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Serban KA, Petrusca DN, Mikosz A, Poirier C, Lockett AD, Saint L, Justice MJ, Twigg HL, Campos MA, Petrache I. Alpha-1 antitrypsin supplementation improves alveolar macrophages efferocytosis and phagocytosis following cigarette smoke exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176073. [PMID: 28448535 PMCID: PMC5407578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS), the main risk factor for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in developed countries, decreases alveolar macrophages (AM) clearance of both apoptotic cells and bacterial pathogens. This global deficit of AM engulfment may explain why active smokers have worse outcomes of COPD exacerbations, episodes characterized by airway infection and inflammation that carry high morbidity and healthcare cost. When administered as intravenous supplementation, the acute phase-reactant alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) reduces the severity of COPD exacerbations in A1AT deficient (AATD) individuals and of bacterial pneumonia in murine models, but the effect of A1AT on AM scavenging functions has not been reported. Apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) was measured in human AM isolated from patients with COPD, in primary rat AM or differentiated monocytes exposed to CS ex vivo, and in AM recovered from mice exposed to CS. A1AT (100 μg/mL, 16 h) significantly ameliorated efferocytosis (by ~50%) in AM of active smokers or AM exposed ex vivo to CS. A1AT significantly improved AM global engulfment, including phagocytosis, even when cells were simultaneously challenged with apoptotic and Fc-coated (bacteria-like) targets. The improved efferocytosis in A1AT-treated macrophages was associated with inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) activity, decreased mannose receptor shedding, and markedly increased abundance of efferocytosis receptors (mannose- and phosphatidyl serine receptors and the scavenger receptor B2) on AM plasma membrane. Directed airway A1AT treatment (via inhalation of a nebulized solution) restored in situ airway AM efferocytosis after CS exposure in mice. The amelioration of CS-exposed AM global engulfment may render A1AT as a potential therapy for COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A. Serban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniela N. Petrusca
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Mikosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christophe Poirier
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angelia D. Lockett
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology at Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren Saint
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Justice
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Homer L. Twigg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Campos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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2
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Hallowell RW, Collins SL, Craig JM, Zhang Y, Oh M, Illei PB, Chan-Li Y, Vigeland CL, Mitzner W, Scott AL, Powell JD, Horton MR. mTORC2 signalling regulates M2 macrophage differentiation in response to helminth infection and adaptive thermogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14208. [PMID: 28128208 PMCID: PMC5290163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have an important function in innate immune responses to parasitic helminths, and emerging evidence also indicates these cells are regulators of systemic metabolism. Here we show a critical role for mTORC2 signalling in the generation of M2 macrophages. Abrogation of mTORC2 signalling in macrophages by selective conditional deletion of the adaptor molecule Rictor inhibits the generation of M2 macrophages while leaving the generation of classically activated macrophages (M1) intact. Selective deletion of Rictor in macrophages prevents M2 differentiation and clearance of a parasitic helminth infection in mice, and also abrogates the ability of mice to regulate brown fat and maintain core body temperature. Our findings define a role for mTORC2 in macrophages in integrating signals from the immune microenvironment to promote innate type 2 immunity, and also to integrate systemic metabolic and thermogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Hallowell
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brooklyn Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - S. L. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. M. Craig
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - M. Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P. B. Illei
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Y. Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - C. L. Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W. Mitzner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - A. L. Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 650 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J. D. Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - M. R. Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 735 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Holtzman MJ, Byers DE, Alexander-Brett J, Wang X. The role of airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells in chronic respiratory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:686-98. [PMID: 25234144 PMCID: PMC4782595 DOI: 10.1038/nri3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal immune response to environmental agents is generally thought to be responsible for causing chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on studies of experimental models and human subjects, there is increasing evidence that the response of the innate immune system is crucial for the development of this type of airway disease. Airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells represent key components of the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease and are emerging targets for new therapies. In this Review, we summarize the innate immune mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells regulate the development of chronic respiratory diseases. We also explain how these pathways are being targeted in the clinic to treat patients with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- 1] Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Derek E Byers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Alexander-Brett
