabrata K, Prasanta B, Vineet N, Anshul G, Arindam S, Satadal D. Aggressive periodontitis: An appraisal of systemic effects on its etiology-genetic aspect. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 19:169-73. [PMID: 26015667 PMCID: PMC4439626 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a lysosomal enzyme found in the azurophilic granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and is able to mediate inflammatory tissue destruction in aggressive and chronic periodontitis (CP). Human telomerase is a multi subunit ribonucleoprotein enzyme concerned with telomeric lengthening and homeostasis in man and has been found to be elevated in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. The aim of this study was to explore in aggressive periodontitis (AP) subjects: (i) The role of MPO-463G/A gene polymorphism and (ii) the level of telomerase expression. These parameters have been compared with the subjects of CP and that of the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 subjects of the age group 20–50 years and free from any known systemic disease were included in the study. They were divided into three groups – Group I-periodontally healthy control (n = 15), Group II-CP (n = 15) and Group III-AP (n = 15). Peripheral blood samples and gingival tissue samples were collected for MPO gene polymorphism and telomerase expression, respectively, for detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results: The frequencies of AG and AA genotypes in the MPO gene polymorphism were more common in the AP subjects when compared to the controls. The m-RNA expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was undetectable in the gingival tissue of the control group. Its expression in AP subjects was significantly higher than that of CP group (83.61 ± 2.94 in CP and 104.27 ± 6.06 in AP) (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that MPO-463G/A may be associated with increased risk of AP. The level of tissue hTERT was elevated in AP subjects as compared to CP and healthy control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundu Debabrata
- Department of Periodontia, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Nair Vineet
- Department of Periodontia, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Garg Anshul
- Department of Periodontia, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Saha Arindam
- Private practice, Peerless Hospital and B.K Roy Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Das Satadal
- Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Peerless Hospital and B.K Roy Research Centre, Kolkata, India
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9
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Katarkar A, Saha A, Mukherjee S, Kundu D, Bandyopadhyay P, Chaudhuri K. Telomerase Expression in Individuals With Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 86:656-65. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Aoyama D, Hashimoto N, Sakamoto K, Kohnoh T, Kusunose M, Kimura M, Ogata R, Imaizumi K, Kawabe T, Hasegawa Y. Involvement of TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus on TGFβ-induced acquisition of malignant phenotypes in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81133. [PMID: 24278390 PMCID: PMC3838341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) derived from the tumor microenvironment induces malignant phenotypes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant cell motility in lung cancers. TGFβ-induced translocation of β-catenin from E-cadherin complexes into the cytoplasm is involved in the transcription of EMT target genes. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10) is known to exert phosphatase activity by binding to E-cadherin complexes via β-catenin, and recent studies suggest that phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus tail might cause loss of this PTEN phosphatase activity. However, whether TGFβ can modulate both β-catenin translocation and PTEN phosphatase activity via phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus remains elusive. Furthermore, the role of phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus in TGFβ-induced malignant phenotypes has not been evaluated. To investigate whether modulation of phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus can regulate malignant phenotypes, here we established lung cancer cells expressing PTEN protein with mutation of phosphorylation sites in the PTEN C-terminus (PTEN4A). We found that TGFβ stimulation yielded a two-fold increase in the phosphorylated -PTEN/PTEN ratio. Expression of PTEN4A repressed TGFβ-induced EMT and cell motility even after snail expression. Our data showed that PTEN4A might repress EMT through complete blockade of β-catenin translocation into the cytoplasm, besides the inhibitory effect of PTEN4A on TGFβ-induced activation of smad-independent signaling pathways. In a xenograft model, the tumor growth ratio was repressed in cells expressing PTEN4A. Taken together, these data suggest that phosphorylation sites in the PTEN C-terminus might be a therapeutic target for TGFβ-induced malignant phenotypes in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohnoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kusunose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Imaizumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Health Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Liu T, Ullenbruch M, Young Choi Y, Yu H, Ding L, Xaubet A, Pereda J, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Bitterman PB, Henke CA, Pardo A, Selman M, Phan SH. Telomerase and telomere length in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:260-8. [PMID: 23526226 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0514oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its expression in stem cells and many cancers, telomerase activity is transiently induced in murine bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis with increased levels of telomerase transcriptase (TERT) expression, which is essential for fibrosis. To extend these observations to human chronic fibrotic lung disease, we investigated the expression of telomerase activity in lung fibroblasts from patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The results showed that telomerase activity was induced in more than 66% of IPF lung fibroblast samples, in comparison with less than 29% from control samples, some of which were obtained from lung cancer resections. Less than 4% of the human IPF lung fibroblast samples exhibited shortened telomeres, whereas less than 6% of peripheral blood leukocyte samples from patients with IPF or hypersensitivity pneumonitis demonstrated shortened telomeres. Moreover, shortened telomeres in late-generation telomerase RNA component knockout mice did not exert a significant effect on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, TERT knockout mice exhibited deficient fibrosis that was independent of telomere length. Finally, TERT expression was up-regulated by a histone deacetylase inhibitor, while the induction of TERT in lung fibroblasts was associated with the binding of acetylated histone H3K9 to the TERT promoter region. These findings indicate that significant telomerase induction was evident in fibroblasts from fibrotic murine lungs and a majority of IPF lung samples, whereas telomere shortening was not a common finding in the human blood and lung fibroblast samples. Notably, the animal studies indicated that the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis was independent of telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Ediz M, Avcıbaşı U, Ünak P, Müftüler FZB, Medine Eİ, Yurt Kılçar A, Demiroğlu H, Gümüşer FG, Sakarya S. Investigation of Therapeutic Efficiency of Bleomycin and Bleomycin-Glucuronide Labeled with 131I on the Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:310-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Ediz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Uğur Avcıbaşı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ünak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Emin İlker Medine
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yurt Kılçar
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Demiroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Gül Gümüşer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sakarya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
- Adnan Menderes University, ADUBILTEM Science and Technology Research and Development Center, Aydin, Turkey
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Le Saux CJ, Davy P, Brampton C, Ahuja SS, Fauce S, Shivshankar P, Nguyen H, Ramaseshan M, Tressler R, Pirot Z, Harley CB, Allsopp R. A novel telomerase activator suppresses lung damage in a murine model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58423. [PMID: 23516479 PMCID: PMC3597721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of diseases associated with telomere dysfunction, including AIDS, aplastic anemia and pulmonary fibrosis, has bolstered interest in telomerase activators. We report identification of a new small molecule activator, GRN510, with activity ex vivo and in vivo. Using a novel mouse model, we tested the potential of GRN510 to limit fibrosis induced by bleomycin in mTERT heterozygous mice. Treatment with GRN510 at 10 mg/kg/day activated telomerase 2–4 fold both in hematopoietic progenitors ex vivo and in bone marrow and lung tissue in vivo, respectively. Telomerase activation was countered by co-treatment with Imetelstat (GRN163L), a potent telomerase inhibitor. In this model of bleomycin-induced fibrosis, treatment with GRN510 suppressed the development of fibrosis and accumulation of senescent cells in the lung via a mechanism dependent upon telomerase activation. Treatment of small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) or lung fibroblasts ex vivo with GRN510 revealed telomerase activating and replicative lifespan promoting effects only in the SAEC, suggesting that the mechanism accounting for the protective effects of GRN510 against induced lung fibrosis involves specific types of lung cells. Together, these results support the use of small molecule activators of telomerase in therapies to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Jourdan Le Saux
