1
|
Ermis E, Nargis T, Webster K, Tersey SA, Anderson RM, Mirmira RG. Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 governs macrophage migration during tissue inflammation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105561. [PMID: 38097183 PMCID: PMC10790086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the underlying cause of many diseases, including type 1 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Macrophages are continuously recruited to tissues during chronic inflammation where they exacerbate or resolve the pro-inflammatory environment. Although leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2) has been characterized as a low affinity receptor to several key eicosanoids and chemoattractants, its precise roles in the setting of inflammation and macrophage function remain incompletely understood. Here we used zebrafish and mouse models to probe the role of BLT2 in macrophage function during inflammation. We detected BLT2 expression in bone marrow derived and peritoneal macrophages of mouse models. Transcriptomic analysis of Ltb4r2-/- and WT macrophages suggested a role for BLT2 in macrophage migration, and studies in vitro confirmed that whereas BLT2 does not mediate macrophage polarization, it is required for chemotactic function, possibly mediated by downstream genes Ccl5 and Lgals3. Using a zebrafish model of tailfin injury, we demonstrated that antisense morpholino-mediated knockdown of blt2a or chemical inhibition of BLT2 signaling impairs macrophage migration. We further replicated these findings in zebrafish models of islet injury and liver inflammation. Moreover, we established the applicability of our zebrafish findings to mammals by showing that macrophages of Ltb4r2-/- mice have defective migration during lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vivo. Collectively, our results demonstrate that BLT2 mediates macrophage migration during inflammation, which implicates it as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ermis
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kierstin Webster
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park H, Harmalkar DS, Wei JD, Sun S, Kwon J, Lee CH, Song JG, Park JM, Lee JW, Ahn KS, Han HK, Kim JH, Lee K, Choi Y. Discovery of a novel BLT2 antagonist for the treatment of inflammatory airway diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115864. [PMID: 37839347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent chemoattractant that can recruit and activate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes to sites of inflammation. Excessive production of LTB4 has been linked to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Inhibiting the binding of LTB4 to its receptors, BLT1 and BLT2, is a potential strategy for treating these conditions. While several BLT1 antagonists have been developed for clinical trials, most have failed due to efficacy and safety issues. Therefore, discovering selective BLT2 antagonists could improve our understanding of the distinct functions of BLT1 and BLT2 receptors and their pharmacological implications. In this study, we aimed to discover novel BLT2 antagonists by synthesizing a series of biphenyl analogues based on a BLT2 selective agonist, CAY10583. Among the synthesized compounds, 15b was found to selectively inhibit the chemotaxis of CHO-BLT2 cells with an IC50 value of 224 nM without inhibiting the chemotaxis of CHO-BLT1 cells. 15b also inhibited the binding of LTB4 and BLT2 with a Ki value of 132 nM. Furthermore, 15b had good metabolic stability in liver microsomes and moderate bioavailability (F = 34%) in in vivo PK studies. 15b also showed in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of asthma, reducing airway hyperresponsiveness by 59% and decreasing Th2 cytokines by up to 46%. Our study provides a promising lead for the development of selective BLT2 antagonists as potential therapeutics for inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejun Park
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipesh S Harmalkar
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa, 403505, India
| | - Jun-Dong Wei
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Seunghan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsun Kwon
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mi Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei JD, Kim JH. Two distinct forms of human BLT2: long-form and short-form BLT2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1288373. [PMID: 37954206 PMCID: PMC10637354 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1288373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BLT2 is a low-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor that plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, including asthma and cancer. BLT2 is minimally expressed in a normal internal environment but is overexpressed in a stress-induced inflammatory environment. Recent research indicated that human BLT2 has two distinct forms. Although their functions are likely to be different, very few studies investigated these differences. Therefore, this paper will discuss about the two distinct forms of human BLT2; the short-form of BLT2 and the long-form of BLT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dong Wei
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hébert MPA, Selka A, Lebel AA, Doiron JA, Isabel Chiasson A, Gauvin VL, Matthew AJ, Hébert MJG, Doucet MS, Joy AP, Barnett DA, Touaibia M, Surette ME, Boudreau LH. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester analogues as selective inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase product biosynthesis in human platelets. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110419. [PMID: 37295028 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is an essential process for the host defence against pathogens. Lipid mediators are important in coordinating the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution phases of the inflammatory process. However, unregulated production of these mediators has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer. Therefore, it is not surprising that enzymes implicated in the production of these lipid mediators have been targeted for potential therapeutic approaches. Amongst these inflammatory molecules, the 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) is abundantly produced in several diseases and is primarily biosynthesized via the platelet's 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) pathway. To this day, very few compounds selectively inhibit the 12-LO pathway, and most importantly, none are currently used in the clinical settings. In this study, we investigated a series of polyphenol analogues of natural polyphenols that inhibit the 12-LO pathway in human platelets without affecting other normal functions of the cell. Using an ex vivo approach, we found one compound that selectively inhibited the 12-LO pathway, with IC50 values as low as 0.11 µM, with minimal inhibition of other lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase pathways. More importantly, our data show that none of the compounds tested induced significant off-target effects on either the platelet's activation or its viability. In the continuous search for specific and better inhibitors targeting the regulation of inflammation, we characterized two novel inhibitors of the 12-LO pathway that could be promising for subsequent in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu P A Hébert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Ayyoub Selka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andréa A Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Jérémie A Doiron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Audrey Isabel Chiasson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Vanessa L Gauvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Alexis J Matthew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Martin J G Hébert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Marco S Doucet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew P Joy
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - David A Barnett
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | - Marc E Surette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, 27 Providence Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 8X3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwak DW, Park D, Kim JH. Leukotriene B 4 Receptor 2 Mediates the Production of G-CSF That Plays a Critical Role in Steroid-Resistant Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112979. [PMID: 36428547 PMCID: PMC9687517 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been suggested to be closely associated with neutrophilic asthma pathogenesis. However, little is known about the factors regulating the production of G-CSF in neutrophilic asthma. We previously reported that a leukotriene B4 receptor 2, BLT2, played an important role in neutrophilic airway inflammation. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated whether BLT2 plays a role in the production of G-CSF in lipopolysaccharide/ovalbumin (LPS/OVA)-induced steroid-resistant neutrophilic asthma. The data showed that BLT2 critically mediated G-CSF production, contributing to the progression of neutrophilic airway inflammation. We also observed that 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), which catalyzes the synthesis of the BLT2 ligand 12(S)-HETE, was also necessary for G-CSF production. Together, these results suggest that the 12-LO-BLT2-linked signaling network is critical for the production of G-CSF, contributing to the development of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Our findings can provide a potential new target for the therapy of severe neutrophilic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-3452
