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Neary MT, Mulder LM, Kowalski PS, MacLoughlin R, Crean AM, Ryan KB. Nebulised delivery of RNA formulations to the lungs: From aerosol to cytosol. J Control Release 2024; 366:812-833. [PMID: 38101753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade RNA-based therapies such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) have emerged as new and ground-breaking therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of many conditions from viral infection to cancer. Most clinically approved RNA therapies are parenterally administered which impacts patient compliance and adds to healthcare costs. Pulmonary administration via inhalation is a non-invasive means to deliver RNA and offers an attractive alternative to injection. Nebulisation is a particularly appealing method due to the capacity to deliver large RNA doses during tidal breathing. In this review, we discuss the unique physiological barriers presented by the lung to efficient nebulised RNA delivery and approaches adopted to circumvent this problem. Additionally, the different types of nebulisers are evaluated from the perspective of their suitability for RNA delivery. Furthermore, we discuss recent preclinical studies involving nebulisation of RNA and analysis in in vitro and in vivo settings. Several studies have also demonstrated the importance of an effective delivery vector in RNA nebulisation therefore we assess the variety of lipid, polymeric and hybrid-based delivery systems utilised to date. We also consider the outlook for nebulised RNA medicinal products and the hurdles which must be overcome for successful clinical translation. In summary, nebulised RNA delivery has demonstrated promising potential for the treatment of several lung-related conditions such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis, to which the mode of delivery is of crucial importance for clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Neary
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Piotr S Kowalski
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Abina M Crean
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Katie B Ryan
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland.
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2
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Vaswani CM, Varkouhi AK, Gupta S, Ektesabi AM, Tsoporis JN, Yousef S, Plant PJ, da Silva AL, Cen Y, Tseng YC, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Advani SL, Advani A, Leong-Poi H, Marshall JC, Garcia CC, Rocco PRM, Albaiceta GM, Sebastian-Bolz S, Watts TH, Moraes TJ, Capelozzi VL, Dos Santos CC. Preventing occludin tight-junction disruption via inhibition of microRNA-193b-5p attenuates viral load and influenza-induced lung injury. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2681-2701. [PMID: 37340634 PMCID: PMC10491994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced lung injury is associated with loss of pulmonary epithelial-endothelial tight junction integrity. While the alveolar-capillary membrane may be an indirect target of injury, viruses may interact directly and/or indirectly with miRs to augment their replication potential and evade the host antiviral defense system. Here, we expose how the influenza virus (H1N1) capitalizes on host-derived interferon-induced, microRNA (miR)-193b-5p to target occludin and compromise antiviral defenses. Lung biopsies from patients infected with H1N1 revealed increased miR-193b-5p levels, marked reduction in occludin protein, and disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier. In C57BL/6 mice, the expression of miR-193b-5p increased, and occludin decreased, 5-6 days post-infection with influenza (PR8). Inhibition of miR-193b-5p in primary human bronchial, pulmonary microvascular, and nasal epithelial cells enhanced antiviral responses. miR-193b-deficient mice were resistant to PR8. Knockdown of occludin, both in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression of miR-193b-5p reconstituted susceptibility to viral infection. miR-193b-5p inhibitor mitigated loss of occludin, improved viral clearance, reduced lung edema, and augmented survival in infected mice. Our results elucidate how the innate immune system may be exploited by the influenza virus and how strategies that prevent loss of occludin and preserve tight junction function may limit susceptibility to virus-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag M Vaswani
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir K Varkouhi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Amin M Ektesabi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James N Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadiya Yousef
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela J Plant
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana L da Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; COVID-19 Virus Network from Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yuchen Cen
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chieh Tseng
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina S Batah
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory, Exanthematic Viruses, Enterovirus and Viral Emergencies, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Integrated Research Group on Biomarkers. René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; COVID-19 Virus Network from Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillermo M Albaiceta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; CIBER-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Sebastian-Bolz
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto and Respirology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vera L Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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XCL1, a serum biomarker in neurological diseases; HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and multiple sclerosis. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105962. [PMID: 36572194 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The XCL1-XCR1 axis has a potential role in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation. The present study aimed to examine the relation of XCL1 serum levels with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), as chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). DNA was extracted to evaluate HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) using real-time PCR. Serum levels of XCL1 was determined by using an ELISA assay. The serum level of XCL1 was significantly higher in patients with HAM than that of asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and healthy controls (HCs) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and was also higher in MS patients compared to HCs (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the concentration of XCL1 serum level was significantly different between the ACs and HCs group (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, increased expression of XCL1 might contribute to the migration of autoreactive T cells to the central nervous system and play a critical role in the development and pathogenesis of inflammatory neurological diseases including HAM and MS.
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Itano J, Taniguchi A, Senoo S, Asada N, Gion Y, Egusa Y, Guo L, Oda N, Araki K, Sato Y, Toyooka S, Kiura K, Maeda Y, Miyahara N. Neuropeptide Y Antagonizes Development of Pulmonary Fibrosis through IL-1β Inhibition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:654-665. [PMID: 36122332 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0542oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid residue polypeptide distributed throughout the nervous system, acts on various immune cells in many organs, including the respiratory system. However, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the effects of NPY on pulmonary fibrosis. NPY-deficient and wild-type mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin. Inflammatory cells, cytokine concentrations, and morphological morphometry of the lungs were analyzed. Serum NPY concentrations were also measured in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and healthy control subjects. NPY-deficient mice exhibited significantly enhanced pulmonary fibrosis and higher IL-1β concentrations in the lungs compared with wild-type mice. Exogenous NPY treatment suppressed the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and decreased IL-1β concentrations in the lungs. Moreover, IL-1β neutralization in NPY-deficient mice attenuated the fibrotic changes. NPY decreased IL-1β release, and Y1 receptor antagonists inhibited IL-1β release and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human alveolar epithelial cells. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had lower NPY and greater IL-1β concentrations in the serums compared with healthy control subjects. NPY expression was mainly observed around bronchial epithelial cells in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs. These data suggest that NPY plays a protective role against pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing IL-1β release, and manipulating the NPY-Y1 receptor axis could be a potential therapeutic strategy for delaying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Itano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noboru Asada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Gion
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuria Egusa
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiro Oda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Araki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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5
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Gao J, Xia Z, Vohidova D, Joseph J, Luo JN, Joshi N. Progress in non-viral localized delivery of siRNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1400-1428. [PMID: 37139423 PMCID: PMC10150162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapies based on localized delivery of siRNA to lungs have opened up exciting possibilities for treatment of different lung diseases. Localized delivery of siRNA to lungs has shown to result in severalfold higher lung accumulation than systemic route, while minimizing non-specific distribution in other organs. However, to date, only 2 clinical trials have explored localized delivery of siRNA for pulmonary diseases. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in the field of pulmonary delivery of siRNA using non-viral approaches. We firstly introduce the routes of local administration and analyze the anatomical and physiological barriers towards effective local delivery of siRNA in lungs. We then discuss current progress in pulmonary delivery of siRNA for respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, list outstanding questions, and highlight directions for future research. We expect this review to provide a comprehensive understanding of current advances in pulmonary delivery of siRNA.
