1
|
Chen D, Zeng Q, Liu L, Zhou Z, Qi W, Yu S, Zhao L. Global Research Trends on the Link Between the Microbiome and COPD: A Bibliometric Analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:765-783. [PMID: 37180751 PMCID: PMC10167978 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s405310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been studied in relation to the microbiome, providing space for more targeted interventions and new treatments. Numerous papers on the COPD microbiome have been reported in the last 10 years, yet few publications have used bibliometric methods to evaluate this area. Methods We searched the Web of Science Core Collection for all original research articles in the field of COPD microbiome from January 2011 to August 2022 and used CiteSpace for visual analysis. Results A total of 505 relevant publications were obtained, and the number of global publications in this field is steadily increasing every year, with China and the USA occupying the first two spots in international publications. Imperial College London and the University of Leicester produced the most publications. Brightling C from the UK was the most prolific writer, while Huang Y and Sze M from the USA were first and second among the authors cited. The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine had the highest frequency of citations. The top 10 institutions, cited authors and journals are mostly from the UK and the US. In the ranking of citations, the first article was a paper published by Sze M on changes in the lung tissue's microbiota in COPD patients. The keywords "exacerbation", "gut microbiota", "lung microbiome", "airway microbiome", "bacterial colonization", and "inflammation" were identified as cutting-edge research projects for 2011-2022. Conclusion Based on the visualization results, in the future, we can use the gut-lung axis as the starting point to explore the immunoinflammatory mechanism of COPD, and study how to predict the effects of different treatments of COPD by identifying the microbiota, and how to achieve the optimal enrichment of beneficial bacteria and the optimal consumption of harmful bacteria to improve COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Qi
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Long-term endogenous acetylcholine deficiency potentiates pulmonary inflammation in a murine model of elastase-induced emphysema. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15918. [PMID: 34354132 PMCID: PMC8342425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), the neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, regulates inflammation in several diseases including pulmonary diseases. ACh is also involved in a non-neuronal mechanism that modulates the innate immune response. Because inflammation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in pulmonary emphysema, we hypothesized that vesicular acetylcholine transport protein (VAChT) deficiency, which leads to reduction in ACh release, can modulate lung inflammation in an experimental model of emphysema. Mice with genetical reduced expression of VAChT (VAChT KDHOM 70%) and wild-type mice (WT) received nasal instillation of 50 uL of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) or saline on day 0. Twenty-eight days after, animals were evaluated. Elastase instilled VAChT KDHOM mice presented an increase in macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and MAC2-positive macrophages in lung tissue and peribronchovascular area that was comparable to that observed in WT mice. Conversely, elastase instilled VAChT KDHOM mice showed significantly larger number of NF-κB-positive cells and isoprostane staining in the peribronchovascular area when compared to elastase-instilled WT-mice. Moreover, elastase-instilled VAChT-deficient mice showed increased MCP-1 levels in the lungs. Other cytokines, extracellular matrix remodeling, alveolar enlargement, and lung function were not worse in elastase-instilled VAChT deficiency than in elastase-instilled WT-controls. These data suggest that decreased VAChT expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema, at least in part, through NF-κB activation, MCP-1, and oxidative stress pathways. This study highlights novel pathways involved in lung inflammation that may contribute to the development of chronic obstrutive lung disease (COPD) in cholinergic deficient individuals such as Alzheimer's disease patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cervilha DAB, Ito JT, Lourenço JD, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Volpini RA, Oliveira-Junior MC, Mauad T, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC, Vieira RP, Lopes FDTQS. The Th17/Treg Cytokine Imbalance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation in an Animal Model of Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Association. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1921. [PMID: 30760822 PMCID: PMC6374436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We proposed an experimental model to verify the Th17/Treg cytokine imbalance in COPD exacerbation. Forty C57BL/6 mice were exposed to room air or cigarette smoke (CS) (12 ± 1 cigarettes, twice a day, 30 min/exposure and 5 days/week) and received saline (50 µl) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg in 50 µl of saline) intratracheal instillations. We analyzed the mean linear intercept, epithelial thickness and inflammatory profiles of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs. We evaluated macrophages, neutrophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, and IL-10+ and IL-17+ cells, as well as STAT-3, STAT-5, phospho-STAT3 and phospho-STAT5 levels using immunohistochemistry and IL-17, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, CXCL1 and CXCL2 levels using ELISA. The study showed that CS exposure and LPS challenge increased the numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Simultaneous exposure to CS/LPS intensified this response and lung parenchymal damage. The densities of Tregs and IL-17+ cells and levels of IL-17 and IL-6 were increased in both LPS groups, while IL-10 level was only increased in the Control/LPS group. The increased numbers of STAT-3, phospho-STAT3, STAT-5 and phospho-STAT5+ cells corroborated the increased numbers of IL-17+ and Treg cells. These findings point to simultaneous challenge with CS and LPS exacerbated the inflammatory response and induced diffuse structural changes in the alveolar parenchyma characterized by an increase in Th17 cytokine release. Although the Treg cell differentiation was observed, the lack of IL-10 expression and the decrease in the density of IL-10+ cells observed in the CS/LPS group suggest that a failure to release this cytokine plays a pivotal role in the exacerbated inflammatory response in this proposed model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A B Cervilha
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana T Ito
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana D Lourenço
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice R Olivo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of post-graduation of Institute of Medical Assistance to the State Public Servant, University City of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of post-graduation of Institute of Medical Assistance to the State Public Servant, University City of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo A Volpini
- Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda F L C Tibério
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D T Q S Lopes
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ito JT, Cervilha DADB, Lourenço JD, Gonçalves NG, Volpini RA, Caldini EG, Landman G, Lin CJ, Velosa APP, Teodoro WPR, Tibério IDFLC, Mauad T, Martins MDA, Macchione M, Lopes FDTQDS. Th17/Treg imbalance in COPD progression: A temporal analysis using a CS-induced model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209351. [PMID: 30629626 PMCID: PMC6328193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses plays a pivotal role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development and progression. To clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease, we performed a temporal analysis of immune response-mediated inflammatory progression in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse model with a focus on the balance between Th17 and Treg responses. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS for 1, 3 or 6 months to induce COPD, and the control groups were maintained under filtered air conditions for the same time intervals. We then performed functional (respiratory mechanics) and structural (alveolar enlargement) analyses. We also quantified the NF-κB, TNF-α, CD4, CD8, CD20, IL-17, IL-6, FOXP3, IL-10, or TGF-β positive cells in peribronchovascular areas and assessed FOXP3 and IL-10 expression through double-label immunofluorescence. Additionally, we evaluated the gene expression of NF-κB and TNF in bronchiolar epithelial cells. Results Our CS-induced COPD model exhibited an increased proinflammatory immune response (increased expression of the NF-κB, TNF-α, CD4, CD8, CD20, IL-17, and IL-6 markers) with a concomitantly decreased anti-inflammatory immune response (FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-β markers) compared with the control mice. These changes in the immune responses were associated with increased alveolar enlargement and impaired lung function starting on the first month and third month of CS exposure, respectively, compared with the control mice. Conclusion Our results showed that the microenvironmental stimuli produced by the release of cytokines during COPD progression lead to a Th17/Treg imbalance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tiyaki Ito
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Juliana Dias Lourenço
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Gomes Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo Aparecido Volpini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory on Kidney Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elia Garcia Caldini
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilles Landman
- Department of Pathology, Multi-purpose Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chin Jia Lin
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Velosa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walcy Paganelli Rosolia Teodoro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton de Arruda Martins
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rashid K, Sundar IK, Gerloff J, Li D, Rahman I. Lung cellular senescence is independent of aging in a mouse model of COPD/emphysema. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9023. [PMID: 29899396 PMCID: PMC5998122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) induces lung cellular senescence that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). How aging influences cellular senescence and other molecular hallmarks, and increases the risk of CS-induced damage remains unknown. We hypothesized that aging-associated changes in lungs worsen the COPD/emphysema by CS exposure. Younger and older groups of C57BL/6J mice were exposed to chronic CS for 6 months with respective age-matched air-exposed controls. CS caused a decline in lung function and affected the lung structure of both groups of mice. No alterations were observed in the induction of inflammatory mediators between the air-exposed younger and older controls, but aging increased the severity of CS-induced lung inflammation. Aging per se increased lung cellular senescence and significant changes in damage-associated molecular patterns marker S100A8. Gene transcript analysis using the nanoString nCounter showed a significant upregulation of key pro-senescence targets by CS (Mmp12, Ccl2, Cdkn2a, Tert, Wrn, and Bub1b). Aging independently influenced lung function and structure, as well as increased susceptibility to CS-induced inflammation in emphysema, but had a negligible effect on cellular senescence. Thus, aging solely does not contribute to the induction of cellular senescence by CS in a mouse model of COPD/emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahkashan Rashid