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Recent advances in function and structure of two leukotriene B 4 receptors: BLT1 and BLT2. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115178. [PMID: 35850310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is generated by the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid, which is then released from the cell membrane and acts as a potent activator of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this lipid in various diseases. LTB4 exerts its activities by binding to its specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): BLT1 and BLT2. In mouse disease models, treatment with BLT1 antagonists or BLT1 gene ablation attenuated various diseases, including bronchial asthma, arthritis, and psoriasis, whereas BLT2 deficiency exacerbated several diseases in the skin, cornea, and small intestine. Therefore, BLT1 inhibitors and BLT2 activators could be beneficial for the treatment of several inflammatory and immune disorders. As a result, attractive compounds targeting LTB4 receptors have been developed by several pharmaceutical companies. This review aims to understand the potential of BLT1 and BLT2 as therapeutic targets for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In addition, recent topics are discussed with major focuses on the structure and post-translational modifications of BLT1 and BLT2. Collectively, current evidence on modulating LTB4 receptor functions provides new strategies for the treatment of various diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dong PL, Li H, Yu XJ, Li QN, Liu JQ, Liu CY, Han H. Effect and mechanism of "Danggui-kushen" herb pair on ischemic heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112450. [PMID: 34839257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism and effects of "Danggui-kushen" herb pair (DKHP) better than single drug in ischemic heart disease (IHD). METHODS IHD model was established by left anterior descending branch of coronary artery in rats. Rats were randomized into six groups and oral administration for 7 days: control, model, Danshen dripping pills (DS) (5.103 g/kg), Danggui (DG) (2.7 g/kg), Kushen (KS) (2.7 g/kg) and DKHP (2.7 g/kg). Electrocardiogram (ECG), myocardial infarction and damage assessment, histological inspection analysis, and various biochemical indexes of myocardial tissue were measured to evaluate the myocardial damage and the protective effects of drugs. The inflammatory levels were identified by HE staining and serum cytokine, and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), inhibitor kappa B kinaseβ (IKKβ) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured by immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS The results suggested that: compared with the control group, model group showed significantly myocardial tissue abnormalities, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokine. Treatment with drugs inhibited the increase of α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatinekinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The results of immunohistochemical showed that drugs-treatment inhibited the expression of IKKβ and the P-p65, increased the expression of HIF-1α, which demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of DKHP was achieved by suppressing of NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSION These observations indicated that DKHP can ameliorate myocardial injury better than single. And these are related to the inhibition of NF-κB and actives HIF-1α signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang Dong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiao Jin Yu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qing Na Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jia Qi Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cai Yan Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hua Han
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park D, Kwak DW, Kim JH. Leukotriene B 4 receptors contribute to house dust mite-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation via T H2 cytokine production. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33612149 PMCID: PMC8016659 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Previous studies have reported that the receptors of LTB4, BLT1, and BLT2 play mediatory roles in the allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA). However, considering that house dust mites (HDMs) are the most prevalent allergen and well-known risk factor for asthmatic allergies, we are interested in elucidating the contributory roles of BLT1/2 in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Our aim in this study was to investigate whether BLT1/2 play any roles in HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we observed that the levels of ligands for BLT1/2 [LTB4 and 12(S)-HETE (12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid)] were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after HDM challenge. Block-ade of BLT1 or BLT2 as well as of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) or 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) markedly suppressed the production of TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and alleviated lung inflammation and mucus secretion in an HDM-induced eosinophilic airway-inflammation mouse model. Together, these results indicate that the 5-/12-LO-BLT1/2 cascade plays a role in HDM-induced airway inflammation by mediating the production of TH2 cytokines. Our findings suggest that BLT1/2 may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with HDM-induced allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim M, Wei JD, Harmalkar DS, Goo JI, Lee K, Choi Y, Kim JH, Cho AE. Elucidation of Mechanism for Ligand Efficacy at Leukotriene B 4 Receptor 2 (BLT2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1529-1534. [PMID: 32832019 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have always been important drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry. One major question for the current GPCR drug discovery is how drugs have distinct efficacies at the same GPCR target. Related to this question, we studied how different ligands can have disparate efficacies at Leukotriene B4 receptor (BLT2). By using molecular modeling studies, we predicted that Tyr2716.51 located at TM6 of BLT2 performs as a key trigger for its activation and verified the prediction by site-directed mutagenesis, chemotactic motility studies, which included a chemical derivative of agonist CAY10583. We further identified Asn2756.55 located at TM6 as a weak activation trigger in BLT2 and performed double mutation studies to confirm our computational results. Our results provide strong evidence for the exact mechanism of ligand efficacy at BLT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minsup Kim
- inCerebro Co., Ltd. Drug Discovery Institute, Seoul Technopark, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Jun-Dong Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejjang, China
| | - Dipesh S. Harmalkar
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro,
Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-il Goo
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, 32 Dongguk-ro,
Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Art E. Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chan SJ, Ng MPE, Zhao H, Ng GJL, De Foo C, Wong PTH, Seet RCS. Early and Sustained Increases in Leukotriene B 4 Levels Are Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:282-293. [PMID: 31520306 PMCID: PMC7007445 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been implicated in ischemic stroke pathology. We examined the prognostic significance of LTB4 levels in patients with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction and their mechanisms in rat stroke models. In ischemic stroke patients with middle cerebral artery infarction, plasma LTB4 levels were found to increase rapidly, roughly doubling within 24 h when compared to initial post-stroke levels. Further analyses indicate that poor functional recovery is associated with early and more sustained increase in LTB4 rather than the peak levels. Results from studies using a rat embolic stroke model showed increased 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) expression in the ipsilateral infarcted cortex compared with sham control or respective contralateral regions at 24 h post-stroke with a concomitant increase in LTB4 levels. In addition, neutrophil influx was also observed in the infarcted cortex. Double immunostaining indicated that neutrophils express 5-LOX and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), highlighting the pivotal contributions of neutrophils as a source of LTB4. Importantly, rise in plasma LTB4 levels corresponded with an increase in LTB4 amount in the infarcted cortex, thereby supporting the use of plasma as a surrogate for brain LTB4 levels. Pre-stroke LTB4 loading increased brain infarct volume in tMCAO rats. Conversely, administration of the 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor BAY-X1005 or B-leukotriene receptor (BLTR) antagonist LY255283 decreased the infarct volume by a similar extent. To conclude, targeted interruption of the LTB4 pathway might be a viable treatment strategy for acute ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jing Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Mary P E Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Geelyn J L Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Chuan De Foo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Peter T-H Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Raymond C S Seet
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kandhare AD, Liu Z, Mukherjee AA, Bodhankar SL. Therapeutic Potential of Morin in Ovalbumin-induced Allergic Asthma Via Modulation of SUMF2/IL-13 and BLT2/NF-kB Signaling Pathway. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:122-138. [PMID: 30605067 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190102105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a chronic immune-inflammatory disorder, characterized by airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Morin is a natural flavonoid reported to exhibit inhibitory action against IgE-mediated allergic response. AIM To determine the efficacy of murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AHR inhibition by morin and decipher the molecular mechanism involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were sensitized and challenged with OVA to induce AHR. Rats received treatment with morin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for the next 28 days. RESULTS Morin (30 and 100 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently attenuated (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) OVA-induced alterations in pulse oxy and lung function test, increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell counts, elevated total protein and albumin levels in serum, BALF, and lungs, increased serum total and OVA-specific IgE levels and, elevated oxidative stress levels in the lung. RT-PCR analysis revealed that morin treatment (30 and 100 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) up-regulated SUMF2 mRNA expression in lungs whereas mRNA expressions of BLT2, NF-κB, and Th2-cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13) were down-regulated significantly and dose-dependently (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Also, histologic and ultrastructural studies showed that morin significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) OVAinduced perivascular and peribranchial inflammatory infiltration and interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION Morin exhibited inhibitory effect against OVA-induced allergic asthma by activation of SUMF2 which impeded IL-13 expression and in turn attenuated Th2-cytokines, BLT2, NF-κB, and IgE levels to ameliorate AHR. Thus, our findings suggested that morin could be considered as a potential alternative therapeutic agent for the management of allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit D Kandhare