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6
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Fan Y, Yang Z. Inhaled siRNA Formulations for Respiratory Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1193. [PMID: 35745766 PMCID: PMC9227582 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of siRNA technology has provided new opportunities for gene-specific inhibition and knockdown, as well as new ideas for the treatment of disease. Four siRNA drugs have already been approved for marketing. However, the instability of siRNA in vivo makes systemic delivery ineffective. Inhaled siRNA formulations can deliver drugs directly to the lung, showing great potential for treating respiratory diseases. The clinical applications of inhaled siRNA formulations still face challenges because effective delivery of siRNA to the lung requires overcoming the pulmonary and cellular barriers. This paper reviews the research progress for siRNA inhalation formulations for the treatment of various respiratory diseases and summarizes the chemical structural modifications and the various delivery systems for siRNA. Finally, we conclude the latest clinical application research for inhaled siRNA formulations and discuss the potential difficulty in efficient clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China;
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7
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Kubczak M, Michlewska S, Bryszewska M, Aigner A, Ionov M. Nanoparticles for local delivery of siRNA in lung therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114038. [PMID: 34742826 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the application of natural and synthetic, non-viral vectors for oligonucleotide delivery into the lung is presented in this review, with a special focus on lung cancer. Due to the specificity of the respiratory tract, its structure and natural barriers, the administration of drugs (especially those based on nucleic acids) is a particular challenge. Among widely tested non-viral drug and oligonucleotides carriers, synthetic polymers seem to be most promising. Unique properties of these nanoparticles allow for essentially unlimited possibilities regarding their design and modification. This gives hope that optimal nanoparticles with ideal nucleic acid carrier properties for lung cancer therapy will eventually emanate.
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8
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Spray drying: Inhalable powders for pulmonary gene therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Senoo S, Taniguchi A, Itano J, Oda N, Morichika D, Fujii U, Guo L, Sunami R, Kanehiro A, Tokioka F, Yoshimura A, Kiura K, Maeda Y, Miyahara N. Essential role of IL-23 in the development of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L925-L940. [PMID: 34524907 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00582.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has a poor prognosis associated with neutrophilic inflammation. Interleukin-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in neutrophilic inflammation. However, little is known about its role in acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the role of interleukin-23 in acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. For assessment of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis, mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin followed by lipopolysaccharide. Inflammatory cells, cytokine levels, and morphological morphometry of the lungs were analyzed. Cytokine levels were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with or without acute exacerbation. Interleukin-23, -17A, and -22 levels were increased in the airway of mice with acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Interleukin-23p19-deficient mice with acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis had markedly reduced airway inflammation and fibrosis associated with decreased levels of interleukin-17A and -22 compared with wild-type mice. Treatment with an anti-interleukin-23 antibody attenuated airway inflammation and fibrosis and reduced interleukin-17A and -22 levels in mice with acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. T-helper type 17 cells were the predominant source of interleukin-17A in mice with acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Interleukin-23 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tended to be higher in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with than without acute exacerbation. The data presented here suggest that interleukin-23 is essential for the development of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis and that blockade of interleukin-23 may be a new therapeutic strategy for acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Itano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiro Oda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morichika
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Utako Fujii
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryota Sunami
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Arihiko Kanehiro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tokioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Mehta A, Michler T, Merkel OM. siRNA Therapeutics against Respiratory Viral Infections-What Have We Learned for Potential COVID-19 Therapies? Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001650. [PMID: 33506607 PMCID: PMC7995229 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral respiratory tract infections (AVRIs) are a major burden on human health and global economy and amongst the top five causes of death worldwide resulting in an estimated 3.9 million lives lost every year. In addition, new emerging respiratory viruses regularly cause outbreaks such as SARS-CoV-1 in 2003, the "Swine flu" in 2009, or most importantly the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which intensely impact global health, social life, and economy. Despite the prevalence of AVRIs and an urgent need, no vaccines-except for influenza-or effective treatments were available at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the innate RNAi pathway offers the ability to develop nucleic acid-based antiviral drugs. siRNA sequences against conserved, essential regions of the viral genome can prevent viral replication. In addition, viral infection can be averted prophylactically by silencing host genes essential for host-viral interactions. Unfortunately, delivering siRNAs to their target cells and intracellular site of action remains the principle hurdle toward their therapeutic use. Currently, siRNA formulations and chemical modifications are evaluated for their delivery. This progress report discusses the selection of antiviral siRNA sequences, delivery techniques to the infection sites, and provides an overview of antiviral siRNAs against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mehta
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmaceuticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5Munich81377Germany
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of VirologyTechnische Universität MünchenTrogerstr. 30Munich81675Germany
| | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmaceuticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5Munich81377Germany
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11
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The emerging role of microRNAs in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107204. [PMID: 33221169 PMCID: PMC7664359 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed significant public health problems for the human populations worldwide after the 1918 influenza A virus (IVA) (H1N1) pandemic. Although numerous efforts have been made to unravel the mechanisms underlying the coronavirus, a notable gap remains in our perception of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The innate and adaptive immune systems have a pivotal role in the fate of viral infections, such as COVID-19 pandemic. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known as short noncoding RNA molecules and appear as indispensable governors of almost any cellular means. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that miRNAs participate in essential mechanisms of cell biology, regulation of the immune system, and the onset and progression of numerous types of disorders. The immune responses to viral respiratory infections (VRIs), including influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus (RV), are correlated with the ectopic expression of miRNAs. Alterations of the miRNA expression in epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic and acute airway infections. Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. In this article, we present a general review of current studies concerning the function of miRNAs in different VRIs, particularly in coronavirus infection, and address all available therapeutic prospects to mitigate the burden of viral infections.