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janice Gerloff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adewoye AB, Shrine N, Odenthal-Hesse L, Welsh S, Malarstig A, Jelinsky S, Kilty I, Tobin MD, Hollox EJ, Wain LV. Human CCL3L1 copy number variation, gene expression, and the role of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis in lung function. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:13. [PMID: 29682616 PMCID: PMC5883389 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13902.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The CCL3L1-CCR5 signaling axis is important in a number of inflammatory responses, including macrophage function, and T-cell-dependent immune responses. Small molecule CCR5 antagonists exist, including the approved antiretroviral drug maraviroc, and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are in development. Repositioning of drugs and targets into new disease areas can accelerate the availability of new therapies and substantially reduce costs. As it has been shown that drug targets with genetic evidence supporting their involvement in the disease are more likely to be successful in clinical development, using genetic association studies to identify new target repurposing opportunities could be fruitful. Here we investigate the potential of perturbation of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis as treatment for respiratory disease. Europeans typically carry between 0 and 5 copies of CCL3L1 and this multi-allelic variation is not detected by widely used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Methods: We directly measured the complex structural variation of CCL3L1 using the Paralogue Ratio Test and imputed (with validation) CCR5del32 genotypes in 5,000 individuals from UK Biobank, selected from the extremes of the lung function distribution, and analysed DNA and RNAseq data for CCL3L1 from the 1000 Genomes Project. Results: We confirmed the gene dosage effect of CCL3L1 copy number on CCL3L1 mRNA expression levels. We found no evidence for association of CCL3L1 copy number or CCR5del32 genotype with lung function. Conclusions: These results suggest that repositioning CCR5 antagonists is unlikely to be successful for the treatment of airflow obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu B. Adewoye
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Linda Odenthal-Hesse
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Scott Jelinsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Hernández Y, Rivas-Santiago CE, López JA, Mendoza-Almanza G, Hernandez-Pando R. Tuberculosis and cigarette smoke exposure: An update of in vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:113-126. [PMID: 29565741 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1444824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been declared the first cause of death by an infectious agent. Annually, 10.4 million people suffer active TB. Most infected individuals live in low-income countries, where social and economic conditions enhance the dissemination and progression of the disease. These countries have a high percentage of smokers. Thousands of studies have linked cigarette smoke (CS) with increased risk of many diseases, such as cancer and lung diseases. Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate the general and specific toxic effects of CS in lung immune function. Smoke exposure increases the risk of TB development three-fold. However, until now, only few animal studies have been performed to analyze the association between smoke and TB. In the present work, we review in vitro and in vivo studies whose aim was to analyze the molecular basis of TB susceptibility caused by exposure to CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y López-Hernández
- a CONACyT, Unidad Academica de Ciencias Biologicas , Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - C E Rivas-Santiago
- a CONACyT, Unidad Academica de Ciencias Biologicas , Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - J A López
- b Laboratorio de MicroRNAs, Unidad Academica de Ciencias Biologicas , Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - G Mendoza-Almanza
- a CONACyT, Unidad Academica de Ciencias Biologicas , Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - R Hernandez-Pando
- c Departamento de Patologia, Unidad de Patologia Experimental , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran , Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu C, Zhang X, Xiang Y, Qu X, Liu H, Liu C, Tan M, Jiang J, Qin X. Role of epithelial chemokines in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6935-6941. [PMID: 29568899 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first barrier to the outside environment, airway epithelial cells serve a central role in the initiation and development of airway inflammation. Chemokines are the most direct and immediate cell factors for the recruitment and migration of inflammatory cells. The present review focused on the role of epithelial chemokines in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. In addition to traditional CC family chemokines and CXC family chemokines, airway epithelial cells also express other chemokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin‑33. By expressing and secreting chemokines, airway epithelial cells serve a key role in orchestrating airway inflammation in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Tan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adewoye AB, Shrine N, Odenthal-Hesse L, Welsh S, Malarstig A, Jelinsky S, Kilty I, Tobin MD, Hollox EJ, Wain LV. Human CCL3L1 copy number variation, gene expression, and the role of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis in lung function. Wellcome Open Res 2018. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13902.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The CCL3L1-CCR5 signaling axis is important in a number of inflammatory responses, including macrophage function, and T-cell-dependent immune responses. Small molecule CCR5 antagonists exist, including the approved antiretroviral drug maraviroc, and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are in development. Repositioning of drugs and targets into new disease areas can accelerate the availability of new therapies and substantially reduce costs. As it has been shown that drug targets with genetic evidence supporting their involvement in the disease are more likely to be successful in clinical development, using genetic association studies to identify new target repurposing opportunities could be fruitful. Here we investigate the potential of perturbation of the CCL3L1-CCR5 axis as treatment for respiratory disease. Europeans typically carry between 0 and 5 copies of CCL3L1 and this multi-allelic variation is not detected by widely used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Methods: We directly measured the complex structural variation of CCL3L1 using the Paralogue Ratio Test and imputed (with validation) CCR5del32 genotypes in 5,000 individuals from UK Biobank, selected from the extremes of the lung function distribution, and analysed DNA and RNAseq data for CCL3L1 from the 1000 Genomes Project. Results: We confirmed the gene dosage effect of CCL3L1 copy number on CCL3L1 mRNA expression levels. We found no evidence for association of CCL3L1 copy number or CCR5del32 genotype with lung function. Conclusions: These results suggest that repositioning CCR5 antagonists is unlikely to be successful for the treatment of airflow obstruction.
Collapse
|
11
|
Effect of Phospholipid Transfer Protein on Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced IL-8 Production in Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2016; 39:1972-1980. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Sanguinetti CM. N-acetylcysteine in COPD: why, how, and when? Multidiscip Respir Med 2016; 11:8. [PMID: 26855777 PMCID: PMC4744393 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-016-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidants have long been recognized to have an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and in this cigarette smoke has a strong responsibility, because it generates a conspicuous amount of oxidant radicals able to modify the structure of the respiratory tract and to enhance several mechanisms that sustain lung inflammation in COPD. In fact, oxidative stress is highly increased in COPD and natural antioxidant capacities, mainly afforded by reduced glutathione, are often overcome. Thus an exogenous supplementation of antioxidant compounds is mandatory to at least partially counteract the oxidative stress. For this purpose N-acetylcysteine has great potentialities due to its capacity of directly contrasting oxidants with its free thiols, and to the possibility it has of acting as donor of cysteine precursors aimed at glutathione restoration. Many studies in vitro and in vivo have already demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of NAC. Many clinical studies have long been performed to explore the efficacy of NAC in COPD with altern results, especially when the drug was used at very low dosage and/or for a short period of time. More recently, several trials have been conducted to verify the appropriateness of using high-dose NAC in COPD, above all to decrease the exacerbations rate. The results have been encouraging, even if some of the data come from the most widely sized trials that have been conducted in Chinese populations. Although other evidence should be necessary to confirm the results in other populations of patients, high-dose oral NAC nevertheless offers interesting perspectives as add-on therapy for COPD patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Misra M, Leverette RD, Cooper BT, Bennett MB, Brown SE. Comparative in vitro toxicity profile of electronic and tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy products: e-liquids, extracts and collected aerosols. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11325-47. [PMID: 25361047 PMCID: PMC4245615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) continues to increase worldwide in parallel with accumulating information on their potential toxicity and safety. In this study, an in vitro battery of established assays was used to examine the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity and inflammatory responses of certain commercial e-cigs and compared to tobacco burning cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (SLT) products and a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) product. The toxicity evaluation was performed on e-liquids and pad-collected aerosols of e-cigs, pad-collected smoke condensates of tobacco cigarettes and extracts of SLT and NRT products. In all assays, exposures with e-cig liquids and collected aerosols, at the doses tested, showed no significant activity when compared to tobacco burning cigarettes. Results for the e-cigs, with and without nicotine in two evaluated flavor variants, were very similar in all assays, indicating that the presence of nicotine and flavors, at the levels tested, did not induce any cytotoxic, genotoxic or inflammatory effects. The present findings indicate that neither the e-cig liquids and collected aerosols, nor the extracts of the SLT and NRT products produce any meaningful toxic effects in four widely-applied in vitro test systems, in which the conventional cigarette smoke preparations, at comparable exposures, are markedly cytotoxic and genotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Misra
