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Wilkinson H, Leonard H, Robson MG, Smith R, Tam E, McVey JH, Kirckhofer D, Chen D, Dorling A. Manipulation of tissue factor-mediated basal PAR-2 signalling on macrophages determines sensitivity for IFNγ responsiveness and significantly modifies the phenotype of murine DTH. Front Immunol 2022; 13:999871. [PMID: 36172348 PMCID: PMC9510775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTissue factor (TF) generates proteases that can signal through PAR-1 and PAR-2. We have previously demonstrated PAR-1 signalling primes innate myeloid cells to be exquisitely sensitive to interferon-gamma (IFNγ). In this work we explored how TF mediated PAR-2 signalling modulated responsiveness to IFNγ and investigated the interplay between PAR-1/-2 signalling on macrophages.MethodologyWe characterised how TF through PAR-2 influenced IFNγ sensitivity in vitro using PCR and flow cytometry. and how it influenced oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in vivo. We investigated how basal signalling through PAR-2 influenced PAR-1 signalling using a combination of TF-inhibitors and PAR-1 &-2 agonists and antagonists. Finally, we investigated whether this system could be targeted therapeutically using 3-mercaptopropionyl-F-Cha-Cha-RKPNDK (3-MP), which has actions on both PAR-1 and -2.ResultsTF delivered a basal signal through PAR-2 that upregulated SOCS3 expression and blunted M1 polarisation after IFNγ stimulation, opposing the priming achieved by signalling through PAR-1. PAR-1 and -2 agonists or antagonists could be used in combination to modify this basal signal in vitro and in vivo. 3-MP, by virtue of its PAR-2 agonist properties was superior to agents with only PAR-1 antagonist properties at reducing M1 polarisation induced by IFNγ and suppressing DTH. Tethering a myristoyl electrostatic switch almost completely abolished the DTH response.ConclusionsTF-mediated signalling through PARs-1 and -2 act in a homeostatic way to determine how myeloid cells respond to IFNγ. 3-MP, an agent that simultaneously inhibits PAR-1 whilst delivering a PAR-2 signal, can almost completely abolish immune responses dependent on M1 polarisation, particularly if potency is enhanced by targeting to cell membranes; this has potential therapeutic potential in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anthony Dorling, ; Hannah Wilkinson,
| | - Hugh Leonard
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Robson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - ElLi Tam
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John H. McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kirckhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Anthony Dorling, ; Hannah Wilkinson,
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2
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu B, Yang H, Qian H, Cheng Y, Li X, Yang G, Zheng X, Shen F. Binding domain peptide ameliorates alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome Via NF-κB signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:3854-3863. [PMID: 35836863 PMCID: PMC9274609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition are shown to be associated with refractory hypoxemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the NF-κB pathway is involved in this process. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of NEMO-binding domain peptide (NBDP) in alleviating alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ARDS mice and its related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS ARDS was induced by inhalation of LPS (mg/L) in adult male BALB/c mice. Mice were treated with intratracheal inhalation of NBDP or saline aerosol at increased concentrations 30 minutes before LPS administration. Six hours after LPS treatment, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) were collected and then all mice were euthanized. In addition, coagulation and fibrinolysis associated factors in lung tissues and BALF were detected, and the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway was observed. RESULTS NBDP pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited the expression of tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 in lung tissues, reduced the secretions of TF, PAI-1, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex, and promoted activated protein C (APC) secretion in BALF induced by LPS. LPS-induced high expression of pulmonary procollagen peptide type lll (PIIIP) was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner under NBDP pretreatment. Western blotting showed that NBDP pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced activation of IKKα/β, Iκα and NF-κB p65. NBDP pretreatment also inhibited the DNA binding activity of p65 induced by LPS. We also noticed that NBDP protected mice against LPS-induced lung injury in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The experimental findings demonstrate that through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, NBDP dose-dependently ameliorates LPS-induced alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolytic inhibition, which is expected to be a new therapeutic target to correct the abnormalities of alveolar coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The People’s Hospital of Weining CountyWeining County 553100, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Yumei Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Guixia Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinghao Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guizhou Medical University Affiliated HospitalGuiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
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3
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FitzGerald ES, Chen Y, Fitzgerald KA, Jamieson AM. Lung Epithelial Cell Transcriptional Regulation as a Factor in COVID-19-associated Coagulopathies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:687-697. [PMID: 33740387 PMCID: PMC8456886 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0453oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly become a global pandemic. In addition to the acute pulmonary symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection), pulmonary and distal coagulopathies have caused morbidity and mortality in many patients. Currently, the molecular pathogenesis underlying COVID-19-associated coagulopathies are unknown. Identifying the molecular basis of how SARS-CoV-2 drives coagulation is essential to mitigating short- and long-term thrombotic risks of sick and recovered patients with COVID-19. We aimed to perform coagulation-focused transcriptome analysis of in vitro infected primary respiratory epithelial cells, patient-derived bronchial alveolar lavage cells, and circulating immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our