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12
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Qiu Y, Lo JCK, Kwok KCW, Mason AJ, Lam JKW. Modification of KL4 Peptide Revealed the Importance of Alpha-Helical Structure for Efficient siRNA Delivery. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 31:220-228. [PMID: 32352853 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective delivery system is considered a key to the success of nucleic acid therapeutics. It has been reported that pulmonary surfactants or their components could facilitate the uptake of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into the lung epithelial cells. Previously, our group investigated the use of KL4 peptide, a synthetic cationic peptide that simulates the structural properties of surfactant protein B (SP-B), as siRNA delivery vector. Although KL4 peptide exhibits good in vitro siRNA transfection efficiency on lung epithelial cells, its therapeutic potential is limited by its poor aqueous solubility due to the presence of a high proportion of hydrophobic leucine residues. In this study, we aim to address the solubility issue, designing five different modified peptides by replacing the hydrophobic leucine with alanine or valine, and assess their potential as siRNA delivery vectors. While the modified peptides retain the overall cationic property, their siRNA binding is also affected and their transfection efficiency is inferior to the parent KL4 peptide. A closer examination of the conformation of these peptides by circular dichroism shows that substitution of leucine residues leads to the change of the secondary structure from α-helical content to either β-sheet or more disordered, β-turn conformations. Relatively conservative amino acid substitutions, in terms of hydrophobicity bulk, lead to substantial conformational alteration, heavily impacting siRNA binding and release, cellular uptake, and transfection efficiency. Although the peptide modification strategy employed in this study was unsuccessful in developing an improved version of KL4 peptide for siRNA delivery, it highlights the importance of the α-helical conformation for efficient siRNA transfection, providing useful insights for future development of peptide-based RNA delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jason C K Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kerry C W Kwok
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - A James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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13
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Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, Gupta G, Satija S, Mehta M, Khurana N, Awasthi R, Maurya PK, Thangavelu L, S R, Tambuwala MM, Collet T, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:714-730. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences and BiotechnologySouth Asian University New Delhi India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of PharmacyBirla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani India
| | | | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Madhur D. Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of Tasmania Launceston Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of PharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of PharmacyAmity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUlster University, Coleraine London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Trudi Collet
- Inovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of PharmacyInternational Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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14
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Leon-Icaza SA, Zeng M, Rosas-Taraco AG. microRNAs in viral acute respiratory infections: immune regulation, biomarkers, therapy, and vaccines. EXRNA 2019; 1:1. [PMID: 34171007 PMCID: PMC7149109 DOI: 10.1186/s41544-018-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs of 17-24 nt. These molecules regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are differentially expressed in viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs), which are responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. In recent years, miRNAs have been studied in order to discover anti-viral ARI drug targets as well as biomarkers for diagnosis, severity, and prognosis. This review presents an analysis of the regulatory response to viral ARIs of miRNAs, including their participation in the innate immune response, their utility as biomarkers, and their potential for future therapies and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Leon-Icaza
- 0000 0001 2203 0321grid.411455.0Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL Mexico ,grid.449768.0Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905-2827 USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- grid.449768.0Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905-2827 USA
| | - Adrian G. Rosas-Taraco
- 0000 0001 2203 0321grid.411455.0Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL Mexico
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15
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Upadhyay R, Sanchez-Hidalgo A, Wilusz CJ, Lenaerts AJ, Arab J, Yeh J, Stefanisko K, Tarasova NI, Gonzalez-Juarrero M. Host Directed Therapy for Chronic Tuberculosis via Intrapulmonary Delivery of Aerosolized Peptide Inhibitors Targeting the IL-10-STAT3 Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16610. [PMID: 30413750 PMCID: PMC6226451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that aerosols of host directed therapies [HDT] administered during a chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection have bactericidal effect. The pulmonary bacterial load of C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with Mtb was reduced by 1.7 and 0.6 log10CFU after two weeks of treatment via aerosol delivery with ST3-H2A2, [a selective peptide inhibitor of the STAT3 N-terminal domain] or IL10R1-7 [selective peptide inhibitor for the IL-10Ra] respectively and when compared to control mice treated with IL10R1-14 [peptide inhibitor used as negative control] or untreated mice infected with Mtb. Accordingly, when compared to control mice, the bactericidal capacity in mice was enhanced upon treatment with peptide inhibitors ST3-H2A2 and IL10R1-7 as evidenced by higher pulmonary activities of nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase and lysozyme enzymes and decreased arginase enzyme activity. This therapy also modulated important checkpoints [Bcl2, Beclin-1, Atg 5, bax] in the apoptosis-autophagy pathways. Thus, even in the absence of antibiotics, targeting of the host pulmonary IL-10-STAT3 pathway can significantly reduce the Mtb bacilli load in the lungs, modulate the host own bactericidal capacity and apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Our approach here also allows targeting checkpoints of the lungs to determine their specific contribution in pulmonary immunity or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Upadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andrea Sanchez-Hidalgo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Carol J Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer Arab
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Joanna Yeh
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Karen Stefanisko
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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16
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Using two-fluid nozzle for spray freeze drying to produce porous powder formulation of naked siRNA for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:67-75. [PMID: 30244146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spray freeze drying is an attractive technology to produce powder formulation for inhalation. It can be used to generate large porous particles which tend to aerosolize efficiently and do not aggregate readily. It also avoids material to be exposed to elevated temperature. In this study, we reported the use of two-fluid nozzle to produce spray freeze dried powder of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The effect of atomization gas flow rate and liquid feed rate were inspected initially using herring sperm DNA (hsDNA) as nucleic acid model. The atomization gas flow rate was found to have a major impact on the aerosol properties. The higher the atomization gas flow rate, the smaller the particle size, the higher the fine particle fraction (FPF). In contrast, the liquid feed rate had very minor effect. Subsequently, spray freeze dried siRNA powder was produced at various atomization gas flow rates. The particles produced were highly porous as examined with the scanning electron microscopy, and the structural integrity of the siRNA was demonstrated with gel electrophoresis. The gene-silencing effect of the siRNA was also successfully preserved in vitro. The best performing siRNA formulation was prepared at the highest atomization gas flow rate investigated with a moderate FPF of 30%. However, this was significantly lower than that obtained with the corresponding hsDNA counterparts (FPF ∼57%). A direct comparison between the hsDNA and siRNA formulations revealed that the former exhibited a lower density, hence a smaller aerodynamic diameter despite similar geometric size.
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17
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Qiu Y, Chow MYT, Liang W, Chung WWY, Mak JCW, Lam JKW. From Pulmonary Surfactant, Synthetic KL4 Peptide as Effective siRNA Delivery Vector for Pulmonary Delivery. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4606-4617. [PMID: 29121767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has huge potential for the treatment of a wide range of respiratory diseases. The ability of naked siRNA to transfect cells in the lungs without a delivery vector has prompted the investigation of whether an endogenous component is at least partially responsible for the cellular uptake of siRNA, and whether a safe and efficient delivery system could be developed from this component to further improve the transfection efficiency. Surfactant protein B (SP-B), a positively charged protein molecule found in lung surfactant, is one of the possible candidates. While the role of SP-B in siRNA transfection remains to be determined, the SP-B mimic, synthetic KL4 peptide, was investigated in this study as a potential siRNA carrier. KL4 is a 21-residue cationic peptide that was able to bind to siRNA to form nanosized complexes. It mediated siRNA transfection effectively in vitro on human lung epithelial cells, A549 cells, and BEAS-2B cells, which was comparable to Lipofectamine 2000. When commercial pulmonary surfactant (Infasurf) was added in the transfection medium, the gene silencing effect of siRNA in cells transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 was completely abolished, whereas those transfected with KL4 remained unaffected. At 4 °C, KL4 failed to deliver siRNA into the cells, indicating that an energy-dependent process was involved in the uptake of the complexes. Chlorpromazine (inhibitor of chathrin-mediated endocytosis), but not nystatin (inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis), inhibited the uptake of KL4/siRNA complexes, suggesting that they entered cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. There was no sign of cytotoxicity or immune response caused by KL4 and KL4/siRNA complexes. Overall, this study demonstrated that synthetic KL4 peptide is a promising candidate for siRNA carrier for pulmonary delivery and could be a potential platform for delivering other types of nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Y T Chow
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wanling Liang
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie W Y Chung