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Robert D Leverette
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Bethany T Cooper
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Melanee B Bennett
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| | - Steven E Brown
- Lorillard Tobacco Company, A.W. Spears Research Center, 420 North English Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ravi AK, Khurana S, Lemon J, Plumb J, Booth G, Healy L, Catley M, Vestbo J, Singh D. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptor and CCL3 in COPD sputum. Respir Res 2014; 15:103. [PMID: 25183374 PMCID: PMC4156958 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COPD patients have increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via its soluble receptor sIL-6R, governs the influx of innate immune cells to inflammatory foci through regulation of the chemokine CCL3. We hypothesized that there would be enhanced levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and CCL3 in COPD sputum. Methods 59 COPD patients, 15 HNS and 15 S underwent sputum induction and processing with phosphate buffered saline to obtain supernatants for IL-6, sIL-6R and CCL3 analysis. Cytoslides were produced for differential cell counting and immunocytochemistry (COPD; n = 3) to determine cell type surface expression of the CCL3 receptors CCR5 and CCR1. Results COPD patients expressed higher levels (p < 0.05) of sIL-6R and CCL3 compared to controls (sIL-6R medians pg/ml: COPD 166.4 vs S 101.1 vs HNS 96.4; CCL3 medians pg/ml: COPD 117.9 vs S 0 vs HNS 2.7). COPD sIL-6R levels were significantly correlated with sputum neutrophil (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001) and macrophage (r = 0.3, p = 0.01) counts. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that CCR5 and CCR1 were exclusively expressed on airway macrophages. Conclusion Enhanced airway generation of sIL-6R may promote IL-6 trans-signaling in COPD. Associated upregulation of CCL3 may facilitate the recruitment of macrophages into the airways by ligation of CCR1 and CCR5. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0103-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tse HN, Tseng CZS. Update on the pathological processes, molecular biology, and clinical utility of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:825-36. [PMID: 25125976 PMCID: PMC4130719 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s51057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and morbid disease characterized by high oxidative stress. Its pathogenesis is complex, and involves excessive oxidative stress (redox imbalance), protease/antiprotease imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and autoimmunity. Among these, oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COPD by initiating and mediating various redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways and gene expression. The protective physiological mechanisms of the redox balance in the human body, their role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and the clinical correlation between oxidative stress and COPD are reviewed in this paper. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper also reviews the use of NAC in patients with COPD, especially the dose-dependent properties of NAC, eg, its effects on lung function and the exacerbation rate in patients with the disease. Earlier data from BRONCUS (the Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study) did not suggest that NAC was beneficial in patients with COPD, only indicating that it reduced exacerbation in an “inhaled steroid-naïve” subgroup. With regard to the dose-dependent properties of NAC, two recent randomized controlled Chinese trials suggested that high-dose NAC (1,200 mg daily) can reduce exacerbations in patients with COPD, especially in those with an earlier (moderately severe) stage of disease, and also in those who are at high risk of exacerbations. However, there was no significant effect on symptoms or quality of life in patients receiving NAC. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effect of NAC at higher doses in non-Chinese patients with COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Nam Tse
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cee Zhung Steven Tseng
- Medical and Geriatric Department, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Caramori G, Adcock IM, Di Stefano A, Chung KF. Cytokine inhibition in the treatment of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:397-412. [PMID: 24812504 PMCID: PMC4010626 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s42544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an important part in many pathobiological processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including the chronic inflammatory process, emphysema, and altered innate immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines of potential importance include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, IL-32, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β. The current objectives of COPD treatment are to reduce symptoms, and to prevent and reduce the number of exacerbations. While current treatments achieve these goals to a certain extent, preventing the decline in lung function is not currently achievable. In addition, reversal of corticosteroid insensitivity and control of the fibrotic process while reducing the emphysematous process could also be controlled by specific cytokines. The abnormal pathobiological process of COPD may contribute to these fundamental characteristics of COPD, and therefore targeting cytokines involved may be a fruitful endeavor. Although there has been much work that has implicated various cytokines as potentially playing an important role in COPD, there have been very few studies that have examined the effect of specific cytokine blockade in COPD. The two largest studies that have been reported in the literature involve the use of blocking antibody to TNFα and CXCL8 (IL-8), and neither has provided benefit. Blocking the actions of CXCL8 through its CXCR2 receptor blockade was not successful either. Studies of antibodies against IL-17, IL-18, IL-1β, and TSLP are currently either being undertaken or planned. There is a need to carefully phenotype COPD and discover good biomarkers of drug efficacy for each specific target. Specific groups of COPD patients should be targeted with specific anticytokine therapy if there is evidence of high expression of that cytokine and there are features of the clinical expression of COPD that will respond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio-Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bacterial Colonization Increases Daily Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:303-9. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201310-350oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
18
|
Victoni T, Gleonnec F, Lanzetti M, Tenor H, Valença S, Porto LC, Lagente V, Boichot E. Roflumilast N-oxide prevents cytokine secretion induced by cigarette smoke combined with LPS through JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 inhibition in airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85243. [PMID: 24416369 PMCID: PMC3885699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway epithelial cells and macrophages are the first defense cells against cigarette smoke and these cells are an important source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines play a role in progressive airflow limitation and chronic airways inflammation. Furthermore, the chronic colonization of airways by Gram-negative bacteria, contributes to the persistent airways inflammation and progression of COPD. The current study addressed the effects of cigarette smoke along with lipolysaccharide (LPS) in airway epithelial cells as a representative in vitro model of COPD exacerbations. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of PDE4 inhibitor, the roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), in this experimental model. A549 cells were stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone (0.4% to 10%) or in combination with a low concentration of LPS (0.1 µg/ml) for 2 h or 24 h for measurement of chemokine protein and mRNAs and 5-120 min for protein phosphorylation. Cells were also pre-incubated with MAP kinases inhibitors and Prostaglandin E2 alone or combined with RNO, before the addition of CSE+LPS. Production of cytokines was determined by ELISA and protein phosphorylation by western blotting and phospho-kinase array. CSE did not induce production of IL-8/CXCL8 and Gro-α/CXCL1 from A549 cells, but increase production of CCL2/MCP-1. However the combination of LPS 0.1 µg/ml with CSE 2% or 4% induced an important production of these chemokines, that appears to be dependent of ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT pathways but did not require JNK and p38 pathways. Moreover, RNO associated with PGE2 reduced CSE+LPS-induced cytokine release, which can happen by occur through of ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT pathways. We report here an in vitro model that can reflect what happen in airway epithelial cells in COPD exacerbation. We also showed a new pathway where CSE+LPS can induce cytokine release from A549 cells, which is reduced by RNO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Laboratório de Reparo Tecidual, DHE/IBRAG/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Samuel Valença