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip Davy
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Christopher Brampton
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Seema S. Ahuja
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Fauce
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, California, United States of America
| | - Pooja Shivshankar
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Tressler
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
- Cellerant, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Zhu Pirot
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin B. Harley
- Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Allsopp
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Waisberg DR, Parra ER, Barbas-Filho JV, Fernezlian S, Capelozzi VL. Increased fibroblast telomerase expression precedes myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:1039-46. [PMID: 23018301 PMCID: PMC3438244 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify the relationship between fibroblast telomerase expression, myofibroblasts, and telomerase-mediated regulatory signals in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Thirty-four surgical lung biopsies, which had been obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and histologically classified as usual interstitial pneumonia, were examined. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate fibroblast telomerase expression, myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression and the tissue expression of inter leu kin-4, transforming growth factor-β, and basic fibroblast growth factor. The point-counting technique was used to quantify the expression of these markers in unaffected, collapsed, mural fibrosis, and honeycombing areas. The results were correlated to patient survival. RESULTS Fibroblast telomerase expression and basic fibroblast growth factor tissue expression were higher in collapsed areas, whereas myofibroblast expression and interleukine-4 tissue expression were higher in areas of mural fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β expression was higher in collapsed, mural fibrosis and honeycombing areas in comparison to unaffected areas. Positive correlations were found between basic fibroblast growth factor tissue expression and fibroblast telomerase expression and between interleukin-4 tissue expression and myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression. Negative correlations were observed between interleukin-4 expression and basic fibroblast growth factor tissue expression in areas of mural fibrosis. Myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression and interleukin-4 tissue expression in areas of mural fibrosis were negatively associated with patient survival. CONCLUSION Fibroblast telomerase expression is higher in areas of early remodeling in lung tissues demonstrating typical interstitial pneumonia, whereas myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression predominates in areas of late remodeling. These events seem to be regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin-4 tissue expression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reis Waisberg
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Richardson GD, Breault D, Horrocks G, Cormack S, Hole N, Owens WA. Telomerase expression in the mammalian heart. FASEB J 2012; 26:4832-40. [PMID: 22919071 PMCID: PMC3509052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While the mammalian heart has low, but functionally significant, levels of telomerase expression, the cellular population responsible remains incompletely characterized. This study aimed to identify the cell types responsible for cardiac telomerase activity in neonatal, adult, and cryoinjured adult hearts using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), driven by the promoter for murine telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert), which is a necessary and rate-limiting component of telomerase. A rare population of mTert-GFP-expressing cells was identified that possessed all detectable cardiac telomerase RNA and telomerase activity. It was heterogeneous and included cells coexpressing markers of cardiomyocytic, endothelial, and mesenchymal lineages, putative cardiac stem cell markers, and, interestingly, cardiomyocytes with a differentiated phenotype. Quantification using both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence identified a significant decline in mTert-GFP cells in adult animals compared to neonates (∼9- and ∼20-fold, respectively). Cardiac injury resulted in a ∼6.45-fold expansion of this population (P<0.005) compared with sham-operated controls. This study identifies the cells responsible for cardiac telomerase activity, demonstrates a significant diminution with age but a marked response to injury, and, given the relationship between telomerase activity and stem cell populations, suggests that they represent a potential target for further investigation of cardiac regenerative potential.—Richardson, G. D., Breault, D., Horrocks, G., Cormack, S., Hole, N., Owens, W. A. Telomerase expression in the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Richardson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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Demiroğlu H, Avcıbaşı U, Ünak P, Müftüler FZB, İçhedef Ç, Gümüşer FG, Sakarya S. Radiolabeling of Bleomycin-Glucuronide with 131I and Biodistribution Studies Using Xenograft Model of Human Colon Tumor in Balb/C Mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:371-83. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Demiroğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ugur Avcıbaşı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ünak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ç.A. İçhedef
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Gül Gümüşer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sakarya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
- ADUBILTEM Science and Technology Research and Development Center, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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17
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Jayasooriya RGPT, Kang SH, Kang CH, Choi YH, Moon DO, Hyun JW, Chang WY, Kim GY. Apigenin decreases cell viability and telomerase activity in human leukemia cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2605-11. [PMID: 22617349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone inhibits human malignant cancer cell growth through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the underlying relationship between apoptosis and telomerase activity in response to apigenin exposure is not well understood. In this study, we found that apigenin significantly induces direct cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells (U937, THP-1 and HL60) through activation of the caspase pathway. As we presumed, treatment with apigenin was found to increase the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas pretreatment with antioxidants, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or glutathione (GSH), completely attenuated ROS generation. Surprisingly, these antioxidants did not promote recuperation from apigenin-induced cell death. We further showed that apigenin downregulates telomerase activity in caspase-dependent apoptosis and observed that apigenin dosing results in downregulation of telomerase activity by suppression of c-Myc-mediated telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression. In addition, treatment of apigenin-dosed cells with the two antioxidants did not restore telomerase activity. Taken together, this data suggests that ROS is not essential for suppression of apigenin-mediated apoptosis associated with the activation of caspases and regulation of telomerase activity via suppression of hTERT. We conclude that apigenin has a direct cytotoxic effect and the loss of telomerase activity in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G P T Jayasooriya
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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18