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Judith C W Mak
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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18
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Liang W, Chan AYL, Chow MYT, Lo FFK, Qiu Y, Kwok PCL, Lam JKW. Spray freeze drying of small nucleic acids as inhaled powder for pulmonary delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:163-172. [PMID: 32104389 PMCID: PMC7032260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of small nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) to treat lung diseases has been successfully demonstrated in many in vivo studies. A major barrier to their clinical application is the lack of a safe and efficient inhaled formulation. In this study, spray freeze drying was employed to prepare dry powder of small nucleic acids. Mannitol and herring sperm DNA were used as bulking agent and model of small nucleic acid therapeutics, respectively. Formulations containing different solute concentration and DNA concentration were produced. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the porosity of the particles increased as the solute concentration decreased. Powders prepared with solute concentration of 5% w/v were found to maintain a balance between porosity and robustness. Increasing concentration of DNA improved the aerosol performance of the formulation. The dry powder formulation containing 2% w/w DNA had a median diameter of 12.5 µm, and the aerosol performance study using next generation impactor (NGI) showed an emitted fraction (EF) and fine particle fraction (FPF) of 91% and 28% respectively. This formulation (5% w/v solute concentration and 2% w/w nucleic acid) was adopted subsequently to produce siRNA powder. The gel retardation and liquid chromatography assays showed that the siRNA remained intact after spray freeze drying even in the absence of delivery vector. The siRNA powder formulation exhibited a high EF of 92.4% and a modest FPF of around 20%. Further exploration of this technology to optimise inhaled siRNA powder formulation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan Y L Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Y T Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fiona F K Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip C L Kwok
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Building A15, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Gutiérrez-Aguirre CH, Flores-Jiménez JA, Alatorre-Ricardo J, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Rosas-Taraco A, Salazar-Riojas R, Jaime-Pérez JC, Sánchez-Cárdenas M, López-Silva L, Martínez-Castilla AM, Salinas-Carmona MC, Gómez-Almaguer D. The prognostic significance of serum XCL1 concentration in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot study. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:2015-2024. [PMID: 29027574 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is no information about XCL1 in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The objective of this study was to correlate the serum levels of XCL1 and survival in ALL patients. Only ALL patients older than 12 months were considered to participate. Serum XCL1 was measured at diagnosis, end of remission induction, and end of consolidation. Thirty-three ALL patients with median age of 21 years (1-78) were included. Higher XCL1 level (above 50 pg/mL) at ALL diagnosis correlated with higher survival (p = 0.038), whereas XCL1 level at end of induction and consolidation had no significant correlation. Concerning the behavior of serum XCL1 during treatment, higher survival at 5 years was observed in the group with progressively decreased levels of XCL1 (70%) than those with progressively increasing (29%) or no detectable XCL1 (14%). In conclusion, higher serum XCL1 levels at diagnosis and their progressive decline throughout chemotherapy could be correlated with higher survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Homero Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Juan Antonio Flores-Jiménez
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Julio Alatorre-Ricardo
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Olga Graciela Cantú-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adrián Rosas-Taraco
- Servicio de Inmunología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Gonzalitos #235 Norte. Mitras Centro. C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rosario Salazar-Riojas
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Cárdenas
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Leslie López-Silva
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Azalia M Martínez-Castilla
- Servicio de Inmunología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Gonzalitos #235 Norte. Mitras Centro. C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario Cesar Salinas-Carmona
- Servicio de Inmunología de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Gonzalitos #235 Norte. Mitras Centro. C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos sn Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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20
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Chow MYT, Qiu Y, Lo FFK, Lin HHS, Chan HK, Kwok PCL, Lam JKW. Inhaled powder formulation of naked siRNA using spray drying technology with l-leucine as dispersion enhancer. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:40-52. [PMID: 28720537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) has been widely studied in both animal and clinical studies to treat various respiratory diseases by gene silencing through RNA interference. Some of these studies showed that the administration of naked siRNA (without the use of any delivery vectors) could achieve satisfactory gene silencing effect, a unique feature to pulmonary delivery. Liquid aerosols were mostly used with very limited studies on the use of powder aerosols for siRNA. In this study, siRNA was co-spray dried with mannitol and l-leucine, the latter being a dispersion enhancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that siRNA in its naked form was formulated into an inhalable dry powder using spray drying technology. The aerosol performance of the powder was evaluated by Next Generation Impactor (NGI). The presence of l-leucine in the formulation could improve the aerosolization of siRNA-containing powders. Results from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested that l-leucine was enriched on the particle surface and promote powder dispersion. Among the different siRNA formulations being examined, the one that contained 50% w/w of l-leucine exhibited the best aerodynamic performance, with a high emitted fraction (EF) of around 80% and a modest fine particle fraction (FPF) of 45%. Importantly, the integrity of siRNA was successfully retained as evaluated by gel retardation assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y T Chow
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yingshan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Fiona F K Lo
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hinson H S Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Building A15, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philip C L Kwok
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Building A15, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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21
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Yu L, Yang GB. Progress in research on C-chemokine XCL1. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:602-609. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i7.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
XCL1, also known as lymphotactin, is the only known member of the C-type-chemokine family, which is produced mainly by CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. XCL1 has a unique amino acid sequence feature and two interchangeable conformations, which makes XCL1 different from other chemokines in structure and function. The XCL1-specific receptor, XCR1, is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family and plays an important role in the negative selection of T cells in the thymus and in the initiation of cross-antigen presentation and mediation of cytotoxic immune responses. XCL1 can regulate the balance of the immune system and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis, and it is involved in a variety of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, nephritis, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. In recent years, the selective expression of XCR1 on CD8+ DCs with strong cross antigen-presention ability has been proved, which has led to studies using XCL1 for mucosal immunization, antitumor immunotherapy and targeted vaccine development.
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22
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Fang Y, Chen H, Hu Y, Li Q, Hu Z, Ma T, Mao X. Burkholderia pseudomallei-derived miR-3473 enhances NF-κB via targeting TRAF3 and is associated with different inflammatory responses compared to Burkholderia thailandensis in murine macrophages. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:283. [PMID: 27894256 PMCID: PMC5126824 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis, a kind of tropical disease. Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt), with a high sequence similarity to Bp, is thought to be an avirulent organism. Since there are numerous similarities between Bp and Bt, their differences in pathogenesis of host response and related mechanism are still undermined. In recent years, microRNAs have been researched in many diseases, but seldom involved in bacterial infection, bacteria-host interaction or explaining the differences between virulent and avirulent species. RESULTS We found that Bp and Bt had similar phenotypes in terms of intracellular replication, dissemination (reflected by multinucleated giant cell formation), TNF-α release and apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages or TC-1 pulmonary cell but in different level. Especially, at the late infection phases (after 12 h post infection), Bp showed faster intracellular growth, stronger cytotoxicity, and higher TNF-α release. After microRNA array analysis, we found some microRNAs were significantly expressed in macrophages treated by Bp. miR-3473 was one of them specifically induced, but not significantly changed in Bt-treated macrophages. In addition, TargetScan suggested that miR-3473 possibly target TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3), a well-known negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, which was probably involved in the TNF-α induction and apoptosis in cells with Bp infection. In vivo, it was found that miR-3473 expression of total lungs cells from Bp-treated was higher than that from Bt-treated mice. And miR-3473 inhibitor was able to decrease the TNF-α release of mice and prolong the survival of mice with Bp infection. CONCLUSION In sum, miR-3473 plays an important role in the differential pathogenicity of Bp and Bt via miR-3473-TRAF3-TNF-α network, and regulates TNF-α release, cell apoptosis and animal survival after Bp treatment. In this study, we have found a specific microRNA is related to bacterial virulence and provide insight into the mechanism for host-bacteria interaction, which suggests that potential oligonucleotides should be applied against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,PLA 161 Hospital, Wuhan, 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Sanya, Sanya City, Hainan Province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital and the College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways-From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091249. [PMID: 27657028 PMCID: PMC6272875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside.