objective was to identify transcription-mediated signaling networks driving coagulopathies associated with COVID-19. We analyzed recently published experimentally and clinically derived bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify changes in transcriptional regulation of blood coagulation. We also confirmed that the transcriptional expression of a key coagulation regulator was recapitulated at the protein level. We specifically focused our analysis on lung tissue-expressed genes regulating the extrinsic coagulation cascade and the plasminogen activation system. Analyzing transcriptomic data of in vitro infected normal human bronchial epithelial cells and patient-derived bronchial alveolar lavage samples revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade and suppresses the plasminogen activation system. We also performed in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection experiments on primary human lung epithelial cells to confirm that transcriptional upregulation of tissue factor, the extrinsic coagulation cascade master regulator, manifested at the protein level. Furthermore, infection of normal human bronchial epithelial cells with influenza A virus did not drive key regulators of blood coagulation in a similar manner as SARS-CoV-2. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not differentially express genes regulating the extrinsic coagulation cascade or plasminogen activation system during SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that they are not directly inducing coagulopathy through these pathways. The hyperactivation of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade and the suppression of the plasminogen activation system in SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells may drive diverse coagulopathies in the lung and distal organ systems. Understanding how hosts drive such transcriptional changes with SARS-CoV-2 infection may enable the design of host-directed therapeutic strategies to treat COVID-19 and other coronaviruses inducing hypercoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S. FitzGerald
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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4
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FitzGerald ES, Jamieson AM. Unique transcriptional changes in coagulation cascade genes in SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells: A potential factor in COVID-19 coagulopathies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.06.182972. [PMID: 32676594 PMCID: PMC7359516 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.06.182972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly become a global pandemic. In addition to the acute pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19 (the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection), pulmonary and distal coagulopathies have caused morbidity and mortality in many patients. Currently, the molecular pathogenesis underlying COVID-19 associated coagulopathies are unknown. While there are many theories for the cause of this pathology, including hyper inflammation and excess tissue damage, the cellular and molecular underpinnings are not yet clear. By analyzing transcriptomic data sets from experimental and clinical research teams, we determined that changes in the gene expression of genes important in the extrinsic coagulation cascade in the lung epithelium may be important triggers for COVID-19 coagulopathy. This regulation of the extrinsic blood coagulation cascade is not seen with influenza A virus (IAV)-infected NHBEs suggesting that the lung epithelial derived coagulopathies are specific to SARS-Cov-2 infection. This study is the first to identify potential lung epithelial cell derived factors contributing to COVID-19 associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S. FitzGerald
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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5
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Benedikter BJ, Bouwman FG, Heinzmann ACA, Vajen T, Mariman EC, Wouters EFM, Savelkoul PHM, Koenen RR, Rohde GGU, van Oerle R, Spronk HM, Stassen FRM. Proteomic analysis reveals procoagulant properties of cigarette smoke-induced extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1585163. [PMID: 30863515 PMCID: PMC6407597 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1585163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) under basal conditions and when exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Getting insights into the composition of these EVs will help unravel their functions in homeostasis and smoking-induced pathology. Here, we characterized the proteomic composition of basal and CSE-induced airway epithelial EVs. BEAS-2B cells were left unexposed or exposed to 1% CSE for 24 h, followed by EV isolation using ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography. Isolated EVs were labelled with tandem mass tags and their proteomic composition was determined using nano-LC-MS/MS. Tissue factor (TF) activity was determined by a factor Xa generation assay, phosphatidylserine (PS) content by prothrombinase assay and thrombin generation using calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT). Nano-LC-MS/MS identified 585 EV-associated proteins with high confidence. Of these, 201 were differentially expressed in the CSE-EVs according to the moderated t-test, followed by false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment with the FDR threshold set to 0.1. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that 24 proteins of the pathway haemostasis were significantly up-regulated in CSE-EVs, including TF. Increased TF expression on CSE-EVs was confirmed by bead-based flow cytometry and was associated with increased TF activity. CSE-EVs caused faster and more thrombin generation in normal human plasma than control-EVs, which was partly TF-, but also PS-dependent. In conclusion, proteomic analysis allowed us to predict procoagulant properties of CSE-EVs which were confirmed in vitro. Cigarette smoke-induced EVs may contribute to the increased cardiovascular and respiratory risk observed in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birke J Benedikter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra C A Heinzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Vajen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot G U Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Medical clinic I, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rene van Oerle