- Laboratório de Reparo Tecidual, DHE/IBRAG/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Toorn M, Slebos DJ, de Bruin HG, Gras R, Rezayat D, Jorge L, Sandra K, van Oosterhout AJM. Critical role of aldehydes in cigarette smoke-induced acute airway inflammation. Respir Res 2013; 14:45. [PMID: 23594194 PMCID: PMC3671961 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the most important risk factor for COPD, which is associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation. We hypothesize, that highly reactive aldehydes are critical for CS-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed to CS, water filtered CS (WF-CS) or air for 5 days. Levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and aldehydes in CS and WF-CS were measured. Six hours after the last exposure, inflammatory cells and cytokine levels were measured in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Furthermore, Beas-2b bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to CS extract (CSE) or WF-CS extract (WF-CSE) in the absence or presence of the aldehyde acrolein and IL-8 production was measured after 24 hrs. RESULTS Compared to CS, in WF-CS strongly decreased (CS; 271.1 ± 41.5 μM, WF-CS; 58.5 ± 8.2 μM) levels of aldehydes were present whereas levels of TPM were only slightly reduced (CS; 20.78 ± 0.59 mg, WF-CS; 16.38 ± 0.36 mg). The numbers of mononuclear cells in BALF (p<0.01) and lung tissue (p<0.01) were significantly increased in the CS- and WF-CS-exposed mice compared to air control mice. Interestingly, the numbers of neutrophils (p<0.001) in BALF and neutrophils and eosinophils (p<0.05) in lung tissue were significantly increased in the CS-exposed but not in WF-CS-exposed mice as compared to air control mice. Levels of the neutrophil and eosinophil chemoattractants KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α and IL-5 were all significantly increased in lung tissue from CS-exposed mice compared to both WF-CS-exposed and air control mice. Interestingly, depletion of aldehydes in WF-CS extract significantly reduced IL-8 production in Beas-2b as compared to CSE, which could be restored by the aldehyde acrolein. CONCLUSION Aldehydes present in CS play a critical role in inflammatory cytokine production and neutrophilic- but not mononuclear airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, RB, 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Gras
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Delaram Rezayat
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Jorge
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Metablys, Research Institute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Antoon JM van Oosterhout
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Lab. Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, GZ, 9713, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Life science technologies generate a deluge of data that hold the keys to unlocking the secrets of important biological functions and disease mechanisms. We present DEAP, Differential Expression Analysis for Pathways, which capitalizes on information about biological pathways to identify important regulatory patterns from differential expression data. DEAP makes significant improvements over existing approaches by including information about pathway structure and discovering the most differentially expressed portion of the pathway. On simulated data, DEAP significantly outperformed traditional methods: with high differential expression, DEAP increased power by two orders of magnitude; with very low differential expression, DEAP doubled the power. DEAP performance was illustrated on two different gene and protein expression studies. DEAP discovered fourteen important pathways related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interferon treatment that existing approaches omitted. On the interferon study, DEAP guided focus towards a four protein path within the 26 protein Notch signalling pathway. The data deluge represents a growing challenge for life sciences. Within this sea of data surely lie many secrets to understanding important biological and medical systems. To quantify important patterns in this data, we present DEAP (Differential Expression Analysis for Pathways). DEAP amalgamates information about biological pathway structure and differential expression to identify important patterns of regulation. On both simulated and biological data, we show that DEAP is able to identify key mechanisms while making significant improvements over existing methodologies. For example, on the interferon study, DEAP uniquely identified both the interferon gamma signalling pathway and the JAK STAT signalling pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
Matkovic Z, Miravitlles M. Chronic bronchial infection in COPD. Is there an infective phenotype? Respir Med 2012; 107:10-22. [PMID: 23218452 PMCID: PMC7126218 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, particularly bacteria, are frequently found in the lower airways of COPD patients, both in stable state and during exacerbations. The host–pathogen relationship in COPD is a complex, dynamic process characterised by frequent changes in pathogens, their strains and loads, and subsequent host immune responses. Exacerbations are detrimental events in the course of COPD and evidence suggests that 70% may be caused by microorganisms. When considering bacterial exacerbations, recent findings based on molecular typing have demonstrated that the acquisition of new strains of bacteria or antigenic changes in pre-existing strains are the most important triggers for exacerbation onset. Even in clinically stable COPD patients the presence of microorganisms in their lower airways may cause harmful effects and induce chronic low-grade airway inflammation leading to increased exacerbation frequency, an accelerated decline in lung function and impaired health-related quality of life. Besides intraluminal localisation in the distal airways, bacteria can be found in the bronchial walls and parenchymal lung tissue of COPD patients. Therefore, the isolation of pathogenic bacteria in stable COPD should be considered as a form of chronic infection rather than colonisation. This new approach may have important implications for the management of patients with COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zinka Matkovic
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fujino N, Kubo H, Ota C, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Yamada M, Takahashi T, He M, Suzuki T, Kondo T, Yamaya M. A novel method for isolating individual cellular components from the adult human distal lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:422-30. [PMID: 22033268 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0172oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of lung diseases, such as pulmonary emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, develop in the lung alveoli. Multiple cell types are localized in the alveoli, including epithelial, mesenchymal, and endothelial cells. These resident cells participate in the pathogenesis of lung disease in various ways. To elaborate clearly on the mechanisms of these pathologic processes, cell type-specific analyses of lung disease are required. However, no method exists for individually isolating the different types of cells found in the alveoli. We report on the development of a FACS-based method for the direct isolation of individual cell types from the adult human distal lung. We obtained human lung tissue from lung resections, and prepared single-cell suspension. After depleting CD45-positive cells, a combination of antibodies against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), T1α, and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin as used to delineate alveolar cell types. Alveolar Type II cells were highly purified in the EpCAM(hi)/T1α(-) subset, whereas the EpCAM(+)/T1α(-/low) subset contained a mixed epithelial population consisting of alveolar Type I and bronchiolar epithelial cells. The EpCAM(-)/T1α(-) subset included both microvascular endothelial and mesenchymal cells, and these were separated by immunoreactivity to VE-cadherin. Lymphatic endothelial cells existed in the EpCAM(-)/T1α(hi) subset. Isolated cells were viable, and further cell culture studies could be performed. These results suggest that this novel method enables the isolation of different cellular components from normal and diseased lungs, and is capable of elucidating phenotypes specific to certain alveolar cell types indicative of lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Fujino
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heijink IH, Brandenburg SM, Noordhoek JA, Slebos DJ, Postma DS, van Oosterhout AJ. Role of aberrant metalloproteinase activity in the pro-inflammatory phenotype of bronchial epithelium in COPD. Respir Res 2011; 12:110. [PMID: 21861887 PMCID: PMC3182910 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for COPD, is known to activate matrix metalloproteinases in airway epithelium. We investigated whether metalloproteinases, particularly A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM)17, contribute to increased pro-inflammatory epithelial responses with respect to the release of IL-8 and TGF-α, cytokines implicated in COPD pathogenesis. METHODS We studied the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and metalloproteinase inhibitors on TGF-α and IL-8 release in primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from COPD patients, healthy smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS We observed that TGF-α was mainly shed by ADAM17 in PBECs from all groups. Interestingly, IL-8 production occurred independently from ADAM17 and TGF-α shedding, but was significantly inhibited by broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI-2. CSE did not induce ADAM17-dependent TGF-α shedding, while it slightly augmented the production of IL-8. This was accompanied by reduced endogenous inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 levels, suggesting that CSE does not directly but rather indirectly alter activity of ADAM17 through the regulation of its endogenous inhibitor. Furthermore, whereas baseline TGF-α shedding was lower in COPD PBECs, the early release of IL-8 (likely due to its shedding) was higher in PBECs from COPD than healthy smokers. Importantly, this was accompanied by lower TIMP-2 levels in COPD PBECs, while baseline TIMP-3 levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IL-8 secretion is regulated independently from ADAM17 activity and TGF-α shedding and that particularly its early release is differentially regulated in PBECs from COPD and healthy smokers. Since TIMP-2-sensitive metalloproteinases could potentially contribute to IL-8 release, these may be interesting targets to further investigate novel therapeutic strategies in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Heijink
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone M Brandenburg
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobien A Noordhoek
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J van Oosterhout
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
[Structural abnormalities and inflammation in COPD: a focus on small airways]. Rev Mal Respir 2011; 28:749-60. [PMID: 21742236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation associated with airway remodelling and inflammation of both large and small airways. The site of airflow obstruction in COPD is located in the small airways, justifying a focus on this compartment. The structural abnormalities that are found in bronchioles with a diameter less than 2mm are characterized by increased airway wall thickness with peribronchial fibrosis, and by luminal obstruction by mucous exudates. Destruction of alveolar walls, the hallmark of emphysema, may be related to protease-antiprotease imbalance, and to mechanisms involving apoptosis, senescence, and autoimmunity. Cigarette smoke inhalation triggers the recruitment of innate immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and putatively adaptive immunity mediated via T and B lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles in the small airways. These data suggest a potential role for therapies that can target remodelling and inflammation in the small airways of patients with COPD.