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O'Connor G, Gleeson LE, Fagan-Murphy A, Cryan SA, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:33-54. [PMID: 27151307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Centuries since it was first described, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue. Despite ongoing holistic measures implemented by health authorities and a number of new oral treatments reaching the market, there is still a need for an advanced, efficient TB treatment. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy designed to enhance endogenous pathways and hence compliment current regimens could be the answer. The integration of drug repurposing, including synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, with a targeted drug delivery platform is an attractive development option. In order for a new anti-tubercular treatment to be produced in a timely manner, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken from the outset including stakeholders from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies keeping the patient as the key focus. Pre-clinical considerations for the development of a targeted host-directed therapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Man DK, Chow MY, Casettari L, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Lam JK. Potential and development of inhaled RNAi therapeutics for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:21-32. [PMID: 27108702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to pose a serious threat to public health, and the situation is worsening with the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB. Current TB regimens require long duration of treatment, and their toxic side effects often lead to poor adherence and low success rates. There is an urgent need for shorter and more effective treatment for TB. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for studying gene function by silencing the target genes. The survival of Mtb in host macrophages involves the attenuation of the antimicrobial responses mounted by the host cells. RNAi technology has helped to improve our understanding of how these bacilli interferes with the bactericidal effect and host immunity during TB infection. It has been suggested that the host-directed intervention by modulation of host pathways can be employed as a novel and effective therapy against TB. This therapeutic approach could be achieved by RNAi, which holds enormous potential beyond a laboratory to the clinic. RNAi therapy targeting TB is being investigated for enhancing host antibacterial capacity or improving drug efficacy on drug resistance strains while minimizing the associated adverse effects. One of the key challenges of RNAi therapeutics arises from the delivery of the RNAi molecules into the target cells, and inhalation could serve as a direct administration route for the treatment of pulmonary TB in a non-invasive manner. However, there are still major obstacles that need to be overcome. This review focuses on the RNAi candidates that are currently explored for the treatment of TB and discusses the major barriers of pulmonary RNAi delivery. From this, we hope to stimulate further studies of local RNAi therapeutics for pulmonary TB treatment.
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26
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Ruigrok MJR, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Pulmonary administration of small interfering RNA: The route to go? J Control Release 2016; 235:14-23. [PMID: 27235976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), which is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism, researchers have been studying the therapeutic potential of using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to treat diseases that are characterized by excessive gene expression. Excessive gene expression can be particularly harmful if it occurs in a vulnerable organ such as the lungs as they are essential for physiological respiration. Consequently, RNAi could offer an approach to treat such lung diseases. Parenteral administration of siRNA has been shown to be difficult due to degradation by nucleases in the systemic circulation and excretion by the kidneys. To avoid these issues and to achieve local delivery and local effects, pulmonary administration has been proposed as an alternative administration route. Regarding this application, various animal studies have been conducted over the past few years. Therefore, this review presents a critical analysis of publications where pulmonary administration of siRNA in animals has been reported. Such an analysis is necessary to determine the feasibility of this administration route and to define directions for future research. First, we provide background information on lungs, pulmonary administration, and delivery vectors. Thereafter, we present and discuss relevant animal studies. Though nearly all publications reported positive outcomes, several reoccurring challenges were identified. They relate to 1) the necessity, efficacy, and safety of delivery vectors, 2) the biodistribution of siRNA in tissues other than the lungs, 3) the poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo models, and 4) the long-term effects upon (repeated) administration of siRNA. Finally, we present recommendations for future research to define the route to go: towards safer and more effective pulmonary administration of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J R Ruigrok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 33:63-85. [PMID: 27081214 PMCID: PMC4829385 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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28
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Inhaled drug treatment for tuberculosis: Past progress and future prospects. J Control Release 2015; 240:127-134. [PMID: 26596254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s the rising incidence of multiple drug resistant TB, particularly in the context of human immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients, has threatened global TB control. At that time funding agencies began to support formal investigation of aerosol therapy which until then had been the subject of case reports of individual investigators. Over the last decade, proponents of aerosol therapy have increased in number within the TB research community as the incidence of multiple and extremely drug resistant TB has increased dramatically around the world. Aerosol therapy offers the potential to deliver drug at target concentrations directly into the lungs, use the alveolar-capillary interface to achieve systemic levels, while reducing the risk of systemic toxicity seen with parentally administered doses. In addition, there are insufficient new drugs in the pipeline to anticipate the appearance of a new regimen in time to assure future control of drug resistance. Consequently, alternative strategies are critical to achieving global TB control, and inhaled therapies should be considered as one such strategy.
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Cationic polyaspartamide-based nanocomplexes mediate siRNA entry and down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1 in airway epithelial cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:359-66. [PMID: 26140987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone protein secreted by airway epithelial cells in hyperinflammatory diseases such as asthma. In order to down-regulate HMGB1 expression in airway epithelial cells, siRNA directed against HMGB1 was delivered through nanocomplexes based on a cationic copolymer of poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) by using H441 cells. Two copolymers were used in these experiments bearing respectively spermine side chains (PHEA-Spm) and both spermine and PEG2000 chains (PHEA-PEG-Spm). PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm derivatives complexed dsDNA oligonucleotides with a w/w ratio of 1 and higher as shown by a gel retardation assay. PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm siRNA polyplexes were sized 350-650 nm and 100-400 nm respectively and ranged from negativity/neutrality (at 0.5 ratio) to positivity (at 5 ratio) as ζ potential. Polyplexes formed either at a ratio of 0.5 (partially complexing) or at the ratio of 5 (fully complexing) were tested in subsequent experiments. Epifluorescence revealed that nanocomplexes favored siRNA entry into H441 cells in comparison with naked siRNA. As determined by flow cytometry and a trypan blue assay, PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm allowed siRNA uptake in 42-47% and 30% of cells respectively, however only with PHEA-Spm at w/w ratio of 5 these percentages were significantly higher than those obtained with naked siRNA (20%). Naked siRNA or complexed scrambled siRNA did not exert any effect on HMGB1mRNA levels, whereas PHEA-Spm/siRNA at the w/w ratio of 5 down-regulated HMGB1 mRNA up to 58% of control levels (untransfected cells). PEGylated PHEA-Spm/siRNA nanocomplexes were able to down-regulate HMGB1 mRNA levels up to 61% of control cells. MTT assay revealed excellent biocompatibility of copolymer/siRNA polyplexes with cells. In conclusion, we have found optimal conditions for down-regulation of HMGB1 by siRNA delivery mediated by polyaminoacidic polymers in airway epithelial cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. Functional and in-vivo studies are warranted.
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Intratracheal Bleomycin Aerosolization: The Best Route of Administration for a Scalable and Homogeneous Pulmonary Fibrosis Rat Model? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:198418. [PMID: 26064885 PMCID: PMC4433632 DOI: 10.1155/2015/198418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease with a poor prognosis and is characterized by the accumulation of fibrotic tissue in lungs resulting from a dysfunction in the healing process. In humans, the pathological process is patchy and temporally heterogeneous and the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Different animal models were thus developed. Among these, intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BML) is one of the most frequently used methods to induce lung fibrosis in rodents. In the present study, we first characterized histologically the time-course of lung alteration in rats submitted to BLM instillation. Heterogeneous damages were observed among lungs, consisting in an inflammatory phase at early time-points. It was followed by a transition to a fibrotic state characterized by an increased myofibroblast number and collagen accumulation. We then compared instillation and aerosolization routes of BLM administration. The fibrotic process was studied in each pulmonary lobe using a modified Ashcroft scale. The two quantification methods were confronted and the interobserver variability evaluated. Both methods induced fibrosis development as demonstrated by a similar progression of the highest modified Ashcroft score. However, we highlighted that aerosolization allows a more homogeneous distribution of lesions among lungs, with a persistence of higher grade damages upon time.