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R M Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Reynolds SD, Rios C, Wesolowska-Andersen A, Zhuang Y, Pinter M, Happoldt C, Hill CL, Lallier SW, Cosgrove GP, Solomon GM, Nichols DP, Seibold MA. Airway Progenitor Clone Formation Is Enhanced by Y-27632-Dependent Changes in the Transcriptome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:323-36. [PMID: 27144410 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0274ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of conditional reprogramming culture (CRC) methods to nasal airway epithelial cells would allow more wide-spread incorporation of primary airway epithelial culture models into complex lung disease research. In this study, we adapted the CRC method to nasal airway epithelial cells, investigated the growth advantages afforded by this technique over standard culture methods, and determined the cellular and molecular basis of CRC cell culture effects. We found that the CRC method allowed the production of 7.1 × 10(10) cells after 4 passages, approximately 379 times more cells than were generated by the standard bronchial epithelial growth media (BEGM) method. These nasal airway epithelial cells expressed normal basal cell markers and could be induced to form a mucociliary epithelium. Progenitor cell frequency was significantly higher using the CRC method in comparison to the standard culture method, and progenitor cell maintenance was dependent on addition of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis demonstrated widespread gene expression changes in Y-27632-treated basal cells. We found that Y-27632 treatment altered expression of genes fundamental to the formation of the basal cell cytoskeleton, cell-cell junctions, and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Importantly, we found that Y-27632 treatment up-regulated expression of unique basal cell intermediate filament and desmosomal genes. Conversely, Y-27632 down-regulated multiple families of protease/antiprotease genes involved in ECM remodeling. We conclude that Y-27632 fundamentally alters cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, which preserves basal progenitor cells and allows greater cell amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Reynolds
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cydney Rios
- 2 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia L Hill
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Scott W Lallier
- 1 Center for Perinatal Research; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory P Cosgrove
- 4 Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,5 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - George M Solomon
- 6 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - David P Nichols
- Departments of 3 Pediatrics and.,4 Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,7 University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Max A Seibold
- 2 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and.,Departments of 3 Pediatrics and.,5 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
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7
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Asaduzzaman M, Nadeem A, Arizmendi N, Davidson C, Nichols HL, Abel M, Ionescu LI, Puttagunta L, Thebaud B, Gordon J, DeFea K, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H. Functional inhibition of PAR2 alleviates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1844-55. [PMID: 26312432 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by trypsin-like serine proteinases. PAR2 activation has been associated with inflammation including allergic airway inflammation. We have also shown that PAR2 activation in the airways leads to allergic sensitization. The exact contribution of PAR2 in the development of eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in sensitized individuals is not clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether functional inhibition of PAR2 during allergen challenge of allergic mice would inhibit allergen-induced AHR and inflammation in mouse models of asthma. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or cockroach extract (CE). To investigate the role of PAR2 in the development of AHR and airway inflammation, we administered blocking anti-PAR2 antibodies, or a cell permeable peptide inhibitor of PAR2 signalling, pepducin, i.n. before allergen challenges and then assessed AHR and airway inflammation. RESULTS Administration of anti-PAR2 antibodies significantly inhibited OVA- and CE-induced AHR and airway inflammation. In particular, two anti-PAR2 antibodies, the monoclonal SAM-11 and polyclonal B5, inhibited AHR, airway eosinophilia, the increase of cytokines in the lung tissue and antigen-specific T cell proliferation, but had no effect on antigen-specific IgG and IgE levels. Pepducin was also effective in inhibiting AHR and airway inflammation in an OVA model of allergic airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Functional blockade of PAR2 in the airways during allergen challenge improves allergen-induced AHR and inflammation in mice. Therefore, topical PAR2 blockade in the airways, through anti-PAR2 antibodies or molecules that interrupt PAR2 signalling, has the potential to be used as a therapeutic option in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asaduzzaman
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Nadeem
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - N Arizmendi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - H L Nichols
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M Abel
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L I Ionescu
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Thebaud
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J Gordon
- Immunology Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - K DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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White CW, Rancourt RC, Veress LA. Sulfur mustard inhalation: mechanisms of injury, alteration of coagulation, and fibrinolytic therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:87-95. [PMID: 27384912 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury due to sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes the formation of airway fibrin casts that obstruct airways at multiple levels, leading to acute respiratory failure and death. These pathophysiological effects are seen in rodent models of acute SM vapor inhalation, as well as in human victims of acute SM inhalation. In rat models, the initial steps in activation of the coagulation system at extravascular sites depend on tissue factor (TF) expression by airway cells, especially in the microparticle fraction, and these effects can be inhibited by TF pathway inhibitor protein. Not only does the procoagulant environment of the acutely injured lung contribute to airway cast formation, but these lesions persist in airways because of the activation of multiple antifibrinolytic pathways, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and α2-antiplasmin. Airway administration of tissue plasminogen activator can overwhelm these effects and save lives by preventing fibrin-dependent airway obstruction, gas-exchange abnormalities, and respiratory failure. In human survivors of SM inhalation, fibrotic processes, including bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, are among the most disabling chronic lesions. Antifibrotic therapies may prove useful in preventing either or both of these forms of chronic lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Livia A Veress