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Parra ER, Falzoni R, Capelozzi VL. Vascular dysfunction by myofibroblast activation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and prognostic significance. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:665-75. [PMID: 22527129 PMCID: PMC3854274 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the importance of telomerase protein expression and determined the relationships among telomerase, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and myofibroblasts during early and late remodeling of parenchymal and vascular areas in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) using 27 surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Telomerase+, myofibroblasts α-SMA+, smooth muscle cells caldesmon+, endothelium ET-1+ cellularity, and fibrosis severity were evaluated in 30 fields covering normal lung parenchyma, minimal fibrosis (fibroblastic foci), severe (mural) fibrosis, and vascular areas of UIP by the point-counting technique and a semiquantitative score. The impact of these markers was determined in pulmonary functional tests and follow-up until death from IPF. Telomerase and ET-1 expression was significantly increased in normal and vascular areas compared to areas of fibroblast foci. Telomerase and ET-1 expression was inversely correlated with minimal fibrosis in areas of fibroblast foci and directly associated with severe fibrosis in vascular areas. Telomerase activity in minimal fibrosis areas was directly associated with diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen/alveolar volume and ET-1 expression and indirectly associated with diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide and severe fibrosis in vascular areas. Cox proportional hazards regression revealed a low risk of death for females with minimal fibrosis displaying high telomerase and ET-1 expression in normal areas. Vascular dysfunction by telomerase/ET-1 expression was found earlier than vascular remodeling by myofibroblast activation in UIP with impact on IPF evolution, suggesting that strategies aimed at preventing the effect of these mediators may have a greater impact on patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Parra
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Sun X, Fu X, Han W, Zhao Y, Liu H, Sheng Z. Dedifferentiation of human terminally differentiating keratinocytes into their precursor cells induced by basic fibroblast growth factor. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1037-45. [PMID: 21720010 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming differentiated cells toward stem cells may have long-term applications in stem-cell research and regenerative medicine. Here we report on the dedifferentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes into their precursor cells in vitro with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) but not external gene intervention. After incubation of human terminally differentiating keratinocytes, some of the surviving keratinocytes reverted from a differentiated to a dedifferentiated state, as evidenced by re-expression of biological markers of native keratinocyte stem cells (nKSCs), including β(1)-integrin, CK19 and CK14. Moreover, these dedifferentiation-derived KSCs (dKSCs) showed an ability for high colony formation correlated with cell cycle analysis showing a marked accumulation in S phases, acquired a similar regional distribution of both α(6)-integrin and CD71 expression at the ultrastructural level, and had a increased proliferative capacity by releasing telomerase from nucleolar sites to nucleoplasmic distribution. However, on comparing dKSCs with nKSCs, 2 points seem noteworthy: (1) the proportion of transit amplifying cells in dKSCs treated with bFGF is much higher than that in nKSCs and (2) regional differences exist in the subcellular localization of telomerase in nKSCs and dKSCs. Most nKSCs showed a prominent nucleolar concentration of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression, whereas most dKSCs showed a more diffuse intranuclear distribution of telomerase or even signal depletion at nucleoli relative to the general nucleoplasm. These results indicate that bFGF could induce the terminally differentiating epidermal keratinocytes to convert into their precursor cells, which offers a new approach for generating residual healthy stem cells for wound repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
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20
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Baek HA, Kim DS, Park HS, Jang KY, Kang MJ, Lee DG, Moon WS, Chae HJ, Chung MJ. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in myofibroblastic differentiation of lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:731-9. [PMID: 21852685 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress that impairs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function leads to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER (ER stress) and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent studies suggest that ER stress is involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present study was undertaken to determine the role of ER stress on myofibroblastic differentiation of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts in fibroblastic foci of IPF showed immunoreactivity for GRP78. To determine the role of ER stress on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I expression in fibroblasts, mouse and human lung fibroblasts were treated with TGF-β1, and expression of ER stress-related proteins, α-SMA, and collagen type I was analyzed by Western blotting. TGF-β1 significantly increased expression of GRP78, XBP-1, and ATF6α, which was accompanied by increases in α-SMA and collagen type I expression in mouse and human fibroblasts. A chemical chaperone, 4-PBA, suppressed TGF-β1-induced UPR and α-SMA and collagen type I induction. We also showed that TGF-β1-induced UPR was mediated through the reactive oxygen species generation. Our study provides the first evidence implicating the UPR in myofibroblastic differentiation during fibrosis. These findings of the role of ER stress and chemical chaperones in pulmonary fibrosis may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Baek
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, San 2-20 Keumam-Dong, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju, Korea
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Bu DX, Johansson ME, Ren J, Xu DW, Johnson FB, Edfeldt K, Yan ZQ. Nuclear factor {kappa}B-mediated transactivation of telomerase prevents intimal smooth muscle cell from replicative senescence during vascular repair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2604-10. [PMID: 20864668 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insights into mechanisms by which intimal hyperplasia interferes with the repair process by investigating expression and function of the catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit after vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional telomerase is essential to the replicative longevity of vascular cells. We found that TERT was de novo activated in the intima of injured arteries, involving activation of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Stimulation of the isolated intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) by basic fibroblast growth factor or tumor necrosis factor α resulted in increased TERT activity. This depends on the activation of c-Myc signaling because mutation of the E-box in the promoter or overexpression of mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1), a c-Myc competitor, abrogated the transcriptional activity. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB in both intimal SMCs and the injured artery attenuated TERT transcriptional activity through reduction of c-Myc expression. Pharmacological blockade of TERT led to SMC senescence. Finally, depletion of telomerase function in mice resulted in severe intimal SMC senescence after vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS These results support a model in which vascular injury induces de novo expression of TERT in intimal SMCs via activation of nuclear factor κB and upregulation of c-Myc. The resumed TERT activity is critical for intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-xiu Bu
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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In vivo biodistribution of 131I labeled bleomycin (BLM) and isomers (A2 and B2) on experimental animal models. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kottmann RM, Hogan CM, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Determinants of initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2009; 14:917-33. [PMID: 19740254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IPF is a devastating disease with few therapeutic options. The precise aetiology of IPF remains elusive. However, our understanding of the pathologic processes involved in the initiation and progression of this disease is improving. Data on the mechanisms underlying IPF have been generated from epidemiologic investigations as well as cellular and molecular studies of human tissues. Although no perfect animal model of human IPF exists, pre-clinical animal studies have helped define pathways which are likely important in human disease. Epithelial injury, fibroblast activation and repetitive cycles of injury and abnormal repair are almost certainly key events. Factors which have been associated with initiation and/or progression of IPF include viral infections, abnormal cytokine, chemokine and growth factor production, oxidant stress, autoimmunity, inhalational of toxicants and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Furthermore, recent evidence identifies a role for a variety of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities ranging from mutations in surfactant protein C to abnormalities in telomere length and telomerase activity. The challenge remains to identify additional inciting agents and key dysregulated pathways that lead to disease progression so that we can develop targeted therapies to treat or prevent this serious disease.