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Paud Road, Pune-411 038, India
| | - Zihao Liu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Anwesha A Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Paud Road, Pune-411 038, India
| | - Subhash L Bodhankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Paud Road, Pune-411 038, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong P, Ji X, Han W, Han H. Oxymatrine exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects on Aβ 1-42-induced primary microglia cells by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105686. [PMID: 31207405 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT), isolated from Sophora flavescens or Sophora alopecuroides, possesses various pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic properties. Microglia cells, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the neuroinflammatory effects of OMT and its mechanisms were investigated by Aβ1-42-induced rat brain tissue model and primary microglia cells model. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry results showed that OMT could reduce neuronal damage and inhibit microglia activation in the model tissue. The in vitro experiments revealed that OMT could decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO), and down-regulate the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, OMT inhibited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK 1/2, P-p38 and NF-κB in Aβ1-42-induced microglia cells. In summary, OMT exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the anti-inflammatory activity of OMT is related to the regulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Dong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Han
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hua Han
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiong Y, Cui X, Li W, Lv J, Du L, Mi W, Li H, Chen Z, Leng Q, Zhou H, He R. BLT1 signaling in epithelial cells mediates allergic sensitization via promotion of IL-33 production. Allergy 2019; 74:495-506. [PMID: 30390302 DOI: 10.1111/all.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells (ECs) play a crucial role in allergic sensitization to inhaled protease allergens by instructing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and dendritic cells (DCs) via release of pro-type 2 cytokines, particularly interleukin-33 (IL-33). Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a well-known leukocyte chemoattractant via engagement of its receptor 1 (BLT1). However, the role of LTB4-BLT1 axis in allergic sensitization via activation of ECs is still unknown. METHODS We evaluated the effect of LTB4-BLT1 axis on IL-33 expression and ILC2 activation in vivo and in vitro. Chimeric mice were established to evaluate the contribution of BLT1 expression in nonimmune cell to allergic sensitization. RESULTS Genetical or pharmacological interruption of LTB4-BLT1 axis during sensitization phase markedly reduced papain-induced IL-33 expression, decreased ILC2 activation and DC migration, thereby impairing the priming of allergic Th2 responses. Furthermore, papain inhalation induced a rapid release of LTB4 preceding IL-33, and intranasal administration of LTB4 to naïve WT mice significantly increased IL-33 expression and ILC2 activation in lung, which was absent in Il33-/- or Ltb4r1-/- mice. Furthermore, BLT1 was expressed in primary mouse ECs or normal human bronchial ECs (NHBE), and papain induced LTB4 release by NHBE, which in turn amplified IL-33 production dependent on Akt activation via BLT1. Consequently, bone marrow chimeric mice lacking BLT1 in radio-resistant structural cells failed to develop allergic lung inflammation to papain. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a functional role of LTB4-BLT1 axis in nonimmune cells, most likely lung ECs, in controlling allergic sensitization as an upstream regulator of IL-33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingluo Xiong
- Department of Immunology and Basic Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- Department of Immunology and Basic Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Immunology and Basic Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jiaoyan Lv
- Department of Immunology and Basic Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Lixia Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Mi
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Institutes of Brain Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Eye, Nose and Throat Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Children's Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Qibin Leng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology Institute Pasteur of Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Rui He
- Department of Immunology and Basic Research Institute for Aging and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Institutes of Brain Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gelfand EW. Importance of the leukotriene B4-BLT1 and LTB4-BLT2 pathways in asthma. Semin Immunol 2018; 33:44-51. [PMID: 29042028 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, the leukotriene pathways have been implicated as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. The presence and elevation of numerous metabolites in the blood, sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatics or experimental animals adds support to this notion. However, targeting of the leukotriene pathways has had, in general, limited success. The single exception in asthma therapy has been targeting of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, which clinically has proven effective but only in certain clinical situations. Interference with 5-lipoxygenase has had limited success, in part due to adverse drug effects. The importance of the LTB4-BLT1 pathway in asthma pathogenesis has extensive experimental support and findings, albeit limited, from clinical samples. The LTB4-BLT1 pathway was shown to be important as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Despite observations made more than two decades ago, the LTB4-BLT1 pathway has only recently been shown to exhibit important activities on subsets of T lymphocytes, both as a chemoattractant and on lymphocyte activation, as well as on dendritic cells, the major antigen presenting cell in the lung. The role of BLT2 in asthma remains unclear. Targeting of components of the LTB4-BLT1 pathway offers innovative therapeutic opportunities especially in patients with asthma that remain uncontrolled despite intensive corticosteroid treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ball DH, Al-Riyami L, Harnett W, Harnett MM. IL-33/ST2 signalling and crosstalk with FcεRI and TLR4 is targeted by the parasitic worm product, ES-62. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540770 PMCID: PMC5852134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62 is a secreted parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator that exhibits therapeutic potential in allergy by downregulating aberrant MyD88 signalling to normalise the inflammatory phenotype and mast cell responses. IL-33 plays an important role in driving mast cell responses and promoting type-2 allergic inflammation, particularly with respect to asthma, via MyD88-integrated crosstalk amongst the IL-33 receptor (ST2), TLR4 and FcεRI. We have now investigated whether ES-62 targets this pathogenic network by subverting ST2-signalling, specifically by characterising how the functional outcomes of crosstalk amongst ST2, TLR4 and FcεRI are modulated by the worm product in wild type and ST2-deficient mast cells. This analysis showed that whilst ES-62 inhibits IL-33/ST2 signalling, the precise functional modulation observed varies with receptor usage and/or mast cell phenotype. Thus, whilst ES-62’s harnessing of the capacity of ST2 to sequester MyD88 appears sufficient to mediate its inhibitory effects in peritoneal-derived serosal mast cells, downregulation of MyD88 expression appears to be required to dampen the higher levels of cytokine production typically released by bone marrow-derived mucosal mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimity H Ball
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu M, Shen J, Yuan H, Chen F, Song H, Qin H, Li Y, Xu J, Ye Q, Li S, Saeki K, Yokomizo T. Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 regulates the proliferation, migration, and barrier integrity of bronchial epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6117-6124. [PMID: 29323699 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of asthma. The functions of leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2) on the airway epithelial cells remains unknown. In our study, BLT2 expression in 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells were manipulated by transfection with BLT2 overexpression plasmid or BLT2 small interference RNA. 16HBE cells were then exposed to BLT2 antagonist (LY255283) or BLT2 agonist (12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid [12-HHT] or CAY10583). The results showed that BLT2 overexpression, 12-HHT stimulation, or CAY10583 treatment resulted in the enhanced proliferation and migration of 16HBE cells. In addition, BLT2 showed an inhibitory effect on epithelial permeability as illustrated by the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and epithelial permeability, and a promoting effect on the levels of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-4) and phosphorylated p38 as demonstrated by real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses. These results suggest BLT2 as a key determinant of airway epithelial barrier integrity. On the contrary, RNAi-mediated knockdown or LY255283 treatment had reversed effects on the proliferation, migration, and epithelial barrier integrity. Together, our findings suggest the critical roles of BLT2 on the functions of bronchial epithelial cells and that BLT2 agonists are potential therapeutic agents for asthma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ro M, Lee AJ, Kim JH. 5-/12-Lipoxygenase-linked cascade contributes to the IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13 in mast cells, thus promoting asthma development. Allergy 2018; 73:350-360. [PMID: 28857185 DOI: 10.1111/all.