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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9
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Ahmad S, Ahmad A. Emerging targets for treating sulfur mustard-induced injuries. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:123-31. [PMID: 27285828 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM; bis-(2-chlororethyl) sulfide) is a highly reactive, potent warfare agent that has recently reemerged as a major threat to military and civilians. Exposure to SM is often fatal, primarily due to pulmonary injuries and complications caused by its inhalation. Profound inflammation, hypercoagulation, and oxidative stress are the hallmarks that define SM-induced pulmonary toxicities. Despite advances, effective therapies are still limited. This current review focuses on inflammatory and coagulation pathways that influence the airway pathophysiology of SM poisoning and highlights the complexity of developing an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Shimizu S, Ogawa T, Takezawa K, Tojima I, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. Tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in nasal mucosa and nasal secretions of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 29:235-42. [PMID: 26163243 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the coagulation system with an increase in thrombin generation is involved in the pathogenesis of tissue remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Tissue factor (TF) is an important protein for initiation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a regulator of TF-induced coagulation. This study was conducted to elucidate the roles of TF and TFPI in the pathogenesis of CRS. METHODS Tissue localization of TF, TFPI, and fibrin was determined by immunostaining of nasal polyps and inferior turbinates obtained during endonasal surgery in patients with CRS with nasal polyp (CRSwNP). Nasal secretions were collected from patients with CRSwNP, allergic rhinitis, and from control patients. The concentrations of TF and TFPI were measured in nasal secretions from each group. The concentrations of TF and TFPI released into culture medium by normal human nasal epithelial cells treated with thrombin, protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide, or tumor necrosis factor α were also measured. RESULTS TF expression was localized in nasal epithelial cells and in infiltrating eosinophils of nasal mucosa. TFPI expression was localized in nasal epithelial cells, and fibrin deposition was observed in nasal secretions and the lamina propria of nasal polyps. Nasal secretions contained significant concentrations of TF and TFPI. The concentration of TFPI in nasal secretions correlated positively with thrombin activity and the concentration of thrombin-antithrombin III complex. Treatment with thrombin, protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide, or tumor necrosis factor α stimulated significant release of TF and TFPI from cultured nasal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS By upregulating the coagulation system, TF and TFPI play an important role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Aubier M, Thabut G, Hamidi F, Guillou N, Brard J, Dombret MC, Borensztajn K, Aitilalne B, Poirier I, Roland-Nicaise P, Taillé C, Pretolani M. Airway smooth muscle enlargement is associated with protease-activated receptor 2/ligand overexpression in patients with difficult-to-control severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:729-739.e11. [PMID: 27001157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease with heterogeneous features of airway inflammation and remodeling. The increase in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is an essential component of airway remodeling in patients with severe asthma, yet the pathobiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes associated with ASM enlargement remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare ASM area in control subjects and patients with mild-to-moderate or severe asthma and to identify specific clinical and pathobiological characteristics associated with ASM enlargement. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens from 12 control subjects, 24 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 105 patients with severe asthma were analyzed for ASM area, basement membrane thickness, vessels, eosinophils, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). In parallel, the levels of several ASM mitogenic factors, including the PAR-2 ligands, mast cell tryptase, trypsin, tissue factor, and kallikrein (KLK) 5 and KLK14, were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Data were correlated with asthma severity and control both at inclusion and after 12 to 18 months of optimal management and therapy. RESULTS Analyses across ASM quartiles in patients with severe asthma demonstrated that patients with the highest ASM quartile (median value of ASM area, 26.3%) were younger (42.5 vs ≥50 years old in the other groups, P ≤ .04) and had lower asthma control after 1 year of optimal management (P ≤ .006). ASM enlargement occurred independently of features of airway inflammation and remodeling, whereas it was associated with PAR-2 overexpression and higher alveolar tryptase (P ≤ .02) and KLK14 (P ≤ .03) levels. CONCLUSION Increase in ASM mass, possibly involving aberrant expression and activation of PAR-2-mediated pathways, characterizes younger patients with severe asthma with poor asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Aubier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Thabut
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie B, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Hamidi
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Julien Brard
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Dombret
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Aitilalne
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Poirier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Roland-Nicaise
- Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Taillé
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marina Pretolani
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France.