Collapse
|
25
|
JOUNEAU STEPHANE, KHORASANI NADIA, DE SOUZA PATRICIA, MACEDO PATRICIA, ZHU JIE, BHAVSAR PANKAJK, CHUNG KIANF. EMMPRIN (CD147) regulation of MMP-9 in bronchial epithelial cells in COPD. Respirology 2011; 16:705-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Zhang G, Rudney JD. Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced cytokine expression by influencing pathways converging on nuclear factor-κB. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:150-63. [PMID: 21375705 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that Streptococcus cristatus, an oral commensal, was able to downregulate the interleukin-8 (IL-8) response to Fusobacterium nucleatum, a putative oral pathogen in oral epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to extend the understanding of how S. cristatus regulates cytokine expression in oral epithelial cells on a broad basis, and investigate whether the modulation of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway was involved in this process. KB and TERT-2 cells were co-cultured with F. nucleatum and S. cristatus, either alone or in combination. Total RNA was extracted and pathway-specific focused microarrays were used to profile the transcriptional responses of various cytokine genes and those related to TLR-mediated signal transduction. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and protein assays were performed to confirm the microarray results for selected genes. We found that exposure to either S. cristatus or F. nucleatum alone led to distinct changes in cytokine expression patterns. Fusobacterium nucleatum induced a greater number of gene expression changes than S. cristatus (15% vs. 4%, respectively). The presence of S. cristatus with F. nucleatum attenuated the expression of a number of inflammatory cytokines, and upregulated several anti-inflammatory mediators. The RT-PCR confirmed the messenger RNA attenuation of IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 by S. cristatus. Profiling of TLR-signaling-related genes revealed that S. cristatus most significantly impacted the downstream pathways, especially nuclear factor-κB, rather than altering TLRs and their adaptors and interacting proteins. Our data suggest that S. cristatus may attenuate the epithelial proinflammatory cytokine response to F. nucleatum by influencing pathways converging on nuclear factor-κB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Inoue KI, Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Nakamura R, Ichinose T, Tasaka S, Kiyono M, Takano H. Effects of carbon black nanoparticles on elastase-induced emphysematous lung injury in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:234-40. [PMID: 21266011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although adverse health effects of particulate matter with a diameter of <100 nm (nanoparticles) have been proposed, biological evidence supporting their promotion of the inflammatory lung response in vivo is limited. This study investigated the impact of pulmonary exposure to carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP) on emphysematous lung injury induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) in mice. Vehicle, two sizes (14 and 56 nm) of CBNP (50 μg/body: 4 mg/kg), PPE (0.03 U/body: 1 U/kg) or PPE + CBNP was administered intratracheally; thereafter, parameters of inflammatory lung changes were evaluated at several time-points. CBNP of 14 nm significantly induced acute lung inflammation in non-elicited subjects and aggravated PPE-elicited airway neutrophilic inflammation at an early stage (day 1), which was concomitant with the enhanced lung expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and chemokine such as keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant. Further, 14-nm CBNP exaggerated emphysematous lung structural changes at a delayed stage (day 14). On the other hand, 56-nm CBNP induced lung inflammation but did not influence PPE-elicited pathophysiology in the lung. Taken together, CBNP at an optimal size and dose can exacerbate PPE-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema. This enhancement may be mediated, at least partly, via the increased local expression of pro-inflammatory molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Inoue
- Department of Public Health and Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Monzon ME, Forteza RM, Casalino-Matsuda SM. MCP-1/CCR2B-dependent loop upregulates MUC5AC and MUC5B in human airway epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L204-15. [PMID: 21097527 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00292.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke represents a major risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a respiratory condition associated with airflow obstruction, mucus hypersecretion, chronic inflammation, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators such as the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). MCP-1 through its receptor CCR2 induces chemotaxis and activates (44/42)MAPK, a kinase known to play a key role in mucin regulation in bronchial epithelium. In the present study we used differentiated primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells to test whether MCP-1 through its receptor CCR2 induces mucin upregulation. We have provided evidence that NHBE cells release MCP-1 to the epithelial surface and express the CCR2B isoform of the receptor mainly at the apical pole. In addition, we found that MCP-1 has a novel function in airway epithelium, increasing the two major airway mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B, an effect mediated, at least in part, by a cascade of events initiated by interaction of its receptor CCR2B with G(q) subunits in caveolae, followed by PLCβ, PKC, and (44/42)MAPK activation. We also have shown that MCP-1 is able to induce its own expression using the same receptor but through a different pathway that involves RhoA GTPase. Furthermore, we found that a single exposure to MCP-1 is enough to induce MCP-1 secretion and sustained mucin upregulation up to 7 days after initial exposure, an effect mediated by CCR2B as confirmed using short hairpin RNA. These results agree with our data in smoker's airway epithelium, where CCR2B is present in MUC5AC- and MUC5B-expressing cells and augmented MCP-1 expression is associated with increased MUC5AC and MUC5B immunolabeling, suggesting that the mechanisms described in primary cell cultures in the present study are operative in vivo. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting MCP-1/CCR2B may be useful in preventing not only influx of inflammatory cells to the airways but also mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Monzon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Univ. of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Atkinson JJ, Lutey BA, Suzuki Y, Toennies HM, Kelley DG, Kobayashi DK, Ijem WG, Deslee G, Moore CH, Jacobs ME, Conradi SH, Gierada DS, Pierce RA, Betsuyaku T, Senior RM. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:876-84. [PMID: 21057003 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201005-0718oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 is an elastolytic endopeptidase produced by activated macrophages that may be involved in the development of human pulmonary emphysema and could be inhibited with existing compounds. Mouse models have demonstrated that excess MMP-9 production can result in permanent alveolar destruction. OBJECTIVES To determine if MMP-9 causes cigarette smoke-induced emphysema using MMP-9 knockout mice and human samples. METHODS Mouse lungs were analyzed for inflammation and airspace enlargement using a mainstream smoke-exposure model. Human macrophage mRNA was isolated from subjects with emphysema by laser capture microdissection. Human blood monocyte mRNA was isolated from subjects with greater than 30 pack-year smoking history. Human gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with emphysema severity determined by automated computed tomography analysis. Plasma Clara cell secretory protein and surfactant protein-D were quantified to measure ongoing lung injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mice deficient in MMP-9 develop the same degree of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and airspace enlargement as strain-matched controls. Macrophages are the predominant source of MMP-9 production in human emphysema specimens and similar quantities of macrophage MMP-9 mRNA is present in areas of lung with and without emphysema. Circulating monocytes produce more MMP-9 in individuals with advanced emphysema severity despite no correlation of MMP-9 with markers of ongoing lung damage. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MMP-9 in humans who smoke is similar to smoke-exposed mice, where MMP-9 is present in emphysematous lung but not correlated with the emphysema. To the degree that the mechanisms of emphysema in humans who smoke resemble the mouse model, these data suggest specific inhibition of MMP-9 is unlikely to be an effective therapy for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00757120).
Collapse
|
30
|
Gallelli L, Pelaia G, Fratto D, Muto V, Falcone D, Vatrella A, Curto LS, Renda T, Busceti MT, Liberto MC, Savino R, Cazzola M, Marsico SA, Maselli R. Effects of budesonide on P38 MAPK activation, apoptosis and IL-8 secretion, induced by TNF-alpha and Haemophilus influenzae in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:471-9. [PMID: 20646342 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is one of the most frequently involved pathogens in bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the airways, the main tissue target of NTHi is bronchial epithelium, where this pathogen can further amplify the inflammatory and structural changes induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, the effects of NTHi on signal transduction pathways, apoptotic events and chemokine production activated by TNF-alpha. Moreover, we also evaluated the effects exerted on such cellular and molecular phenomena by a corticosteroid drug. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blotting, using an anti-phospho-p38 MAPK monoclonal antibody. Apoptosis was assayed by active caspase-3 expression. Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) was detected in cell-free culture supernatants by ELISA. TNF-alpha induced a significant increase in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. NTHi was able to potentiate the stimulatory actions of TNF-alpha on caspase-3 expression and, to a lesser extent, on IL-8 secretion. These effects were significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited by a pharmacological pre-treatment with budesonide. These results suggest that TNF-alpha is able to stimulate, via activation of p38 MAPK signalling pathway, IL-8 release and airway epithelial cell apoptosis; the latter effect can be markedly potentiated by NTHi. Furthermore, budesonide can be very effective in preventing, through inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, both structural and proinflammatory changes elicited in bronchial epithelium by TNF-alpha and NTHi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gallelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang M, Li Q, Zhang XY, Ding X, Zhu D, Zhou X. Relevance of lower airway bacterial colonization, airway inflammation, and pulmonary function in the stable stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1487-93. [PMID: 20725845 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to verify the hypothesis that the presence of lower airway bacterial colonization (LABC) can be a stimulating factor of airway inflammation, more frequent exacerbation, and impact on pulmonary function, independent of current tobacco smoking in the stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 46 ex-smokers with moderate to severe COPD, 19 healthy non-smokers, and 17 ex-smokers without COPD were included in this study. Their sputum specimens were collected at the first baseline visit and at the second visit after a follow-up of one year. The samples were analyzed for bacterial growth by culture, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequencies of exacerbations and pulmonary function were compared at visit 2. At visit 1, 37.0% (17/46) were found to have LABC with bacterial loads ≥10⁶ CFU/ml in their sputum specimens. Haemophilus influenzae was the predominant