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As asthma progresses, the levels of IL-33 in serum are markedly increased and contribute to asthmatic development and exacerbation. Mast cells, one of the principal effector cells in the pathogenesis of asthma, express high levels of the IL-33 receptor ST2 and have been shown to be activated by IL-33. Thus, IL-33 stimulates mast cells to produce Th2-type cytokines such as IL-13, thus contributing to asthmatic development. However, the signaling mechanism for IL-33-induced synthesis of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, has not been fully elucidated in mast cells. METHODS The role of 5- or 12-LO in the IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13 was investigated using knockdown or pharmacological inhibitors in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and animal model. RESULTS Blockade of 5- or 12-LO significantly suppressed IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13 in BMMCs. The subsequent action of 5- and 12-LO metabolites through their specific receptor, BLT2, was also critical for IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13. We also demonstrated that the MyD88-p38 kinase cascade lies upstream of 5-/12-LO and that NF-κB lies downstream of 5-/12-LO to mediate the IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13 in mast cells. Consistent with these findings, we observed that in an IL-33-administered asthmatic airway inflammation model, IL-13 levels were markedly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but its levels were markedly suppressed by treatment with inhibitors of 5-LO, 12-LO or BLT2, further suggesting roles of 5-/12-LO in IL-33-induced IL-13 production. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that "MyD88-5-/12-LO-BLT2-NF-κB" cascade significantly contributes to the IL-33-induced synthesis of IL-13 in mast cells, thus potentially contributing to asthmatic development and exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MyungJa Ro
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - A-Jin Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jang JH, Wei JD, Kim M, Kim JY, Cho AE, Kim JH. Leukotriene B 4 receptor 2 gene polymorphism (rs1950504, Asp196Gly) leads to enhanced cell motility under low-dose ligand stimulation. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e402. [PMID: 29170475 PMCID: PMC5704194 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been suggested to contribute to physiopathology and therapeutic effects. Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2), a member of the GPCR family, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including cancer and asthma. However, no studies on BLT2 SNP effects have been reported to date. In this study, we demonstrate that the BLT2 SNP (rs1950504, Asp196Gly), a Gly-196 variant of BLT2 (BLT2 D196G), causes enhanced cell motility under low-dose stimulation of its ligands. In addition, we demonstrated that Akt activation and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both of which act downstream of BLT2, are also increased by BLT2 D196G in response to low-dose ligand stimulation. Furthermore, we observed that the ligand binding affinity of BLT2 D196G was enhanced compared with that of BLT2. Through homology modeling analysis, it was predicted that BLT2 D196G loses ionic interaction with R197, potentially resulting in increased agonist-receptor interaction. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe a SNP study on BLT2 and shows that BLT2 D196G enhances ligand sensitivity, thereby increasing cell motility in response to low-dose ligand stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Dong Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsup Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Department of Crime-Scene DNA Section, Gwangju Institute, National Forensic Service, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silliman CC, Kelher MR, Khan SY, West FB, McLaughlin NJD, Elzi DJ, England K, Bjornsen J, Kuldanek SA, Banerjee A. Supernatants and lipids from stored red blood cells activate pulmonary microvascular endothelium through the BLT2 receptor and protein kinase C activation. Transfusion 2017; 57:2690-2700. [PMID: 28880373 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although transfusion is a lifesaving intervention, it may be associated with significant morbidity in injured patients. We hypothesize that stored red blood cells (RBCs) induce proinflammatory activation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) resulting in neutrophil (PMN) adhesion and predisposition to acute lung injury (ALI). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Ten units of RBCs were collected; 50% (by weight) were leukoreduced (LR-RBCs) and the remainder was unmodified and stored in additive solution-5 (AS-5). An additional 10 units of RBCs were collected, leukoreduced, and stored in AS-3. HMVECs were incubated with [10%-40%]FINAL of the supernatants on Day (D)1 to D42 of storage, lipid extracts, and purified lipids. Endothelial surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin (IL)-8 release, and PMN adhesion to HMVECs were measured. HMVEC signaling via the BLT2 receptor was evaluated. Supernatants and lipids were also employed as the first event in a two-event model of ALI. RESULTS The supernatants [10%-40%]FINAL from D21 LR-RBCs and D42 RBCs and LR-RBCs and the lipids from D42 stored in AS-5 induced increased ICAM-1 surface expression on endothelium, IL-8 release, and PMN adhesion. In addition, the supernatants [20%-40%]FINAL from D21 and D42 RBCs in AS-5 also increased endothelial surface expression of ICAM-1. D42 supernatants and lipids also caused coprecipitation of β-arrestin-1 with BLT2, protein kinase C (PKC)βI , and PKCδ and served as the first event in a two-event rodent model of ALI. CONCLUSION Lipids that accumulate during RBC storage activate endothelium and predispose to ALI, which may explain some of the adverse events associated with the transfusion of critically injured patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marguerite R Kelher
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samina Y Khan
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Nathan J D McLaughlin
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David J Elzi
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kelly England
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason Bjornsen
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Susan A Kuldanek
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xia W, Xie L, Cao B, Cheng S, Wan H, Liu H. Genes involved in leukotriene synthesis pathway are dynamically regulated during lung development in Rhesus monkeys. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 122:1-6. [PMID: 28735623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes play critical roles in many inflammatory lung diseases and several antagonists of their receptors have been used in the clinical settings. However, the physiological functions of leukotrienes in lung development are still unclear. METHOD The expression levels of 34 genes involved in leukotriene synthesis and function pathway in the lungs of Rhesus monkey during different developmental time points were determined on a MiSeq platform and analyzed by the reads per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (RPKM) method. RESULTS The results showed that the expression levels of PLA2G1B, PLA2G10, PLA2G2D, ALOX5, and ALOX5AP increased dramatically in the lung of Rhesus monkey, reflecting the changes in the pulmonary environment after delivery. Additionally, the different expression patterns between molecules related to LTB4 and LTC4 synthesis suggested distinct roles of LTB4 and LTC4 in lung development. Finally, the constant expression of CysLT1 during the development process provided new information to the pharmaceutical basis of the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the clinical setting. CONCLUSION The expression levels of several key genes involved in leukotriene synthesis changed dramatically during lung development in Rhesus monkeys, suggesting the potential roles of leukotrienes in lung development in this animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanmin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Respiratory, Chengdu Women & Children's Hospital, Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Liang Xie
- The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bangrong Cao
- Department of Basic Research, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Aetiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Aetiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Huajing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Laboratory of Lung Development and Diseases, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee AJ, Ro M, Cho KJ, Kim JH. Lipopolysaccharide/TLR4 Stimulates IL-13 Production through a MyD88-BLT2-Linked Cascade in Mast Cells, Potentially Contributing to the Allergic Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:409-417. [PMID: 28600286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In an experimental asthma model, the activation of TLR4 by bacterial LPS occasionally exacerbates allergic inflammation through the production of Th2 cytokines, and mast cells have been suggested to play a central role in this response. However, the detailed mechanism underlying how LPS/TLR4 stimulates the production of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-13, remains unclear in mast cells. In the current study, we observed that the expression levels of leukotriene B4 receptor-2 (BLT2) and the synthesis of its ligands were highly upregulated in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cells and that BLT2 blockade with small interfering RNA or a pharmacological inhibitor completely abolished IL-13 production, suggesting a mediatory role of the BLT2 ligand-BLT2 axis in LPS/TLR4 signaling to IL-13 synthesis in mast cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that MyD88 lies upstream of the BLT2 ligand-BLT2 axis and that this MyD88-BLT2 cascade leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species through NADPH oxidase 1 and the subsequent activation of NF-κB, thereby mediating IL-13 synthesis. Interestingly, we observed that costimulation of LPS/TLR4 and IgE/FcεRI caused greatly enhanced IL-13 synthesis in mast cells, and blockading BLT2 abolished these effects. Similarly, in vivo, the IL-13 level was markedly enhanced by LPS administration in an OVA-induced asthma model, and injecting a BLT2 antagonist beforehand clearly attenuated this increase. Together, our findings suggest that a BLT2-linked cascade plays a pivotal role in LPS/TLR4 signaling for IL-13 synthesis in mast cells, thereby potentially exacerbating allergic response. Our findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying how bacterial infection worsens allergic inflammation under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Jin Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