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Ballarín-González B, Thomsen TB, Howard KA. Clinical translation of RNAi-based treatments for respiratory diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:84-99. [PMID: 25787868 PMCID: PMC7097609 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism as a potential potent therapeutic has attracted great interest from academia and industry. Numerous preclinical and recent clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of RNAi triggers such as synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA). Chemical modification and delivery technologies can be utilized to avoid immune stimulation and improve the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. Local application to the respiratory epithelia allows direct access to the site of respiratory pathogens that include influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This review outlines the essential steps required for the clinical translation of RNAi-based respiratory therapies including disease and RNA target selection, siRNA design, respiratory barriers, and delivery solutions. Attention is given to antiviral therapies and preclinical evaluation with focus on the current status of anti-RSV clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ballarín-González
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Bo Thomsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Alan Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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32
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Ivanyi J. Local Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Borna H, Imani S, Iman M, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S. Therapeutic face of RNAi: in vivo challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:269-85. [PMID: 25399911 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.983070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference is a sequence-specific gene silencing phenomenon in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger gene transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing. This phenomenon represents an emerging therapeutic approach for in vivo studies by efficient delivery of specific synthetic siRNAs against diseases. Therefore, simultaneous development of synthetic siRNAs along with novel delivery techniques is considered as novel and interesting therapeutic challenges. AREAS COVERED This review provides a basic explanation to siRNA signaling pathways and their therapeutic challenges. Here, we provide a comprehensive explanation to failed and successful trials and their in vivo challenges. EXPERT OPINION Specific, efficient and targeted delivery of siRNAs is the major concern for their in vivo administrations. Also, anatomical barriers, drug stability and availability, immunoreactivity and existence of various delivery routes, different genetic backgrounds are major clinical challenges. However, successful administration of siRNA-based drugs is expected during foreseeable features. But, their systemic applications will depend on strong targeted drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojat Borna
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injuries Research Center , Tehran , Iran
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Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Activation Improves siRNA Uptake and RNAi Responses in Well-differentiated Airway Epithelia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e175. [PMID: 25025465 PMCID: PMC4121516 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Well-differentiated human airway epithelia present formidable barriers to efficient siRNA delivery. We previously reported that treatment of airway epithelia with specific small molecules improves oligonucleotide uptake and facilitates RNAi responses. Here, we exploited the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) pathway, utilized by specific bacteria to transcytose into epithelia, as a trigger for internalization of Dicer-substrate siRNAs (DsiRNA). PAFR is a G-protein coupled receptor which can be engaged and activated by phosphorylcholine residues on the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and the teichoic acid of Streptococcus pneumoniae as well as by its natural ligand, platelet activating factor (PAF). When well-differentiated airway epithelia were simultaneously treated with either nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae LOS or PAF and transduced with DsiRNA formulated with the peptide transductin, we observed silencing of both endogenous and exogenous targets. PAF receptor antagonists prevented LOS or PAF-assisted DsiRNA silencing, demonstrating that ligand engagement of PAFR is essential for this process. Additionally, PAF-assisted DsiRNA transfection decreased CFTR protein expression and function and reduced exogenous viral protein levels and titer in human airway epithelia. Treatment with spiperone, a small molecule identified using the Connectivity map database to correlate gene expression changes in response to drug treatment with those associated with PAFR stimulation, also induced silencing. These results suggest that the signaling pathway activated by PAFR binding can be manipulated to facilitate siRNA entry and function in difficult to transfect well-differentiated airway epithelial cells.
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35
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Lee RE, Hurdle JG, Liu J, Bruhn DF, Matt T, Scherman MS, Vaddady PK, Zheng Z, Qi J, Akbergenov R, Das S, Madhura DB, Rathi C, Trivedi A, Villellas C, Lee RB, Rakesh, Waidyarachchi SL, Sun D, McNeil MR, Ainsa JA, Boshoff HI, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Meibohm B, Böttger EC, Lenaerts AJ. Spectinamides: a new class of semisynthetic antituberculosis agents that overcome native drug efflux. Nat Med 2014; 20:152-158. [PMID: 24464186 PMCID: PMC3972818 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the classical antibiotic spectinomycin is a potent bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor, poor antimycobacterial activity limits its clinical application for treating tuberculosis. Using structure-based design, we generated a new semisynthetic series of spectinomycin analogs with selective ribosomal inhibition and excellent narrow-spectrum antitubercular activity. In multiple murine infection models, these spectinamides were well tolerated, significantly reduced lung mycobacterial burden and increased survival. In vitro studies demonstrated a lack of cross resistance with existing tuberculosis therapeutics, activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and an excellent pharmacological profile. Key to their potent antitubercular properties was their structural modification to evade the Rv1258c efflux pump, which is upregulated in MDR strains and is implicated in macrophage-induced drug tolerance. The antitubercular efficacy of spectinamides demonstrates that synthetic modifications to classical antibiotics can overcome the challenge of intrinsic efflux pump-mediated resistance and expands opportunities for target-based tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julian G Hurdle
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David F Bruhn
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tanja Matt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Scherman
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Pavan K Vaddady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rashid Akbergenov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dora B Madhura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chetan Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cristina Villellas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Robin B Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rakesh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samanthi L Waidyarachchi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R McNeil
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose A Ainsa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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De Groote MA, Johnson L, Podell B, Brooks E, Basaraba R, Gonzalez-Juarrero M. GM-CSF knockout mice for preclinical testing of agents with antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium abscessus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:1057-64. [PMID: 24222613 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Mycobacterium abscessus is particularly refractory to antimicrobial therapy and new agents with activity against these pathogens are urgently needed. The screening of candidate antimicrobial agents against M. abscessus requires a relevant and reproducible animal model of chronic infection. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor knockout (GM-CSF KO) mice were used to develop a new animal model of chronic pulmonary M. abscessus infection that can be used for preclinical efficacy testing of antimicrobial drugs. METHODS GM-CSF KO mice were infected with a clinical isolate of M. abscessus via intrapulmonary aerosol delivery using a microsprayer device. The clinical condition, histology and cfu of M. abscessus-infected GM-CSF KO mice were evaluated over a period of 4 months. Mice were treated with azithromycin (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage and the clinical condition, histology and bacterial burden was determined after 2 weeks of treatment. RESULTS We show that pulmonary infection of GM-CSF KO mice with M. abscessus results in a chronic pulmonary infection that lends itself to preclinical testing of new antimicrobial drugs against this bacterium. Azithromycin treatment of M. abscessus-infected GM-CSF KO mice resulted in a lower bacterial burden in the lungs and spleen, weight gain and significant improvement in lung pathology. CONCLUSIONS Intrapulmonary aerosol infection of GM-CSF KO mice with M. abscessus is a useful animal model for studying pathogenesis as well as pre-clinical testing of new compounds against M. abscessus in acute or chronic phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann De Groote
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Hickey AJ, Misra A, Fourie PB. Dry Powder Antibiotic Aerosol Product Development: Inhaled Therapy for Tuberculosis. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3900-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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IL12B expression is sustained by a heterogenous population of myeloid lineages during tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:343-56. [PMID: 23491716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IL12B is required for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, promoting the initiation and maintenance of Mtb-specific effector responses. While this makes the IL12-pathway an attractive target for experimental tuberculosis (TB) therapies, data regarding what lineages express IL12B after infection is established are limited. This is not obvious in the lung, an organ in which both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic lineages produce IL12p40 upon pathogen encounter. Here, we use radiation bone marrow chimeras and Yet40 reporter mice to determine what lineages produce IL12p40 during experimental TB. We observed that hematopoietic IL12p40-production was sufficient to control Mtb, with no contribution by non-hematopoietic lineages. Furthermore, rather than being produced by a single subset, IL12p40 was produced by cells that were heterogenous in their size, granularity, autofluorescence and expression of CD11c, CD11b and CD8α. While depending on the timepoint and tissue examined, the surface phenotype of IL12p40-producers most closely resembled macrophages based on previous surveys of lung myeloid lineages. Importantly, depletion of CD11c(hi) cells during infection had no affect on lung IL12p40-concentrations. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IL12p40 production is sustained by a heterogenous population of myeloid lineages during experimental TB, and that redundant mechanisms of IL12p40-production exist when CD11c(hi) lineages are absent.