pathogenic organism isolated. IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in these patients' sputum were significantly higher than those without LABC (p < 0.05). It was the presence of LABC that contributed to the significantly elevated IL-8 and IL-6 at the 1-year period (p < 0.05). LABC was also associated with significantly increased frequencies of exacerbations and declined forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) (p < 0.05). LABC was documented in a subpopulation of stable COPD patients; it may be responsible for the deterioration of pulmonary function of COPD patients by promoting airway inflammation and/or increased frequency of exacerbations independently of tobacco smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wollin L, Pieper MP. Tiotropium bromide exerts anti-inflammatory activity in a cigarette smoke mouse model of COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:345-54. [PMID: 20362689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tiotropium bromide is a long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), marketed under the brand name Spiriva, for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Besides its proven direct bronchodilatory activity, recent clinical studies demonstrated that tiotropium is able to reduce the exacerbation rate and impact the clinical course of COPD. One significant pathological feature believed to be causative for the progressive nature of COPD is chronic pulmonary inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of tiotropium on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for four days with increasing exposure time for up to 6h per day to elicit pulmonary inflammation and mediator release. One hour before smoke exposure, animals were treated with tiotropium by inhalation (0.01-0.3mg/mL) for 5 min; 18h after the last CS exposure a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Tiotropium concentration-dependently inhibited pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation with an IC(50) of 0.058 mg/mL and a maximum inhibition of 60% at 0.3mg/mL. Furthermore, the CS-induced pulmonary release of leukotriene B(4), interleukin-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was dose-dependently reduced. The bronchodilatory activity of tiotropium against acetycholine-induced bronchoconstriction was found to be in the same dose range as the anti-inflammatory activity with an IC(50) of 0.045 mg/mL and a maximum bronchodilation of 90% at 0.3mg/mL. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of tiotropium on the course of COPD shown in patients may be associated with an anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wollin
- Pulmonary Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Braber S, Henricks PAJ, Nijkamp FP, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. Inflammatory changes in the airways of mice caused by cigarette smoke exposure are only partially reversed after smoking cessation. Respir Res 2010; 11:99. [PMID: 20649997 PMCID: PMC2918562 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking irritates and damages the respiratory tract and contributes to a higher risk of developing lung emphysema. At present, smoking cessation is the only effective treatment for reducing the progression of lung emphysema, however, there is hardly anything known about the effects of smoking cessation on cytokine and chemokine levels in the airways. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported in vivo study in which cytokine profiles were determined after cessation of cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS The severity of airway remodeling and inflammation was studied by analyzing alveolar enlargement, heart hypertrophy, inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue and by determining the cytokine and chemokine profiles in the BALF of A/J mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 20 weeks and 8 weeks after smoking cessation. RESULTS The alveolar enlargement and right ventricle heart hypertrophy found in smoke-exposed mice remained unchanged after smoking cessation. Although the neutrophilic inflammation in the BALF of cigarette smoke-exposed animals was reduced after smoking cessation, a sustained inflammation in the lung tissue was observed. The elevated cytokine (IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha) and chemokine (CCL2 and CCL3) levels in the BALF of smoke-exposed mice returned to basal levels after smoking cessation, while the increased IL-12 levels did not return to its basal level. The cigarette smoke-enhanced VEGF levels did not significantly change after smoking cessation. Moreover, IL-10 levels were reduced in the BALF of smoke-exposed mice and these levels were still significantly decreased after smoking cessation compared to the control animals. CONCLUSION The inflammatory changes in the airways caused by cigarette smoke exposure were only partially reversed after smoking cessation. Although smoking cessation should be the first step in reducing the progression of lung emphysema, additional medication could be provided to tackle the sustained airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul AJ Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P Nijkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Odajima N, Betsuyaku T, Yoshida T, Hosokawa T, Nishimura M. High levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer are expressed in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:935-43. [PMID: 20236683 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is pathologically characterized by the proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle-like cells (lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells) that synthesize excess matrix metalloproteinases. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is minimally expressed in the healthy lung, but is up-regulated in various lung injuries that are apparently associated with matrix metalloproteinases. We therefore immunohistochemically stained extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells and measured extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also quantified extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer messenger RNA expression in the lung using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Intense staining for extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells indicated high immunoreactivity. Dual immunofluorescence studies revealed diffuse colocalization between extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and alpha smooth muscle actin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, or matrix metalloproteinase-9. Although levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer messenger RNA did not differ in whole lung homogenates from patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and healthy controls (1.7 +/- 0.1 versus 1.5 +/- 0.2 SE, not significant; both n = 4), lymphangioleiomyomatosis nodules retrieved by laser capture microdissection expressed 5.1 (+/-1.0 SE)-fold higher levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer messenger RNA than lung homogenates (P = .0077, n = 4). Levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer were significantly elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lymphangioleiomyomatosis patients compared with controls (82.7 +/- 19.5 versus 38.6 +/- 9.0 SE pg/mL, P = .0497; n = 8 and 9, respectively). Increased levels of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer colocalized with increased matrix metalloproteinases in lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells indicate that it potentially functions in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Odajima
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Comandini A, Rogliani P, Nunziata A, Cazzola M, Curradi G, Saltini C. Biomarkers of lung damage associated with tobacco smoke in induced sputum. Respir Med 2009; 103:1592-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Li Z, Alam S, Wang J, Sandstrom CS, Janciauskiene S, Mahadeva R. Oxidized α1-antitrypsin stimulates the release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 from lung epithelial cells: potential role in emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L388-400. [PMID: 19525388 PMCID: PMC2742802 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90373.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α1-Antitrypsin (AT) is a major elastase inhibitor within the lung. Oxidation of critical methionine residues in AT generates oxidized AT (Ox-AT), which has a greatly diminished ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase. This process may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by creating a functional deficiency of AT permitting lung destruction. We show here that Ox-AT promotes release of human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8 from human lung type epithelial cells (A549) and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Native, cleaved, polymeric AT and secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor (SLPI) and oxidized conformations of cleaved, polymeric AT and SLPI did not have any significant effect on MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion. These findings were supported by the fact that instillation of Ox-AT into murine lungs resulted in an increase in JE (mouse MCP-1) and increased macrophage numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The effect of Ox-AT was dependent on NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1)/JNK. These findings have important implications. They demonstrate that the oxidation of methionines in AT by oxidants released by cigarette smoke or inflammatory cells not only reduces the antielastase lung protection, but also converts AT into a proinflammatory stimulus. Ox-AT generated in the airway interacts directly with epithelial cells to release chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, which in turn attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the airways. The release of oxidants by these inflammatory cells could oxidize AT, perpetuating the cycle and potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that molecules such as oxidants, antiproteinases, and chemokines, rather than act independently, are likely to interact to cause emphysema.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ainsworth DM, Matychak M, Reyner CL, Erb HN, Young JC. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on the gene expression of chemokines and cell-surface receptors in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures established from horses with chronic recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:365-72. [PMID: 19254149 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine effects of in vitro exposure to solutions of hay dust, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or beta-glucan on chemokine and cell-surface receptor (CSR) gene expression in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures (BECCs) established from healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). SAMPLE POPULATION BECCs established from bronchial biopsy specimens of 6 RAO-affected horses and 6 healthy horses. PROCEDURES 5-day-old BECCs were treated with PBS solution, hay dust solutions, LPS, or beta-glucan for 6 or 24 hours. Gene expression of interleukin (IL)-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), IL-1beta, toll-like receptor 2, toll-like receptor 4, IL-1 receptor 1, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was measured with a kinetic PCR assay. RESULTS Treatment with PBS solution for 6 or 24 hours was not associated with a significant difference in chemokine or CSR expression between BECCs from either group of horses. In all BECCs, treatment with hay dust or LPS for 6 hours increased IL-8, CXCL2, and IL-1beta gene expression > 3-fold; at 24 hours, only IL-1beta expression was upregulated by > 3-fold. In all BECCs, CSR gene expression was not increased following any treatment. With the exception of a 3.7-fold upregulation of CXCL2 in BECCs from RAO-affected horses (following 6-hour hay dust treatment), no differences in chemokine or CSR gene expression were detected between the 2 groups. At 24 hours, CXCL2 gene expression in all BECCs was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epithelial CXCL2 upregulation in response to hay dust particulates may incite early airway neutrophilia in horses with RAO.