| | - MyungJa Ro
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea; and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Park GS, Kim JK, Kim JH. Anti-inflammatory action of ethanolic extract of Ramulus mori on the BLT2-linked cascade. BMB Rep 2017; 49:232-7. [PMID: 26879317 PMCID: PMC4915243 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.4.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry tree twigs (Ramulus mori) contain large amounts of oxyresveratrols and have traditionally been used as herbal medicines because of their anti-inflammatory properties. However, the signaling mechanism by which R. mori exerts its anti-inflammatory action remains to be elucidated. In this study, we observed that R. mori ethanol extracts (RME) exerted an inhibitory effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Additionally, RME inhibited IL-6 production by blocking the leukotriene B4 receptor-2 (BLT2)-dependent-NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade, leading to anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, RME suppressed the production of the BLT2 ligands LTB4 and 12(S)-HETE by inhibiting the p38 kinase-cytosolic phospholipase A2-5-/12-lipoxygenase cascade in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Overall, our results suggest that RME inhibits the ‘BLT2 ligand-BLT2’-linked autocrine inflammatory axis, and that this BLT2-linked cascade is one of the targets of the anti-inflammatory action of R. mori. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(4): 232-237]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Soo Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong-Keun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Shihung 15073, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oligonucleotide Therapy for Obstructive and Restrictive Respiratory Diseases. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010139. [PMID: 28106744 PMCID: PMC6155767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled oligonucleotide is an emerging therapeutic modality for various common respiratory diseases, including obstructive airway diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and restrictive airway diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The advantage of direct accessibility for oligonucleotide molecules to the lung target sites, bypassing systemic administration, makes this therapeutic approach promising with minimized potential systemic side effects. Asthma, COPD, and IPF are common chronic respiratory diseases, characterized by persistent airway inflammation and dysregulated tissue repair and remodeling, although each individual disease has its unique etiology. Corticosteroids have been widely prescribed for the treatment of asthma, COPD, and IPF. However, the effectiveness of corticosteroids as an anti-inflammatory drug is limited by steroid resistance in severe asthma, the majority of COPD cases, and pulmonary fibrosis. There is an urgent medical need to develop target-specific drugs for the treatment of these respiratory conditions. Oligonucleotide therapies, including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) are now being evaluated both pre-clinically and clinically as potential therapeutics. The mechanisms of action of ASO and siRNA are highly target mRNA specific, ultimately leading to target protein knockdown. miRNA has both biomarker and therapeutic values, and its knockdown by a miRNA antagonist (antagomir) has a broader but potentially more non-specific biological outcome. This review will compile the current findings of oligonucleotide therapeutic targets, verified in various respiratory disease models and in clinical trials, and evaluate different chemical modification approaches to improve the stability and potency of oligonucleotides for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Leguina-Ruzzi A, Valderas JP. BLT2 expression improves skin integrity and protects from alterations caused by hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 9:e1267078. [PMID: 28405264 PMCID: PMC5386100 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2016.1267078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can go undiagnosed for years, leading to a stage where chronic high blood sugar produces complications such as delayed wound healing. Reports have shown that BLT2 activation improves keratinocyte migration and wound healing, as well as protecting the epidermal barrier through the promotion of actin polymerization. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of BLT2 expression in skin epithelial integrity in T2D. For this purpose, we used both wild type (WT) and BLT2 knockout mice in a model, in which a T2D-like phenotype was induced by keeping the animals on a high fat (HF) diet over 5 weeks. In a parallel in vitro approach, we cultured BLT2-transfected HaCaT cells at both low and high glucose concentrations for 48 h. Structure, transepithelial resistance (TEER), IL-1ß, IL-8 or CXCL2, MMP9, Filaggrin, Loricrin and Keratin 10 (K10) were evaluated ex vivo and in vitro. Additionally, wound healing (WH) was studied in vitro. The skin from T2D and BLT2 knockout mice showed a reduction in TEER and the expression of IL-1ß, and in increase in CXCL2, MMP9, Filaggrin, Loricrin and K10 expression. The structure suggested an atrophic epidermis; however, the skin was dramatically affected in the BLT2 knockout mice kept on a HF diet. HaCaT-BLT2 cells presented as an organized monolayer and showed higher TEER and wound healing compared with vector only-transfected HaCaT-Mock cells. Likewise, alterations in the expression of skin inflammatory, matrix degradation and differentiation markers under low and high glucose conditions were less severe than in HaCaT-Mock cells. Our results suggest that BLT2 improves epithelial integrity and function by regulating differentiation markers, cytokines and MMP9. Furthermore, BLT2 attenuates the damaging effects of high glucose levels, thereby accelerating wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan P Valderas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina Odontología, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee AJ, Ro M, Kim JH. Leukotriene B4 Receptor 2 Is Critical for the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Allergen-Stimulated Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2069-78. [PMID: 27489284 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are among the principal effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In allergic reactions, allergen (Ag)-induced cross-linking of IgE bound to FcεRI on mast cells results in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is essential for the initiation and development of the allergic response. Despite the central role of VEGF in allergic asthma, the signaling events responsible for the production of VEGF remain unclear, particularly in Ag-stimulated mast cells. In the present study, we observed that blocking leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2) completely abrogated the production of VEGF in Ag-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). The synthesis of BLT2 ligands (leukotriene B4 and 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) was also required for VEGF production, suggesting a mediating role of an autocrine BLT2 ligands-BLT2 axis in the production of VEGF in mast cells. The NADPH oxidase 1-reactive oxygen species-NF-κB cascade is downstream of BLT2 during Ag signaling to VEGF synthesis in mast cells. Furthermore, the level of VEGF synthesis in genetically mast cell-deficient Kit(W/Wv) mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice in the OVA-induced asthma model, suggesting that mast cells play a critical role in the synthesis of VEGF in OVA-induced allergic asthma. Importantly, VEGF production was restored to the levels observed in wild-type mice after adoptive transfer of normal BMMCs into Kit(W/Wv) mice but was not restored in BLT2(-/-) BMMC-reconstituted Kit(W/Wv) mice in the OVA-induced asthma model. Taken together, our results suggest that BLT2 expression in mast cells is essential for the production of VEGF in OVA-induced allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Jin Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - MyungJa Ro
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ishii Y, Saeki K, Liu M, Sasaki F, Koga T, Kitajima K, Meno C, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. Leukotriene B
4
receptor type 2 (BLT2) enhances skin barrier function by regulating tight junction proteins. FASEB J 2015; 30:933-47. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ishii
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Research Institute for Diseases of the ChestKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Keiko Kitajima
- Department of Developmental BiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Department of Developmental BiologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Medical BiochemistryKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of BiochemistryJuntendo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee AJ, Cho KJ, Kim JH. MyD88-BLT2-dependent cascade contributes to LPS-induced interleukin-6 production in mouse macrophage. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e156. [PMID: 25838003 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxic responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are triggered by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and involve the production of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), by macrophages. The detailed mechanism of IL-6 production by macrophages in response to LPS has remained unclear, however. We now show that LPS induces IL-6 synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages via the leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2. Our results suggest that TLR4-MyD88 signaling functions upstream of BLT2 and that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and consequent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB function downstream of BLT2 in this response. These results suggest that a TLR4-MyD88-BLT2-Nox1-ROS-NF-κB pathway contributes to the synthesis of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Jin Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu M, Yokomizo T. The role of leukotrienes in allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2015; 64:17-26. [PMID: 25572555 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), both LTB4 and the cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4, are implicated in a wide variety of inflammatory disorders. These lipid mediators are generated from arachidonic acid via multistep enzymatic reactions through which arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipase A2. LTB4 and CysLTs exert their biological effects by binding to cognate receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. LTB4 is widely considered to be a potent chemoattractant for most subsets of leukocytes, whereas CysLTs are potent bronchoconstrictors that have effects on airway remodeling. LTs play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma and many other inflammatory diseases. This review will provide an update on the synthesis, biological function, and relevance of LTs to the pathobiology of allergic diseases, and examine the current and future therapeutic prospects of LT modifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee MR, Shim D, Yoon J, Jang HS, Oh SW, Suh SH, Choi JH, Oh GT. Retnla overexpression attenuates allergic inflammation of the airway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112666. [PMID: 25415454 PMCID: PMC4240542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule alpha (Retnla), also known as ‘Found in inflammatory zone 1’, is a secreted protein that has been found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice and plays a role as a regulator of T helper (Th)2-driven inflammation. However, the role of Retnla in the progress of Th2-driven airway inflammation is not yet clear. To better understand the function of Retnla in Th2-driven airway inflammation, we generated Retnla-overexpressing (Retnla-Tg) mice. Retnla-Tg mice showed increased expression of Retnla protein in BAL fluid and airway epithelial cells. Retnla overexpression itself did not induce any alteration in lung histology or lung function compared to non-Tg controls. However, OVA-sensitized/challenged Retnla-Tg mice had decreased numbers of cells in BAL and inflammatory cells accumulating in the lung. They also showed a reduction in mucus production in the airway epithelium, concomitant with a decreased Muc5ac level. These results were accompanied by reduced levels of Th2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, with no effect on levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin isotypes. Furthermore, phosphorylation of ERK was markedly reduced in the lungs of OVA-challenged Retnla-Tg mice. Taken together, these results indicates that Retnla protects against Th2-mediated inflammation in an experimental mouse model of asthma, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to enhance the production of Retnla or Retnla-like molecules could be valuable for preventing allergic lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Jang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Woong Oh
- Yuhan Research Institute, Yuhan Corporation, Gongse-Dong, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hyo Suh
- Department of Physiology Medical School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHC); (GTO)
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JHC); (GTO)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu M, Saeki K, Matsunobu T, Okuno T, Koga T, Sugimoto Y, Yokoyama C, Nakamizo S, Kabashima K, Narumiya S, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T. 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid promotes epidermal wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration via the BLT2 receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1063-78. [PMID: 24821912 PMCID: PMC4042643 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous 12-HHT, or a synthetic BLT2 agonist promotes epidermal wound closure by stimulating BLT2 on keratinocytes, inducing TNF and MMP production. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor type 2 (BLT2) is a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) for 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT) and LTB4. Despite the well-defined proinflammatory roles of BLT1, the in vivo functions of BLT2 remain elusive. As mouse BLT2 is highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, we investigated the role of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis in skin wound healing processes. 12-HHT accumulated in the wound fluid in mice, and BLT2-deficient mice exhibited impaired re-epithelialization and delayed wound closure after skin punching. Aspirin administration reduced 12-HHT production and resulted in delayed wound closure in wild-type mice, which was abrogated in BLT2-deficient mice. In vitro scratch assay using primary keratinocytes and a keratinocyte cell line also showed that the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis accelerated wound closure through the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A synthetic BLT2 agonist accelerated wound closure in cultured cells as well as in C57BL/6J and diabetic mice. These results identify a novel mechanism underlying the action of the 12-HHT/BLT2 axis in epidermal keratinocytes and accordingly suggest the use of BLT2 agonists as therapeutic agents to accelerate wound healing, particularly for intractable wounds, such as diabetic ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsunobu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Koga
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chieko Yokoyama
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamizo
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Watanabe M, Machida K, Inoue H. A turn on and a turn off: BLT1 and BLT2 mechanisms in the lung. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:381-3. [PMID: 24742066 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.908715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid mediator of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid through the action of 5-lipoxygenase, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A high-affinity LTB4 receptor BLT1 has been shown to exert proinflammatory roles. A cyclooxygenase metabolite, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z, 8E, 10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT), is an endogenous ligand for BLT2, a low-affinity LTB4 receptor. The recent study indicated that BLT2 has a protective role in allergic airway inflammation, suggesting different functions between BLT1 and BLT2 in the pathogenesis of asthma. Selective BLT1 antagonists may have a potential therapeutic application in patients with asthma, and BLT2 may represent a novel therapeutic target for lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pace E, Ferraro M, Vincenzo SD, Bruno A, Giarratano A, Scafidi V, Lipari L, Benedetto DVD, Sciarrino S, Gjomarkaj M. Cigarette smoke increases BLT2 receptor functions in bronchial epithelial cells: in vitro and ex vivo evidence. Immunology 2013; 139:245-55. [PMID: 23347335 PMCID: PMC3647190 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a neutrophil chemotactic molecule with important involvement in the inflammatory responses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway epithelium is emerging as a regulator of innate immune responses to a variety of insults including cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for COPD. In this study we have explored whether cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) or soluble mediators present in distal lung fluid samples (mini-bronchoalveolar lavages) from smokers alter the expression of the LTB(4) receptor 2 (BLT2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in bronchial epithelial cells. We also evaluated the effects of CSE on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and on the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) to ICAM-1 promoter as well as the adhesiveness of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells. CSE and mini-bronchoalveolar lavages from smokers increased BLT2 and ICAM-1 expression as well as the adhesiveness of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells and decreased PPAR-α expression. CSE induced the activation of STAT-1 and its binding to ICAM-1 promoter. These findings suggest that, in bronchial epithelial cells, CSE promote a prevalent induction of pro-inflammatory BLT2 receptors and activate mechanisms leading to increased neutrophil adhesion, a mechanism that contributes to airway neutrophilia and to tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Giarratano
- Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e delle'Emergenze, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Scafidi
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Luana Lipari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze neurologiche, Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Denise Valentina Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Serafina Sciarrino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Matsunaga Y, Fukuyama S, Okuno T, Sasaki F, Matsunobu T, Asai Y, Matsumoto K, Saeki K, Oike M, Sadamura Y, Machida K, Nakanishi Y, Kubo M, Yokomizo T, Inoue H. Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2 negatively regulates allergic airway eosinophilia. FASEB J 2013; 27:3306-14. [PMID: 23603839 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-217000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. BLT2, a low-affinity LTB4 receptor, is activated by LTB4 and 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT). Although the high-affinity LTB4 receptor BLT1 has been shown to exert proinflammatory roles, the role of BLT2 in allergic inflammation has not been clarified. To study the function of BLT2 in development of asthma, we used mice model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease. The 12-HHT levels were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of OVA-sensitized/challenged wild-type mice. BLT2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced eosinophilia in BAL fluids after OVA exposure. Interleukin (IL)-13 levels in BAL fluids and IL-13-producing CD4(+) T cells in the lungs were elevated in BLT2-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice, whereas the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and interferon (IFN)-γ in BAL fluids and serum OVA-specific IgE were comparable. Transfection of BLT2-specific small interfering RNA enhanced IL-13 production in CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Expression of BLT2 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells was significantly reduced in patients with asthma compared to healthy control subjects. These findings indicate that BLT2 has a protective role in allergic airway inflammation and that diminished BLT2 expression in CD4(+) T cells may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matsunaga