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Vasakova M, Sterclova M, Stranska E, Mandakova P, Skibova J, Matej R. Biomarkers of fibroproliferative healing in fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Open Respir Med J 2012; 6:160-4. [PMID: 23346263 PMCID: PMC3551240 DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The main feature of fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (fIIPs) is the fibroproliferative potential of underlying pathogenetic process. We hypothesize that the concentration of potential markers of fibroproliferative healing, PAR-2, TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-4Rα in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) differ in patients with fIIPs compared to controls (C). Patients and Methods: 10 patients with fIIPs and 9 controls (C) were included to the study. Concentrations of CD124 (IL4Rα), PAR-2, TGF-β1 and TNF-α in BALF were determined using the ELISA method. Results: We observed higher concentrations of IL4Rα (fIIPS 1499.4 pg/ml vs C 255.5 pg/ml; p < 0.05), PAR-2 (fIIPS 1807.9 pg/ml vs C 421.0 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and TGF-β1(fIIPS 283.0 pg/ml vs C 197.1 pg/ml; p < 0.01) in BALF in fIIPs versus C. The values of TNF-a in BALF did not differ significantly in fIIPs compared to controls. The ratios also showed differences in fIIPS and C: IL4Rα/TGF-β1 (fIIPS 6.19 vs C 0.68; p = 0.0143); TNF-α/IL4Rα (fIIPS 0.84 vs C 7.93; p = 0.043); TGF-β1/TNF-α (fIIPS 0.21 vs C 0.16; p = 0.0179) and protein/PAR-2 (fIIPS 0.06 vs C 0.28; p = 0.0033). Conclusions: We found that PAR-2, TGF-β1 and IL-4Rα are significantly up-regulated in the BALF of fIIPs compared to controls, therefore we suppose they could become biomarkers of fibroproliferative healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 14059 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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5
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McSorley HJ, O'Gorman MT, Blair N, Sutherland TE, Filbey KJ, Maizels RM. Suppression of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation by secreted products of the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2667-82. [PMID: 22706967 PMCID: PMC4916998 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is less prevalent in countries with parasitic helminth infections, and mice infected with parasites such as Heligmosomoides polygyrus are protected from allergic airway inflammation. To establish whether suppression of allergy could be mediated by soluble products of this helminth, we tested H. polygyrus excretory-secretory (HES) material for its ability to impair allergic inflammation. When HES was added to sensitising doses of ovalbumin, the subsequent allergic airway response was suppressed, with ablated cell infiltration, a lower ratio of effector (CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(-) ) to regulatory (CD4(+) Foxp3(+) ) T (Treg) cells, and reduced Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. HES exposure reduced IL-5 responses and eosinophilia, abolished IgE production and inhibited the type 2 innate molecules arginase-1 and RELM-α (resistin-like molecule-α). Although HES contains a TGF-β-like activity, similar effects in modulating allergy were not observed when administering mammalian TGF-β alone. HES also protected previously sensitised mice, suppressing recruitment of eosinophils to the airways when given at challenge, but no change in Th or Treg cell populations was apparent. Because heat-treatment of HES did not impair suppression at sensitisation, but compromised its ability to suppress at challenge, we propose that HES contains distinct heat-stable and heat-labile immunomodulatory molecules, which modulate pro-allergic adaptive and innate cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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Induction of alternatively activated macrophages enhances pathogenesis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:13334-49. [PMID: 23015710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01689-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes acute lung injury (ALI) that often leads to severe lung disease. A mouse model of acute SARS-CoV infection has been helpful in understanding the host response to infection; however, there are still unanswered questions concerning SARS-CoV pathogenesis. We have shown that STAT1 plays an important role in the severity of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and that it is independent of the role of STAT1 in interferon signaling. Mice lacking STAT1 have greater weight loss, severe lung pathology with pre-pulmonary-fibrosis-like lesions, and an altered immune response following infection with SARS-CoV. We hypothesized that STAT1 plays a role in the polarization of the immune response, specifically in macrophages, resulting in a worsened outcome. To test this, we created bone marrow chimeras and cell-type-specific knockouts of STAT1 to identify which cell type(s) is critical to protection from severe lung disease after SARS-CoV infection. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that hematopoietic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis in STAT1(-/-) mice, and because of an induction of alternatively activated (AA) macrophages after infection, we hypothesized that the AA macrophages were critical for disease severity. Mice with STAT1 in either monocytes and macrophages (LysM/STAT1) or ciliated lung epithelial cells (FoxJ1/STAT1) deleted were created. Following infection, LysM/STAT1 mice display severe lung pathology, while FoxJ1/STAT1 mice display normal lung pathology. We hypothesized that AA macrophages were responsible for this STAT1-dependent pathology and therefore created STAT1/STAT6(-/-) double-knockout mice. STAT6 is essential for the development of AA macrophages. Infection of the double-knockout mice displayed a lack of lung disease and prefibrotic lesions, suggesting that AA macrophage production may be the cause of STAT1-dependent lung disease. We propose that the control of AA macrophages by STAT1 is critical to regulating immune pathologies and for protection from long-term progression to fibrotic lung disease in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection.