Collapse
|
38
|
Moriyama C, Betsuyaku T, Ito Y, Hamamura I, Hata J, Takahashi H, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M. Aging enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation through bronchiolar chemokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:304-11. [PMID: 19491340 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0025oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and aging are major risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An unsolved question is whether elderly lungs are particularly vulnerable to cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. In this study, we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that aging increases the susceptibility to CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. We subjected 9-week-old and 69-week-old C57BL/6J mice to CS (whole-body exposure, 90 min/d), and evaluated neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, the levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and mRNA expression in bronchiolar epithelium retrieved by laser capture microdissection. The 69-week-old mice showed a greater number of neutrophils and higher levels of bronchiolar KC and MIP-2 expression than 9-week-old mice after 9 days of CS exposure. Furthermore, single CS exposure induced the rapid up-regulation of KC and MIP-2 in bronchiolar epithelium in both 9-week-old and 69-week-old mice, and the much higher levels in 69-week-old mice were associated with greater nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. In contrast, no age-related differences were observed in the bronchiolar expression of NF-E2-related factor 2-regulated antioxidant and detoxification genes, heme oxygenase-1, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone reductase 1, and glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier unit, or antioxidant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, regardless of CS exposure. In summary, aging increases susceptibility to CS-induced inflammation in a mouse model, and robust mRNA up-regulation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in bronchiolar epithelium may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Moriyama
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Burke DL, Frid MG, Kunrath CL, Karoor V, Anwar A, Wagner BD, Strassheim D, Stenmark KR. Sustained hypoxia promotes the development of a pulmonary artery-specific chronic inflammatory microenvironment. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L238-50. [PMID: 19465514 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90591.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that sustained hypoxia induces the robust accumulation of leukocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells in pulmonary arteries (PAs). Since the factors orchestrating hypoxia-induced vascular inflammation are not well-defined, the goal of this study was to identify mediators potentially responsible for recruitment to and retention and differentiation of circulating cells within the hypoxic PA. We analyzed mRNA expression of 44 different chemokine/chemokine receptor, cytokine, adhesion, and growth and differentiation genes in PAs obtained via laser capture microdissection in adjacent lung parenchyma and in systemic arteries by RT-PCR at several time points of hypoxic exposure (1, 7, and 28 days) in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Analysis of inflammatory cell accumulation and protein expression of selected genes was concomitantly assessed by immunochemistry. We found that hypoxia induced progressive accumulation of monocytes and dendritic cells in the vessel wall with few T cells and no B cells or neutrophils. Upregulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), VEGF, growth-related oncogene protein-alpha (GRO-alpha), C5, ICAM-1, osteopontin (OPN), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) preceded mononuclear cell influx. With time, a more complex pattern of gene expression developed with persistent upregulation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and OPN) and monocyte/fibrocyte growth and differentiation factors (TGF-beta, endothelin-1, and 5-lipoxygenase). On return to normoxia, expression of many genes (including SDF-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, C5, ICAM-1, and TGF-beta) rapidly returned to control levels, changes that preceded the disappearance of monocytes and reversal of vascular remodeling. In conclusion, sustained hypoxia leads to the development of a complex, PA-specific, proinflammatory microenvironment capable of promoting recruitment, retention, and differentiation of circulating monocytic cell populations that contribute to vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Burke
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Robays LJ, Maes T, Joos GF, Vermaelen KY. Between a cough and a wheeze: dendritic cells at the nexus of tobacco smoke-induced allergic airway sensitization. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:206-19. [PMID: 19262504 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke represents a major risk factor for the development of asthma. Enhanced sensitization toward allergens has been observed in humans and laboratory animals exposed to cigarette smoke. Pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) are crucially involved in sensitization toward allergens and play an important role in the development of T helper (Th)2-mediated allergic airway inflammation. We propose the concept that aberrant DC activation forms the basis for the deviation of the lung's default tolerogenic response toward allergic inflammation when harmless antigens are concomittantly inhaled with tobacco smoke. This review will summarize evidence suggesting that tobacco smoke can achieve this effect by providing numerous triggers of innate immunity, which can profoundly modulate airway DC biology. Tobacco smoke can affect the airway DC network either directly or indirectly by causing the release of DC-targeted mediators from the pulmonary tissue environment, resulting in the induction of a Th2-oriented pathological immune response. A thorough knowledge of the molecular pathways involved may open the door to novel approaches in the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Robays
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Suzuki M, Betsuyaku T, Ito Y, Nagai K, Odajima N, Moriyama C, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M. Curcumin attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L614-23. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90443.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a yellow pigment obtained from turmeric ( Curcumina longa), is a dietary polyphenol that has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The effect of curcumin against the development of pulmonary emphysema in animal models is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether curcumin is able to attenuate the development of pulmonary emphysema in mice. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were treated with intratracheal porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) or exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) (60 min/day for 10 consecutive days or 5 days/wk for 12 wk) to induce pulmonary inflammation and emphysema. Curcumin (100 mg/kg) or vehicle was administrated daily by oral gavage 1 h and 24 h before intratracheal PPE treatment and daily thereafter throughout a 21-day period in PPE-exposed mice and 1 h before each CS exposure in CS-exposed mice. As a result, curcumin treatment significantly inhibited PPE-induced increase of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 6 h and on day 1 after PPE administration, with an increase in antioxidant gene expression at 6 h and significantly attenuated PPE-induced air space enlargement on day 21. It was also found that curcumin treatment significantly inhibited CS-induced increase of neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after 10 consecutive days of CS exposure and significantly attenuated CS-induced air space enlargement after 12 wk of CS exposure. In conclusion, oral curcumin administration attenuated PPE- and CS-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in mice.
Collapse
|
42
|
Milara J, Mata M, Mauricio MD, Donet E, Morcillo EJ, Cortijo J. Sphingosine-1-phosphate increases human alveolar epithelial IL-8 secretion, proliferation and neutrophil chemotaxis. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 609:132-9. [PMID: 19285497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been presented recently as a pro-inflammatory agent in the airway epithelium since S1P levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of human asthmatics. However, the effects of S1P over the alveolar epithelium and neutrophil interactions are poorly understood. Here, we show that S1P increased interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression and protein secretion and proliferation in alveolar epithelial cells A549 at physiological concentrations (1 microM). At the same time, S1P increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration (potency 17.91 microM, measured by epifluorescence microscopy), phospholipase D (PLD) activity (measured by chemiluminiscence method) and extracellular matrix-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation (measured by western blot) via G(i)-coupled receptor (inhibited by pertussis toxin 100 ng/ml) in A549 cells. Both, IL-8 secretion and A549 proliferation were dependent of PLD activity (inhibited by 1-butanol 0.5%), intracellular Ca2+ (inhibited by acetoxymethyl 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM) 100 microM), ERK1/2 phosphorylation (inhibited by 2-[2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (PD98059) 10 microM) and G(i)-coupled receptors (blocked by pertussis toxin 100 ng/ml). Moreover, S1P increased intercellular adhesion molecule I (ICAM-1) expression and failed in vascular cell adhesion molecule I (VCAM-1) modification (measured by flow cytometer) in A549. Indirectly, A549 supernatant fluids arising from A549-S1P 1 microM stimulation decreased L-selectin expression without CD11b/CD18 integrin modification in human neutrophils. In the same way, A549-S1P supernatant fluids increased neutrophil chemotaxis (Boyden chamber), which was inhibited by antibody against IL-8. This study demonstrates for the first time that S1P participates in the alveolar epithelial interactions in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
NOGAWA H, ISHIBASHI Y, OGAWA A, MASUDA K, TSUBUKI T, KAMEDA T, MATSUZAWA S. Carbocisteine can scavenge reactive oxygen speciesin vitro. Respirology 2009; 14:53-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
44
|