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12
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Yamaguchi R, Yamamoto T, Sakamoto A, Ishimaru Y, Narahara S, Sugiuchi H, Yamaguchi Y. A protease-activated receptor 2 agonist (AC-264613) suppresses interferon regulatory factor 5 and decreases interleukin-12p40 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages: Role of p53. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:629-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto University Medical School; Chuo-ku Honjo 1-1-1 Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
| | - Arisa Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
| | - Yasuji Ishimaru
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
| | - Shinji Narahara
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugiuchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Science; Kumamoto Health Science University; Kitaku Izumi-machi 325 Kumamoto 861-5598 Japan
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13
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Gandhi VD, Vliagoftis H. Airway epithelium interactions with aeroallergens: role of secreted cytokines and chemokines in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 25883597 PMCID: PMC4382984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against the constituents of the inhaled air, which include allergens, pathogens, pollutants, and toxic compounds. The epithelium not only prevents the penetration of these foreign substances into the interstitium, but also senses their presence and informs the organism’s immune system of the impending assault. The epithelium accomplishes the latter through the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate innate immune cells at the site of assault. These epithelial responses aim to eliminate the inhaled foreign substances and minimize their detrimental effects to the organism. Quite frequently, however, the innate immune responses of the epithelium to inhaled substances lead to chronic and high level release of pro-inflammatory mediators that may mediate the lung pathology seen in asthma. The interactions of airway epithelial cells with allergens will be discussed with particular focus on interactions-mediated epithelial release of cytokines and chemokines and their role in the immune response. As pollutants are other major constituents of inhaled air, we will also discuss how pollutants may alter the responses of airway epithelial cells to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Gandhi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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14
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Stem cells, cell therapies, and bioengineering in lung biology and diseases. Comprehensive review of the recent literature 2010-2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 10:S45-97. [PMID: 23869446 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201304-090aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A conference, "Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases," was held July 25 to 28, 2011 at the University of Vermont to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy and ex vivo bioengineering approaches for lung diseases. These are rapidly expanding areas of study that provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, to discuss and debate current controversies, and to identify future research directions and opportunities for basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases. The goal of this article, which accompanies the formal conference report, is to provide a comprehensive review of the published literature in lung regenerative medicine from the last conference report through December 2012.
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15
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Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Neeves KB, Hendry-Hofer T, Loader JE, White CW, Veress L. In vitro cell culture model for toxic inhaled chemical testing. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24837339 DOI: 10.3791/51539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are indispensable to develop and study efficacy of therapeutic agents, prior to their use in animal models. We have the unique ability to model well differentiated human airway epithelium and heart muscle cells. This could be an invaluable tool to study the deleterious effects of toxic inhaled chemicals, such as chlorine, that can normally interact with the cell surfaces, and form various byproducts upon reacting with water, and limiting their effects in submerged cultures. Our model using well differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures at air-liqiuid interface circumvents this limitation as well as provides an opportunity to evaluate critical mechanisms of toxicity of potential poisonous inhaled chemicals. We describe enhanced loss of membrane integrity, caspase release and death upon toxic inhaled chemical such as chlorine exposure. In this article, we propose methods to model chlorine exposure in mammalian heart and airway epithelial cells in culture and simple tests to evaluate its effect on these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado;
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado
| | - Joan E Loader
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado
| | - Carl W White
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado
| | - Livia Veress
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado
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16
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Luo R, Wang X, Dong Y, Wang L, Tian C. Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 reduces glioblastoma cell apoptosis. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:25. [PMID: 24670244 PMCID: PMC3974186 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of glioma is unclear. The disturbance of the apoptosis process plays a critical role in glioma growth. Factors regulating the apoptosis process are to be further understood. This study aims to investigate the role of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in regulation the apoptosis process in glioma cells. Results The results showed that U87 cells and human glioma tissue expressed PAR2. Exposure to tryptase, or the PAR2 active peptide, increased STAT3 phosphorylation in the radiated U87 cells, reduced U87 cell apoptosis, suppressed the expression of p53 in U87 cells. Conclusions Activation of PAR2 can reduce the radiated U87 cell apoptosis via modulating the expression of p53. The results implicate that PAR2 may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiongwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital & The First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443003, P,R, China.