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Tzouvelekis A, Aidinis V, Harokopos V, Karameris A, Zacharis G, Mikroulis D, Konstantinou F, Steiropoulos P, Sotiriou I, Froudarakis M, Pneumatikos I, Tringidou R, Bouros D. Down-regulation of the inhibitor of growth family member 4 (ING4) in different forms of pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2009; 10:14. [PMID: 19250543 PMCID: PMC2662808 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence has underscored the role of hypoxia and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of idiopathic fibrotic lung disease. Inhibitor of growth family member 4 (ING4) has recently attracted much attention as a tumor suppressor gene, due to its ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of ING4 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis both in the bleomycin (BLM)-model and in two different types of human pulmonary fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). Methods Experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis was induced by a single tail vein injection of bleomycin in 6- to 8-wk-old C57BL/6mice. Tissue microarrays coupled with qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were applied in whole lung samples and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 30 patients with IPF, 20 with COP and 20 control subjects. Results A gradual decline of ING4 expression in both mRNA and protein levels was reported in the BLM-model. ING4 was also found down-regulated in IPF patients compared to COP and control subjects. Immunolocalization analyses revealed increased expression in areas of normal epithelium and in alveolar epithelium surrounding Masson bodies, in COP lung, whereas showed no expression within areas of active fibrosis within IPF and COP lung. In addition, ING4 expression levels were negatively correlated with pulmonary function parameters in IPF patients. Conclusion Our data suggest a potential role for ING4 in lung fibrogenesis. ING4 down-regulation may facilitate aberrant vascular remodelling and fibroblast proliferation and migration leading to progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Pneumonology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Medical school, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
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Dolgachev VA, Ullenbruch MR, Lukacs NW, Phan SH. Role of stem cell factor and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts in airway remodeling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:390-400. [PMID: 19147822 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that bone marrow-derived fibroblasts are involved in airway remodeling in asthma, but the role and mechanism of recruitment of these fibroblasts remains unclear. Stem cell factor (SCF), a key factor in the propagation of hematopoietic stem cells, is important in the process of airway remodeling as well. To test the hypothesis that SCF is involved in the recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, GFP-bone marrow chimeric mice were created. These mice were then sensitized and chronically challenged with cockroach antigen to induce chronic airway disease. Fluorescence microscopy revealed an influx of significant numbers of GFP-expressing fibroblasts in the airways of these mice, which was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of cells co-expressing both GFP and collagen I. These cells preferentially expressed c-kit, interleukin-31 receptor, and telomerase reverse transcriptase when compared with control lung-derived fibroblasts. Interestingly, SCF stimulated interleukin-31 receptor expression in bone marrow cells, whereas interleukin-31 strongly induced telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in fibroblasts. Treatment with neutralizing antibodies to SCF significantly reduced airway remodeling and suppressed the recruitment of these bone marrow-derived cells to the lung. Thus SCF in conjunction with interleukin-31 may play a significant role in airway remodeling by promoting the recruitment of bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors into the lung with the capacity to promote lung myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Dolgachev
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Abstract
Despite their importance in fibrosis, the origin of fibroblasts and the genesis of the various subpopulations characterized by distinct phenotypes remain unclear. Various studies have described distinct and relatively stable phenotypes in fibroblasts isolated from lung tissue undergoing remodeling, which were not present in the normal intact tissue. This indicates a process by which these distinct fibroblast subpopulations could arise de novo from resident lung progenitors or precursor cells and/or be recruited from distal organs, such as the bone marrow. Evidence for these possibilities is reviewed, but there is as yet incomplete understanding of the precise precursor cells and the potential interrelationships between the various phenotypes, especially as to how they relate to the distinct myofibroblast phenotype. Moreover, the complexity of the mechanism for the genesis of these phenotypes, such as the myofibroblast, is highlighted by the multilevel regulation of the differentiation process, with evidence for the importance of multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. Future studies into these various unsettled areas are essential to provide further insights that may help provide the pathway for novel translational approaches.