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Fujita Y, Takeshita F, Kuwano K, Ochiya T. RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:223-50. [PMID: 24275949 PMCID: PMC3816685 DOI: 10.3390/ph6020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules, i.e. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are central to RNAi. Drug discovery studies and novel treatments of siRNAs are currently targeting a wide range of diseases, including various viral infections and cancers. Lung diseases in general are attractive targets for siRNA therapeutics because of their lethality and prevalence. In addition, the lung is anatomically accessible to therapeutic agents via the intrapulmonary route. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in lung abnormalities, such as inflammation and oncogenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are being targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present strategies for RNAi delivery and discuss the current state-of-the-art RNAi-based therapeutics for various lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.F.); (F.T.)
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan; E-Mail: (K.K.)
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan; E-Mail: (K.K.)
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.F.); (F.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3542-2511; Fax: +81-3-5565-0727
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Vicentini FTMDC, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Depieri LV, de Macedo Mano D, Abelha TF, Petrilli R, Bentley MVLB. Delivery systems and local administration routes for therapeutic siRNA. Pharm Res 2013; 30:915-31. [PMID: 23344907 PMCID: PMC7088712 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing number of studies proposing new and optimal delivery strategies for the efficacious silencing of gene-related diseases by the local administration of siRNAs, the present review aims to provide a broad overview of the most important and latest developments of non-viral siRNA delivery systems for local administration. Moreover, the main disease targets for the local delivery of siRNA to specific tissues or organs, including the skin, the lung, the eye, the nervous system, the digestive system and the vagina, were explored.
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Abstract
The emergence of RNAi offers a potentially exciting new therapeutic paradigm for respiratory diseases. However, effective delivery remains a key requirement for their translation into the clinic and has been a major factor in the limited clinical success seen to date. Inhalation offers tissue-specific targeting of the RNAi to treat respiratory diseases and a diminished risk of off-target effects. In order to deliver RNAi directly to the respiratory tract via inhalation, ‘smart’ non-viral carriers are required to protect the RNAi during delivery/aerosolization and enhance cell-specific uptake to target cells. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in therapeutic aerosol bioengineering, and specifically non-viral siRNA delivery platforms, for delivery via inhalation. This includes developments in inhaler device engineering and particle engineering, including manufacturing methods and excipients used in therapeutic aerosol bioengineering that underpin the development of smart, cell type-specific delivery systems to target siRNA to respiratory epithelial cells and/or alveolar macrophages.
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Mucosal Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121168 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4744-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of RNA interference-based drugs is dependent on accumulation at the target site in therapeutically relevant amounts. Local administration to the mucosal surfaces lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts allows access into diseased areas without the necessity to overcome serum nuclease degradation, rapid renal and hepatic clearance and non-specific tissue accumulation associated with systemic delivery. This work describes RNAi therapeutics focused on pulmonary, oral, rectal and intravaginal routes of administration. Mucosal barrier components including site variations and delivery considerations are addressed in order to design an effective mucosal delivery strategy.
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Role of PPE18 protein in intracellular survival and pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52601. [PMID: 23300718 PMCID: PMC3532481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ever since its discovery the mycobacterial proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family of proteins has generated a huge amount of interest. Understanding the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is important. We have demonstrated earlier that the PPE18 protein of Mtb induces IL-10 production in macrophages with subsequent downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-12 and TNF-α and favors a T-helper (Th) 2-type of immune response. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a ppe18 genetic knock-out Mtb strain, we have now carried out infection studies in mice to understand the role of PPE18 in Mtb virulence. The studies reveal that lack of PPE18 leads to attenuation of Mtb in vivo. Mice infected with the ppe18 deleted strain have reduced infection burden in lung, liver and spleen and have better survival rates compared to mice infected with the wild-type Mtb strain. Conclusions/Significance Taken together our data suggest that PPE18 could be a crucial virulence factor for intracellular survival of Mtb.