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17
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Ghosh M, Ahmad S, Jian A, Li B, Smith RW, Helm KM, Seibold MA, Groshong SD, White CW, Reynolds SD. Human tracheobronchial basal cells. Normal versus remodeling/repairing phenotypes in vivo and in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1127-34. [PMID: 23927678 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0049oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tracheobronchial epithelial (TBE) basal cells (BCs) function as progenitors in normal tissue. However, mechanistic studies are typically performed in vitro and frequently use BCs recovered from patients who die of nonrespiratory disease. It is not known whether the cadaveric epithelium (1) is undergoing homeostatic remodeling and/or repair, or (2) yields BC clones that represent homeostatic processes identified in tissue. We sought to compare the phenotype of TBE-BCs with that of BCs cultured under optimal clone-forming conditions. TBE pathology was evaluated using quantitative histomorphometry. The cultured BC phenotype was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Clone organization and cell phenotype were determined by immunostaining. The cadaveric TBE is 20% normal. In these regions, BCs are keratin (K)-5(+) and tetraspanin CD151(+), and demonstrate a low mitotic index. In contrast, 80% of the cadaveric TBE exhibits homeostatic remodeling/repair processes. In these regions, BCs are K5(+)/K14(+), and a subset expresses tissue factor (TF). Passage 1 TBE cells are BCs that are K5(+)/TF(+), and half coexpress CD151. Optimal clone formation conditions use an irradiated NIH3T3 fibroblast feeder layer (American Type Culture Collection, Frederick, MD) and serum-supplemented Epicult-B medium (Stemcell Technologies, La Jolla, CA). The TF(+)/CD151(-) BC subpopulation is the most clonogenic BC subtype, and is enriched with K14(+) cells. TF(+)/CD151(-) BCs generate clones containing BCs that are K5(+)/Trp63(+), but K14(-)/CD151(-). TF(+) cells are limited to the clone edge. In conclusion, clonogenic human TBE BCs (1) exhibit a molecular phenotype that is a composite of the normal and remodeling/reparative BC phenotypes observed in tissue, and (2) generate organoid clones that contain phenotypically distinct BC subpopulations.
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Ahmad A, Schaack JB, White CW, Ahmad S. Adenosine A2A receptor-dependent proliferation of pulmonary endothelial cells is mediated through calcium mobilization, PI3-kinase and ERK1/2 pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:566-71. [PMID: 23583199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and HIF-2α-dependent A2A receptor expression and activation increase proliferation of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). This study was undertaken to investigate the signaling mechanisms that mediate the proliferative effects of A2A receptor. A2A receptor-mediated proliferation of HLMVECs was inhibited by intracellular calcium chelation, and by specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and PI3-kinase (PI3K). The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 caused intracellular calcium mobilization in controls and, to a greater extent, in A2A receptor-overexpressing HLMVECs. Adenoviral-mediated A2A receptor overexpression as well as receptor activation by CGS21680 caused increased PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation. Cells overexpressing A2A receptor also manifested enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation upon CGS21680 treatment. A2A receptor activation also caused enhanced cAMP production. Likewise, treatment with 8Br-cAMP increased PI3K activity. Hence A2A receptor-mediated cAMP production and PI3K and Akt phosphorylation are potential mediators of the A2A-mediated proliferative response of HLMVECs. Cytosolic calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation are other critical effectors of HLMVEC proliferation and growth. These studies underscore the importance of adenosine A2A receptor in activation of survival and proliferative pathways in pulmonary endothelial cells that are mediated through PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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