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. The leukotrienes: immune-modulating lipid mediators of disease. Adv Immunol 2013; 116:51-92. [PMID: 23063073 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The leukotrienes are important lipid mediators with immune modulatory and proinflammatory properties. Classical bioactions of leukotrienes include chemotaxis, endothelial adherence, and activation of leukocytes, chemokine production, as well as contraction of smooth muscles in the microcirculation and respiratory tract. When formed in excess, these compounds play a pathogenic role in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. An increasing number of diseases have been linked to inflammation implicating the leukotrienes as potential mediators. For example, recent investigations using genetic, morphological, and biochemical approaches have pointed to the involvement of leukotrienes in cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Moreover, new insights have changed our previous notion of leukotrienes as mediators of inflammatory reactions to molecules that can fine-tune the innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we review the most recent understanding of the leukotriene cascade with emphasis on recently identified roles in immune reactions and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Beck-Speier I, Karg E, Behrendt H, Stoeger T, Alessandrini F. Ultrafine particles affect the balance of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in the lung: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:27. [PMID: 22809365 PMCID: PMC3508980 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to ultrafine particles exerts diverse harmful effects including aggravation of pulmonary diseases like asthma. Recently we demonstrated in a mouse model for allergic airway inflammation that particle-derived oxidative stress plays a crucial role during augmentation of allergen-induced lung inflammation by ultrafine carbon particle (UfCP) inhalation. The mechanisms how particle inhalation might change the inflammatory balance in the lungs, leading to accelerated inflammatory reactions, remain unclear. Lipid mediators, known to be immediately generated in response to tissue injury, might be strong candidates for priming this particle-triggered change of the inflammatory balance. Methods We hypothesize that inhalation of UfCP may disturb the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in: i) a model for acute allergic pulmonary inflammation, exposing mice for 24 h before allergen challenge to UfCP inhalation (51.7 nm, 507 μg/m3), and ii) an in-vitro model with primary rat alveolar macrophages (AM) incubated with UfCP (10 μg/1 x 106 cells/ml) for 1 h. Lungs and AM were analysed for pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, namely leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 15(S)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane by enzyme immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. Results In non-sensitized mice UfCP exposure induced a light non-significant increase of all lipid mediators. Similarly but significantly in rat AM all lipid mediators were induced already within 1 h of UfCP stimulation. Also sensitized and challenge mice exposed to filtered air showed a partially significant increase in all lipid mediators. In sensitized and challenged mice UfCP exposure induced highest significant levels of all lipid mediators in the lungs together with the peak of allergic airway inflammation on day 7 after UfCP inhalation. The levels of LTB4, 8-isoprostane and PGE2 were significantly increased also one day after UfCP exposure. Immunohistochemistry localized highest concentrations of PGE2 especially in AM one day after UfCP exposure. Conclusion Our results suggest that UfCP exposure affects the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. In allergic mice, where the endogenous balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is already altered, UfCP exposure aggravates the inflammation and the increase in anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving lipid mediators is insufficient to counterbalance the extensive inflammatory response. This may be a contributing mechanism that explains the increased susceptibility of asthmatic patients towards particle exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Beck-Speier
- Institute of Allergy Research, Helmholtz Zentrum/Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
GRICE CHERYLA, FOURIE ANNEM, LEE-DUTRA ALICE. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase: Biology, Inhibitors and Clinical Applications. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. LTA4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA4 to the potent pro-inflammatory mediator LTB4. Variations in the lta4h gene have been linked to susceptibility to multiple diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke and asthma. Pre-clinical animal models and human biomarker data have implicated LTB4 in inflammatory diseases. Several groups have now identified selective inhibitors of LTA4H, many of which were influenced by the disclosure of a protein crystal structure a decade ago. Clinical validation of LTA4H remains elusive despite the progression of inhibitors into pre-clinical and clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CHERYL A. GRICE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ANNE M. FOURIE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ALICE LEE-DUTRA
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barnes PJ. Severe asthma: advances in current management and future therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:48-59. [PMID: 22196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of severe asthma is a major unmet need because patients' symptoms are not controlled on maximum treatment with inhaled therapy. Asthma symptoms can be poorly controlled because of poor adherence to controller therapy, and this might be addressed by using combination inhalers that contain a corticosteroid and long-acting β(2)-agonist as reliever therapy in addition to maintenance treatment. New bronchodilators with a longer duration of action are in development, and recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of a long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator in addition to β(2)-agonists in patients with severe asthma. Anti-IgE therapy is beneficial in selected patients with severe asthma. Several new blockers of specific mediators, including prostaglandin D(2), IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, are also in clinical trials and might benefit patients with subtypes of severe asthma. Several broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapies that target neutrophilic inflammation are in clinical development for the treatment of severe asthma, but adverse effects after oral administration might necessitate inhaled delivery. Macrolides might benefit some patients with infection by atypical bacteria, but recent results are not encouraging, although there could be an effect in patients with predominant neutrophilic asthma. Corticosteroid resistance is a major problem in patients with severe asthma, and several molecular mechanisms have been described that might lead to novel therapeutic approaches, including drugs that could reverse this resistance, such as theophylline and nortriptyline. In selected patients with severe asthma, bronchial thermoplasty might be beneficial, but thus far, clinical studies have not been encouraging. Finally, several subtypes of severe asthma are now recognized, and in the future, it will be necessary to find biomarkers that predict responses to specific forms of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yao HY, Zhang LH, Shen J, Shen HJ, Jia YL, Yan XF, Xie QM. Cyptoporus polysaccharide prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury associated with down-regulating Toll-like receptor 2 expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:1267-1274. [PMID: 21875662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effects and the possible mechanism of Cryptoporus polysaccharides (CP) extracted from fruiting body of Cryptoporus volvatus in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheally instillation of LPS into lung in either rats or mice, assessing leukocyte numbers and myeloperoxidase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as evaluating cytokines mRNA and protein expressions, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR(2)) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB mRNA levels in the lung tissues of mice. Vascular permeability and edema of lung in mice, and arterial blood gas in rats were also performed. RESULTS In ALI, CP-treated mice and rats exhibited significantly reduced leukocyte invasion, myeloperoxidase activity, vascular permeability, edema of lung, as well as tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-1β mRNA and protein expressions in the lung tissues compared with vehicle-treated mice. TLR(2) and NF-κB mRNA levels of the lung tissues were decreased in CP-treated mice in response to LPS. And decline in arterial blood gas was recovered in CP-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results supported a protective role of CP in ALI and suggested that the reduction of the activation of TLR(2) and NF-κB signal pathway in lung injury may be relavant to the pretreatment of CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Yao
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Allergic inflammation is due to a complex interplay between several inflammatory cells, including mast cells, basophils, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and sometimes neutrophils. These cells produce multiple inflammatory mediators, including lipids, purines, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Allergic inflammation affects target cells, such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular cells, and airway smooth muscle cells, which become an important source of inflammatory mediators. Sensory nerves are sensitized and activated during allergic inflammation and produce symptoms. Allergic inflammatory responses are orchestrated by several transcription factors, particularly NF-κB and GATA3. Inflammatory genes are also regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. There are several endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory lipids and cytokines, which may be defective in allergic disease, thus amplifying and perpetuating the inflammation. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation has identified new therapeutic targets but developing effective novel therapies has been challenging. Corticosteroids are highly effective with a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects, including epigenetic modulation of the inflammatory response and suppression of GATA3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pamukcu B, Lip GYH, Shantsila E. The nuclear factor – kappa B pathway in atherosclerosis: A potential therapeutic target for atherothrombotic vascular disease. Thromb Res 2011; 128:117-23. [PMID: 21636112 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Pamukcu