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Liu T, Chung MJ, Ullenbruch M, Yu H, Jin H, Hu B, Choi YY, Ishikawa F, Phan SH. Telomerase activity is required for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3800-9. [PMID: 18008008 DOI: 10.1172/jci32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its well-known expression in the germline and in cells of certain cancers, telomerase activity is induced in lung fibrosis, although its role in this process is unknown. To identify the pathogenetic importance of telomerase in lung fibrosis, we examined the effects of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) deficiency in a murine model of pulmonary injury. TERT-deficient mice showed significantly reduced lung fibrosis following bleomycin (BLM) insult. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in expression of lung alpha-SMA, a marker of myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, lung fibroblasts isolated from BLM-treated TERT-deficient mice showed significantly decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis rates compared with cells isolated from control mice. Transplantation of WT BM into TERT-deficient mice restored BLM-induced lung telomerase activity and fibrosis to WT levels. Conversely, transplantation of BM from TERT-deficient mice into WT recipients resulted in reduced telomerase activity and fibrosis. These findings suggest that induction of telomerase in injured lungs may be caused by BM-derived cells, which appear to play an important role in pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, TERT induction is associated with increased survival of lung fibroblasts, which favors the development of fibrosis instead of injury resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Cannet C, Zurbruegg S, Blé FX, Fozard JR, Page CP, Beckmann N. Bleomycin-induced lung injury assessed noninvasively and in spontaneously breathing rats by proton MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:941-9. [PMID: 17896392 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to assess noninvasively and in spontaneously breathing rats, structural changes following a single intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were scanned by MRI prior to BLM or vehicle administration and at six hours, 24 hours, week 1, and at weeks 2, 3, 6, and 8 after treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and histological analyses were performed at 24 hours, and at weeks 1 and 8 (histology only). RESULTS Prominent MRI fluid signals were detected in the lungs of BLM-treated rats one week after challenge. These signals correlated with increased inflammatory parameters in BAL fluid and with marked perivascular and parenchymal infiltration with inflammatory cells in histological slices. At week 2 the MRI signals due to edema resolved, but nevertheless an increase in MRI signal intensity from the lung parenchyma was apparent. In some areas of the right lung the MRI signal intensity in the parenchyma decreased between weeks 2 and 8. These observations were in line with histology demonstrating collagen deposition and atelectasis (hallmarks of fibrosis) at week 1 and a partial recovery of the lung parenchyma at week 8. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the ability of proton MRI to detect BLM-induced lung fibrosis as well as the acute inflammatory response caused by the agent.
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Li H, Liu JP. Mechanisms of action of TGF-beta in cancer: evidence for Smad3 as a repressor of the hTERT gene. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1114:56-68. [PMID: 17934056 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1396.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces cell differentiation and suppresses cell proliferation, but the mechanisms underlying the actions of TGF-beta remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that TGF-beta suppresses neoplastic cell development by employing Smad3 protein to repress the gene of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). In human breast cancer cells, TGF-beta induces rapid phosphorylation and subsequent entry of Smad3 into the nucleus. In the nucleus, Smad3 binds to the hTERT gene promoter directly and inhibits hTERT gene transcription activity. By interacting with c-myc, Smad3 also represses the c-myc gene. Thus, TGF-beta prevents continuous cell proliferation by switching off telomerase activity through Smad3 repression of the hTERT gene and the action of c-myc. Modulating the interface between Smad3 and the hTERT gene, and the potential feedback loop from telomeres to Smad3 via Smurf2, may represent a novel approach to regulate cell lifespan of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Immunology, AMREP, Monash Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the presence and location of telomerase activities and the possible influence of elevated human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA levels on the outcome after surgical treatment in nasal polyposis. METHODS Telomerase activity in nasal polyps of 21 patients was quantified by measuring the hTERT mRNA contents with one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction. Inferior turbinates of 12 patients served as controls. Immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies was performed against hTERT. The number of hTERT marked cells was determined in 15 randomly selected fields. All patients were followed up after surgery for 60 months. RESULTS Elevated hTERT mRNA expression and number of hTERT+ cells was detected in nasal polyps in comparison with inferior turbinates (p < 0.001). hTERT+ cells were detected in the basal layer of the epithelia, the endothelia, and in some seromucous glands. During follow-up, it was discovered that tissue samples of five patients with recurrent polyposis did not have higher amounts of hTERT when compared with patients without relapse. CONCLUSION Telomerase activity is elevated in nasal polyps. Elevated hTERT expression does not predict the recurrence of nasal polyposis after surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Shih Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Kass D, Bridges RS, Borczuk A, Greenberg S. Methionine aminopeptidase-2 as a selective target of myofibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:193-201. [PMID: 17446530 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0352oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, scarring lung disease characterized by fibroblast accumulation and deposition of collagen. Factors that promote growth and/or survival of fibroblasts are potential therapeutic targets. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), a member of the aminopeptidase family of proteases, has been implicated in cell proliferation in a variety of cell types, but its expression and function in the lung is not known. By immunohistochemistry, MetAP2 was expressed in many cell types, including fibroblasts, in IPF lungs. Fumagillin, an irreversible inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of MetAP2, attenuated collagen deposition in the bleomycin model of acute lung injury in mice. Treatment with fumagillin caused a selective reduction in the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive myofibroblasts, but not type II alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, or B- and T-lymphocytes in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice. Incubation of primary rat lung fibroblasts with either fumagillin or with short interfering RNA that targeted MetAP2 led to reduced proliferation, as assessed by incorporation of BrdU. The profibrotic growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, increased expression of MetAP2 in rat lung fibroblasts. We propose that MetAP2 plays a role in the proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in fibrotic lung diseases and may serve as a novel pharmacologic target in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kass