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Manipulation of Cell Physiology Enables Gene Silencing in Well-differentiated Airway Epithelia. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e41. [PMID: 23344182 PMCID: PMC3437804 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The application of RNA interference-based gene silencing to the airway surface epithelium holds great promise to manipulate host and pathogen gene expression for therapeutic purposes. However, well-differentiated airway epithelia display significant barriers to double-stranded small-interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery despite testing varied classes of nonviral reagents. In well-differentiated primary pig airway epithelia (PAE) or human airway epithelia (HAE) grown at the air–liquid interface (ALI), the delivery of a Dicer-substrate small-interfering RNA (DsiRNA) duplex against hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) with several nonviral reagents showed minimal uptake and no knockdown of the target. In contrast, poorly differentiated cells (2–5-day post-seeding) exhibited significant oligonucleotide internalization and target knockdown. This finding suggested that during differentiation, the barrier properties of the epithelium are modified to an extent that impedes oligonucleotide uptake. We used two methods to overcome this inefficiency. First, we tested the impact of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a known enhancer of macropinocytosis. Treatment of the cells with EGF improved oligonucleotide uptake resulting in significant but modest levels of target knockdown. Secondly, we used the connectivity map (Cmap) database to correlate gene expression changes during small molecule treatments on various cells types with genes that change upon mucociliary differentiation. Several different drug classes were identified from this correlative assessment. Well-differentiated epithelia treated with DsiRNAs and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly improved gene silencing and concomitantly reduced target protein levels. These novel findings reveal that well-differentiated airway epithelia, normally resistant to siRNA delivery, can be pretreated with small molecules to improve uptake of synthetic oligonucleotide and RNA interference (RNAi) responses.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important part of the cell's defenses against viruses and other foreign genes. Moreover, the biotechnological exploitation of RNAi offers therapeutic potential for a range of diseases for which drugs are currently unavailable. Unfortunately, the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are central to RNAi in the cytoplasm are readily degradable by ubiquitous nucleases, are inefficiently targeted to desired organs and cell types, and are excreted quickly upon systemic injection. As a result, local administration techniques have been favored over the past few years, resulting in great success in the treatment of viral infections and other respiratory disorders. Because there are several advantages of pulmonary delivery over systemic administration, two of the four siRNA drugs currently in phase II clinical trials are delivered intranasally or by inhalation. The air-blood barrier, however, has only limited permeability toward large, hydrophilic biopharmaceuticals such as nucleic acids; in addition, the lung imposes intrinsic hurdles to efficient siRNA delivery. Thus, appropriate formulations and delivery devices are very much needed. Although many different formulations have been optimized for in vitro siRNA delivery to lung cells, only a few have been reported successful in vivo. In this Account, we discuss both obstacles to pulmonary siRNA delivery and the success stories that have been achieved thus far. The optimal pulmonary delivery vehicle should be neither cytotoxic nor immunogenic, should protect the payload from degradation by nucleases during the delivery process, and should mediate the intracellular uptake of siRNA. Further requirements include the improvement of the pharmacokinetics and lung distribution profiles of siRNA, the extension of lung retention times (through reduced recognition by macrophages), and the incorporation of reversible or stimuli-responsive binding of siRNA to allow for efficient release of the siRNAs at the target site. In addition, the ideal carrier would be biodegradable (to address difficulties with repeated administration for the treatment of chronic diseases) and would contain targeting moieties to enhance uptake by specific cell types. None of the currently available polymer- and lipid-based formulations meet every one of these requirements, but we introduce here several promising new approaches, including a biodegradable, nonimmunogenic polyester. We also discuss imaging techniques for following the biodistribution according to the administration route. This tracking is crucial for better understanding the translocation and clearance of nanoformulated siRNA subsequent to pulmonary delivery. In the literature, the success of pulmonary siRNA delivery is evaluated solely by relief from or prophylaxis against a disease; side effects are not studied in detail. It also remains unclear which cell types in the lung eventually take up siRNA. These are critical issues for the translational use of pulmonary siRNA formulations; accordingly, we present a flow cytometry technique that can be utilized to differentiate transfected cell populations in a mouse model that expresses transgenic enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). This technique, in which different cell types are identified on the basis of their surface antigen expression, may eventually help in the development of safer carriers with minimized side effects in nontargeted tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kissel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Mouse model for efficacy testing of antituberculosis agents via intrapulmonary delivery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3957-9. [PMID: 22547626 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00464-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe an experimental murine model that allows for aerosolized antituberculosis drug efficacy testing. Intrapulmonary aerosol delivery of isoniazid, capreomycin, and amikacin to mice with pulmonary infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrated efficacy in reducing pulmonary bacterial loads similar to that seen by standard drug delivery methods, even when lower concentrations of drugs and fewer doses were used in the aerosolized drug regimens. Interestingly, intrapulmonary delivery of isoniazid also reduced the bacterial load in the spleen.
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Lam JKW, Liang W, Chan HK. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic siRNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1-15. [PMID: 21356260 PMCID: PMC7103329 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has a huge potential for the treatment or prevention of various lung diseases. Once the RNA molecules have successfully entered the target cells, they could inhibit the expression of specific gene sequence through RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism and generate therapeutic effects. The biggest obstacle to translating siRNA therapy from the laboratories into the clinics is delivery. An ideal delivery agent should protect the siRNA from enzymatic degradation, facilitate cellular uptake and promote endosomal escape inside the cells, with negligible toxicity. Lung targeting could be achieved by systemic delivery or pulmonary delivery. The latter route of administration could potentially enhance siRNA retention in the lungs and reduce systemic toxic effects. However the presence of mucus, the mucociliary clearance actions and the high degree branching of the airways present major barriers to targeted pulmonary delivery. The delivery systems need to be designed carefully in order to maximize the siRNA deposition to the diseased area of the airways. In most of the pulmonary siRNA therapy studies in vivo, siRNA was delivered either intratracheally or intranasally. Very limited work was done on the formulation of siRNA for inhalation which is believed to be the direction for future development. This review focuses on the latest development of pulmonary delivery of siRNA for the treatment of various lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ka-Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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González-Juarrero M, O'Sullivan MP. Optimization of inhaled therapies for tuberculosis: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:86-92. [PMID: 20888298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled therapies in the form of drugs or vaccines for tuberculosis treatment were reported about a decade ago. Experts around the world met to discuss the scientific progress in inhaled therapies at the international symposium "Optimization of inhaled Tuberculosis therapies and implications for host-pathogen interactions" held in New Delhi, India on November 3-5, 2009. The meeting was organized by the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow, India. The lung is the main route for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and the primary site of reactivation of latent disease. The only available vaccine BCG is relatively ineffective at preventing tuberculosis disease and current therapy requires prolonged treatment with drugs which results in low patient compliance. Consequently, there is a need to design new vaccines and therapies for this disease. Recently there has been increased interest in the development of inhaled formulations to deliver anti-mycobacterial drugs and vaccines directly to the lung and many of these therapies are designed to target lung macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the development of effective inhaled therapies requires an understanding of the unique function and immunosuppressive environment of the lung which is driven, in part, by alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the host immune response to M. tuberculosis infection and the ways in which inhaled therapies might enhance the anti-microbial response of phagocytes and boost pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Lei Y, Takahama Y. XCL1 and XCR1 in the immune system. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:262-7. [PMID: 22100876 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
XCL1, a C class chemokine also known as lymphotactin, is produced by T, NK, and NKT cells during infectious and inflammatory responses, whereas XCR1, the receptor of XCL1, is expressed by a dendritic cell subpopulation. The XCL1-XCR1 axis plays an important role in dendritic-cell-mediated cytotoxic immune response. It has been also shown that XCL1 and XCR1 are constitutively expressed in the thymus and regulate the thymic establishment of self-tolerance and the generation of regulatory T cells. This review summarizes the expression and function of XCL1 and XCR1 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Disease, People's Republic of China Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Lemos MP, Rhee KY, McKinney JD. Expression of the leptin receptor outside of bone marrow-derived cells regulates tuberculosis control and lung macrophage MHC expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3776-84. [PMID: 21859958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone proposed to link nutritional status to the development of strong Th1 immunity. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis control is affected by starvation and diabetes, we studied the role of the leptin receptor in regulating distinct immune cells during chronic infection. Infected db/db mice, bearing a natural mutation in the leptin receptor, have a markedly increased bacterial load in their lungs when compared with that of their wild-type counterparts. In response to M. tuberculosis infection, db/db mice exhibited disorganized granulomas, neutrophilia, and reduced B cell migration to the lungs, correlating with dysfunctional lung chemokine responses that include XCL1, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL13. In a db/db lung, myeloid cells were delayed in their production of inducible NO synthase and had reduced expression of MHC I and II. Although the Th1 cell response developed normally in the absence of leptin signaling, production of pulmonary IFN-γ was delayed and ineffective. Surprisingly, a proper immune response took place in bone marrow (BM) chimeras lacking leptin receptor exclusively in BM-derived cells, indicating that leptin acts indirectly on immune cells to modulate the antituberculosis response and bacterial control. Together, these findings suggest that the pulmonary response to M. tuberculosis is affected by the host's nutritional status via the regulation of non-BM-derived cells, not through direct action of leptin on Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Lemos
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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