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, B18 7QH England, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
42
|
Selective inhibition of leukotriene receptor BLT-2 reduces vascular oxidative stress and improves endothelial function in ApoE−/− mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 359:25-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), including cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) and LTB(4) , are potent lipid mediators that have a role in the pathophysiology of asthma. At least two receptor subtypes for CysLTs, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) , have been identified. The activation of the CysLT(1) receptor is responsible for most of the pathophysiological effects of CysLTs in asthma, including increased airway smooth muscle activity, microvascular permeability, and airway mucus secretion. LTB(4) might have a role in severe asthma, asthma exacerbations, and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. CysLT(1) receptor antagonists can be given orally as monotherapy in patients with mild persistent asthma, but these drugs are generally less effective than inhaled glucocorticoids. Combination of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists and inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with more severe asthma may improve asthma control and enable the dose of inhaled glucocorticoids to be reduced while maintaining similar efficacy. The identification of subgroups of asthmatic patients who respond to CysLT(1) receptor antagonists is relevant for asthma management as the response to these drugs is variable. CysLT(1) receptor antagonists have a potential anti-remodelling effect that might be important for preventing or reversing airway structural changes in patients with asthma. This review discusses the role of LTs in asthma and the role of LT modifiers in asthma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iizuka Y, Okuno T, Saeki K, Uozaki H, Okada S, Misaka T, Sato T, Toh H, Fukayama M, Takeda N, Kita Y, Shimizu T, Nakamura M, Yokonizo T. Protective role of the leukotriene B 4receptor BLT2 in murine inflammatory colitis. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.165050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iizuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical Sciences, and “Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Medical BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical Sciences, and “Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uozaki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Department of Applied Biological ChemistryGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological ChemistryGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toh
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Center for Animal Resources and DevelopmentKumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokonizo
- Center for Animal Resources and DevelopmentKumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cho KJ, Seo JM, Lee MG, Kim JH. BLT2 Is upregulated in allergen-stimulated mast cells and mediates the synthesis of Th2 cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6329-37. [PMID: 20952677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are effector cells that mediate the allergic response through Ag stimulation of IgE bound to FcεRI. In allergic reactions, cross-linking of the surface receptors for IgE on mast cells results in the synthesis of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, which are critical for the initiation and progression of the allergic response. Despite the important roles of these cytokines, the signaling mechanism by which Ag stimulation mediates the production of IL-4 and IL-13 in mast cells is not clearly understood. In the present study, we found that Ag-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) highly upregulated the expression of BLT2, a leukotriene B(4) receptor, and that blockade of BLT2 with the specific antagonist LY255283 or small interfering RNA knockdown completely abolished the production of Th2 cytokines. Furthermore, BMMCs overexpressing BLT2 showed significantly enhanced production of Th2 cytokines compared with wild-type BMMCs. Additionally, we found that the generation of Nox1-derived reactive oxygen species occurs downstream of BLT2, thus mediating the synthesis of Th2 cytokines. Taken together, our results suggest that the BLT2-Nox1-reactive oxygen species cascade is a previously unsuspected mediatory signaling mechanism to Th2 cytokine production in Ag-stimulated BMMCs, thus contributing to allergic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Cho
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Iizuka Y, Okuno T, Saeki K, Uozaki H, Okada S, Misaka T, Sato T, Toh H, Fukayama M, Takeda N, Kita Y, Shimizu T, Nakamura M, Yokomizo T. Protective role of the leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2 in murine inflammatory colitis. FASEB J 2010; 24:4678-90. [PMID: 20667973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-165050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BLT2 is a low-affinity leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor that is activated by 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid (12-HHT) and LTB(4). Despite the well-defined proinflammatory roles of BLT1, the in vivo functions of BLT2 remain elusive. To clarify the role of BLT receptors in intestinal inflammation, we assessed susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice lacking either BLT1 or BLT2. BLT2(-/-) mice exhibited increased sensitivity to DSS as compared to wild-type and BLT1(-/-) mice, with more severe body weight loss and inflammation. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, chemokines such as CXC chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and C-C motif chemokine 19 (CCL19), and metalloproteinases was highly up-regulated in the colons of DSS-treated BLT2(-/-) mice, and there was an enhanced accumulation of activated macrophages. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was also markedly accelerated in the crypts of DSS-treated BLT2(-/-) mice. Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells transfected with BLT2 exhibited enhanced barrier function as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and FITC-dextran leakage through MDCK monolayers. Thus, BLT2 is expressed in colon cryptic cells and appears to protect against DSS-induced colitis, possibly by enhancing barrier function in epithelial cells of the colon. These novel results suggest a direct anti-inflammatory role of BLT2 that is distinct from the proinflammatory roles of BLT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iizuka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bochner BS, Gleich GJ. What targeting eosinophils has taught us about their role in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:16-25; quiz 26-7. [PMID: 20434203 PMCID: PMC2902581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated disease is a term used to encompass a range of disorders from hypereosinophilic syndrome to asthma. Despite the longstanding belief that eosinophils can be primary contributors to disease pathophysiology, it is only in recent years that direct and selective reduction or elimination of eosinophils can be achieved in animals or human subjects. These developments have been made possible in mice through clever targeting of eosinophil production. Antibodies and other agents that target soluble eosinophil-related molecules, such as IL-5, or cell-surface structures, such as CCR3, have also proved useful in reducing blood and tissue eosinophil counts. In human subjects the only eosinophil-selective agents tested in clinical trials thus far are neutralizing antibodies to IL-5, with promising but mixed results. At the very least, such forms of pharmacologic hypothesis testing of the role of eosinophils in certain airway, gastrointestinal, and hematologic diseases has finally provided us with new insights into disease pathogenesis. At its optimistic best, these and other targeted agents might someday become available for those afflicted with eosinophil-associated disorders. This review summarizes what has been learned in vivo in both preclinical and clinical studies of eosinophil-directed therapies, with an emphasis on recent advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Leukotrienes are lipid mediators involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. There is significant new information about the actions of leukotrienes in asthma and the evolving role of antileukotriene therapies. We review recent findings on regulation of leukotriene synthesis, biological function of leukotrienes in disease models, and use of leukotriene modifiers in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Our understanding of the regulation of leukotriene synthesis at a molecular level has greatly advanced. Recent evidence indicates that genetic variation in the leukotriene synthetic pathway affects the clinical response to leukotriene modifiers. The participation of leukotriene B4 in the allergic sensitization process in animal models suggests a larger role for leukotriene B4 in asthma. Preclinical and in-vitro models suggest that the cysteinyl leukotrienes are important in airway remodeling. Leukotrienes are key mediators of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with recent studies demonstrating that leukotriene modifiers reduce the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction during short-term and long-term use. SUMMARY Leukotrienes are clearly involved in airway inflammation and certain clinical features of asthma. Evolving evidence indicates that leukotriene B4 has an important role in the development of asthma and that cysteinyl leukotrienes are key mediators of the airway remodeling process.
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodnow RA, Hicks A, Sidduri A, Kowalczyk A, Dominique R, Qiao Q, Lou JP, Gillespie P, Fotouhi N, Tilley J, Cohen N, Choudhry S, Cavallo G, Tannu SA, Ventre JD, Lavelle D, Tare NS, Oh H, Lamb M, Kurylko G, Hamid R, Wright MB, Pamidimukkala A, Egan T, Gubler U, Hoffman AF, Wei X, Li YL, O’Neil J, Marcano R, Pozzani K, Molinaro T, Santiago J, Singer L, Hargaden M, Moore D, Catala AR, Chao LCF, Hermann G, Venkat R, Mancebo H, Renzetti LM. Discovery of Novel and Potent Leukotriene B4 Receptor Antagonists. Part 1. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3502-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qi Qiao
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gesine Hermann
- ChemOvation Ltd., Graylands, Langhurst Wood Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4QD, U.K
| | - Radhika Venkat
- Multispan Inc, 26219 Eden Landing Road, Hayward, California 94545
| | - Helena Mancebo
- Multispan Inc, 26219 Eden Landing Road, Hayward, California 94545
| | | |
Collapse
|