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Gharaee-Kermani M, Gyetko MR, Hu B, Phan SH. New Insights into the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Potential Role for Stem Cells in the Lung Parenchyma and Implications for Therapy. Pharm Res 2007; 24:819-41. [PMID: 17333393 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal form of interstitial lung disease. It is characterized by injury with loss of lung epithelial cells and abnormal tissue repair, resulting in replacement of normal functional tissue, abnormal accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix, and distortion of lung architecture which results in respiratory failure. Despite improvements in the diagnostic approach to IPF and active research in recent years, the molecular mechanisms of the disease remain poorly understood. This highly lethal lung disorder continues to pose major clinical challenges since an effective therapeutic regimen has yet to be identified and developed. For example, a treatment modality has been based on the assumption that IPF is a chronic inflammatory disease, yet most available anti-inflammatory drugs are not effective in treating it. Hence researchers are now focusing on understanding alternative underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IPF in the hope of discovering potentially new pharmaceutical targets. This paper will focus on lung tissue repair, regeneration, remodeling, and cell types that may be important to consider in therapeutic interventions and includes a more detailed discussion of the potential targets of current therapeutic attack in pulmonary fibrosis. The discovery that adult bone marrow stem cells can contribute to the formation of differentiated cell types in other tissues, especially after injury, implies that they have the potential to participate in tissue remodeling, and perhaps regeneration. The current promise of the use of adult stem cells for tissue regeneration, and the belief that once irreversibly damaged tissue could be restored to a normal functional capacity using stem cell-based therapy, suggests a novel approach for treatment of diverse chronic diseases. However this optimism is tempered by current evidence that the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis may involve the recruitment of bone marrow-derived fibroblasts, which are the key contributors to the pathogenesis of this chronic progressive disorder. Nevertheless, stem cell-related therapies are widely viewed as promising treatment options for patients suffering from various types of pulmonary diseases. Gender mismatched bone marrow or lung transplant recipients serve as natural populations in which to study the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in recovery from pulmonary diseases. Understanding the mechanism of recruitment of stem cells to sites of injury, and their involvement in tissue repair, regeneration, and remodeling may offer a novel therapeutic target for developing more effective treatments against this fatal disorder. This article reviews the new concepts in the pathogenesis, current and future treatment options of pulmonary fibrosis, and the recent advances regarding the roles of stem cells in lung tissue repair, regeneration, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Gharaee-Kermani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine & Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 2215 Fuller Rd. VAMC 11R, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Abstract
Although intrapulmonary progenitor cells are traditionally believed to be the source for regenerating cells in response to lung injury, recent mounting evidence indicates that a significant proportion of the mesenchymal cells involved in this repair/remodeling process may be derived from extrapulmonary sources, such as the recently described circulating fibrocyte as well as other bone marrow-derived progenitor cells. Studies tracking CD34 and/or CD45 markers of fibrocytes show their presence in injured murine lung tissue. Moreover, bone marrow chimeric mice with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing marrow cells show abundant GFP-expressing fibroblasts in their lungs in response to lung injury. However, although fibrocytes express CD34 and CD45, and appear to have the capacity to differentiate to myofibroblasts, these properties are not evident in the bone marrow-derived fibroblasts. Induction of CCL21 (SLC) and CXCR12 (SDF1alpha) in injured lung tissue, and their respective cognate receptors, CCR7 and CXCR4, in fibroblasts from injured lungs, suggests recruitment of these extrapulmonary progenitor cells via these chemokines. This is supported by evidence that antibody neutralization of CXCR12 reduces recruitment of fibrocytes and pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, other studies suggest a protective effect for bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, although suggesting that influx of extrapulmonary fibroblast progenitor cells occurs in response to lung injury, these recent studies do not yet provide clear insight as to the actual phenotype and fate of the recruited cells, the identity of the progenitor cell population in bone marrow, and most important, the function or role of these cells in pathogenesis of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha N Lama
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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Tzouvelekis A, Anevlavis S, Bouros D. Angiogenesis in interstitial lung diseases: a pathogenetic hallmark or a bystander? Respir Res 2006; 7:82. [PMID: 16725031 PMCID: PMC1524948 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The past ten years parallels have been drawn between the biology of cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. The unremitting recruitment and maintenance of the altered fibroblast phenotype with generation and proliferation of immortal myofibroblasts is reminiscent with the transformation of cancer cells. A hallmark of tumorigenesis is the production of new blood vessels to facilitate tumor growth and mediate organ-specific metastases. On the other hand several chronic fibroproliferative disorders including fibrotic lung diseases are associated with aberrant angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation is under strict regulation determined by a dual, yet opposing balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors that promote or inhibit neovascularization, respectively. While numerous studies have examined so far the interplay between aberrant vascular and matrix remodeling the relative role of angiogenesis in the initiation and/or progression of the fibrotic cascade still remains elusive and controversial. The current article reviews data concerning the pathogenetic role of angiogenesis in the most prevalent and studied members of ILD disease-group such as IIPs and sarcoidosis, presents some of the future perspectives and formulates questions for potential further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Tzouvelekis
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Stavros Anevlavis
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
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Schissel SL, Layne MD. Telomerase, Myofibroblasts, and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:520-2. [PMID: 16618786 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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36
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Liu T, Hu B, Chung MJ, Ullenbruch M, Jin H, Phan SH. Telomerase regulation of myofibroblast differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:625-33. [PMID: 16424384 PMCID: PMC2644224 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0252oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity, which has wide expression in cancerous cells, is induced in lung proliferating fibroblasts. It is preferentially expressed in fibroblasts versus myofibroblasts. It is unknown whether regulation of telomerase expression is related to the process of fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts. The objective of this study was to clarify such a potential link between telomerase expression and myofibroblast differentiation. Telomerase inhibitor, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, or antisense oligonucleotide to the telomerase RNA component was used to inhibit the induced fibroblast telomerase activity. The results showed that inhibition of induced telomerase increased alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, an indicator of myofibroblast differentiation. In contrast, induction of telomerase by basic fibroblast growth factor inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. These findings suggest that the loss of telomerase activity is closely associated with