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7
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Holtzman MJ. Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune systems responding to viruses and allergens. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2741-8. [PMID: 22850884 DOI: 10.1172/jci60325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis of asthma has traditionally concentrated on environmental stimuli, genetic susceptibilities, adaptive immune responses, and end-organ alterations (particularly in airway mucous cells and smooth muscle) as critical steps leading to disease. The focus of this cascade has been the response to allergic stimuli. An alternative scheme suggests that respiratory viruses and the consequent response of the innate immune system also drives the development of asthma as well as related inflammatory diseases. This conceptual shift raises the possibility that sentinel cells such as airway epithelial cells, DCs, NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages also represent critical components of asthma pathogenesis as well as new targets for therapeutic discovery. A particular challenge will be to understand and balance the innate as well as the adaptive immune responses to defend the host against acute infection as well as chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Byers DE, Holtzman MJ. Alternatively activated macrophages and airway disease. Chest 2011; 140:768-774. [PMID: 21896520 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cell population in normal lung tissue and serve critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the development of inflammatory airway disease. Studies in a mouse model of chronic obstructive lung disease and translational studies of humans with asthma and COPD have shown that a special subset of macrophages is required for disease progression. This subset is activated by an alternative pathway that depends on production of IL-4 and IL-13, in contrast to the classic pathway driven by interferon-γ. Recent and unexpected results indicate that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) can also become a major source of IL-13 production and, thereby, drive the increased mucus production and airway hyperreactivity that is characteristic of airway disease. Although the normal and abnormal functions of AAMs are still being defined, it is already apparent that markers of this immune cell subset can be useful to guide stratification and treatment of patients with chronic airway diseases. Here, we review basic and clinical research studies that highlight the importance of AAMs in the pathogenesis of asthma, COPD, and other chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Byers
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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9
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Bølling AK, Ovrevik J, Samuelsen JT, Holme JA, Rakkestad KE, Mathisen GH, Paulsen RE, Korsnes MS, Becher R. Mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) induces TNF-α release and macrophage differentiation through different signalling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:43-50. [PMID: 22143055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated indoor phthalate exposure with increased incidences and severity of asthma in children and adults, and inflammatory effects have been suggested as a possible mechanism. Recent studies report that phthalates may activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 and various peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms. Here we confirm and extend these findings by investigating possible signalling pathways activated in the murine monocyte-macrophage cell line RAW264.7, using mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) as a model compound. MEHP exposure (0.3-1.0 mM) for 3h increased tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release and changed the cellular morphology into elongated spindle-like appearance, resembling more differentiated anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). This was accompanied by increased expression of the macrophage differentiation marker CD163. Western analysis showed phosphorylation of p38 and Akt after 30 min exposure. Experiments using specific inhibitors suggested that MEHP-induced activation of both p38 and the phosphoinositide-3 (PI3) kinase/Akt pathway were involved in the release of TNF-α; whereas only PI3kinase seemed to be involved in differentiation. In contrast, inhibitors of PPARα and γ reduced differentiation, but did not affect TNF-α release. In conclusion, MEHP induced cytokine release and triggered differentiation of RAW264.7 cells, possibly into M2-like macrophages, but different signalling pathways appear to be involved in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Holtzman MJ, Patel DA, Zhang Y, Patel AC. Host epithelial-viral interactions as cause and cure for asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:487-94. [PMID: 21703838 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis of asthma has concentrated on initial stimuli, genetic susceptibilities, adaptive immune responses, and end-organ alterations (particularly in airway mucous cells and smooth muscle) as critical steps leading to disease. Recent evidence indicates that the innate immune cell response to respiratory viruses also contributes to the development of inflammatory airway disease. We further develop this concept by raising the issue that the interaction between host airway epithelial cells and respiratory viruses is another aspect of innate immunity that is also a critical determinant of asthma. We also introduce a rationale for how antiviral performance at the epithelial cell level might be improved to prevent acute infectious illness and chronic inflammatory disease caused by respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Drug Discovery Program, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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