Bhalla DK, Hirata F, Rishi AK, Gairola CG. Cigarette smoke, inflammation, and lung injury: a mechanistic perspective. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:45-64. [PMID: 19117209 DOI: 10.1080/10937400802545094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common feature in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-associated diseases. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lung following cigarette smoke exposure presents a risk of tissue damage through the release of toxic mediators, including proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. This review represents a toxicological approach to investigation of cigarette smoke-induced lung injury, with a focus on laboratory studies and an emphasis on inflammatory mechanisms. The studies discussed in this review analyze the role of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in the development of injury. In cases where information relating to cigarette smoke is limited, examples are taken from other models of lung injury applicable to cigarette smoke. The primary aim of the review is to summarize published work so as to permit (1) an evaluation of chronic lung injury and inflammatory responses in animal models, (2) a discussion of inflammatory mediators in the development of chronic injury, and (3) identification of immunological mechanisms of injury. These studies discuss the currently understood roles of cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in inflammatory reactions and lung injury. A role for lipocortin 1 (annexin 1), a naturally occurring defense factor against inflammation, is discussed because of the possibility that impaired synthesis and degradation of lipocortin 1 will influence immune responses in animals exposed to cigarette smoke either by augmenting T helper cell Th1 response or by shifting Th1 to Th2 response. While Th1 augmentation will increase the risk for development of emphysema, Th1 to Th2 shift will favor development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Bhalla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, and Department of Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo 14215, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Suzuki M, Betsuyaku T, Ito Y, Nagai K, Nasuhara Y, Kaga K, Kondo S, Nishimura M. Down-regulated NF-E2-related factor 2 in pulmonary macrophages of aged smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:673-82. [PMID: 18566336 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary macrophages are one of the sources of various antioxidant and detoxification enzymes for which NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcriptional factor. Although Nrf2 deficiency reportedly induces severe emphysema in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), no reports have studied Nrf2 regulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, Nrf2 activation in response to CS was evaluated in human alveolar macrophages, and age-related differences in CS-induced Nrf2 regulation in mouse alveolar macrophages were determined. Furthermore, Nrf2 mRNA levels in human macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage or laser capture microdissection were measured. CS induced nuclear Nrf2 accumulation and up-regulation of Nrf2 target genes without substantial changes in Nrf2 mRNA levels in human alveolar macrophages. In humans, the Nrf2 mRNA level in lavaged macrophages of young subjects (n = 14) was independent of smoking status; however, the Nrf2 mRNA level was down-regulated in the lavaged macrophages of older current smokers (n = 14) compared with older nonsmokers (n = 9) (P < 0.001). Among older subjects, the macrophage Nrf2 mRNA level was inversely correlated with oxidized glutathione and carbonylated albumin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In mice, aging suppressed the CS-induced up-regulation of Nrf2 target genes, as well as Nrf2, in alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, the Nrf2 mRNA level was decreased in laser capture microdissection-retrieved macrophages obtained from subjects with COPD (n = 10) compared with control subjects (n = 10) (P = 0.001). In conclusion, CS induces Nrf2 activation in macrophages, and Nrf2 expression is decreased in the macrophages of older current smokers and patients with COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Suzuki
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nagai K, Betsuyaku T, Suzuki M, Nasuhara Y, Kaga K, Kondo S, Nishimura M. Dual oxidase 1 and 2 expression in airway epithelium of smokers and patients with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:705-14. [PMID: 18177232 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dual oxidase (Duox) 1 and Duox2 are important sources of hydrogen peroxide production and play a role in host defense in airways. Little is known about their regulation in association with smoking or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated the epithelial expression of Duox1 and Duox2 in the airways of smokers, and the relationship between this expression and COPD at early stage. First, using bronchoscopy, we harvested tracheal and bronchial epithelium from individuals who have never smoked and current smokers. Duox1 expression in brushed tracheal and bronchial epithelium was significantly downregulated, whereas Duox2 was upregulated, in current smokers as compared to individuals who have never smoked. Second, laser capture microdissection and microscope-assisted manual dissection were performed in surgically resected lung tissues to collect bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar septa. Subjects with mild/moderate COPD, who were all former smokers, exhibited downregulation of bronchiolar Duox1 and Duox2 when compared to individuals who have never smoked, whereas a difference between former smokers, with and without COPD, was observed only for Duox1. Alveolar Duox1 and Duox2 expression was low and did not differ among the groups. These results imply that the airway expression of Duox1 and Duox2 is diversely associated with smoking and COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Nagai
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Suzuki M, Betsuyaku T, Nagai K, Fuke S, Nasuhara Y, Kaga K, Kondo S, Hamamura I, Hata J, Takahashi H, Nishimura M. Decreased airway expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice and COPD patients. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:349-59. [PMID: 18300052 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701866412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is crucial for lung structure maintenance. Although VEGF deficiency plays a role in the pathogenesis of emphysema in animals, little is known about VEGF expression levels and functions, as well as VEGF receptors, in airway epithelial cells, which are in direct contact with the environment. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for short (approximately 10 days) and long (4-24 wk) time periods, and bronchiolar expressions of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were examined. The relationships between the expressions of VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 and smoking histories and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined in humans. The mRNA levels were quantified in bronchiolar epithelium harvested by laser capture microdissection in both mouse and human lung tissues or in human bronchial epithelium harvested by bronchoscopic brushing. The VEGF protein level was assessed by immunohistochemistry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Repeated CS exposure downregulated bronchiolar expressions of VEGF and both VEGF receptors at various time points prior to the development of emphysema. In humans, bronchiolar VEGF was significantly decreased in smokers with COPD compared to lifelong nonsmokers, as well as to smokers without COPD; however, there was no difference in bronchiolar VEGF levels between lifelong nonsmokers and smokers without COPD. On the other hand, bronchiolar VEGFR-2 was downregulated in smokers with and without COPD compared to lifelong nonsmokers. These findings suggest the association of downregulation of bronchiolar VEGF and its receptors with cigarette smoking and COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Suzuki
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Betsuyaku T, Hamamura I, Hata J, Takahashi H, Mitsuhashi H, Adair-Kirk TL, Senior RM, Nishimura M. Bronchiolar chemokine expression is different after single versus repeated cigarette smoke exposure. Respir Res 2008; 9:7. [PMID: 18208591 PMCID: PMC2248575 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchioles are critical zones in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung inflammation. However, there have been few studies on the in vivo dynamics of cytokine gene expression in bronchiolar epithelial cells in response to CS. METHODS We subjected C57BL/6J mice to CS (whole body exposure, 90 min/day) for various periods, and used laser capture microdissection to isolate bronchiolar epithelial cells for analysis of mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We detected enhanced expression of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) by bronchial epithelial cells after 10 consecutive days of CS exposure. This was mirrored by increases in neutrophils and KC, MIP-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The initial inhalation of CS resulted in rapid and robust upregulation of KC and MIP-2 with concomitant DNA oxidation within 1 hr, followed by a return to control values within 3 hrs. In contrast, after CS exposure for 10 days, this initial surge was not observed. As the CS exposure was extended to 4, 12, 18 and 24 weeks, the bronchiolar KC and MIP-2 expression and their levels in BAL fluid were relatively dampened compared to those at 10 days. However, neutrophils in BAL fluid continuously increased up to 24 weeks, suggesting that neutrophil accumulation as a result of long-term CS exposure became independent of KC and MIP-2. CONCLUSION These findings indicate variable patterns of bronchiolar epithelial cytokine expression depending on the duration of CS exposure, and that complex mechanisms govern bronchiolar molecular dynamics in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Betsuyaku
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8683, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bracke KR, D'hulst AI, Maes T, Demedts IK, Moerloose KB, Kuziel WA, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation, but not airway remodelling, is attenuated in chemokine receptor 5-deficient mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1467-79. [PMID: 17883726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response of the airways and lungs to noxious particles and gases, mostly cigarette smoke (CS). Pathological changes characteristic of COPD include airway wall thickening, peribronchial fibrosis, peribronchial lymphoid follicles and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema). The recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lung in response to CS is thought to play an important role in the development of COPD. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the contribution of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) to the pathogenesis of COPD and specifically whether the development of airway remodelling is a direct result of airway inflammation or rather occurs through an independent mechanism. METHODS In this study, C57BL/6 wild-type mice and CCR5-deficient mice were subjected to sub-acute (4 weeks) and chronic (24 weeks) CS exposure. RESULTS Both sub-acute and chronic CS exposure significantly increased CCR5 mRNA expression and protein levels of CCR5 ligands [macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta and regulated upon activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES)], and induced the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes to the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of wild-type mice. Chronic CS exposure also increased the number and extent of peribronchial lymphoid follicles. In CCR5 knockout (KO) mice, these CS-induced increases in CCR5 ligands, inflammatory cells in BAL and peribronchial lymphoid follicles were all significantly attenuated compared with wild-type animals. Importantly, chronic CS exposure induced airspace enlargement in wild-type mice, while CCR5 KO mice were partially protected against the development of emphysema. However, CCR5 deficiency did not affect CS-induced airway wall remodelling, because chronic CS exposure induced a similar increase in airway wall thickness, smooth muscle mass and peribronchial deposition of collagen and fibronectin in both wild-type and CCR5 KO mice. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CCR5 contributes to pulmonary inflammation and to the development of emphysema in response to CS. CCR5 is, however, not implicated in CS-induced airway wall remodelling, suggesting that the mechanisms that lead to airway inflammation are distinct to those responsible for airway remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Bracke
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|