myofibroblast differentiation and possibly functions as a trigger for myofibroblast differentiation. Conversely, expression of telomerase suppresses myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hu B, Tack DC, Liu T, Wu Z, Ullenbruch MR, Phan SH. Role of Smad3 in the regulation of rat telomerase reverse transcriptase by TGFβ. Oncogene 2005; 25:1030-41. [PMID: 16205635 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is induced in certain pathological conditions such as cancer and tissue injury and repair. This induction in fibroblasts from injured lung is repressed by transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) via yet unknown mechanisms. In this study, the role of Smad3 in the inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene transcription by TGFbeta was investigated. The rat TERT (rTERT) gene promoter was cloned by PCR amplification and fused with a luciferase reporter gene. This construct was used to analyse regulation of promoter activity in fibroblasts isolated from bleomycin-injured lung with induced telomerase activity. The results showed that TGFbeta inhibited rTERT transcription while stimulating Smad3 expression. Interestingly, TGFbeta also inhibited the expression of c-myc. Cotransfection with a Smad3 expressing plasmid further repressed rTERT transcription and c-myc expression, while cotransfection with the corresponding antisense Smad3 construct had the opposite effect. Mutation of an E-box in the rTERT promoter suppressed its activity, which could be further reduced by TGFbeta treatment. In contrast, mutation at a Smad binding element enhanced promoter activity whose inhibition was impaired by TGFbeta treatment. Thus TGFbeta inhibition of rTERT gene expression was directly mediated by Smad3 via the Smad binding element, while c-myc appears to primarily regulate its constitutive or induced expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Hong K, Lutz MA, Murray LA, Xue YY, Belperio JA, Keane MP, Strieter RM. Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:438-46. [PMID: 15286810 PMCID: PMC484979 DOI: 10.1172/jci20997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have identified a circulating pool of CD45(+) collagen I(+) CXCR4(+) (CD45(+)Col I(+)CXCR4(+)) cells, termed fibrocytes, that traffic to areas of fibrosis. No studies have demonstrated that these cells actually contribute to fibrosis, however. Pulmonary fibrosis was originally thought to be mediated solely by resident lung fibroblasts. Here we show that a population of human CD45(+)Col I(+)CXCR4(+) circulating fibrocytes migrates in response to CXCL12 and traffics to the lungs in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Next, we demonstrated that murine CD45(+)Col I(+)CXCR4(+) fibrocytes also traffic to the lungs in response to a bleomycin challenge. Maximal intrapulmonary recruitment of CD45(+)Col I(+)CXCR4(+) fibrocytes directly correlated with increased collagen deposition in the lungs. Treatment of bleomycin-exposed animals with specific neutralizing anti-CXCL12 Ab's inhibited intrapulmonary recruitment of CD45(+)Col I(+)CXCR4(+) circulating fibrocytes and attenuated lung fibrosis. Thus, our results demonstrate, we believe for the first time, that circulating fibrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Phillips
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Hong K, Lutz MA, Murray LA, Xue YY, Belperio JA, Keane MP, Strieter RM. Circulating fibrocytes traffic to the lungs in response to CXCL12 and mediate fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200420997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Liu T, Dhanasekaran SM, Jin H, Hu B, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM, Phan SH. FIZZ1 stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1315-26. [PMID: 15039219 PMCID: PMC1615359 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by inflammation, emergence of myofibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix. In an attempt to identify genes that may be involved in fibrosis, we used a 10,000 element (10 K) rat cDNA microarray to analyze the lung gene expression profiles in this model in the rat. Cluster analysis showed 628 genes were more than or equal to twofold up- or down-regulated, many of which were known to be involved in fibrosis. However, the most dramatic increase was observed with FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone; also known as RELM-alpha or resistin-like molecule-alpha), which was induced 17-fold to approximately 25-fold at the peak of expression. In situ hybridization analysis revealed FIZZ1 expression to localize primarily to alveolar and airway epithelium, which was confirmed in vitro by analysis of isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells. However FIZZ1 expression was not detected in isolated lung fibroblasts. Co-culture of FIZZ1-expressing type II cells with fibroblasts stimulated alpha-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen expression independent of transforming growth factor-beta. Transfection of a FIZZ1-expressing plasmid into fibroblasts or treatment with glutathione S-transferase-FIZZ1 fusion protein stimulated alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I production. These results suggest a novel role for FIZZ1 in myofibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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41
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Hashimoto N, Jin H, Liu T, Chensue SW, Phan SH. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:243-52. [PMID: 14722616 PMCID: PMC310750 DOI: 10.1172/jci18847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis is assumed to be intrapulmonary, but their extrapulmonary origin and especially derivation from bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells has not been ruled out. To examine this possibility directly, adult mice were durably engrafted with BM isolated from transgenic mice expressing enhanced GFP. Induction of pulmonary fibrosis in such chimera mice by endotracheal bleomycin (BLM) injection caused large numbers of GFP(+) cells to appear in active fibrotic lesions, while only a few GFP(+) cells could be identified in control lungs. Flow-cytometric analysis of lung cells confirmed the BLM-induced increase in GFP(+) cells in chimera mice and revealed a significant increase in GFP(+) cells that also express type I collagen. GFP(+) lung fibroblasts isolated from chimera mice expressed collagen and telomerase reverse transcriptase but not alpha-smooth muscle actin. Treatment of isolated GFP(+) fibroblasts with TGF-beta failed to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Cultured lung fibroblasts expressed the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 and responded chemotactically to their cognate ligands, stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha and secondary lymphoid chemokine, respectively. Thus the collagen-producing lung fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis can also be derived from BM progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naozumi Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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42
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Hashimoto N, Jin H, Liu T, Chensue SW, Phan SH. Bone marrow–derived progenitor cells in pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200418847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Yang Y, Zhe X, Phan SH, Ullenbruch M, Schuger L. Involvement of serum response factor isoforms in myofibroblast differentiation during bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:583-90. [PMID: 12777247 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0315oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor essential for smooth muscle (SM) myogenesis. Its role in myofibroblast differentiation is, however, unknown. We studied the expression and the localization of SRF in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, where myofibroblasts are abundant. We found that SRF levels were upregulated in bleomycin-exposed mouse lungs mainly due to de novo synthesis of SRFDelta5, a less myogenic SRF isoform. Before myofibroblast differentiation, SRF/SRFDelta5 was immunolocalized mostly in the cytoplasm of scattered fibroblasts at lesion sites. With the development of myofibroblasts, however, SRF/SRFDelta5 was found in myofibroblast nuclei. cDNA array analysis showed that SRFDelta5 and SRF induced expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, a critical factor in myofibroblast differentiation. This was accompanied by de novo expression of several inflammatory cell-specific mRNAs. The latter was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of lung fibroblasts with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which is produced early in the bleomycin model, induced SRFDelta5 expression and SRF/SRFDelta5 cytoplasmic accumulation, whereas addition of transforming growth factor-beta1 caused SRF/SRFDelta5 nuclear translocation followed by SM alpha-actin synthesis. Interleukin-4, another cytokine involved in myofibroblast differentiation, did not affect SRF or induce SRFDelta5 expression. Our studies therefore suggested a new mechanism whereby SRF and SRFDelta5 contribute to the emergence of myofibroblasts in lung injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield St., Rm. 9248, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Pittsburgh International Lung Conference. October 2002. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:S1-105. [PMID: 12936907 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0159su] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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45
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Holzmann K, Berger W, Mejri D, Cerni C, Sasgary S. Detection and quantification of transcripts for the catalytic subunit TERT and the RNA component of telomerase in rat tissue. Anal Biochem 2003; 317:120-3. [PMID: 12729609 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Holzmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Kurz DJ, Hong Y, Trivier E, Huang HL, Decary S, Zang GH, Lüscher TF, Erusalimsky JD. Fibroblast growth factor-2, but not vascular endothelial growth factor, upregulates telomerase activity in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:748-54. [PMID: 12676798 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000069624.55424.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telomerase plays a major role in the control of replicative capacity, a critical property for successful angiogenesis and maintenance of endothelial integrity. In this study, we examined the relationship between telomerase activity and endothelial cell proliferation as well as the regulation of this enzyme by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF). METHODS AND RESULTS Telomerase was repressed in endothelial cells freshly derived from intact endothelium, whereas activity was present during logarithmic growth in culture. In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), mRNA levels of hTERT-the catalytic subunit of telomerase-and enzyme activity decreased reversibly on induction of quiescence. Treatment of quiescent HUVECs with FGF-2 restored telomerase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas VEGF had no such effect, although both factors induced comparable mitogenic responses. FGF-2, but not VEGF, upregulated the mRNA levels for hTERT and for the hTERT gene transactivation factor Sp1. Serial passage in the presence of individual growth factors accelerated the accumulation of senescent cells in VEGF-treated cultures compared with cultures treated with FGF-2. CONCLUSIONS FGF-2, but not VEGF, restores telomerase activity and maintains the replicative capacity of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kurz
- Cell Biology Group, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Roy S, Khanna S, Bickerstaff AA, Subramanian SV, Atalay M, Bierl M, Pendyala S, Levy D, Sharma N, Venojarvi M, Strauch A, Orosz CG, Sen CK. Oxygen sensing by primary cardiac fibroblasts: a key role of p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1). Circ Res 2003; 92:264-71. [PMID: 12595337 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000056770.30922.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian organs under normoxic conditions, O2 concentration ranges from 12% to <0.5%, with O2 approximately 14% in arterial blood and <10% in the myocardium. During mild hypoxia, myocardial O2 drops to approximately 1% to 3% or lower. In response to chronic moderate hypoxia, cells adjust their normoxia set point such that reoxygenation-dependent relative elevation of PO2 results in perceived hyperoxia. We hypothesized that O2, even in marginal relative excess of the PO2 to which cardiac cells are adjusted, results in activation of specific signal transduction pathways that alter the phenotype and function of these cells. To test this hypothesis, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from adult murine ventricle were cultured in 10% or 21% O2 (hyperoxia relative to the PO2 to which cells are adjusted in vivo) and were compared with those cultured in 3% O2 (mild hypoxia). Compared with cells cultured in 3% O2, cells that were cultured in 10% or 21% O2 demonstrated remarkable reversible G2/M arrest and a phenotype indicative of differentiation to myofibroblasts. These effects were independent of NADPH oxidase function. CFs exposed to high O2 exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species production. The molecular signature response to perceived hyperoxia included (1) induction of p21, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin G1, Fos-related antigen-2, and transforming growth factor-beta1, (2) lowered telomerase activity, and (3) activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. CFs deficient in p21 were resistant to such O2 sensitivity. This study raises the vital broad-based issue of controlling ambient O2 during the culture of primary cells isolated from organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA
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Valenti MT, Sartore S, Azzarello G, Balducci E, Amadio M, Sandri M, Pappagallo GL, Tacchetti G, Bari M, Manconi R, D'Andrea MR, Silvestri B, Vinante O. Human fibroblasts from normal and malignant breast tissue grown in vitro show a distinct senescence profile and telomerase activity. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:403-10. [PMID: 12814188 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023635521069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The telomerase activity and the senescence profile of cultured breast fibroblasts from normal human interstitial and malignant stromal tissue were studied in comparison with their proliferation and differentiation pattern. Fibroblasts were grown either in the presence or absence of a conditioned medium (CM) obtained from cultures of the oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. At different passages (from the 2nd up to the 48th), fibroblasts were examined for the telomerase activity by the Telomerase Repeats Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay, for proliferation profile by Ki-67 antigen expression, and the myofibroblast or smooth muscle cell-like differentiation pattern by immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies specific for smooth muscle markers. Serial passages of fibroblasts from normal or tumour breast reveal that the relationship between the levels of telomerase activity and phenotypic/proliferation profile changes with cell subcultivation in a different manner in the two cell populations. The fibroblasts from normal tissue completed 12 passages in a CM-independent way prior to senescence whereas fibroblasts from tumour stroma senescence were attained after 48 passages. These cells showed a marked decrease of telomerase activity, growth rate and smooth muscle alpha-actin expressing myofibroblasts after the 32nd passage. CM treatment of this fibroblast population induces a decline in the myofibroblast content, which precedes the changes in telomerase activity. Passaged fibroblasts from normal breast tissue can be converted to myofibroblasts upon CM treatment whereas those from tumour stroma were CM-insensitive. Taken together our data suggest that a heterogeneous fibroblast population with different life span is activated/recruited in the breast interstitium and poses the problem of a unique activation/recruitment of fibroblasts in neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Oncology and Haematoncology, PF Calvi Hospital, Noale (Venice), Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Mauro
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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